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Giáo Trình Sức Bền Vật Liệu Tập 1 - Gs.Ts.Phan Kì Phùng, 183 Trang PDF
Giáo Trình Sức Bền Vật Liệu Tập 1 - Gs.Ts.Phan Kì Phùng, 183 Trang PDF
GIO TRNH
SC BN VT LIU
TP I
NNG 2005
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MC LC
Trang s
Li ni u
4
Mc lc
6
Chng m u : NHNG KHI NIM C BN
9
0.1. Khi qut
9
0.2. Cc nguyn nhn ngoi tc dng ln vt th
11
0.3. Cc gi thuyt c bn
12
0.4. Lch s pht trin mn hc
13
Chng 1: L THUYT V NI LC
16
1.1. Ni lc - phng php mt ct
16
1.2. Cc thnh phn ni lc
17
1.3. Bi tan phng, biu ni lc
18
1.4. Lin h gia ti trng phn b vi lc ct v m men un trong thanh thng 27
1.5. Lin h gia ti trng tp trung vi ln bc nhy trn biu lc ct, biu
m men un trong thanh thng
27
1.6. p dng
28
Chng 2: KO, NN NG TM
33
2.1. Khi nim
33
2.2. ng sut trn mt ct ngang
33
2.3. Bin dng, h s poisson
35
2.4. ng sut trn mt ct nghing
38
2.5. c trng c hc ca vt liu
39
2.6. ng sut cho php - H s an ton - Ba bi ton c bn
42
2.7. Bi ton siu tnh
45
2.8. Th nng bin dng n hi
47
Chng 3: TRNG THI NG SUT
49
3.1. Khi nim
49
3.2. Trng thi ng sut phng
50
3.3. Trng thi trt thun ty
58
3.4. Lin h gia ng sut v bin dng - nh lut Hooke tng qut
59
3.5. Cc thuyt bn
64
Chng 4: C TRNG HNH HC CA MT CT NGANG PHNG 70
4.1. Khi nim chung
70
4.2. M men tnh v cc m men qun tnh
70
4.3. M men qun tnh ca mt s hnh n gin
74
4.4. Cng thc chuyn trc ca m men qun tnh
75
4.5. H trc qun tnh chnh - cng thc xoay trc ca m men qun tnh
77
4.6. Vng trn Mohr qun tnh
78
4.7. Bn knh qun tnh
79
Chng 5: UN NGANG PHNG NHNG THANH THNG
84
5.1. Khi nim
84
A.
Dm chu un thun ty phng
85
5.2. ng sut php trn mt ct ngang
85
5.3. Biu ng sut php - ng sut php ln nht
89
91
5.4. iu kin bn ca un thun ty phng
5.5. Khi nim v hnh dng hp l ca mt ct ngang
93
6
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B.
5.6.
5.7.
5.8.
5.9.
5.10.
5.11.
5.12.
C.
5.13.
5.14.
5.15.
5.16.
5.17.
6.1.
6.2.
6.3.
truyn
6.4.
6.5.
6.6.
6.7.
6.8.
6.9.
6.10.
6.11.
A.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
B.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
C.
7.7.
7.8.
D.
7.9.
7.10.
8.1.
8.2.
8.3.
8.4.
Dm un ngang phng
94
ng sut php trn mt ct ngang ca dm un ngang phng
94
ng sut tip trn mt ct ngang ca dm chu un ngang phng
95
iu kin bn ca dm chu un ngang phng
98
Cc dng bi ton c bn
101
Khi nim v dm chng un u
104
Qu o ng sut chnh khi un
105
Th nng bin dng n hi ca dm chu un ngang phng
106
Chuyn v ca dm chu un
108
Khi nim ng n hi
108
Phng trnh vi phn ca ng n hi
109
Thit lp phng trnh n hi bngt tch phn bt nh
110
Xc nh vng v gc xoay bng phng php ti trng gi to
110
Phng php thng s ban u
116
Chng 6: XON NHNG THANH THNG C MT CT NGANG TRN
122
Khi nim chung
M men xon v biu m men xon
122
Lin h gia m men xon ngoi lc vi cng sut v s vng quay ca trc
123
ng sut trn mt ct ngang ca thanh trn chu xon
125
Biu ng sut tip trn mt ct ngang
127
Bin dng ca thanh trn chu xon
128
Tnh thanh trn chu xon
130
Xon thun ty thanh c mt ct ngang khng trn
131
Nguyn tc chung gii bi ton siu tnh
132
Tnh l xo xon c hnh tr c bc ngn
132
S ph hy ca thanh trn chu xon
136
Chng 7: THANH CHU LC PHC TP
138
Thanh chu un xin
138
ng sut php trn mt ct ngang
138
iu kin bn ca dm chu un xin
142
vng ca dm chu un xin
145
Thanh chu un ng thi vi ko (hay nn) ng tm
147
ng sut php trn mt ct ngang
148
149
Thanh chu ko (hay nn) lch tm
Khi nim v li ca mt ct ngang
151
Thanh chu un ng thi vi xon
155
Thanh c mt ct ngang trn
155
Thanh c mt ct ngang ch nht
155
Thanh chu lc tng qut
160
Thanh c mt ct ngang trn
160
Thanh c mt ct ngang ch nht
161
Chng 8 :
KHI NIM CHUNG V T BIN
164
M u
164
Nhng ng cong t bin
165
Phn tch qu trnh t bin ca vt liu
166
Phng php m hnh ho trong t bin
171
7
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8.5.
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4
9.5.
9.6.
9.7.
9.8.
9.9.
Nhng m hnh c bn
Chng 9: NHNG L THUYT C BN V T BIN
Khi nim chung
L thuyt ho gi
L thuyt chy do
L thuyt cng c
L thuyt di truyn
S do ng sut trong cc bu lng,(ko- nn ng tm).
Xon thanh trn
Bi ton un
T bin ca cnh tuc bin
Ph lc
Tham kho
2)
3)
4)
Nguyn Y T
Sc bn Vt liu
Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H Ni 1966
5)
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172
176
176
176
179
180
181
182
183
184
187
189
205
L Ngc Hng
Sc bn Vt liu
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut ,H Ni 2000
7)
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10
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LI NI U
Sc bn vt liu l mt mn hc c s, n l gch ni gia cc mn hc c bn n
cc mn hc k thut cho cc ngnh c kh, ng lc, cu ng, xy dng, thy li,
giao thng... hc tt cc mn chuyn mn cc ngnh hc ni trn th cn phi nm
c cc kin thc cc mn hc c s trong c mn hc Sc bn vt liu.
Gio trnh Sc bn vt liu (Tp I) nhm cung cp cc kin thc c bn v phng
php tnh ton bn, cng vng i vi nhng bi ton thng gp nh bi ton ko
(nn), un, xon v t hp cc bi ton . Phn ny cng gii thiu cch xc nh v
xy dng biu ni lc i vi cc dng bi tp. Nh c n ta mi bit ni no l
chu lc nguy him nht. V vy phn ny s c s dng sut trong gio trnh Sc bn
vt liu v ng dng trong cc gio trnh chuyn mn khc.
Tp 1 Sc bn vt liu ny cn trnh by cch nghin cu trng thi ng sut
trong vt th khi chu tc dng ngoi lc, n trang b kin thc hc mn Sc bn vt
liu v cc mn c hc khc nh l thuyt n hi, l thuyt do, vt l cht rn.
Trong xu th chung ca gio dc i hc, chng ti mong mun sinh vin c th t
nghin cu, t hc mn Sc bn vt liu, nn trong gio trnh ny sau khi trnh by L
thuyt chng ti dn ra nhiu v d sinh vin d hc tp.
Tc gi cng rt cm n ging vin cao cp Phm Vn Song ca i hc
nng, gip tc gi sa cha, chnh l, vi tnh v ng gp nhiu kin gio trnh
ny hon chnh hn.
Chc rng trong qu trnh bin tp khng khi cn nhiu thiu st, mong nhn
c s gp ca sinh vin v cc c gi gio trnh ngy cng c hon chnh v
p ng c yu cu hc tp ca sinh vin v cc bn.
Trn trng cm n !
Tc gi
GS.TSKH. Phan K Phng
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Chng m u
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
b)
a)
c)
d )
d)
e)
e)
f)
h)
i)
VA
g)
R
k)
VA
j)
VA
MA
HA
m)
VA
HA
n)
o)
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0.1.3. c im
- Mn Sc bn vt liu kho st ni lc v bin dng ca vt thc, nhng vn p
dng cc kt qu ca C hc l thuyt (s dng cc phng trnh cn bng).
- Mn Sc bn vt liu l mt mn khoa hc thc nghim vi phng php nghin
cu nh sau:
+ Quan st thc t.
+ ra cc gi thuyt v tnh ton.
+ Th nghim kim tra.
0.2. Cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi tc dng ln vt th.
0.2.1. Ngoi lc.
nh ngha: Ngoi lc l lc tc dng ca mi trng bn ngoi hay ca cc vt
th khc ln vt th ang xt.
* Phn loi ngoi lc. Ngoi lc gm:
- Ti trng: Tr s, v tr v tnh cht ca lc bit trc.
- Phn lc: Lc pht sinh ni tip xc gia vt th ang xt vi vt th khc ty
thuc vo ti trng. Ti trng bao gm lc phn b tc dng lin tc trn th tch hay b
mt (c cng bng gi tr lc/n v th tch hay din tch, th nguyn l [lc/(chiu
di)3], [lc/(chiu di)2] hoc l lc phn b theo chiu di [lc/chiu di]. Ngoi ra cn
c lc tp trung, m men tp trung, m men phn b.
* Tnh cht ti trng.
- Ti trng tnh: Gi tr ca lc tng t t xem nh khng gy ra lc qun tnh.
- Ti trng ng: Gi tr ca lc tng t ngt (va chm) hay k n lc qun
tnh (dao ng, chuyn ng c gia tc).
0.2.2. Cc nguyn nhn khc.
Bao gm s gia tng ca nhit , s ch to khng chnh xc cc chi tit my hay
s ln ca cc gi ta trong cng trnh.
0.2.3. Cc loi lin kt phng v phn lc lin kt .
a) Gi di ng (khp di ng, con ln): Lin kt cho php thanh quay xung quanh
mt im v chuyn ng tnh tin theo mt phng no . Lin kt hn ch s di
chuyn ca thanh theo phng vung gc vi phng chuyn ng tnh tin, nn theo
phng ny lin kt s pht sinh mt phn lc VA: (hnh 0.1j) hay (hnh 0.1k).
b) Gi c nh (khp, bn l): Lin kt cho php thanh quay xung quanh mt im
v hn ch mi chuyn ng tnh tin trong mt phng. Lin kt ny pht sinh phn lc
theo mt phng bt k trong mt phng. Trong tnh ton ta thng phn lc ny ra hai
thnh phn vung gc nhau HA v VA (xem hnh 0.1m v 01 n).
c) Ngm: Lin kt hn ch mi chuyn ng trong mt phng. Ti ngm pht sinh
mt m men phn lc v mt phn lc theo phng bt k, phn lc ny thng c
phn ra hai thnh phn vung gc nhau (xem hnh 0.1o). xc nh cc phn lc, ta
xem thanh nh vt rn tuyt i v xt s cn bng ca vt rn di tc ng ca phn
lc v ti trng.
0.3. Cc gi thuyt c bn.
V i tng kho st l vt thc, cho nn nu xt n mi tnh cht thc th bi
ton s rt phc tp. Do vy qu trnh suy lun hay tnh ton c n gin m vn
m bo c chnh xc cn thit, ta cn phi lc b nhng tnh cht khng c bn
v ch gi li tnh cht c bn quyt nh n phm cht cng trnh hay chi tit. Tc l ta
a ra cc gi thuyt. Mn Sc bn vt liu s dng ba gi thuyt c bn sau:
11
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cng vi s ra i v pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, nhng thnh tu v Ton hc v
Vt liu yu cu v to iu kin cho ngnh c hc vt rn bin dng pht trin. Ngi
ta ng dng cc phng php sai phn, bin phn, phn t hu hn... trong vic gii cc
bi ton m trc y cha gii c hoc gii rt kh khn. Cng t nhiu l thuyt
v cc vt liu d hng, vt liu c bn ln, vt liu lm vic trong iu kin nhit
cao v trong cc mi trng n mn khc nhau pht trin. Trong th k 20 cn xut hin
l thuyt do, n nht, n do, l thuyt t bin, lu bin, l thuyt ph hy... gip
chng ta nghin cu su hn v ton din hn s lm vic, bn, cng vng, n
nh... ca cc bi ton thc t, do s pht trin khoa hc k thut ngy nay i hi.
C hc l mt lnh vc rng ln, c th l mi trng lin tc, mi trng ri rc,
mi trng thy, kh, mi trng nhit...V vy nhng phng trnh cn bng v c bn
ging nhau, ty theo mi trng c th m thay i mt s thng s v h s, nhng
nhng phng trnh ny vn l nhng phng trnh vi phn o hm ring.
C th ni iu quan tm trc tin ca c hc vt rn bin dng l quan h gia
ng sut v bin dng xut hin trong vt liu trong qu trnh tc ng ca ti trng. V
mt ton hc ng sut l mt hm s ca bin dng:
= f()
(0-1)
Trong :-ng sut; -Bin dng.
- Nu vt liu lm vic tun theo nh lut Hooke th phng trnh trn tuyn tnh
hay cn gi l n hi tuyn tnh.
B
- Nu quan h khng phi l tuyn tnh
A
bc nht nhng vn tha mn iu kin qu trnh
t ti v ct ti l thun nghch. Ngha l khi t
ti, quan h gia ng sut v bin dng l
ng cong OAB, th khi ct ti tng quan
B
A
Hnh 0.5:
Hnh 13
0.4: Hin
Hnh 0.3: Quan h
Hin
tng
sauhttp://tailieuxd.com/
tc
gia ng
sut
Ti liu
nyv
c tng
lu tr ti
ni
dng (do)
bin dng khi ko
CU HI T HC :
0.1. Nhng nhim v chnh ca mn sc bn vt liu ?
0.2. Nhng nhn t no thc y s pht trin ca mn hc ?
0.3. i tng nghin cu ca mn hc?
0.4. Cc gi thuyt c bn, gii thch cc gi thuyt .
0.5. Nhng nt chnh ca cc mn hc khc lin quan n mn Sc bn vt liu.
- - - -
14
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Chng 1
L THUYT V NI LC
1.1. NI LC - PHNG PHP MT CT (PPMC).
1.1.1. nh ngha ni lc.
Trong vt th, gia cc phn t c cc lc lin kt gi cho vt th c mt hnh
dng nht nh. Khi c ngoi lc tc dng, vt th b bin dng, lc lin kt thay i
chng li bin dng do ngoi lc gy ra. Lng thay i ca lc lin kt gi l ni lc.
1.1.2 Phng php mt ct (ppmc).
xc nh ni lc trn mt ct ngang cha im K ca vt th chu lc nh
hnh1.1, ta dng ppmc nh sau: Tng tng
P5
P1
dng mt phng () qua im K v thng gc
vi trc thanh, ct vt th ra hai phn (A) v
P4
K
(B), (hnh1.2). Xt s cn bng ca mt phn, v P2
d phn (A), (hnh 1.3). Phn (A) c cn
P6
P3
bng nh ni lc ca phn (B) tc dng ln
phn (A). Ni lc ny phn b trn din tch Hnh 1.1:Mt vt th
P5
mt ct ca phn (A) v hp lc ca chng cn chu lc
lc
Th nguyn ca ng sut l
, n v thng dng KN/cm2, MN/m2
2
(chiudai)
Thng ngi ta phn ng sut ra hai thnh ph:
- Thnh phn vung gc vi mt ct gi l ng sut php, k hiu .
