For material such as aluminium, no visible yield point is observed.

So
to determine this, a line is drawn parallel to the linear portion from a
strain of 0.002 (0.2% or 0.2% offset) to intersect at the 0.2% proof
stress and this stress is called working stress used in elastic design.

ASSIGNMENT
A steel rod of 5 mm diameter and length 100 mm is tested in
tension using Universal Testing Machine. The result of force and
elongation is tabulated as shown below. Plot the stress versus strain
and determine the followings:
a) elastic modulus, E.
b) yield stress at 0.2% offset, y
c) ultimate stress, max
Load, kN
1100
2200
3300
3740
4180
4620
4840
5060
5280
5060
4840

Elongation, mm
0.0625
0.1250
0.1875
0.2375
0.2875
0.4275
0.5300
0.7625
0.8900
1.0250
1.1525

Ans: E = 89600 N/mm2, y = 237 N/mm2 ; max = 270 N/mm

EXAMPLE
A steel beam of 4 m length is to connected between two column as
shown in the Fig. This beam is found to be shorter by 2 mm.
(i) Determine the force that is to be exerted on the beam so that it
can be connected to the column.
(ii) Calculate the initial stress that develop inside the beam due to
this load.

5mm

100mm

A
50mm
4m

2mm
A-A

Given E = 210 kN/mm2

ANSWER
(i)
Solid cross-sectional area = (100x50) (40 x 90) = 1400 mm2
The force needed, P = AE/L = 2 x 1400 x 210/4000 = 147 kN
(ii) = P/A = 147 000/1400 = 0.105 kN/mm2

EXAMPLE
A column of a structure consists of AB and BC and is subjected to
the load as shown in the Fig. The cross-sectional area of AB and
BC is 2 x 104 mm2 and 3 x 104 mm2 respectively. Determine the
shortening of each section of the column and the deformation of
point A. Given EAB = 30 kN/mm2 and EBC= 45 kN/mm2.
90kN
A
3m
180kN
B
3m

ANSWER
Analyze each column section,
90kN

90kN

?
90kN
90kN

270kN

180kN

270kN

The shortening of column AB = PL/AE

= 90 000 x 3000/2x104 x 30000
= 0.45 mm
The shortening of column BC = PL/AE
= 270 000 x 3000/3x104x 45000
= 0.4 mm
Therefore deformation of point A = 0.45 + 0.4 = 0.85 mm

EXAMPLE
A steel bar of 100 cm length is connected between two wall at
70oC. If the temperature drops to 0oC, calculate the stress in the
bar if:
(a) The wall is not moving
Given, A = 2 cm2
= 13.1 x 10-6 N/cm2
E = 21 x 106 N/cm2

ANSWER
Assume the wall can move, than the shortening due to
temperature change is
= (T)L = 13.1 x 10-6 x 70 x 100 = 9.17 x 10-2 cm
The force to return the bar to its original length,
P = EA/L = 9.17x10-2 x 21 x 106 x 2/100 = 38500 N
Therefore the stress in bar,
= P/A = 38 500/2 = 19 250 N/cm2
EXAMPLE
The fig below shows two bars AB and BC connected to a rigid
wall at A and C.
Given, AAB = 600 mm2, ABC = 400 mm2, = 72 x 10-6/oC,
E = 205 kN/mm2.
If the original temperature of the bars is 0oC and the final
temperature is 90oC, determine:
(a) Axial force in the bars.
(b) Axial stress in the bars
A

20cm
m

30cm

ANSWER
Free elongation of bar if one of the wall is removed,
t = (T)L = 72 x 10-6 x 90 x 500 = 3.24 mm
A force, P is needed to bring the bar to its original length. Say the
shortening, .
= t = (PL/AE)AB

+ (PL/AE)BC

= 3.24 mm

P ( 200 + 300 ) = 3.24

205 600
400
P = 613.1 kN (Axial load in each bar)
(c)

The axial stress in bar AB and BC,

AB = 613.1/600 = 1.02 kN/mm2
BC = 613.1/400 = 1.53 kN/mm2

EXAMPLE

ANSWER

ASSIGNMENT
1.

A column 3 m high has a hollow circular cross-section of

external diameter 300 mm and carries an axial load of
5000 kN. If the stress in the column is limited to 150
N/mm2 and the shortening of the column under load must
not exceed 2 mm, calculate the maximum allowable
internal diameter. E = 200 000 N/mm2. (Ans: 205.6 mm)

2.

Satu selinder aluminium disambungkan tegar oleh bar

keluli dan gangsa dan dibebani oleh daya paksi pada
tempat seperti dalam gambarajah. Tentukan tegasan

Keluli
3P

Aluminium
P

1m
A=1 cm2

Gangsa

4P
1.5m

A=2 cm2

normal pada setiap bahan jika P=3 kN

2P
1.2m
A=1.5cm2

3. The composite bar below is initially unstressed. If the

temperature of the bar is reduced by an amount T uniformly
along its length find an expression for the tensile stress
induced. The coefficients of linear expansion of steel and
aluminium are s and A per unit temperature change
respectively while the corresponding values of Youngs
modulus are Es and EA.

steel

L1

Ans:

T ( s L1 A L2 ) /( L1 / E s L2 / E A )

Aluminium

L2