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2000-Damper Sizing Using Damper Authority - Lizardos PDF
2000-Damper Sizing Using Damper Authority - Lizardos PDF
H RA E
JOURNAL
Journals
The following article was published in ASHRAE Journal, April 2000. Copyright 2000 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc. It is presented for educational purposes only. This article may not be copied and/or distributed electronically or in paper
form without permission of ASHRAE.
April 2000
Damper Types
Figure 2 shows the two damper arrangements used in our
industry.
About the Authors
Evans J. Lizardos is founder and president of Lizardos Engineering Associates,
Mineola, Long Island, N.Y. He is a past Handbook chairman, and serves on
TC.10.9, Refrigeration Applications for Foods and Beverages. Ken Elovitz is an
engineer and in house counsel for Energy Economics, Foxboro, Mass. He is
ASHRAE Journals Practical Guide editor.
ASHRAE Journal
37
Applications
The following examples illustrate
damper selections using the concept of
damper authority. The technique may be
used to select either parallel or opposed
blade dampers for linear control.
Figure 5 shows a typical economizer
cycle damper arrangement with recommended spacing between the damper and
nearby fittings.
Table 2 shows the pressure drop
through two types of fittings at various
duct velocities. Fitting FT-1 is a clinch
type fitting with 90 side entry airflow.
Fitting FT-2 is a clinch type fitting with
straight through airflow.
Figure 5 and Table 2 show how ducts
and fittings can be sized to select dampers by damper authority.
Example 1: Outdoor Air and
Exhaust/Relief Damper Design
A typical pressure drop to bring outdoor air through the intake louver and subsequent ductwork to the mixing box is 0.3
in. w.g. (75 Pa). Therefore, the pressure in
the mixing box must be 0.3 in. w.g. (75 Pa)
relative to outdoors. A pressure drop of
0.3 in. w.g. (75 Pa) also is typical for the
exhaust air path from the return fan discharge to the exhaust air louver outlet.
Therefore, the pressure at the discharge
of the return fan must be +0.3 in. w.g. (75
Pa). Using the legend in Figure 5 with data
from Table 1, the following recommended
damper authorities are computed for the
outdoor and exhaust/relief air dampers:
38
ASHRAE Journal
W i d e Op e n Da m p e r Ch a r a ct e r i s t i cs
A p p r o a ch
V e l o ci t y
fp m
V e l o ci t y
P r es s ur e
i n . w.g .
P r es s ur e
Dr o p
i n . w.g .
To t a l S y s t e m P r e s s u r e Dr o p Ve r s u s
Da m p e r A u t h o r i t y
Op p o s e d B l a d e
P a r a llel B la d e
10%
15%
30%
50%
300
0.01
0.005
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.01
600
0.02
0.010
0.10
0.07
0.03
0.02
700
0.03
0.015
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.03
800
0.04
0.020
0.20
0.13
0.07
0.04
900
0.05
0.025
0.25
0.17
0.08
0.05
1000
0.06
0.030
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.06
1100
0.08
0.040
0.40
0.27
0.13
0.08
1200
0.09
0.045
0.45
0.30
0.15
0.09
1300
0.11
0.055
0.55
0.37
0.18
0.11
1400
0.12
0.060
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.12
1500
0.14
0.070
0.70
0.47
0.23
0.14
1600
0.16
0.080
0.80
0.53
0.27
0.16
1700
0.18
0.090
0.90
0.60
0.30
0.18
1800
0.20
0.100
1.00
0.67
0.33
0.20
1900
0.22
0.110
1.10
0.73
0.37
0.22
2000
0.25
0.125
1.25
0.83
0.42
0.25
2200
0.30
0.150
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.30
2400
0.36
0.180
1.80
1.20
0.60
0.36
2600
0.42
0.210
2.10
1.40
0.70
0.42
2800
0.49
0.245
2.45
1.63
0.82
0.49
3000
0.56
0.280
2.80
1.87
0.93
0.56
3200
0.64
0.320
3.20
2.13
1.07
0.64
3400
0.72
0.360
3.60
2.40
1.20
0.72
3600
0.81
0.405
4.05
2.70
1.35
0.81
3800
0.90
0.450
4.50
3.00
1.50
0.90
4000
1.00
0.500
5.00
3.33
1.67
1.00
*The pressure drop across a wide open opposed or parallel blade damper is the velocity
pressure times a flow coefficient factor of 0.5.
Table 1: Opposed blade and parallel blade damper selection.
April 2000
Dampers
VP
VP
FT- 1C
FT- 1
FT- 2C
FT- 2
1000
0.06
1.00
0.06
1.0
0.06
1100
0.08
1.10
0.09
1.0
0.08
1200
0.09
1.20
0.11
1.0
0.09
1300
0.11
1.30
0.14
1.0
0.11
1400
0.12
1.40
0.17
1.0
0.12
1500
0.14
1.50
0.21
1.0
0.14
1600
0.16
1.60
0.26
1.0
0.16
1700
0.18
1.70
0.31
1.0
0.18
1800
0.20
1.80
0.36
1.0
0.20
1900
0.22
1.90
0.42
1.0
0.22
2000
0.25
2.00
0.50
1.0
0.25
2200
0.30
2.00
0.60
1.0
0.30
2400
0.36
2.00
0.72
1.0
0.36
2600
0.42
2.00
0.84
1.0
0.42
2800
0.49
2.00
0.98
1.0
0.49
2900
0.52
2.00
1.04
1.0
0.52
3000
0.56
2.00
1.12
1.0
0.56
DP R
T SD
DA
DA
DP R Ty p e
P r es s ur e in
M i x i n g B ox
1 ,0 0 0
0.03
0.30
10%
Opposed
0.33
1 ,2 5 0
0.05
0.30
15%
Opposed
0.35
1 ,7 0 0
0.09
0.30
30%
Parallel
0.39
2 ,2 0 0
0.15
0.30
50%
Parallel
0.45
From the table, the outdoor air and exhaust air dampers should
be sized at a face velocity of 1,000 to 1,200 fpm (5 to 6 m/s) if
they are opposed blade dampers. They should be sized for
1,800 to 2,200 fpm (9 to 11 m/s) if they are parallel blade dampers. Based on this sizing criterion, outdoor air and exhaust air
dampers should not be mounted directly to their respective
louvers, which usually have face velocities of 300 to 500 fpm
(1.5 to 2.5 m/s) to avoid sucking in rain and snow.