- Thnh phn nm trong mt ct gi l ng sut tip, k hiu .
Nh vy P = 2 + 2 , P: ln ca ng sut ti K.
15
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P1
P1
P
(A)
K
F
P2
P3 Hnh 1. 4:Hp lc
ca ni
a)
(A)
P2
P3
lc
>0
b)
n
>0
r
P
r
Hnh 1.5: ng
sut
<0
n
<0
N z + Piz = 0
i =1
16
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Q x + Pix = 0
i =1
n
Q y + Piy = 0
Trong :
p iz ,
p ix ,
i =1
M y + m y (Pi ) = 0
i =1
n
M z + m z (Pi ) = 0
i =1
17
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n Qy>0
P3
Nz> 0
Qy>0 n
Hnh1.9:Cc thnh
phn ni lc v
chiu dng phn
bn tri ca mt
Mx
a)
b)
Qy
(Qy)
c)
(Mx)
d)
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Q y + Piy = 0
i =1
Suy ra
Qy - P = 0, vy Qy = +P
Nh vy lc ct Qy = +P, du ta gi nh ban u l ng v khng ph thuc z.
n
M x + m x (Pi ) = 0
i =1
Tc l
Mx - Pxz = 0
Suy ra
Mx = +Pz
Nh vy Mx = +Pxz , du m men gi nh ban u l cng pha di (pha dng
ca trc y) l ng v Mx l hm bc nht ph thuc vo ta z.
Cui cng ta v biu Qy v Mx nh hnh 1.11c, 1.11d.
* V d 2: Cho mt dm chu lc nh hnh v 1.12a. Hy xc nh lc ct Qy, m
men un Mx v v biu ca chng.
O
z
x
Mx
O1
a)
b)
z
Qy
c)
(Qy)
ql
19
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z
=0
2
q z2
Suy ra:
Mx =
2
Kt qu Mx mang du - chng t chiu Mx ta chn ban u l sai, ta phi cho Mx
quay ngc li, tc l n lm cng pha m ca trc y hay cng cc th trn ca dm nn
mang du - trong biu . ng thi m men Mx ni lc l mt hm s bc 2 so vi z.
Cui cng ta xy dng c cc biu Qy v Mx (trn hnh v 1.12c, d).
Ch b lm ca ng bc 2 hng ly cc mi tn do q tc dng.
* V d 3: Cho mt dm chu lc nh hnh 1.13a. Hy xc nh ni lc v v biu
ca chng.
Bi ton ny c khc trc l vic u tin ta phi xc nh cho c phn lc
cc gi ta A v B. Ti A l gi kp, ng l phn lc ti c hai thnh phn phn lc
theo phng y v phng z, nhng do lc ch c theo phng y thng ng, nn ti A ch
c thnh phn phn lc theo phng y, ta k hiu l YA v gi ta B d nhin ch c mt
thnh phn phn lc theo phng y, ta k hiu l YB. xc nh YA v YB, ta phi xt s
cn bng ca ton dm do cc lc P v hai phn lc YA v YB tc dng.
Chng ta cng dng cc phng trnh cn bng thng thng l chiu tt c cc
lc ln trc y v ly m men i vi mt im no (im A chng hn).
Gii:
a) Xc nh cc phn lc YA v YB.
Chiu cc tt c cc lc ln trc y:
(1)
P(y ) = P YA YB = 0
M(O1)= Mx + qz
M(
A)
= YB l P
l
=0
2
(2)
P
v kt qu c du + chng
2
t chiu phn lc YA v YB chn hng ln l ng v gi tr bng mt na lc P. Cc
phn lc YA, YB cn c th c suy lun ra nh sau: Do tnh cht i xng YA phi
bng YB v y l h lc song song, nn YA + YB = P, vy:
P
YA = YB =
2
20
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1
A
YA
(Qy)
l/2 1
P
C
2
l/2
a)
Mx
YB
p
2
O1
Qy
YA
l-z
d)
Qy 2
Mx
(Mx)
b)
e)
c)
O2
YB
Pl
4
Hnh 1.13: Xc nh ni lc v v biu
ni lc cho mt dm chu lc nh hnh a
21
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P=20kN
q=1kN/m
HA
A
VA
14m
10m
1
1 B
VB
8m
6m
Hnh 1.14: Xc nh ni lc ti mt
ct 1 1 ca dm
22
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Gii: Tnh phn lc lin kt: Gii phng cc lin kt ti A v B v thay bng cc
phn lc lin kt HA, VA, VB. Xt s cn bng ca h c lp ABC chu tc dng ca ngoi
lc bao gm ti trng v cc phn lc lin kt.
Ta c:
z= 0 => HA = 0
(1)
y = 0 => VA +VB - p - q10 = 0
(2)
mA = 0 => 1105-M-VB 18 + P24 = 0
(3)
=> VB = 27 kN
Th VB vo (1)
=> VA = 3kN
Tnh ni lc ti mt ct 1-1 (xem hnh 1.15).
Dng mt ct 1-1 v xt s cn bng ca phn tri:
y = 0 => -VA +q10+Qy = 0
=> Qy = -7kN
M=44kNm
q=1kN/m
m0 = 0
=>-VA14+q109+M+Mx=
0
Mx
z
O 1
HA
=>Mx =-92 kNm .
A
D
Biu ni lc: L ng
NZ
Qy
biu din s bin thin ca ni lc
14m
2
dc trc thanh. Honh trng
VA
10m
tm mt ct ngang ly trn trc
song song vi trc thanh, tung
y
l cc gi tr ca ni lc ti cc
mt ct ngang tng ng.
Hnh 1.15: Tnh ni lc ca
Nh vy da vo biu
mt ct 1 1
ni lc ta c th xc nh c mt ct ngang nguy him nht, tc l mt ct ngang c gi
tr ni lc ln nht.
* Ch khi v biu ni lc:
- Vi biu lc ct (Qy), (Nz), tung dng ca biu c biu din v
pha trn ca trc honh v c ghi du trn biu .
- Vi biu (Mx): Tung dng (Mx > 0) c t v pha y > 0.
Ngc li, tung m (Mx < 0) t pha y < 0.
Nh vy nhn vo biu m men un (Mx), ta bit ngay cc th dc thanh chu
cng pha c t tung Mx.
* V d 5: Mt dm chu lc nh hnh v 1.16. Hy v biu ni lc (Qy), (Mx) .
M=ql2
p=ql
q
HA
A
VA
l VB
y
Hnh 1.16: V biu ni lc ca dm
chu lc nh hnh v
23
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(1)
z = 0 => HA = 0
mA = 0 => VB = 2ql
(2)
y = 0 => VA = ql
(3)
Kim tra c:
MC = 0
b) Tnh ni lc. Dng phng php mt ct: Trn AC, tng tng mt ct
ngang 1-1 (c trng tm O vi honh z: 0z1, gc A), chia dm ra hai phn, xt cn
bng AO (hnh 1.17).
T cc phng trnh:
z = 0 => Nz = 0
q
y = 0 => Qy = VA - qz
1 Mx
1
HA
mo = 0 => Mx = VA z - qz2
z
A
O
Nz
2
Qy
ti gc A(z = 0) : Qy = VA = ql v Mx = 0
z
1
VA
1
l2
ti C(z=1): Qy = 0 v Mx = ql 2 ql 2 = q
y
2
2
Trn on CB: Tng tng mt ct ngang 2-2
Hnh 1.17: Dng
(c trng tm O vi honh z: l z 2l, gc A) chia
phng php mt
dm ra hai phn, xt cn bng phn ACO (xem hnh
ct
M=ql2
1.8).
z = 0 N 2 = 0
q
y = 0 Q Y = VA qz
2
z2
m x = 0 M x = VA z q
M
2
Ti C(z = l):
QY = 0, Mx =
Mx
HA
1
+ ql 2
2
A
VA
Nz
Qy
z
y
QY = -ql, Mx = ql2
Trn on DB: Tng tng mt ct ngang 3-3 (c
trng tm O vi honh z: 0 z l, gc D), chia m ra
hai phn, xt cn bng phn DO, (xem hnh 1.19).
z
z = 0 N2 = 0
y = 0 QY = P = ql
mx = 0 MX = - Pz =
-qlz
Ti D(z=0):
Mx= 0
Ti B(z=l):
M x= 0
Nhn xt:
a) Trn nhng on thanh: q = 0 biu
QY l ng thng song song vi trc honh, biu Mx
l ng bc 1; q = const Qy bc 1, v Mx bc 2.
b) Mx t cc tr ti nhng im m QY = 0.
c) B lm ca MX hng mi tn lc phn b q.
Ti B(z = 2l):
Hnh 1.18:Dng
phng php mt
ct
Qy
p=q
Mx
3
l
Nz
O
3
y
Hnh 1.19: Dng
phng php mt
ct
24
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Q (ql)
1
55 109 163 217 271 325 379 433
0 0,51,01,5
1,5
1,0
0,5
0
0,5
-1,0
87
44
-1,5
q(z)
2
1 dz
2 Mx+ dMx
Qy1
(A)
Mx
O2
O1
(A)
dz
Qy+dQy
y
Hnh 1.21: S biu din s
lin quan gia ti trng phn
b vi lc ct v m men
25
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
o2
dQ y
dz
= q (z)
(1)
dz
=0
2
dM x
(2)
= Qy
dz
d2Mx
= q(z)
T (1) v (2)
(3)
dz 2
Kt lun: o hm ca lc ct ti mt im bng cng ti trng phn b theo
chiu di ti im . o hm ca m men un ti mt im bng lc ct ti im ,
cn o hm bc hai ca m men un bng cng ti trng phn b theo chiu di.
1. V mt hnh hc, lc ct ti mt tit din chnh bng dc ca tip tuyn
vi biu m men un ti v cng ti trng phn b theo chiu di l dc ca
tip tuyn biu lc ct.
2. Nu hm s q(z) l mt hm s i s th bc ca hm s lc ct s cao hn
bc ca q(z) mt bc v bc ca hm s m men un s cao hn bc ca hm lc ct mt
bc.
1.5. Lin h gia ti trng tp trung vi ln bc nhy trn biu lc ct. Biu
m men un trong thanh thng.
* Xt on thanh vi phn dz ta z, chu P0 v M0, cc thnh phn ni lc trn
hai mt ct nh hnh 1.22.
y = 0 QY + P0 - (QY + QY) = 0 QY = P0
+ M0 - (Mx + Mx) = 0
m o4 = 0 Mx + Qy dz + P0 dz
2
B qua cc lng VCB
Qy dz MX = M0
Ta chng minh c nhn xt d mc 1.3.
P0
P0
M0
Mx
dz
4
Mx+Mx
O3
(B)
(5)
M0
3
Qy
(B)
(4)
dz
O4
Qy+ Qy
4
y
Hnh 1.22: Xt s lin hgia ta
trng tp trung v ln bc nhy
trn biu lc ct
1.6. p dng. Ta c th s dng cc lin h vi phn (1), (2), (3) v tnh cht (4), (5) hoc
nhn xt (c) :
26
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
p=qa
q
A
1
a
2
1
a
2
Hnh 1.23: Mt dm
chu lc
(Qy)
qa
2qa
0,5qa
2qa
1,5qa
1,5qa
(Mx)
0,5qa
2
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
hai.
im D: QD = 0; MD= 0 v t cc tr, ND = 0.
im C: QC = + qa,
1
MC= qa2 (cng th ngoi) ; NC = 0.
2
on CB: Khng c q nn Q l hng s , M bc 1.
im C:
Nc
N CBC = qa
Mc
1
Qc
Q CBC = 0; M CBC = qa 2
2
C
q
A
Hnh 1.25: Mt
khung chu lc
(cng th trn )
im B: Xt cn
bng on
BC (hnh
1.27)BC
BC
BC
N BC
B = N C = qa ; Q B = Q C = 0
1
BC
M BC
= qa 2 (cng th trn)
B = Mc
2
Hnh 1.26
on BA:
Trn on BA khng c q:
Q hng
s
M bcnh
im B:
N BAB = 0 ; QBAB = qa .
1 2
3
M AB
qa qa 2 = qa 2 , (cng th pha tri).
B =
2
2
im A: Xt cn bng on BA (xem hnh 1.28).
NB
BC
MBBC
MCBC
MCBC
z
B
QB
BC
C
QCBC
QCBC
NCBC C
NCBC
qa2
MBAB
QBAB
QBAB
MBAB
NBAB
QAAB
MAAB
NAAB
28
Hnh 1.28:Tnh
ni lc
Ti liu ny c
onlu
BAtr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
AB
AB
AB
N AB
= qa
A = N B = 0 ; Q A = QB
3
AB
Q AB
= qa2 (qa)a
M AB
A = MB
B a
2
1
M AB
qa 2 (Cng th pha tri).
A =
2
Cui cng v c biu M, N, Q (xem hnh 1.29a, b, c)
qa
(Q)
a)
qa
0,5qa2
0,5qa2
1,5qa2
(N)
b)
.
.
0,5qa2
qa2
qa
(M)
c)
qa
0,5qa2 0,5qa2
d)
qa
e)
2
1,5qa
P
2P
1
Hnh R1.29: Biu ni (N
lc
Q(a); N(b);(QM(c)
v
z)
y)
0
0
26
4
kim tra biu26
(d)
4
2P
1
P
a)
z
c)
1
Nz
M Q
x1
y
b) y
0,236P
2P
PR
d)
(Mx)
2604
2P
P
0,236PR
e)
29
Hnh 1.30: S ni lc
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
ca thanh cong
qa
0,5qa2
NZ
2P
2,232P
2,121P
1,866P
P
Qy
P
-0,134P
-0,707P
-1,23P
-2P
Mx
0
-0,232PR
-0,121PR
0,134PR
PR
0
0
Ta c nhn xt sau: Khi bin thin t 0 n 30 , lc ct Qy i du t dng
sang m, nn (0, 300) c Qy = 0.
1
T hnh 1.30a, ta c: Pcos - 2Psin = 0 , suy ra tg = = 26040'.
2
Ta nhn thy ti mt ct ny Mx & Nz t cc tr, v:
dN z
dM x
= Qy ;
= RQ y
d
d
Th = 26040' vo (1) v (3), ta tnh c Nzmax v Mxmin :
Nzmax = 2,236P; Mxmin = - 0,236PR.
Cui cng biu ni lc c biu din trn hnh 1.30c, d, e.
CU HI T HC
1.1. Th no l ni lc? Phng php mt ct xc nh ni lc ?. Nhng thnh phn
ca ni lc.
1.2. Ngoi lc l g ? Cc dng ca ngoi lc, th nguyn v n v ca n.
1.3.V cc lin kt v biu din cc thnh phn phn lc ti cc lin kt .
1.4. Quy c du ca cc thnh phn ni lc? Hy biu din n thng qua mt on
thanh.
1.5. Quan h gia lc phn b q v lc ct Qy, Mx. Cc bc nhy biu ni lc Qy
v Mx xut hin u, du ca bc nhy . Khi no th trn biu Mx c cc tr,
cch xc nh n.
1.6. Hy t v biu Qy v Mx bng phng php nhanh da vo cc lin h vi phn
gia ngoi lc v ni lc v nhng nhn xt hc.
