PAPER

DIABETES MELLITUS DISEASE

Created By :
1. Rika Sofiana
2. Rista Dewi S

(A102.10.054)
(A102.10.056)

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1. Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above
normal. Blood glucose is the main type of sugar found in the blood and the

main source of energy. Glucose comes from the food we eat and is also
made in the liver and muscles. The blood carries glucose to all of the
bodys cells to use for energy.
The pancreas, an organ behind the stomach that produces the hormone
insulin. Insulin helps the body use food for energy. When a person has
diabetes, the pancreas either cannot produce enough insulin, uses the
insulin incorrectly, or both. Insulin works together with glucose (sugar) in
the bloodstream to help it enter the body's cells to be burned for energy. If
the insulin isn't functioning properly, glucose cannot enter the cells. This
causes glucose levels in the blood to rise, creating a condition of high
blood sugar or diabetes, and leaving the cells without fuel.
2. History of Diabetes Mellitus
The term "diabetes" was first created by Araetus of Cappodocia. Later,
the word mellitus (honey sweet) was added by Thomas Willis (Britain) in
1675 after rediscovering the sweetness of urine and blood of
patients (first noticed by the ancient Indians). The role of the pancreas in
pathogenesis of diabetes was discovered by Mering and Minkowski
(Austria) in 1889. Later, this discovery constituted the basis of insulin
isolation and clinical use by Banting and Best (Canada) in 1921. Trials to
prepare an orally administrated hypoglycemic agent ended successfully by
first marketing of tolbutamide and carbutamide in 1955.
3. Causes of Diabetes Mellitus
Health care providers do not yet know what causes diabetes. The
following factors may increase the chance of getting diabetes:
Family history of diabetes
Being overweight
Injury to pancreas (such as infection, tumor, surgery or accident)
Autoimmune disease
High blood pressure

 Abnormal blood cholesterol or triglyceride levels

Age (risk increases with age)
Alcohol (risk increases with years of heavy alcohol use)
Smoking
4. Sympotms
This is the following symptoms of diabetes mellitus disease :
Frequent urination
Excessive thirst
Unexplained weight loss
Extreme hunger
Feeling very tired much of the time
Sores that are slow to heal
Tingling or numbness in hands or feet
More infections than usual.
5. Treatment
Basic therapies for diabetes are healthy eating, physical activity,
insulin injection, and blood glucose testing. People with diabetes must take
responsibility for their day-to-day care, and keep blood glucose levels
from going too low or too high. They should see a health care provider
who will monitor their diabetes control and help them learn to manage
their diabetes. In addition, people with diabetes may see endocrinologists,
who may specialize in diabetes care; ophthalmologists for eye
examinations; podiatrists for routine foot care; and dietitians and diabetes
educators who teach the skills needed for daily diabetes management.

CHAPTER TWO
SUGGESTION

There is some suggestion to preventing diabetes mellitus disease :

Planning what we eat and following a balanced meal plan
Exercising regularly.
Taking medication, if prescribed, and closely following the guidelines

on how and when to take it

Monitoring the blood glucose and blood pressure levels at home
Keeping the appointments with the health care providers and having
laboratory tests completed as ordered by the doctor.

CHAPTER THREE
SUMMARY

Diabetes mellitus is a disease in which blood glucose levels are

above normal. When a person has diabetes, the pancreas either cannot
produce enough insulin, uses the insulin incorrectly, or both. Insulin works
together with glucose (sugar) in the bloodstream to help it enter the body's

cells to be burned for energy. If the insulin isn't functioning properly,

glucose cannot enter the cells. This causes glucose levels in the blood to
rise, creating a condition of high blood sugar or diabetes, and leaving the
cells without fuel. The following factors may increase the chance of
getting diabetes are family history of diabetes, being overweight, injury to
pancreas, age, and etc. The symptoms are frequent urination, excessive
thirst, unexplained weight loss, extreme hunger, and many more.
There is some suggestion to prevent diabetes mellitus like planning
what we eat and following a balanced meal plan, exercising regularly,
taking medication, monitoring the blood glucose and blood pressure levels
at home, and take the laboratory tests as ordered by doctor.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/types
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases_conditions/hic_Diabetes_Bas
ics/hic_Diabetes_Mellitus_An_Overview
http://www.pbpapdi.org/papdi.php?pb=detil_berita&kd_berita=87