DP R
FT- 1
FT- 2
MP D
T SD
DA
DA
DP R
Ty p e
1 ,4 0 0
0.06
0.34
0.06
0.14
0.54
10%
Opposed
1 ,6 0 0
0.08
0.32
0.06
0.18
0.52
15%
Opposed
2 ,1 0 0
0.14
0.22
0.06
0.18
0.46
30%
Parallel
2 ,5 0 0
0.20
0.10
0.06
0.10
0.40
50%
Parallel
ASHRAE Journal
39
ASHRAE Journal
April 2000
Dampers
DP R -V
DP R
FT- 1
FT- 2
MP D
1 ,4 0 0
0.06
0.24
0.34
1 ,6 0 0
0.08
0.22
0.22
2 ,1 0 0
0.14
0.16
0.16
2 ,5 0 0
0.20
0.10
0.10
T SD
0.54
0.52
0.46
0.40
DA
DA
DP R Ty p e
10%
Opposed
15%
Opposed
30%
Parallel
50%
Parallel
From the table above, the outdoor air damper should be sized at
face velocity of 1,400 to 1,600 fpm (7 to 8 m/s) when using
opposed blade dampers. It should be sized for 2,200 to 2,400
fpm (11 to 12 m/s) when using parallel blade dampers. Whichever damper is selected, a duct and fitting pressure drop of 0.40
to 0.55 in. w.g. (100 to 135 Pa) must be added to achieve damper
authorities of 10% to 15% for opposed blade dampers and 30%
to 50% for parallel blade dampers.
DP R
T SD
DA
DA
DP R Ty p e
1 ,4 0 0
0.06
0.54
10%
Opposed
1 ,6 0 0
0.08
0.52
15%
Opposed
2 ,1 0 0
0.14
0.46
30%
Parallel
2 ,5 0 0
0.20
0.40
50%
Parallel
April 2000
DP R
T SD
DA
DA
DP R Ty p e
1 ,5 0 0
0.07
0.73
10%
Opposed
1 ,8 0 0
0.10
0.70
15%
Opposed
2 ,4 0 0
0.18
0.62
30%
Parallel
2 ,9 0 0
0.27
0.53
50%
Parallel
41
CFM
FP M
VP
VP
DP R
T SD
DA
DA
225
2,600
0.42
0.21
0.70
30%
500
2,600
0.42
0.21
0.70
30%
900
2,600
0.42
0.21
0.70
30%
10
10
1,400
2,600
0.42
0.21
0.70
30%
12
12
2,000
2,600
0.42
0.21
0.70
30%
14
14
3,000
2,600
0.42
0.21
0.70
30%
16
16
4,000
2,600
0.42
0.21
0.70
30%
DP R
V AT- P D
M SD
T SD
DA
DA
DP R Ty p e
1800
0.10
0.25
0.75
0.90
10%
Opposed
2200
0.13
0.25
0.75
0.87
15%
Opposed
2700
0.23
0.25
0.75
0.77
30%
Parallel
4000
0.33
0.25
0.75
0.67
50%
Parallel
42
ASHRAE Journal
Figure 7: The relief/exhaust air fan economizer cycle (Examples 3, 4 & 5).
Fa ce Co n t r o l Da m p e r S e l e ct i o n
DP R -V
DP R - H T G
T SD - H T G
DA
DA
DP R Ty p e
700
0.03
0.33
10%
Opposed
1 ,2 5 0
0.05
0.33
15%
Opposed
1 ,8 0 0
0.10
0.33
30%
Parallel
2 ,3 5 0
0.17
0.33
50%
Parallel
B y - p a s s Co n t r o l Da m p e r S e l e ct i o n
DP R -V
D P R - B YP
T SD - H T G
DA
DA
DP R Ty p e
1 ,8 0 0
0.10
0.33
30%
Parallel
2 ,3 5 0
0.17
0.33
50%
Parallel
April 2000
Conclusion
This article introduces the concept of damper authority
and provides examples of how the concept can be used to
design for linear damper control. The typical pressure drops
used in the examples are just thattypical. The techniques
presented here can be applied to actual jobs by calculating
actual pressure drop for the actual system and selecting velocities accordingly. Since damper authority is defined as the
ratio of the damper pressure drop to the system pressure drop
without the damper, the pressure drop through the wide open
damper must be added to the system pressure drop when
sizing the fan.
Please circle the appropriate number on the Reader Service Card at the back of
the publication.
Extremely Helpful ........................................................................................................ 458
Helpful ........................................................................................................................ 459
Somewhat Helpful ...................................................................................................... 460
Not Helpful ................................................................................................................. 461
43
ASHRAE Journal
April 2000