1.7. Hy xc nh ni lc v v biu ni
M0=2qa2
q
P
lc i vi dm chu lc nh trn hnh 1.31
P=4qa
P
Hng dn: Tch khp D ta s c
P
hai dm n gin v xt ni lc nh bnh A
B
C
D
E
P
thng
P
P
P
2a
a
2a P
P
P
Hnh 1.31: S chu lc
- - - %%%%%-- -
30
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Chng 2
KO, NN NG TM
2.1.KHI NIM
Trong sc bn vt liu, bi ton ko ng tm l bi ton n gin nht v c bn
nht v vy trc tin chng ta nghin cu n.
2.1.1. nh ngha: Thanh chu ko (hoc nn) ng tm khi trn mi mt ct ngang
ca thanh ch c mt thnh phn ni lc l lc dc Nz.
Nu NZ > 0: ta ni rng thanh chu ko ng tm.
Nu NZ < 0: ta ni rng thanh chu nn ng tm.
Hnh 2.1a: Thanh chu nn ng tm. Hnh 2.1b: Thanh chu ko ng tm.
P
P
a)
b)
P
1
c)
NZ
1
d)
e)
f)
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
ch nh t
b)
vung
a)
2 2
1
NZ
O
dF
O1
NZ
O2
dz
y
c)
NZ
d)
(dz)
2 2
e)
32
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
l =
Hay
N
z
dz = z dz
E
EF
l
(2-2)
Nzl
EF
(2-3)
Ni
l hng s
Ei Fi
trong
N zi l i
i =1 E i Fi
Tch s EF: Gi l cng ca thanh khi ko hay nn ng tm.
tng on, th l s l:
l =
33
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(2-4)
N zi
l mt hm s lin
Ei Fi
l =
i =1 0
N zi dz
E i Fi
1
10 20
l1 =
N 1dz =
= +10 2
EF 0
2.10 4 1
34
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
200
A
10
10- 2
10
2
40KN
400
20KN
2
10- 2
10
30
400
30
5.10- 4
30KN
NZ(KN)
a)
l(cm)
b)
c)
Hnh 2.3: V biu ni lc v bin
dng ton phn
on 2: 20 (cm) z 60 (cm) :
20
z
1
10 40
2
N 1dz + N 2 dz = 100 10 4 +
l 2 =
= 10 cm
4
EF 0
2
10
20
on 3: 60 (cm) z 100 (cm) :
20
60
100
1
= 5 10 2 cm
N
dz
N
dz
N
dz
l 3 =
+
+
1
2
3
EF 0
20
60
+
4
4
4
2.10 1 2.10 1 2.10 1
i =1 EF
Biu (Nz) ,(l) nh trn hnh 2.3b,c.
2.4. NG SUT TRN MT CT NGHING
Trn y chng ta tm c quy lut phn b v cng thc tnh ng sut
php trn mt ct ngang khi thanh chu ko hoc nn ng tm. By gi chng ta hy
nghin cu quy lut v gi tr ca ng
3 1
sut trn mt mt ct nghing bt k c
php tuyn lm vi trc thanh mt gc .
a)
2
2
lm c iu , ta tng
P
P
3
1
tng tch ra khi thanh mt phn t
bng cc mt ct 1-1, 2-2 v 3-3 nh trn
hnh 2.4a.
u
B
U
Phn t chu tc dng ca cc
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
dF
v trn mt ct nghing ny s c ng sut php u hay v ng sut
cos
tip uv hay tc dng. Chng ta xem , cng phn b u trn mt nghing BC.
xc nh u, uv ta xt s cn bng ca phn t . c gi tr u, ta chiu tt
dF
c cc lc ln trc u:
(1)
P(u ) = u cos z dF cos = 0
Ta tip tc chiu cc lc ln trc V xc nh uv.
dF
(2)
P(v) = uv cos z dF sin = 0
1 + cos2
T (1) v (2) ta c: u = z .cos2 = z
(2-6)
2
=
sin 2 + =
sin 2
2
2
2
36
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
d1
d0
= - = Z sin 2 .
2
Ngha l ng sut tip trn hai mt ct vung gc vi nhau c gi tr bng nhau v
ngc du nhau. Theo quy c du i vi ng sut tip bit, th 2 ng sut tip ch c th
<0
cng hng vo giao tuyn chung > 0
>0
<0
hoc cng xut pht t giao tuyn
chung (xem hnh 2.5). iu ny
c gi l lut i ng ca ng
a)
b)
sut tip.
Hnh 2.5: Chiu ng sut
trn
hai mt ct vung gc
2.5. C TRNG C HC
vi nhau
CA VT LIU
Mun hiu r tnh cht c hc ca vt liu ta cn th nghim ko, nn quan st
tnh cht chu lc v qu trnh bin dng t lc bt u chu lc n khi ph hng.
Phn loi vt liu: Cn c vo bin dng v s ph hng, kh nng chu ko, nn
khc nhau, ngi ta phn loi vt liu thnh hai loi c bn:
+ Vt liu do: b ph hy khi bin dng kh ln (thp, ng, nhm...).
+ Vt liu gin: b ph hy khi bin dng cn kh b (gang, , b tng...).
2.5.1. Th nghim ko vt liu do (thp).
a) Mu th nghim: Theo TCVN 197-66 (hnh 2.6a).
C ng knh: d0 = 3 25 mm.
C chiu di: l0 = (510) d0 .
b) Tng lc t 0 n khi mu a)
l0 F0
t.
c) Phn tch kt qu .
Khi th nghim, trn b phn v
F1
biu ca my ko, ta nhn c
th quan h gia lc P v bin dng di b)
l1
l ca mu (hnh 2.6). Ngoi ra sau khi
mu t, ta chp mu li bit chiu
P
di khi t v din tch ch b t.
D
* c trng tnh bn: th
Pb
E
P-l chia thnh ba giai on r rt:
Pch
B
+ OA- Giai on n hi, c)
C
Ptl
P-l quan h bc nht.
A
P
Gii hn t l : tl = tl
F0
O
l
F0- Din tch mt ct ngang ban
Hnh 2.6: Th nghim ko
u.
vt liu do
+ BC- Giai on chy: Lc
a- M u th nghi m; b- T ng l c; ckhng tng, bin dng tng, gi tr lc l
Quan h gi a bi n d ng v l c ko
Pch (lc chy). on BC gi l din chy,
37
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
quy c -
ch, b v c mouyn n hi : E = = tg
Gii hn chy:
ch
Pch
Plt
a)
b)
c)
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Pch
F0
+ Cng c, nhng khng xc nh c lc bn v lc ny mu phnh ra
dng trng, din tch mt ct ngang tng v sc chu ng tng ln.
2.5.3. Th nghim ko vt liu gin (gang).
a) Mu: Ging mu vt liu do trong th nghim ko, (xem hnh 2.6a).
b) Th nghim tng lc t 0 n khi mu t.
Thc cht i vi vt liu gin do tnh ng nht, lin tc km nn quan h gia
lc v bin dng khng tun theo inh lut Hooke, c ngha l ng OA l ng cong
v bin dng tng ng vi lc bn l rt b. Tuy nhin mt cch gn ng c th chp
nhn c, ngi ta c th xem vt liu vn tun theo nh lut Hooke, c ngha l xem
ng OA gn nh ng thng. Cc tnh ton sau ny vn s dng c nh lut
Hooke.
c) Kt qu: th P-l l mt ng cong v vt liu ch c gii hn
P
b = b . Gii hn bn ny thp so vi vt liu do (hnh 2.9). Mu b t khi bin dng
F0
cn b.
P
Pb
Pb
O l
O l
Hnh 2.9:Quan h
i P l
39
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Khi tnh bn ca cng trnh hay chi tit my, cn phi m bo chng khng
pht sinh vt nt hay gy t tc l ng sut trong h phi nh hn mt gii hn nguy
him 0 qui nh cho tng loi vt liu : max z 0
2.6.1. ng sut cho php - h s an ton.
- i vi vt liu do, c giai on chy tc l giai on lc khng tng m bin
dng vn tng s nguy him n s lm vic ca h, cho nn ngi ta chn:
0 = kch = nch= ch
- Tri li i vi vt liu gin th v cc cu kin b ph hoi khi bin dng cn b,
k
b
0 = n
vi kb khi ko, nb khi nn.
nn ngi ta chn :
b
- Trong tnh ton, an ton ngi ta khng dng trc tip 0 m dng mt i
lng khc b hn gi l ng sut cho php, k hiu [] v ta c:
max z []
0
Trong : [] =
vi n > 1 gi l h s an ton.
n
kb
nb
; [ ] n =
v ta c: Vi vt liu gin: [ ] k =
n
n
vt liu do: [ ] k = [ ] n = [ ] = ch
n
- H s an ton n>1 c chn ph thuc vo:
+ Tiu chun ca vt liu.
+ iu kin lm vic ca cng trnh, chi tit my, nguyn nhn ngoi cha xc
nh c chnh xc.
+ Tm quan trng ca cng trnh, tnh lu di ca cng trnh.
+ Phng php v cng c tnh ton.
+ Trnh ca ngi thit k, thi cng.
Nh vy m bo iu kin bn ta cn c:
max N z
max z =
[ ]
F
2.6.2. T bt phng trnh trn ta c ba bi ton c bn.
a) Kim tra bn: Bit [], F, Nz ta cn kim tra:
max N z
[ ] (5%)
max z =
F
(1)
b) Chn kch thc mt ct ngang: Bit [], P, xc nh [F].
Ta xc nh [F] khi bit [], ti trng :
max N z
(2)
F=
[]
c) Xc nh ti trng cho php: Bit [], F, xc nh [P].
Ta xc nh [P] t
max |Nz| [] F
(3)
Ta c th chn F nh hn mt t c kch thc theo tiu chun hoc d ch to
(khng tha mn bt phng trnh (2) hoc P ln hn mt t (khng tha mn (3)). Th
nhng lc phi kim tra li xem (1) c tha mn khng vi s chnh lch khng qu 5%.
40
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
d=2,2 cm
5 cm
NAB
Gii :
a) Tch nt B:
NBC
12cm
P
a)
b)
Hnh 2.11: Kim tra bn v xc
nh kch thc
x
B
5
20 = 0 N AB = 52kN .
13
12
x = 0 N AB 13 + N BC = 0 N BC = 48kN .
y = 0 N
AB
b) Tnh ng sut:
AB =
N AB
52
=
= 13,8kN / cm 2 < [] ,Thanh AB bn.
F
3,14.(1,1) 2
N BC
48
= 3,43cm2
[] 14
Tra bng thp L chn hai thanh L25 25 4 c F = 2 1,86 = 3,72 cm2. Khng
th chn thp L 25253 c v lc din tch ghp s l 1,432 = 2,86 cm2 nh qu
nhiu so vi kt qu tnh ton (F = 3,43cm2), nn phi chn s hiu ln hn tip theo
l L 25254 nh lm.
V d 3: Mt trc bc chu lc nh hnh v 2.12. Hy tin hnh tnh ton theo ba
trng hp :
a) Trc lm bng gang (vt liu gin) c []k = 9 KN/cm2, []n= 15 KN/cm2,
P=30 kN, F1=10 cm2, F2 = 4 cm2.
Da vo phng php mt ct, ta xc nh v v biu lc dc trn hnh 2.12b.
N1= 4P = 120 KN
1 = 12 KN/cm2
N2= -2P = -60 KN => 2 = -15 KN/cm2
N3= P = 30 KN
3 = 7,5kKN/cm2
|2| []n = 15KN/cm2
3 < []k
1 > []k: on I khng bn.
Vy trc khng bn.
b) Trc lm bng vt liu do c [] = 16KN/cm2, P = 30KN, hy chn kch
thc mt ct ngang F1, F2 = ?.
c/ Xc nh din tch FBc: FBC
41
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
4P
(1)
F1
2P
4P
P1= 6P
(2)
P2= 3P
(3)
2P
F2
P
P3=P
(Nz)
a)
b)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
b) VA
VB
P-VB
P-VB
c)
VB
VB
= l = 0
(2)
EF
EF
Pa
Pb
v t (1) ta c VA =
Gii (1) v (2), ta c: VB =
a+b
a+b
Khi c VA, VB th vic v biu lc dc l n gin (xem hnh 2.13c).
* V d 5: Tm ng sut trong thanh mt v hai (2 thanh cng vt liu v c
F1=F2= 12cm2). Gi s AD tuyt i cng (xem hnh 2.14)
Ct thanh 1 v 2 xem hnh 2.14b, xt cn bng phn di ta c:
mA = 0 => P.3a - N1.a - N2.2a = 0.
Vy
N1 + 2N2 = 3P
(1)
Ch : Ngoi phng trnh m men ly vi im A, ta khng th tm mt phng
trnh cn bng c lp no na c, nn phi xt thm iu kin bin dng ca h:
1
a 1
=
= , vi 1; 2 ln lt l bin dng di ca thanh 1 v thanh 2 nh
2 2a 2
N l
Nl
2 = 21 => 2 2 = 2 1 1
(2)
trn hnh 2.14a.Ta c:
EF
EF
m l1 = l2 , suy ra:
N2 = 2N1
(3)
Th (3) vo (1)
=> N1 = 96 (KN)
(3)
=> N2 = 192 (KN)
43
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
a)
a
1
N1
b)
N2
P
A
dl l
a)
b)
dl
s l :
A=
dA = P dl
0
l
Pl
l =
, nn dl =
dP.
Nh ta bit
EF
EF
Thay gi tr ny vo A ta s c:
44
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
P2 l
Pl
l
.
=
=
dP
0 EF
2 EF
2
Biu thc ny chnh bng din tch tam gic OAC hnh 2.15b. Nu b qua s
mt mt nng lng th cng nh ni l th nng bin dng n hi U ca thanh :
P2 l
A=U=
(2-11)
2EF
A=
CU HI T HC:
2.1. Cho mt s v d v cc thanh chu ko v nn ng tm.
2.2. Cch thit lp cng thc tnh ng sut php mt ct ngang v mt ct xin ?
2.3. Cng thc tnh bin dng, cc trng hp trong thc t c th gp ?
2.4. Tm tt qu trnh xc nh cc i lng c trng c hc ca vt liu ?
2.5. Th no l ng sut nguy him, 0, ng sut cho php ?
3.6. iu kin bn v 3 dng bi ton c bn khi ko nn ng tm ?
2.7. Bi ton siu tnh, cch gii cc bi ton siu tnh ?
---zzzzz ---
45
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Chng 3
1
= sin 2
2
(a)
( b)
b
1=2 KN/cm2
ch c cc ng sut php m khng c ng sut
tip, = 0".
2= 3 KN/cm2
Phn t c coi l phn t chnh, cc
mt ca phn t gi l mt chnh, cc ng sut 3 2
3= -10KN/cm2
php trn cc mt gi l cc ng sut chnh,
phng php tuyn ca cc mt gi l phng
chnh.
1
Mt phn t hnh hp c su mt, nh vy
ni chung c su thnh phn ng sut chnh. Hnh 3.2: Phn
Nhng do iu kin cn bng, cc mt i din t chinh
c cc thnh phn ng sut chnh bng nhau v tr s v ngc chiu nhau, do ch c
ba ng sut chnh. Ta k hiu cc ng sut chnh 1, 2, 3 vi th t qui c 1 >2 >3
(so snh nh s thc).
49
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
V d:
1 = 2KN/cm2; 2 = 3 KN/cm2; 3=-10KN/cm2
3.1.2. Phn loi trng thi ng sut.
Cn c vo cc ng sut chnh trn mt phn t chnh, ta phn ba loi trng thi
ng sut:
a) Trng thi ng sut n: Trn phn t chnh ch c mt ng sut chnh khc
khng v hai ng sut chnh khc bng khng. l trng hp thanh chu ko (hay nn)
ng tm, (xem hnh 3.3a).
b) Trng thi ng sut phng: Trn phn t chnh ch c hai ng sut chnh khc
khng v mt ng sut chnh bng 0, (xem hnh 3.3b)
c) Trng thi ng sut khi: Trn phn t chnh c ba ng sut chnh khc
khng, (xem hnh 3.3c).
Trong gio trnh sc bn vt liu, chng ta ch yu ch quan tm n trng thi ng
sut phng. T c th suy ra trng thi ng sut n. Cn trng thi ng sut khi
c nghin cu k trong gio trnh l thuyt n hi.
1
2
1
3
1
1
a
)
b
)
c
)
3.2. TRNGthi
THI NG
ng SUT
sutPHNG.
n; b-Trng thi ng sut
3.2.1. ngphng;
sut trn cmt Trng
ct nghing
.
thi
ng sut khi.
Gi s ti K, ta tch ra khi vt th n hi chu lc mt phn t c cc mt song song
vi mt phng ca h ta , trong mt vung gc vi trc Oz l mt mt chnh khng c
ng sut php tc dng (hnh 3.4), cn cc mt kia l bt k nn c cc thnh phn ng sut.
Ta k hiu cc ng sut nh sau:
- ng sut php c km theo mt ch s, ch s ny biu din phng ca
php tuyn ca mt ct c ng sut tc dng (x - ng sut php theo phng x).
- ng sut tip c hai ch s: Ch s th 1 ch phng ca php tuyn ca mt
ct c ng sut tip tc dng, ch s th 2 biu din phng song song vi ng sut tip
(xy l ng sut tip trn mt phng c php tuyn ngoi l x v ng sut ny nm theo
phng y).
50
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
y
y
yx
yx
xy
xy
yx
xy
A
(R)
xy
B
yx
Hnh 3.4:Phn t c mt
mt chnh khng c ng
sut php
uv
y
x
xdydz
xydydz
udzds
udzds
yxdxdz
ydxdz
Hnh 3 .7: Cc lc
Hnh
Cc
Trn din
tch 3.6:
dy.dz c
cc lc
hp lc xdydz v xydydz.
tc
tc
dng
ln
phn
A
Trn din tch dx.dz c cc hp lc ydzdx v yxdzdx. dng ln phn A
cadz.ds
phn
thp lc dzds v dzds. ca phn t
Trn din tch
c cc
u
uv
dy
dx
=
D dng xc nh
ds =
cos sin
- Vit phng trnh m men vi im O':
dx
dy
m o' = 0 xy dydz. 2 yx dzdx. 2 = 0
xy = yx xy = yx
(3-1)
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
cos 2 + xy sin 2
(3-4)
2
2
Thc hin php cng cc phng trnh (3-2) v (3-4) theo v c:
U + v = x + y = const
(3-5)
Biu thc (3-5) c gi l nh lut bt bin bc nht ca ng sut php trn hai
mt ct vung gc nhau.
3.2.2. Phng chnh v ng sut chnh.
Mun xc nh phng chnh v ng sut chnh, th theo nh ngha ta phi tm
mt nghing no c ng sut tip bng khng (tc l mt ct khng c ng sut tip).
Mt ct nghing () l mt chnh khi uv = 0.
(3-6)
Gi 0 l gc nghing ca phng chnh vi trc x, t (3-6) v (3-3), ta c:
x y
uv =
sin 2 0 + xy cos 2 0 = 0
(3-7)
2
2 xy
=> tg 2 0 =
x y
Hay
nhau
tg =
2 xy
x y
0 =
+k
2
2
, kz
01 = 2
= +
02 2 2
52
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
2 . Vy lun lun c hai phng chnh thng gc nhau. Ln lt thay 01, 02 vo (3-2)
ta s c cc ng sut chnh cn tm. Nhng ng sut chnh cn l nhng ng sut cc
tr, ngha l ng sut trn mt chnh s c gi tr cc tr. R rng o hm bc nht ca
gi tr ng sut php bng 0 cng ng ngha vi ng sut tip mt trit tiu.
x y
d u
Thc vy
= 2
sin 2 2 xy cos 2 = 2 uv
d
2
d u
=0
uv = 0 , cng c ngha l
d
Nh vy, khi thay cos 2 c1 , cos 2 c 2 , sin 2 c1 v sin 2 c 2 , suy t (3-7) vi s
1
tg 2
v sin 2 =
, ta c c hai gi tr ng sut
bin i cos 2 =
2
1 + tg 2 2
1 + tg 2
chnh hai mt chnh vung gc vi nhau v thng trong trng thi ng sut phng, ta
k hiu cc ng sut chnh l max, min.
x + y 1
max/ min =
( x y ) 2 + 4 2xy
(3-8)
Ta c :
2
2
du + ng vi max, du ng vi min.
3.2.3. Vng trn ng sut (vng Mohr)
Chng ta n hai biu thc (3-2) v (3-3) th thy rng: u v uv u l hm
ca gc nghing . Do gia chng chc s c mt mi lin h no .
Tht vy t (3-2) v (3-3) ta c:
x + y x y
=
u
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
2
x y
uv =
sin 2 + xy cos 2
2
Bnh phng c 2 v ca hai phng trnh ny, sau cng cc v li ta s c:
+ y
u x
2
+ 2uv = x
co2 xy sin 2 +
2
x y
sin 2 + xy cos 2
+
2
+ y
y
+ 2xy
+ 2uv = x
u x
(3-9)
2
2
Trong hnh hc gii tch ta bit phng trnh chnh tc ca ng trn bn knh
R: (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = R2; (a,b) ta tm vng trn .
Nu lp h trc m trc honh l u v trc tung uv th (3-9) chnh l phng trnh
ca mt vng trn trong : u, uv - Ta ca nhng im trn vng trn.
53
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x + y
,0 - Ta ca tm vng trn.
2
x y
uv
y
yx
xy
x
xy
xy
yx
x +y
x
Hnh 3.8:Phn t
ng sut phng
x y
+ 2xy
CD = AC + AD =
2
54
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
y
yx
xy
xy
uv xy x
MO
yx
xy
T B
Hnh 3.10: ng
sut trn mt ct
xin
V
V
OT =
So snh vi (3-2)
Tng t
Ni
x + y
2
x y
cos 2 xy sin 2
2
=> OT = u
TM = uv
DM => MDM 0 =
=> DM // u
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Trn trc ly OA = y = 4; OB = x = 8 .
Trung im C ca AB l tm vng Mohr. Cc D (4,2), CD l bn knh vng Mohr
ng vi phn t cho. T D k ng thng song song vi u ct vng Mohr ti M. o
ta , ta nhn c:
2
cm
uv
300
2,7
u
2
8
M2
O
300
D
A
M1
kN
2
cm
4
5,3
8
Hnh 3.12: Xc
nh ng sut
ti mt xin
max = OC + CM 1 =
x + y
2
x + y
56
x y
2
+ 2xy
x y
+
2
+ 2xy
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
max/ min =
Vit gp:
x + y
x y
2
+ 2xy
(3-10)
du + ng vi ma x, du ng vi min.
y
x
x
y
x
y
M1
C
y
x
M2
2x
+ y
2
Hnh 3.14:Phn
t ng sut
phng
Hnh 3.15: Xc nh
ng sut chnh bng
vng Mohr
Theo hnh trn th ta sp xp cc ng sut chnh theo th t :
1 = max, 2 = min, 3 = 0
Gi: 1- Gc gia phng chnh c max vi phng ngang.
2- Gc gia phng chnh c min vi phng ngang.
th t vng Mohr ta rt ra: tg1 =
tg 2 =
xy
xy
AD
=
=
max y y max
AM1
xy
AD
=
AM 2 y min
tg 1/2 =
Vit gp:
xy
y max / min
(3-11)
max
x y
= CM 3 =
2
+ 2xy
min
x y
= CM 4 =
2
+ 2xy
57
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
max/ min
Vit gp:
x y
=
2
+ 2xy
(3-12)
3=
M3
O
M1
3=
1=
( )
( )
y
x= (x x ) + x y + (xz ) = x y y (zz )
E
y
1
y
Z
x = x
z = x ( y + z ) (3-13)
E
E
E E
dy
Ta suy ra cho bin dng cc phng khc:
58
dz
dx
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Hnh 3.18: Xc nh
x = E [ x ( y + z )]
(3-14)
y = [ y ( z + x )]
E
z = E [ z ( x + y )]
1 = E [ 1 ( 2 + 3 )]
(3-15)
2 = [ 2 ( 3 + 1 )]
E
3 = E [ 3 (1 + 2 )]
V1= V0 (1+ x+ y + z)
Gi l bin dng th tch tng i, th:
V V0
1 2
= 1
= x + y + z =
V0
E
Vi
(3-16)
= x + y+z
3.4.3. nh lut Hooke i vi bin dng trt:Theo nh lut Hooke, bin dng
xy
yz
59
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z
3
u
c
Zu u
c
1
Yu
2
Pu
Xu
y
a)
y
b)
Tht vy, tng tng ct phn t bi mt ct abc, c php tuyn u. Gi l, m, n
l cc cosin ch phngHnh
ca php
tuynTrng
u:
3.19:
thi ng sut khi
l = cos , m = cos , n = cos
Trong : , , - Gc gia php tuyn u vi cc trc x, y, z.
By gi hy kho st s cn bng ca phn t bn mt Mabc (hnh 3.19b). V abc
l mt mt bt k, nn trn c c ng sut php u v ng sut tip u. Gi pu l ng
(b)
(3-19)
Mun c thnh phn ng sut php u th ta chiu gi tr ng sut php ton phn
Pu xung trc u:
u = Xu.l + Yum + Zu.n
(3-20)
hay
u = 1l2 + 2m2 + 3n2
60
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
V ta c gi tr ng sut tip u l: u =
p 2u 2u
(3-21)
2
Tng t nh trn ta ca mt im no trn vng Mohr ny s l gi tr ng
sut php v ng sut tip trn mt ct nghing song song vi 3 .
* Trn mt ct song song vi 2: Cng tng t nh vy, nu mt ct song song
z
a)
b)
x
2
C3
y
Hnh 3.20: Xc nh ng sut trn mt ct
nghing song song vi
vi 2 th php tuyn s vung gc vi 2 (tc l vi trc y), khi m = 0.
Cc ng sut trn mt ch ph thuc vo 1 v 3 cho nn ta cng s c:
P 2u = 12 l 2 + 32 n 2
u = 1l2 + 3n2
u = (1- 3)l.n
Da vo 1 v 3 ta cng xy dng c vng trn Mohr ng sut c tm
+ 3
3
C2 1
,0 , bn knh r2 = 1
. Ta ca mt im trn vng trn ny cng
2
2
z
3
t
a)
b)
x
O 3
C2
61
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
2
Ta ca ,mt im trn vng trn l gi tr ng sut php v tip ca mt ct
nghing c php tuyn u song song vi 1 (vi trc x)
z
a)
b)
1
2
C1
y
Hnh 3.22 Xc nh ng sut trn mt ct nghing
song song vi 1
Tm li: ng sut trn mt ct no m song song vi mt ng sut chnh xc
nh, th c th va xc nh bng cng thc gii tch va c th biu din bng th l
vng trn ng sut to vi 2 ng sut chnh khng song song vi mt ct ni trn. Cng
c th ni v mt th th i vi mt phn
1
C1 2 C2 C3
O 3
ng sut chnh no .
i vi mt mt ct nghing bt k,
khng song song vi mt ng sut chnh no
c, th ta c th s dng kt qu trong l
thuyt n hi xc nh ng sut trn mt
ct nghing c biu din ta ca
Hnh 3.23: Vng Mohr ca
mt im nm trong vng gch gii hn ca
trng thi ng sut khi
3 vng trn C1, C2 v C3, (hnh 3.23).
* Nhn xt chung:
1- Tng ng sut php trn 3 mt vung gc vi nhau i qua mt im l hng s:
(3-21)
1 + 2 + 3 = x + y + z
62
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
i vi trng thi ng sut n (ko, nn ng tm) hay trng thi trt thun ty
(ct, xon), ta xc nh d dng cc ng sut gii hn bng th nghim, nh phn c
trng c hc ca vt liu. l cc gii hn chy ch (hay ch) i vi vt liu do v
gii hn bn b (hay b) i vi vt liu gin, t chng ta d dng c iu kin kim
tra bn nh sau:
max []k ; min []n ; max []
Trong []k, []n, [] l cc ng sut cho php, ngha, gi tr tng gp
chng ko (nn) ng tm.
Th nhng i vi trng thi ng sut phc tp, vn xc nh cc trng thi gii
hn bng th nghim rt kh khn v phc tp, trn thc t khng tm c bi hai l do
sau :
- Th nghim ko, nn theo 3 chiu i hi nhng thit b phc tp, khng c
dng rng ri nh cc thit b thc hin cc th nghim ko, nn ng tm v xon.
- Trong lc th nghim cn phi to t s cc lc tc dng nh bi ton thc v
t s ny thay i theo tng trng hp c th nn s th nghim s rt ln v khng c
kh nng tin hnh c. Do vy ngi ta c xu hng a trng thi ng sut phc tp
ang xt v trng thi ng sut n tng ng, tc l trng thi gii hn ca trng thi
ng sut phc tp cng chnh l trng thi gii hn ca trng thi ng sut n tng
ng. iu c ngha l bn ca trng thi ng sut phc tp ang xt cng bng
bn ca trng thi ng sut n tng ng n.
ng sut chnh ca trng thi ng sut tng ng c gi l ng sut tng
ng, c k hiu l td, lc ny iu kin bn s c vit nh trong chng ko, nn
(3-22)
ng tm:
td []
63
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(3-24)
td
2
1
td
1 = [1 ( 2 + 3 )]
E
1 = td
td
td =
E
Suy ra
td = 1 ( 2 + 3 ) []
Ngy nay ngi ta khng dng thuyt bn I v II na (v khng ph hp), ch cn
gi tr lch s.
3) Thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht (thuyt bn III).
Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu ng sut
tip ln nht ca chng bng nhau.
Trong trng thi ng sut khi (phc tp), ngi ta chng minh c:
64
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
max =
1 3
2
td
=> td = 1 - 3
(3-25)
trng thi ng sut n: max =
2
v iu kin bn td [].
i vi trng thi ng sut phng c bit (xem hnh 3.26) l trng thi ng sut
thng gp cc bi ton ca sc bn vt liu nh un,
sc chu phc tp..., m chng ta s nghin cu sau:
1 = +
+ 2 = max
2
4
2
phng
c bit
+ = min
3 =
2
4
cho nn :
td = 1 - 3 = 2 + 4 2 [ ]
(3-26)
4) Thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng (thuyt bn IV).
Hai trng thi ng sut phc tp v n s c bn tng ng nu nh th
nng ring bin i hnh dng ca chng bng nhau.
iu kin bn td =
12 + 22 + 32 1 2 2 3 3 1 []K
(3-28)
td = 2 + 3 2 []
(3-29)
5) Thuyt bn Mohr (thuyt bn V).
iu kin bn :
td = 1 - 3 []
(3-30)
k
vi
= 0n
0
* Vt liu do: = 1 tr v thuyt bn III.
* Vt li gin: < 1.
i vi phn t trng thi ng sut phng c bit:
1
1+
td =
(3-31)
+
2 + 4 2 [ ]
2
2
Kt lun:
a) Dng thuyt bn I trong trng hp trng thi ng sut n hoc rt gn vi
trng thi ng sut n.
b) Dng thuyt bn III hay thuyt bn IV i vi vt liu do (v 2 thuyt bn
ny rt ph hp i vi vt liu do).
c) Dng thuyt bn V i vi vt liu gin.
V d 2: Mt l c kch thc 101010
z
P=5 kN
(mm2) ca mt khi thp ln, chng ta t vo
2
mt khi c kch thc101010 (mm ) va kht
vo l v p n bi mt lc nn P = 15 KN
(hnh 3.27).
x
* Xc nh p sut tc ng ln thnh l ?
65
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
V
E
1 2 0,3
1 2
=> V =
(3,57 2 15) 10 10 10 = 0,443mm 3 .
V=
4
E
2.10
Nh vy l th tch b gim.
3/ Kim tra theo thuyt bn III:
td = 1 - 3 = -3,57 - (-15) = 11,43 KN/cm2 < [].
Vy khi thp bn.
V d 3: Trn hai mt to vi nhau mt gc 600 v i qua mt im trng thi
ng sut phng c cc ng sut y=3KN/cm2,
yx = 5 KN cm 2 , uv = 6 KN cm 2 , hnh 3.28.
uv
uv
Tnh cc ng sut ti im .
Bi gii: T cng thc:
x y
uv =
sin 2 + xy cos 2
2
2( uv xy cos 2 )
x =
+ y
sin 2
Vi:
= 6 KN cm 2 ; y = 3 KN cm 2 ; x 0
uv
600
yx
y
xy = yx = 5 KN cm 2 ; = 90 0 60 0 = 30 0
nn:
x =
2(6 5 1 2 )
+ 3 = 11.08 KN cm 2
32
Cc ng sut chnh ti im tnh theo cng thc:
x + y 1
max/ min =
( x y ) 2 + 4 2xy
2
2
11,08 + 3 1
(11,08 3)2 + 4 5 2
=
2
2
66
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
max = 13,47 KN cm 2
min = 0,61 KN cm 2
V d 4: Tm ng sut chnh v phng chnh ca phn t trng thi ng sut
phng v trn hnh 3.29 bng phng php gii tch v phng php th.
Bi gii:
1- Phng php gii tch:
5KN/cm2
2
2
x = 3 KN cm ; y = 5 KN cm ;
xy = 2 KN cm 2
3KN/cm2
ng sut chnh:
x + y 1
max/ min =
( x y ) 2 + 4 2xy
2
2
3+5 1
(3 5)2 + 4 ( 2)2
=
2
2
max = 1 = 6,24 6KN cm 2 ;
min = 2 = 1,7 6KN cm 2
Phng chnh theo cng thc:
2 xy
2 ( 2 )
= 2
tg 2 =
=
35
x y
2KN/cm2
Hnh 3.29: Phn t
trng thi ng
t h
2 = 63 30
1 = 58 015 ; 21 = 310 45
2- Phng php th:
0
max = 1 = 6,24 KN cm
1
3
2 2
2=1,76
6 1
7
1=6,24
min = 2 = 1,76 KN cm 2
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
P
50
=
= 3.98 KN cm 2
F
42
4
0,31
( 3,98) = 1,79 KN cm 2
x = y =
1 0,31
h
Bin dng h ca tr A: h = h z = z ( x + y )
E
10
[ 3,98 0,31( 1,79 1,79)] = 2,61 10 3 cm
=
1,1 10 4
1 2
CU HI T HC :
3.1. Th no l trng thi ng sut ti mt im ?
3.2. Hai im c coi l c trng thi chu lc nh nhau th phi cn c vo phn t g
v tr s phi nh th no ?
3.3. Th no l mt chnh, phng chnh, ng sut chnh? C bao nhiu mt chnh, ng
sut chnh cng nh phng chnh ?
3.4. Phn bit cc trng thi ng sut n, trng thi ng sut phng v trng thi ng
sut khi ?
3.5. Khi s dng cc cng thc tnh ng sut trn mt ct xin th du cc i lng
ph thuc vo yu t no ?
3.6. Chng minh rng: Trn cc mt chnh th ng sut ca n l gi tr cc tr.
3.7. T xy dng vng Mohr ng sut i vi trng thi ng sut phng v cho bit cc
phng chnh, mt chnh v gi tr ng sut chnh.
3.8. Trnh by cc thuyt bn thng dng hin nay v cch s dng n.
*****
68
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Chng 4
C TRNG HNH HC CA
MT CT NGANG PHNG
d= 0,7071D
a)
P
b)
d= 0,7071D
b)
h
D
ydF ;
F
S y = xdF
F
70
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
y = y c + y o
T nh ngha c:
S x = ydF = ( y c + y o )dF = y c dF + y o dF
F: Din tch
ca b mt
ct ngang
x
x0
xC
Hnh 4.4: Xc nh to
trng tm ca mt
ct ngang
y
dF
dF
A
F1
F2
F2
F1 + F2
F1
xo
xdF = | x | dF = xdF
F2
(4-1)
yo
y
=
c
S x = y c F
F
S y = x c F
x = S y
c F
yc
F2
-x
Sy = 0
Vy y l trc trung tm.
71
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
S x = ydF =
dy
(4-2)
hb2
2
Ta trng tm :
S y bh 2 b
h
xc =
=
= ; yc =
F 2bh 2
2
Sy =
dF
dy
(4-3)
b(y)
y
O b/2
bh 2
ybdy =
2
Tng t :
y
h/2
dF
b
bh 2
(4-4)
S x = ydF = (h y) ydy =
h
6
F
0
S x bh / 6 h
=
=
F
bh / 2 3
c) Tnh m men tnh v ta trng tm ca mt ct ngang dng na hnh trn
i vi trc x i qua y (hnh 4.8).
y
T hnh 4.8, ta c: dF = b(y)dy
dF
nhng y = Rsin => dy= Rcosd
A
b(y) = 2Rcos
b(y)
=> dF = 2R2cos2d
dy
yc =
/2
=>Sx =
2
2
R sin .2R cos d
0
2 3
=> Sx =
R
3
(4-5)
yc =
Sx
4
R
=
F 3
72
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
2a
Sx =
4
3a
6a
3a
5a
yc =
5a
F1
F2
F3
F4
4a (6a )
3a (6a )
2
+ 2
a (3a ) 2
6
3
2
3
Sx = 90a
xC = 0
Sx
90a 3
180a
=
=
9 2 84 9
F
42 a
2
hay
J y = x dF n v m , cm ...
4
dF
Trong :
v
dF
dF
= OA
2 = x2 + y2 => J P = ( x 2 + y 2 )dF
F1
F2
Hnh 4.11: Xc nh
m men qun tnh li
tm
73
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
dy
Khi Jxy = 0, th Oxoyo gi l h trc qun tnh chnh (gi tt h trc chnh).
* Nu h trc qun tnh c gc ti trng tm ca mt ct ngang th c gi l
h trc qun tnh chnh trung tm.
* Tnh cht: Nu mt ct c mt trc i xng th bt c trc no vung gc vi
trc i xng cng lp vi n mt h trc qun tnh chnh (c th chng minh tng
t nh hnh 4.5).
4.3. M MEN QUN TNH CA MT S HNH N GIN.
y
V d 2: 1) Hnh ch nht bh:
dF = bdy
dF
J x = y dF =
2
y bdy =
h / 2
bh 3
12
bh 3
Jx =
12
hb 3
Jy =
12
2) Hnh tam gic y b, cao h:
h/2
h/2
O b/2
Hnh 4.12: Xc nh
m men qu tnh ca
hnh ch nht
b( y) h y
b
=
=> b( y) = (h y)
b
h
h
b
(h y)dy
h
dy
J x = y 2 dF = y 2
dF
b(y)
bh 3
(4-7)
12
Nu trc x qua trng tm hnh tam gic
th cng thc hin tng t ta c:
Jx =
Jx =
(4-6)
Hnh 4.13: Xc nh
m men qu tnh ca
hnh tam gic
bh 3
36
2R
2
dd =
0 0
R 4
2
R l bn knh ng trn.
74
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
R 4
R 4
=> J x = J y =
4
2
4
D
JP =
0,1D 4
32
Jx=Jy 0,05D4
Jx + Jy = JP =
hay
(4-8)
dF
+d
d=2r
D=2R
D=2R
= JX + b2F + 2bSX
Tng t: Jy = JY + a2F + 2aSY
Jxy = JXY + abF + aSX + bSY
Nu X, Y l cc trc trung tm:
SX = SY = 0 ; a = xC ; b = yC
b=yC Y
Hnh 4.14: Xc
Hnh 4.15: Xc nh
nh m men qu
m men qun tnh ca
tnh ca hnh trn
hnh vnh khn
D- ng knh ng trn
4) Hnh vnh khn:
Tng t, nhng vi r R
D 4
JP =
(1 4 ) 0,1D 4 (1 4 )
32
D 4
Jx = Jy =
(1 4 ) 0,05D 4 (1 4 )
64
d
Trong : =
D
4.4. CNG THC CHUYN TRC SONG SONG CA M MEN QUN TNH
Gi s ta bit m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang c din tch F i vi trc x,
y.Tnh m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi cc trc X, Y song song vi cc
trc x, y.Ta c:
y
Y
x = X + a
y = Y + b
Theo nh ngha:
dF
A
J x = y 2 dF = (Y + b) 2 dF
X
a=xC
75
Hnh 4.16: S
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
chuyn trc song song
ca m men qun tnh
Ta c:
J x = J X + y c2 F
J y = J Y + x c2 F
(4-9)
J xy = J XY + x c y c F
V d 3: Xc nh m men qun tnh i vi trc trung tm X ca mt ct ngang
hnh 4.17. Trc ht ta phi xc inh trng tm ca mt ct ngang. Chia mt ct ngang
thnh 2 hnh n gin (1) l hnh ch nht cha b khot v (2) l din tch hnh tam gic
b khot. Chn h trc ban u (x1, y) i qua trng tm ca hnh (1). V y trc i xng ,
nn C trc y:
XC = 0
S xl S (x11) S (x21)
0 3a 6a 2
YC =
=
= 0,43a
=
F
F1 F2
48a 2 6a 2
Nh vy trng tm C ca hnh s nm trn trc x, cch trc x1 v pha di mt
on bng Yc= 0,43a. By gi ta tnh m men qun tnh i vi trc chnh trung tm x
va mi xc dnh.Ta c:
y
J X = J (X1) J (X2 )
2a
2a
m J (x1) = J (X11) + y c21 F1
6a (8a ) 3
=
+ (0,43a ) 2 48a 2
12
= 264,875a 4
4a
= 73,59a 4
JX = 264,875a4 - 73,59a4 =
3a
x1
x
0,43a
4a (3a ) 3
=
+ (3,43a ) 2 6a 2
36
x2
3a
C1
8a
Vy
191,285a4
2 C2
1
6a
76
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
v = y cos x sin
Nn: J u =
y
v
(y cos x sin ) dF
A dF
cos 2 J xy sin 2
+
JU =
2
2
Jx + Jy
Jx Jy
(4-10)
cos 2 + J xy sin 2
JV =
2
2
J = J x J y sin 2 + J cos 2
xy
UV
2
l cng thc xoay trc ca m men qun tnh.
Ta rt ra nhng nhn xt :
* JU + JV = Jx + Jv
* Cc cng thc trn ging cng thc tnh U, V, UV
* iu kin xc nh h trc chnh l: JUV = 0
Hon ton ging iu kin xc nh mt chnh trong trng thi ng sut UV = 0.
V vy y ta c th s dng ngay cc kt qu nghin cu chng trc
xc nh h trc chnh v m men qun tnh chnh.
J max/ min =
Jx + Jy
2
1
2
( J x J y ) 2 + 4 J 2xy
77
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(4-11)
tg1 / 2 =
J xy
(4-12)
J y J max/ min
Jx
(J x J y )
+ J 2xy .
v bn knh s l: R =
Phng trc
2
chnh c Jmax
Cui cng ta c th dng vng trn
qun tnh v cch xc nh cc trc chnh v
Hmh 4.19: Vng trn
gi tr cc m men qun tnh chnh nh trn
Mohr qun tinh
hnh 4.19.
Ch :Vng trn Mohr ng sut c th nm c 2 pha trc tung hoc ct trc tung,
nhng vng trn Mohr qun tnh ch c th nm bn phi ca trc trung m thi,v gi tr
m men qun tnh lun lun dng
T hnh v vng trn Mohr qun tnh (xem hnh 4.19), ta c th tm v tr cc trc
c m men qun tnh chnh theo biu thc:
J xy
J xy
tg 1 = tg (180 ) =
=
(4-13)
J max J y
J y J max
2
tg 2 =
J xy
(4-14)
J y J min
78
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
yC 3/5a
2,5a
4a
5a
Trong :
S Ix o = F1 010 3 = 2a 2 5a = 10a 3
S IIxo = F2 0 2 0 3 = a 4a 2,5a = 10a 3
S III
x o = F3 0 3 0 3 = 6a a 0 = 0
Vy:
Cui cng :
yc =
Sxo
=+
20a 3
5
=+ a
2
3
12a
F
Vy trng tm C c xc nh.
Ch : Trc xo ban u chn u cng c nhng tt nhin chn qua trng
tm mt hnh no th n gin hn.
2. M men qun tnh chnh trung tm.
a) Tnh Jy: V y l trc qua trng tm ca mi hnh nn ta s dng cng thc
tnh m men qun tnh cho hnh ch nht.
J y = J Iy + J IIy + J III
y
m
J Iy =
a (2a ) 3 2 4
= a
12
3
J IIy =
4a.a 3 a 4
=
12
3
III
y
a (6a ) 3
=
=18a 4
12
79
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Vy
Jy = 19a4
b. Tnh Jx: V trc x khng i qua trng tm ca mt hnh ch nht no nn phi
dng php chuyn trc song song.
J x = J Ix + J IIx + J III
x
2
J Ix =
2a a 3
5
403a 4
+ (2a a ) 5a a =
12
3
18
a (4a ) 3
5
146a 4
J =
+ (4a a ) 2,5a a =
12
3
18
II
x
III
x
6a.a 3
309 4
5
a
=
+ (6a a ) a =
12
18
3
Vy
J (yI1) = 186cm 4
tg1( 2 ) =
J (x22)y 2
J (y22) J max
J (x22)y 2
179 284
Rt ra:
(1)
th tnh J x 2 y 2
80
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Sau khi c s liu, ta s tin hnh tnh ton theo trnh t sau:
1. Xc nh trng tm ca mt ct ngang ghp (hnh 4.18a) cho h trc ban u
l h trc trung tm (x1, y1) ca hnh 1. Nh vy m men tnh ca thp ch
i vi cc
(1)
(1)
trc ny u bng 0:
S x1 = 0 ; S y1 = 0
Do m men tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi cc trc x1 v y1 chnh bng m men
tnh ca thp gc u cnh cng i vi cc trc :
22
2,83 = 157cm 3
S x1 = S (x21 ) = F2 . y1 (c 2 ) = F2 1 z 0, 2 = 19,2
2
S y1 = S (y21 ) = F2 . x 1 (c 2 ) = F2
(z
0 ,1
S y1
F
S x1
102
= 2,13cm ;
47,8
157
= 3,28cm
F
47,8
2. Tnh cc m men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi h trc trung tm (x,y)
ca n (hnh 4.18a) song song vi h trc (x1, y1) v (x2, y2).
- i vi thp ch :
x c1 = 2,13cm ; y c1 = 3,28cm
y 1 (c ) =
y1 x
1(c)
z02
Jmin
y2
Juv(cm4)
min
2
C2
y1(c)
2=780
x2
x
1
1000
x1
C1
Jy
O
Jmax
1=120
Ju(cm4)
z01
b)
a)
M1
81
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
max
h1
22
z 02 y1( c ) =
2,83 3,28 = 4,89cm
2
2
= J (x222) + y c22 F2 = 179 + (4,89) 2 19,2 = 640cm 4
y c2 =
J (x2 )
y2
x2
1(2)=-450
z02
Hnh 4.22: Xc nh v
tr ca h trc qun
tnh chnh trung tm
3268 + 687 1
CU HI T HC:
4.1. Cc i lng no c gi l cc c trng hnh hc ca din tch phng?
4.2. Cch xc nh trng tm ca mt hnh ghp t cc hnh n gin ?
4.3. Trn mt hnh phng, nhng trc no c gi tr mmen tnh i vi n bng khng?
Nhng trc gi l g v giao im ca n u ?
4.4. Cch xc nh cc trc qun tnh chnh trung tm i vi mt hnh ghp t cc hnh
n gin.
4.5. Cng thc chuyn trc song song ?
82
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
83
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Chng 5
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
a P
A
l
MO
P
(Qy
)
MO
P
(Mx
)
P
(Mx
)
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
ng
trung h
y
Th trung
ho
Trc i
xng
a)
b)
d
z
2
y
O2
m
1
n Th trung
2 h
O1
O1
d
1
Th trung
ho
O2
m
1
n
2
b
a
Sau bin dng,
gi thuyt mt ct ngang phng)th hai mt ct 1-1 v 2-2 vn
) theo5.8:
Hnh
Xt s bin dng ca mt th
phng v vung gc vi trc dm, ng thi quay vi nhau mt gc d. Gi l bn
knh cong ca th trung ha O1O2 (hnh 5.8b). V th trung ha khng b bin dng nn:
86
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
O1O2 = dz = O1O 2 = d
By gi, tnh bin dng di ca mt th mn cch th trung ha mt khong cch
y. Chiu di ca th ny trc khi b bin dng: mn = dz = d
v sau khi bin dng :
mn= ( + y) d
Vy, bin dng di t i ca th mn bng:
( + y)d d y
=
z =
d
Mx
d
F
z
zd
F
87
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Mx =
My =
F
F
xdF = 0
(d)
ydF
(e)
Jxy =
xydF = 0
F
1 Mx
Rt ra :
(5-1)
=
EJ x
Trong EJx: cng ca dm khi un.
M
Khi thay (5-1) vo (b) ta c: z = x y
(5-2)
Jx
Trong , Mx: M men un trn mt ct ngang i vi trc trung ha Ox v c
coi l dng nu lm cng cc th v pha dng ca trc y.
Jx: M men qun tnh ca mt ct ngang i vi trc trung ha Ox .
y: Tung ca im ang xt n trc trung ha Ox.
ng sut php tnh c mang du cng l ng sut ko, mang du tr l ng sut
nn . thun tin cho vic tnh ton, chng ta c th vit (5-2) di dng cng thc k
M
thut :
z = x | y|
(5-3)
Jx
Trong , ta ly du (+) khi z l ng sut ko v du (-) khi z l ng sut nn
im chng ta tnh ng sut.
5.3. BIU NG SUT PHP - NG SUT PHP LN NHT.
5.3.1. Biu ng sut php.
88
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Theo cng thc (5-2), biu ng xut php trn mt ct ngang l mt mt phng
(thng gi l mt phng ng sut), hnh 5.10a.
Giao tuyn ca mt phng ng sut vi mt ct ngang l ng trung ha.
a
b
mi
)
)
x
n
k
ma x
ng trung
ho
n
ma x
Mx
ma
Theo cng thc (5-2), ta thy nhng im cng nm trn mt ng thng song
song vi ng trung ha (tc c cng khong cch y) th c cng tr s ng sut php.
Do , ta ch cn biu din s bin thin ca ng sut php z theo chiu cao ca
mt ct ngang (hnh 5.10b). Nh vy, ng sut php nhng im nm trn ng thng
AB song song vi ng trung ha c biu din bng on thng ab trn biu
phng (hnh 5.10a, b). Trn biu phng (hnh 5.10b), du (+) ch ng sut php ko,
du (-) ch ng sut php nn.
5.3.2. ng sut php ln nht.
T biu ng sut php, ta thy nhng im cch xa ng trung ha nht th
ng sut php z c gi tr ln nht.
K hiu: |ykmax| l khong cch t im chu ko cch xa ng trung ha nht,
|ynma x| l khong cch t im chu nn cch xa ng trung ha nht.
Thay cc tr s ny vo (5-3), ta c cc ng sut php cc tr nh sau:
(5-4)
Trong , ta t:
| Mx |
| Mx | k
max = + J | y max |= W k
x
x
= | M x | | y n |= | M x |
max
min
Jx
Wxn
J
J
Wxk = kx ;
Wxn = nx
| y max |
| y max |
Hnh 5.11:
Xc nh m
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
men chng un
ca hnh ch
89
R 3
=
(1 4 )
4
D 3
=
(1 4 )
32
hay : W kx = Wxn = Wx 0,1D3 (1-4)
Hnh 5.12: Xc nh
m men chng ca
hnh vnh khn
5.4. IU KIN BN CA DM CHU UN THUN TY PHNG.
90
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(5-8)
(5-9)
y
3,31KN/c
m2
2
0
a
)
Mx
73
3
4,5KNm
10
0
O
4,5KNm
b
)
26
7
1
0
14
0
c)
1
0
9,1KN/c
m2 d
Qua biu m men ta thy pha trn b ko v pha di chu nn. Tc l nhng
im pha trn trc x chu ko (im A chu ko ln nht), cc im pha di trc x chu
nn (im B chu nn ln nht).
ng sut php ko ln nht trn mt ct ngang bng:
Mx
4,5 10 2
max k = A =
=
2,67 3,31KN / cm 2
k
Wx 362,6667
ng sut php nn ln nht trn mt ct ngang bng:
91
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Mx
4,5 10 2
=
7,33 9,11KN / cm 2
n
Wx 362,6667
Dm bn v max k < []k v max| n| < []n
* V d 2: Xc nh ng knh on trc bnh xe ha nm gia hai bnh, chu
lc nh trn hnh 5.14a. Cho P = 63KN; a = 22,8 cm. Vt liu c gii hn bn bng
26KN/cm2. Ly h s an ton n = 6,3.
Bi gii : M men un mt ct ngang trong on nm gia hai bnh xe bng:
Mx = Pa = 6322,8 = 1.436 KNcm
M men chng un ca mt ct ngang hnh trn :
a P
Wx 0,1 d3cm3
P a
V trc lm bng vt liu do, a)
nn theo iu kin bn :
M x 1436,4
26
=
[] =
3
Wx
6,3
0,1d
P
Rt ra:
b)
1436,4 6,3
(Qy)
d3
15,2cm
0,1 26
P
|max n | = B =
(Mx)
Trong []k l ng sut cho php khi ko v []n l ng sut cho php khi nn.
Thay cc tr s max v min c tnh theo cng thc (5-7) vo cc ng thc trn,
| Mx | n
| Mx | k
ta s c:
| y max | = [] n
| y max | = [] k ;
Jx
Jx
| y kmax | []k
=
(5-12)
| y nmax | []n
V i vi vt liu gin []k<
[]n nn:
| y kmax |
< 1 hay | y kmax | < | y nmax |
n
| y max |
Vy, i vi dm bng vt liu
x
gin, hnh dng hp l ca mt ct
ngang l dng mt ct khng i
xng qua trc trung ha Ox v phi
ynma
x
x
Mx
ykma
y
92
Hnh 5.15: Xc nh hnh
lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Ti liu ny c
n
b tr sao cho t s gia | y kmax | va | y max
| tha mn (5-12).
V d mt ct hnh ch T (hnh 5.15).
b) Dm bng vt liu do:
n
V vi vt liu do []k = []n nn: | y kmax | = | y max
|
Tc l mt ct ngang c dng i xng qua ng trung ha Ox, v d nh mt
ct ngang hnh ch nht, ch I, trn...
Ngoi ra, qua biu ng sut php nh trn (hnh 5.10), ta nhn thy nhng
im cng gn trc trung ha th tr s ng sut php cng nh, ngha l nhng ni vt
liu lm vic t hn nhng im xa ng trung ha. V vy, tn lng kh nng lm
vic ca vt liu, nn ngi ta c khuynh hng b tr vt liu ra xa trc trung ha, v d
mt ct ngang dng ch T, I, .
Vic b tr mt ct cng c mt ngha rt ln. chnh l nh hng ca mt
ct ngang i vi mt phng ti trng. V d mt ct ngang hnh ch I c b tr hp l
nht l lm sao cho trc trung ha trng vi trc m i vi trc Jx = Jmax.
x
P
1
1
d
z
2
l 2
y
P
Mx
Qy
x
z
Pl
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
zy2 + zx2
94
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
z(1) =
Mx
y
Jx
d
z
b
c
2
Qy
Mx
z
E
Qy
z(
2)
Mx+dMx
d
z
z(
1) D
B
H
y
Hnh 5.20: Xc nh ng
sut tip
(a)
J
J
x
x
Fc
Fc
- Trn mt ABEF: Theo gi thuyt v cc th dc, trn mt ny ch c ng sut
tip. Da vo nh lut i ng, thnh phn ng sut tip yz song song vi trc OZ bng:
yz = zy
V chng ta tha nhn ng sut tip zy phn b u trn on AB (hnh 5.20)
nn thnh phn ng sut tip yz cng phn b trn ton mt ABEF. Do , hnh chiu
ca ni lc tc dng ln mt ABEF ln phng OZ bng:
T = yz din tch (ABEF) = zybcdz
c
Trong b l b rng ca mt ct (tc chiu di on AB) i qua im ang xt
K v vung gc vi lc ct Qy.
Vy, iu kin cn bng di dng phng trnh tng qut hnh chiu ca cc lc
tc dng ln phn t ABCDEFGH ln phng OZ:
z = 0; N1 - N2 + T = 0
M x c M x + dM x c
hay
Sx
S x + zy b c dz = 0
Jx
Jx
95
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
rt ra:
V
nn
zy =
dM x S cx
dz J x b c
dM x
= Qy
dz
Q y .S cx
zy =
J x bc
(5-14)
Trong : S cx - M men tnh ca phn in tch b ct i vi trc trung ha; bc B rng ca mt ct i qua im ang xt v vung gc vi lc ct.
Cng thc (5-14) c gi l cng thc Durpski.
Di y, ta ln lt tnh ng sut tip i vi mt s mt ct ngang n gin.
a) Mt ct ngang hnh ch nht (hnh 5.21).
xc nh s phn b ca thnh phn ng sut tip zy trn ton b mt ct,
trc ht ta tnh thnh phn ng sut
b
tip zy im K (hnh 5.21).
B rng mt ct i qua im K bng :
Qy
bc = b.
max
M men tnh ca phn in tch b ct
O
(phn di) i vi trc trung ha Ox
x
K
bng:
2
y2
h
h
1 bh
1 4 2
S cx = b y + y =
8
h
c
2
2
y
M men qun tnh ca mt ct i vi
bh3
Hnh 5.2: Xc nh ng
trc trung ha Ox: Jx =
sut tip
12
Khi thay cc gi tr trn vo (514) ta c:
3 Qy
y2
1 4 2
zy =
2 bh
h
96
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
y
max
y2
Q y S x d
2
zy =
Jxd
Vy, lut phn b ca zy dc theo chiu cao ca mt ct ngang ch I l mt
ng Parabol bc hai.
ng sut tip zy t ti gi tr ln nht trn trc trung ha (y=0) : max =
Q y .S x
Jxd
Trong Sx l m men tnh ca na hnh ch I ly i vi trc trung ho Ox, i
lng ny c cho trong cc s tay k thut.
c) Mt ct ngang hnh trn (hnh 5.23)
R 4
i vi trng hp ny : bc = 2 R 2 y 2 ; Jx =
4
3
R
R
2
S cx = b( ) d( ) = 2 R y 2 d = (R 2 y 2 ) 2
y
y
3
Thay chng vo (5-14) v ch din tch mt ct hnh trn F l .R2 :
y2
4 Qy
1 2
zy =
3 F R
x
max
b(
)c
b
d(
)
Qy
O
K
Hnh 5.23: Xc nh ng
sut tip
5.8. IU KIN BN CA DM CHU UN NGANG PHNG
Nh trn ni, trn mt ct ngang ca dm chu un ngang phng ngoi ng
sut
php z do m men un Mx gy ra, cn c ng sut tip zy do lc ct Qy gy ra.
Trn hnh 5.24 biu din biu ng sut php z v ng sut tip zy dc theo
b
min
Qy A
Mx
ma
97
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
C
1 =
+ + 2
2
2
2
3 = + 2 ; 2 = 0
2
2
Nu dm bng vt liu do, iu kin bn ca phn t trn l :
- Theo thuyt bn ng sut tip ln nht:
2 + 4 2 []
- Theo thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng:
2 + 3 2 []
- i vi dm bng vt liu gin, c th dng thuyt bn Mohr kim tra bn.
* Ch : Khng phi kim tra bn cho c ba loi phn t trn cng mt mt ct
ngang. i vi phn t trng thi ng sut n, ta phi chn mt ct ngang c m men
un ln nht. i vi phn t trng thi trt thun ty, phi chn mt ct ngang c lc
ct ln nht. i vi phn t trng thi ng sut phng c bit, phi chn mt ct c
m men un v lc ct cng ln (thng ch kim tra im tip gip gia v lng
ca mt ct ngang hnh ch I) , cng c kh ba mt ct trng nhau tr thnh 2 hay 1 v
tr.
* V d 3: Kim tra bn dm c mt ct ngang hnh ch I s hiu 36 chu lc nh
hnh v (hnh 5.25a). Chiu di ca dm l l=2m, cng ti trng phn b u l
98
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
a
)
d
)
D
l
21.10
4
N
20,8.1
04N
b
)
x
t
bd
4
b
21.10
4
N
c
)
4,18.104
4,5.104
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
20,8.10 4 317,5.10 6
= 65,8 MN / m 2
Jxd
13380.10 8 0,75.10 2
y
16,77
Trong : S cx = S x y x d k = 423 16,77 0,75
= 317,5cm 3
2
2
S dng thuyt bn th nng bin i hnh dng ln nht, ta xc inh ng sut
tng ng l:
k =
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Pl/4
c)
c)
101
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Hnh 5.27:Biu ni
160.106.3.251.106
= 20080N
6
k =
Qy .Scx
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
103
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
phn t B v D, cc phng
P
chnh ty thuc tr s cc ng
a
b
O
sut. xc nh phng
)
)
B
chnh ca cc phn t , ta
A
v cc vng trn Mohr ng
Q
B
sut nh trn hnh v (hnh
y
5.30b). Bng phng php Mx
Mx
C
tng t, ta c th xc nh
D
c phng chnh ca ng
Q
sut chnh nhiu im trn
P
O
E
y
D
dm. Ta v ng cong c
tip tuyn l phng ca ng
sut chnh. Cc qu o ny
hp thnh hai h ng cong
Hnh 5.30: Phn tch trng thi ng
vung gc vi nhau, mt h
t
l qu o ng sut ko v mt h l qu o ng sut nn.
Trn hnh (5.31a) biu din cc qu o ng sut chnh ca mt dm t trn hai
gi ta, chu ti trng phn b u, qu o ng sut ko l ng nt t, qu o ng
sut nn l ng nt lin.
b)
a)
Ngi ta thng dng cc phng php thc nghim xc nh qu o ng
Hnh
5.31:
o
cc php
ng dng
sut
php
quang Qu
n hi,
phng
snchnh
gin. S d ta cn bit
sut chnh nh phng
qu o ng sut chnh v n cho php ta bit cch sp xp vt liu ng ch, lm tng
kh nng chu lc ca dm. V d i vi btng l loi vt liu chu nn tt, chu ko
km. tng kh nng chu un ca dm lm bng btng th ta t ct thp vo dm
theo phng qu o ng sut chnh chu ko nh trn hnh v (hnh 5.31b).
5.12. TH NNG BIN DNG N HI CA DM CHU UN NGANG THNG.
tnh th nng bin dng n hi ca dm chu un ngang phng, ta dng cng
thc tnh th nng ring bin dng n hi ca mt phn t trong trng thi ng sut phc
1
tp :
u=
12 + 22 + 32 2 ( 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 )
2E
104
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
2
(b)
Nhng: 1 = + ( / 2) 2 + 2 , 3 = ( 2) + 2
2
2
2 2 2(1 + )
+
u=
Cho nn
2E
2
E
2(1 + ) 1
=
Nu k n:
E
G
u=
(c)
2E 2G
Cng thc (c) cho ta th nng ring bin dng n hi trong dm chu un ngang
Th:
phng.
( )
( )
c 2
Q y . Sx
M 22 2
u=
y
phng vo y, ta c:
+
2
2EJ 2x
2G J 2x b 2
Th nng bin dng n hi trong mt on thanh dz:
d U = u dz dF
F
dF
y +
U = dz
2EJ 2x
2Q J 2x (b c )
F
( )
F
J 2x
Nu t:
V ch rng
(S )
(b )
c 2
x
c 2
dF =
dF = J x
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
= 1,11
F
Mt ct ngang hnh I:
=
F1
Trong : F - din tch ca ch I ; F1 - din tch ca lng ch I.
Mt ct ngang hnh trn:
v =
y
z
v u v xem KK' l bng v, ngha l v tr O
K
Chuyn v v c gi l vng ti K ca
t
hi
z
dm v n l hm s i vi honh z
ca mt ct ngang. Vy phng trnh ca y
ng n hi c th vit :
y(z)
Hnh 5.32:ng n hi ca
(a)
= v(z)
Trong k thut, khi tnh dm chu un, ngi ta thng khng ch khng cho
vng ln nht ca dm vt qu mt gii hn nht nh, iu kin c gi l iu
kin cng. Nu gi f l vng ln nht ca dm:
f = vmax
(b)
Th iu kin cng thng chn l:
1
1
f
(c)
l = 100 1000
Trong : l- l chiu di ca nhp dm; ty loi cng trnh m ngi ta quy nh
c th tr s f l .
Sau khi trc dm b bin dng, mt ct ngang K b xoay i mt gc , ta gi gc
xoay ny l chuyn v gc ca mt ct ngang im K (cn gi l gc xoay). D dng
thy rng gc xoay chnh bng gc gia ng tip tuyn im K ca ng n hi
v trc dm khi cha bin dng (trc z).
dy
Do :
tg =
dz
Vy: o hm ca ng n hi l gc xoay ca mt ct khi dm b bin dng.
5.14. PHNG TRNH VI PHN CA NG N HI.
Trong chng 5 ny ta thnh lp c lin h gia cong ca trc dm sau khi bin
dng v mmen un nh sau [xem cng thc (5-1)]:
106
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Mx
(a)
EJ x
Mc khc, v ng n hi c biu din bng hm s y(z), nn cong ca
ng n hi c tnh theo cng thc:
1
y
(b)
=
3
2 2
1+ y
T (a) v (b), ta c c buu thc (c):
Mx
y
(c)
=
3
2
EJ
2
x
(1 + y' )
1
A
Mx
b
)
Mx
Mx
Mx>0
y<
0
Mx
Mx< 0
y>
0
Hnh
Xc
dulun
cangc
ng
hi
T hnh
v, ta5.33:
thy gia
Mx nh
v y" lun
du, dn
cho nn
phng trnh vi
phn ca ng n hi s c dng:
M
y
(d)
= x
3
EJ x
2 2
1 + y
Trong thc t , khng cho php cc cng trnh hay chi tit my c chuyn v ln,
nn gc xoay cng b v ta c th b qua y2 so vi 1.
Phng trnh vi phn c dng gn ng nh sau:
M
y = x
(5-24)
EJ x
Trong , tch EJx l cng ca dm khi un.
5.15. THIT LP PHNG TRNH N HI BNG TCH PHN BT NH.
c c phng trnh ca gc xoay v ng n hi ta phi tch phn
phng
trnh vi phn (5.24). V phi ca phng trnh (5.24) ch l mt hm s ca bin s z,
nn phng trnh vi phn l mt phng trnh vi phn thng.
Ly tch phn ln th nht phng trnh (5.24) ta c phng trnh gc xoay:
M
= y' = x dz + C
(5-25)
E Jx
Trong C l hng s tch phn.
107
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(5n hi:
y = x dz + C dx + D
E Jx
26)
Trong D l hng s tch phn.
Nh vy c v y ta phi lp c biu thc ca m men un Mx v ca
cng EJx. Cc hng s tch phn C v D c xc nh theo cc iu kin bin.
V d 6: Vit phng trnh gc xoay v vng ca mt dm b ngm v chu lc
tp trung u t do. Dm c cng khng i.
q
A
C
l
/
2
l
/
2
Bi gii:
trnh m men un ti mt ct ngangc honh z l:
Mx = - P (l-z)
(a)
Thay biu thc vo (5-24), ta c phng trnh vi phn ca ng n hi nh sau:
P
y =
(l z )
E Jx
V EJx l hng, nn ly tch phn ln th nht ta c phng trnh ca gc xoay:
Plz
P z2
+C
(b)
= y =
E Jx E Jx 2
Tch phn ln th hai ta c phng trnh ca ng n hi:
P
Pl
z2
z 3 + Cz + D
(c)
y=
2E J x
6EJ x
Vi dm nh cho, cc iu kin bin ca dm c xc nh nh sau:
Khi z=0, th vng v gc xoay bng khng y =0; y= 0. Vi iu kin bin ,
ta tm c C=0 v D=0. Nh vy phng trnh gc xoay v vng c dng:
Plz 2
z
Pl z Pz 2
y=
3
= y =
;
6EJ
l
EJ x
2EJ x
Nhn trn hnh (hnh 5.34), ta thy ngay vng v gc xoay c gi tr ln nht l
Pl 3
Pl 2
u t do ca dm (ti z=1):
f=
; max =
3EJ x
2EJ x
108
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
z 4 lz 3
ql 3
+
z
12 6 24EJ x
5 ql 4
ql 3
ql 3
=
> 0 ; A =
> 0; B =
<0
384 EJ x
24EJ x
24EJ x
y=
f c = y 1
2
q
2EJ x
(d)
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
dQ
dM
= q;
=Q
dz
dz
d2M
Rt ra :
=q
(a)
dz 2
Cn i vi ng n hi ta c phng trnh vi phn:
d2y M
=
(b)
EJ
dz 2
i chiu hai phng trnh (a) v (b), chng ta thy c s tng t nhau:
y
M
dM
dy
= y'
=Q
dz
dz
d2M d
d2y d
M
=
=
= ( Q) = q
(
y
'
)
dz
EJ
dz 2
dz 2 dz
Chng ta nhn thy mun tnh gc xoay y' v vng y th phi ly tch phn
M
lin tip 1 ln v 2 ln hm s
, cng nh mun c lc ct Q v m men un M th
EJ
phi ly tch phn lin tip 1 ln v 2 ln hm s ti trng q (tc l v biu ).
M
(5-27)
q gt =
Vy nu t
EJ
th chng ta c s tng ng :
d2y
M
=
= q gt
2
EJ
dz
y ' = Q gt
y = M gt
110
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
=0
y
y 0
Tc l dm gi to phi l mt dm b
a
ngm u mt A v t do u mt
)
B.
Mgt=0
Mgt0
Mi dm thc s c mt dm
A
B
gi to tng ng. Trong bng 5.1 biu
Qgt=
Qgt0
din cc dm thc v dm gi to tng
0
P
ng.
Hnh 5.36: Dm thc v
* Nhn xt: Theo (5.27) th qgt
dm gi to
lun lun ngc du vi mmen un
M, nh vy nu tung ca biu mmen un nm pha di ng chun th ti
trng phn b gi to qgt phi hng xung di, v ngc li. Hay ni cch khc, ti
trng phn b gi to lun lun hng v pha cc th cng ca dm thc (hay hng
theo tung ca biu mmen un M).
Dm thc v dm gi to tng ng
Bng 5.1
Dm thc
Dm gi to
y=0
y0
y=0
y0
y = 0
y= 0
y
0
y= 0
y0
Mgt= 0
Qgt 0
Mgt=
0
Qgt=
0
y0
y0
Mgt
0
Qgt
0
y= 0
y0
y 0
y0
y=
0
y0
y =
Bng 5.2 0
y=
Hnh
0
y =
y0=
0
Mgt=
Qgt=
0
0
Din tch
Mgt
0Qgt
0
Mgt=
0
Qgt
0
Mgt=
0
Qgt
0
Mgt=
0
Qgt
0
Mgt=
0
Qgt
0
Zc
Mgt
0
Qgt
0
Mgt=
Qgt=
0
0
ng cong
bc 2
f
z
c
Mgt
0
Qgt
0
y= 0
y 0
Mgt=
0
Q
111
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
ng cong
2
fl
3
1
2
2
fl
3
3
l
8
fl
n +1
1
n+2
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
=
A = Qgt(A) = Vgt(B) a =
2 EJ
EJ 2EJ 2EJ
1 pa 2
Pa3 Pa3
2Pa3
y(A) = Mgt(A) = -Vgt(B).a + . .a. a =
+
=
3EJ
2 EJ 3
EJ 3EJ
P
3
EJ
4
M0=2P
a
M0=2P P
a
D
E B
C E
a
P
a
P
a
Pa
EJ
3Pa
4 EJ
Pa
EJ
Vgt
B
B
a
a
)
b
)
pa
2 EJ
c
)
Pa
2 EJ
P
a
P
a
Pa
EJ
3 pa
4 EJ
Vgt
C
Pa
EJ
C
C
Vgt
3Pa Vgt
3Pa
C
B
EJ
Kt qu gc xoay mang
du
A xoay thun theo
4 EJ cng, ngha l mt ct 4ngang
d) tc l vng ln trn.
chiu kim ng h v vng A mang du tr,
Hnh 5.38: Xc nh vng v
5.17. PHNG PHPgc
THNG
BAN phng
U.
xoaySbng
php ton
Phng php tch phn khng nh hn tm vng t phng trnh vi phn (524) s tr nn cng knh, kh khn khi phi lp biu thc mmen un cho nhiu on.
Bi ton s c gii quyt d dng hn nu ta dng phng php thng s ban u, mt
phng php c s dng rng ri trong c hc cng trnh.Trong iu kin xut hin
cc php tnh, thng qua s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, th phng php ny rt
thun li.
Xt dm nm ngang c n on, gi tn cc on bt u t 1 theo chiu trc z t
tri sang phi. Xt on th nht c gc ta nm mt bn tri (hnh 5.39). Trong
trng hp tng qut, mt ny c:
- vng y0.
113
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
yi
(z)
- Gc xoay 0 = y'0 .
- M men tp trung M0 vi chiu dng thun chiu kim ng h.
- Lc tp trung P0 vi chiu dng hng ln trn.
- Lc ngang phn b cng q0 vi chiu dng hng ln trn, cc o hm
P
ca cng lc phn b l q0', q0"...
0
Du dng ca cc lc ph hp vi
q
du quy c du trong cc quan h vi phn v
M0
bc nhy bit:
d 2 M dQ
=
=q
dz
dz 2
0=y
M = M 0
z
Q = P0
Khai trin Mc-Laurin i vi hm
vng y1 ti z = 0:
Hnh 5.39: Xc nh vng
=
y(0)
+
y'(0)z
+
y1
v gc xoay bng phng php
y"(0)
thng s ban u
2
3
4
5
z
z
z
z
+ y' " (0) + y IV (0) + y V (0) + ...
2!
3!
4!
5!
(5-28)
Q
q
q'
M
Thay th :
y =
; y" ' = ; y IV = ;
yV =
EJ
EJ
EJ
EJ
P0
M
M (0)
Q(0)
Ta c:
y (0 ) =
= 0 ; y =
=
EJ
EJ
EJ
EJ
q
q (0)
y IV (0) =
= 0
EJ
EJ
q'
q ' (0)
y V (0) =
= 0
EJ
EJ
Nu ti trng phn b l hm bc nht th q"= 0 v ta dng li s hng yV(0) va
vit. Thay cc gi tr ny vo (5-28) ta c :
1 M 0 2 P0 3 q 0 4 q ' 0 5
(5-29)
y1 = y 0 + 0 z
z + z + z +
z + ...
3!
4!
5!
EJ 2!
114
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
yi
i(a)
yi(z)
+1(a)
Ma
yi (a)
)
qi
(a)
qi+1(a
P0
yi
(a)
i+1(a
)
+ y'i(a)[z-a] + y"i(a)
yi(a)
[ z a]
+
2!
2
[ z a ]3
[z a ] 4
[ z a ]5
V
IV
+ y"'i(a)
+ y i (a )
+ y i (a )
+ ....,
3!
4!
5!
Vi ngha :
yi(a) = yi+1(a) - yi(a) = ya .
y'i(a) = y'i+1(a) - y'i(a) = y'a = a .
M
M (a ) M i (a ) M a
y''i(a) = y''i+1(a) - y''i(a) = i +1
=
= a .
EJ
EJ
EJ
EJ
P
Q (a ) Q i (a ) Q a
y'''i(a) = y'''i+1(a) - y'''i(a) = i +1
=
= a
EJ
EJ
EJ
EJ
q
q (a ) q i (a )
yIVi(a) = yIVi+1(a) - yIVi(a) = i +1
= a
EJ
EJ
EJ
q ' a
q ' (a ) q ' i (a )
yVi(a) = yVi+1(a) - yVi(a) = i +1
=
EJ
EJ
EJ
a
)
b
)
ya
0
a0
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
yi+1 = yi + ya + a[z-a]
Q a
q
q' a
1 M A
=
[z a ]5 + ...
[ z a ]3 + a [ z a ] 4 +
[z a ]2 +
5!
4!
3!
EJ 2!
Khi ti trng phn b l hm bc nht theo z th ta dng biu thc s hng q'.
Khi ti trng phn b l hm bc cao hn th phi ly thm cc o hm tip theo.
Cc i lng cn li ya, a, Ma = Ma, Qa = Pa hoc bit, hoc c xc
nh theo iu kin lin kt ca dm.
Bit y1(z) theo biu thc (5-29), ta s xc nh c y2(z) v ln lt xc nh
c vng ca tt c cc on. Khi cng chng un ca tit din EJ khng phi l
hng s trong tng on, th vi cch lp lun tng t, ta cng c th lp c biu thc
tnh vng ca dm cho tng on. Bn c c th t tm hiu v t xy dng nh
trn.
S dng phng php thng s ban u, ta c th gii trc tip c mt s bi
tan siu tnh ca dm chu un. Cc v d sau s minh ha cho vic s dng phng
php ny.
* V d 10: Tm vng ti khp B ca dm cho trn hnh 5.42 c cng chng
un EI bng hng s.
q
Bi gii: Chn trc z nm ngang,
hng sang phi v c gc mt tri A.
z
C
B
Dm c chia thnh hai on AB v A
BC. im phn cch c ta z = l. Biu
RA
l
3
thc vng s l y1 v y2.
l
Tch dm AB ra v d dng xc
y
ql
Hnh 5.42: Xc nh
inh R A = , ta lp bng thng s ban
vng v gc xoay bng
2
phng php ban u
u, trong ghi r cc gi tr y, ,
M, q, q'...ti im ranh gii ca cc
on .
ql
Ti z = 0, ta c: y = y0 = 0; = 0 0; M = 0; Q = R =
2
q = (-q) - 0= -q; q' = 0
Ti z = 1, ta c: y = y1 = 0; = 1 0; M = Q = q = q' = 0
Kt qu c ghi li trong bng 5.3 :
Bng 5.3
z
y
y'
M
Q
q
q'
0
0
0
ql/2
-q
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
Theo phng trnh (5-29) ; (5-32) ,ta vit c:
ql
1 2 3 q 4
z z , vi (0 z l)
y1 = oz EI 12
24
y2 = y1 + 1(z-l) , vi (l z 4l)
Cc thng s cha bit 0 v 1 xc nh theo iu kin lin kt:
116
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Ti z = 4l (thuc y2)
1 ql / 2
q
EJ 12
24
1 ql
q
(4l) 2 (4l) 3 + 1 = 0
y' = 0 0
EJ 4
6
y = 0 04l -
44 ql 3
64 ql 3
;
1 =
3 EJ
3 EJ
Thay cc gi tr tm c ca 0 v 1, biu thc ca vng s l:
3
4
ql 4 z z z
y=
i (0 z l)
352 +
24EJ l l l
T gii ra:
0 =
3
4
ql 4 z z z
z
y=
352 + 512 1 vi (l z 4l)
24EJ l l l
44 ql 4
3 EJ
* V d 11: V biu m men un trong dm siu tnh cho trn hnh 5.43a .
Bi gii: Gi phn lc gi ta
tri l R. Dm c mt on vi cc iu
kin ti u tri (z=0) :
q
y = y0 = 0
= 0 0
M=0
Q = R;
l
q = q0 = 0;
q
q' = q'0=
ql
l
10
1 R 3 (q / l) 5
y = 0.z z
z
l
2
EJ 3!
5!
ql
5
5
vi (0 z l)
ql 2
iu kin bin mt phi:
15
z = l: y = y'=0, cho ta h
ql 2
M max =
phng trnh tm 0 v R:
15 5
0 l
Hnh 5.43 Xc nh vng v
l R 3 ( q / l) 5
gc xoay bng phng php ban
l
l =0
u
EJ 6
120
0
2
3
l Rl
ql
=0
EJ 2
24
ql 3
ql
;
R=
Nghim ca phng trnh: 0 =
120EJ
10
vng ti khp B (khi z = l) : yB =
117
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
T ta c :
3
5
ql 4 z
z z
y=
2 +
120EJ l
l l
2
4
ql 3
z
z
1
6
5
y' =
+
120EJ
l
l
ql 2 z
z
M = -EJy" =
12 20
120 l
l
Khi z = 0 ; M = 0
ql 2
Khi z = l; M =
15
1
ql 2
Khi z =
(Q = 0) M = Mmax =
(cc tr)
5
15 5
Biu m men un v trn hnh 5.43b
CU HI T HC
5.1. Th no l mt phng ti trng, ng ti trng? nh ngha un phng ?
5.2. Ni lc khi un thun ty ?
5.3. Cc gi thuyt khi thit lp cng thc tnh ng sut trong un thun ty ?
5.4. Vit v gii thch cch s dng ca cc cng thc tnh ng sut php v ng sut tip
trong un ?
5.5. Trnh by cc loi trng thi ng sut khi thanh chu un ngang phng ?
5.6. Cch kim tra bn trong un thun ty v un ngang phng ?
5.7. Dng hp l ca mt ct ngang khi chu un ?
5.8. Cho bit cch xc nh phng chnh ti mt im ca dm chu un ngang phng.
V dng qu o ng sut chnh ca dm chu un ngang phng.
5.9. Tnh vng bng phng php tch phn bt nh ?
- - -=- - -
118
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Chng 6
Mz< 0
z
y
x
ng; b- chi u m
thanh.
V d 1:V biu ni lc Mz ca thanh chu lc nh hnh v 6.4a, bit:
122
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Mz1
a)
M1
M2
M3
E
c)
200Nm
Mz2
f)
(Mz )
60cm
200Nm
Mz4
d)
M3
e)
Mz3
M2
M3
Hnh 6.4: Ph
ng php v bi u
40cm
m men xo n
Vy cng sut W s l:
W=
= M = M
t
t
123
Hnh 6.5: s
tnh m men xo n
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
W
(6-1)
M1
M=
M2
M3
M4
W1
40
=
= 3,822(KNm)
10,46
W
20
M2 = 2 =
= 1,911(KNm)
10,46
W
50
M4 = 4 =
= 4,78(KNm)
10,46
W
110
M3 = 3 =
= 10,515(KNm)
10,46
M1 =
b)
4,780
Mz(KNm)
c)
3,822
5,735
124
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Mz
x
y
a)
b)
Hnh 6.7:Bi n d ng khi xo n
6.4.2. Cc gi thuyt.
T nhng iu quan st trn, ta a ra cc gi thuyt sau lm c s tnh ton
cho mt thanh trn chu xon:
a) Gi thuyt 1 (v mt ct ngang).
Trc v sau bin dng cc mc ct ngang vn phng, vung gc vi trc thanh v
khong cch gia chng khng thay i.
b) Gi thuyt 2 (v cc bn knh).
Trc v sau bin dng cc bn knh vn thng v c chiu di khng i.
c) Gi thuyt 3 (v cc th dc).
Trong qu trnh bin dng cc th dc khng p ln nhau hoc y nhau.
Ngoi cc gi thuyt trn ta lun lun xem rng vt liu tun theo nh lut
HoooKe, ngha l tng quan gia ng sut v bin dng l bc nht.
6.4.3. Thit lp cng thc tnh ng sut.
Tng tng tch mt phn t ABCDEFGH trn thanh trn chu xon thun tu
gii hn bi:
* Hai mt ct 1-1, 2-2 cch nhau dz.
* Hai mt tr ng trc c bn knh v + d.
* Hai mt phng cha trc thanh v hp vi nhau mt gc d.
- Theo gi thuyt a), c) x = y = z = 0.
- Theo b) Khng c thnh phn ng sut tip dc theo phng bn knh.
- Vy ch c mt thnh phn ng sut tip theo phng tip tuyn .
Ngha l phn t trn trng thi trt thun tu.
Sau khi thanh b bin dng, mt ct ngang 1-1 s b xoay i mt gc v mt ct
2-2 u mt phi c honh z+dz s b xoay i mt gc +d so vi u c nh bn
tri.Ta c th gi thuyt 1-1 ng yn, cn 2-2 xoay mt gc d; A, B, C, D ln lt trt
n A, B, C, D (trn hnh 6.8 ). Gc to gia hai mt phng ADHE v ADHE l ,
l gc trt tng i gia hai mt ct 1-1, 2-2 do gy ra.
AA' d
tg =
=
Theo hnh v c:
EA
dz
d
(a)
V bin dng b, nn tg , suy ra =
dz
1
(b)
Theo nh lut HooKe v trt: =
G
125
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
dz
d
d
E
A
Trong :
- hng s i
D
d
dz
H
B
D
1
vi tng mt ct.
F
B
2
Th nguyn ca G l:
C
lc/ (chiu di )2.
G
Do phn b bc nht
C
dz
theo .
By gi xc nh cng
thc tnh ng sut tip ta cn phi
Hnh 6.8: Bi n d ng c a phn t
xem mi quan h ca n vi m men
xon ni lc Mz ti im A ta s c
tc dng. phn b trn din tch dF quanh im A (cch tm mt on ) hnh 6.9.
Hp lc v dF, gy ra mt m men xon i vi trc z:
Mz
dMz = dF
Hp lc cc m men vi phn dMz, chnh l m men
dF
A
xon ni lc Mz.
M Z = dM z = dF = .G d F
F
F
F
dz
d
d
=G
2 dF = G
JP
F
dz
dz
d M z
Hnh 6.9: Xc nh
G
=
dz
Jp
ng su t ti p
Cui cng ta c cng thc tnh ng sut tip ti mt
im cch bng:
M
= z
Jp
Trong : - ng sut tip ti im ang xt; - Khong cch t im tnh ng
sut tip n tm O ca mt ct ngang; Mz- M men xon ni lc ca mt ct ngang ang
xt; Jp - M men qun tnh c cc ca mt ct ngang ang xt.
Trong cng thc trn v Jp u dng, nn chiu ca cng chiu quay ca Mz
trn mt ct ngang .
6.5. BIU NG SUT TIP TRN MT CT NGANG.
- Qui lut phn b ca ng sut tip c theo bn knh ca mt ct l bt 1.
- Nhng im nm trn cng mt ng trn th c cng ng sut tip.
- Khi = 0, ti tm mt ct ngang: = 0.
M
Mz
R
= max=R ; th = max = z max =
Jp
Jp
126
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(1 4 )
=
16
O
O
3
4
0,2D (1 )
vi d D =
a)
b)
d = 2r: ng knh nh
Hnh 6.10: Bi u
ng su t ti p
D = 2R: ng knh
ln.
th phn b ca theo bn knh ca mt ct ngang c biu din nh hnh
v 6.10a,b.
V d 3 :Trn mt ct ngang ca mt thanh trn c chu Mz = 2.104 Nm.
Tnh ng sut tip ti im A ng vi = 0,03m v max ? Cho D = 0,1m.
Mz
D=0,1m
A
O
Mz
ma J p = 0,1D 4 = 10 5 m 4
Jp
2.10 4
. 0,03 = 6.10 7 N / m 2
10 5
2.10 4
. 0,05 = 10 8 N / m 2
=
5
10
max
127
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Mz
Mz
d
=
d =
dz
GJ p
dz GJ p
c :
=
- Trn sut chiu di l, nu
- Nu
Mz
GJ
(6-6)
dz
M l
Mz
= const = z
GJ p
GJ p
(6-7)
M zi
thay i dc theo chiu di thanh th ta chia thanh ra nhiu on li
GJ pi
M zi
= const =
GJ pi
sao cho:
-Tng hp :
n li
M zi l i
i J pi
(6-8)
M zi
dz
i J pi
(6-9)
i =1
G
i =1 0
( c n v Radian ).
d
* T s
gi l gc xon trn mt n v chiu di v c gi l gc xon
dz
t i.
=
K hi:
Mz
d
=
dz G J p
(6-10)
Rad Rad 1
1
;
;
;
m
cm m cm
* Tch s GJp c gi l cng chng xon, ngha vt l ca n l: Khi
cng GJp tng th gc xon t i gim v ngc li.
V d 4: Mt trc bc chu tc dng ca m
0,4m 0,2m 0,4m
0,2m
men phn b c cng d m = 2 KNm/m v m
m
men tp trung M = 2,5KNm.
B
E
D
C
A
Tnh :1. Gc xon tuyt i ti A (AE).
2. Gc xon ca on BD (BD).
Bit D1 = 2cm, D2 = 3cm, G = 8.103 KN
2
/cm .
0,4KNm
Bi gii:
Trc ht v biu Mz (xem hnh 6.12).
1) A = AE
20
M z2 l 2
1,8KNm
mz
AE =
+
dz +
G 1 J p1
G 1 J pl
0
Hnh 6.12:Bi u
m men xo n
M z3
M z2l3
+
+
G 2 J p2 G 2 J p2
( 1,8) 10 2 40
0,4 10 2 40
0,4 10 2 20
2z
dz
+
+
+
8,10 3 0,1 2 4
8 10 3 0,1 2 4
8 10 3 0,1 3 4 8 10 3 0,1 3 4
= 0,057 (Rad )
20
A = AE
D1
D2
n v ca l:
128
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
2) BD =
M z2 l 2
G 1 J p1
M z3 l 3
G 2 J p2
0,4 10 2 40
0,4 10 2 20
+
= 0,137 (Rad )
8 10 3 0,1 2 4 8 10 3 0,1.3 4
Qua v d trn, ta nhn thy cn ch n du ca Mz v J m men qun tnh ca
mt ct ngang trong on cn tnh.
BD =
Trong : [] =
n
i vi vt liu do 0=ch ; i vi vt liu gin 0=b.
T iu kin bn, ta suy ra 3 bi ton c bn: kim tra bn, xc nh ti trng cho
php v chn kch thc mt ct ngang.
6.7.2.iu kin cng. Mun cho mt thanh chu xon khng b bin dng ln th:
max M z
max =
[]
GJ p
129
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
=> wp
0,2D3
512
4,5 10 7
| M z |max
512
=
[ ]
4,5.107
=> D 3,84 . 10-2 m
(a)
- iu kin cng :
| M z | max
1 rad
10
max =
[]; [] = / m =
.
4 180 m
4
GJ p
| M z | max
512 4 180
=> D 4
G[ ]
8 1010 3,14 0,1
(b)
=> D 6,189.10-2m
T (a) v (b) , chn [D] = 6,2 cm (kch thc ln hn tha mn c 2 iu kin).
* Trng hp thanh trn rng: Jp = 0,1D4 (1-4); Wp = 0,2D3 (1-4) .
512
(c)
- T iu kin bn: D 3
4,21 10 2 (m)
7
4
0,2 4,5 10 (1 0,7)
=> Jp = 0,1D4
- T iu kin cng: D
512.150.4
6,63 10 2 (m)
9
4
0,1 8 10 3,14(1 0,7 )
(d)
130
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
a
.
b
Trong cc tnh ton sau ny ca Sc Bn Vt Liu thng ch cn bit 1, 2.
Gc xon t i c tnh theo cng thc:
Mz
a
=
; : h s tra bng ph thuc .
(6-15)
3
b
G..a.b
Mz
vi Jxon= ab3
Vit li:
=
G.Jxon
0,208
0,239
0,239
0,246
0,258
0,267
0,282
0,299
0,307
0,313
0,333
0,141 0,196 0,214 0,229 0,249 0,263 0,281 0,299 0,307 0,313 0,333
1
0,859 0,820 0,795 0,766 0,753 0,745 0,743 0,742 0,742 0,742
a
1
T bng trn ta thy khi 10 (tc hnh ch nht hp), th ta ly = = .
b
3
* V d 6: Cho mt thanh bng thp di 1m, mt ct ngang l hnh ch nht c
chiu rng a=0,22m, chiu cao b = 0,1m, m men xon tc dng ln thanh l
M=2,5.106Nm. Xc nh ng sut cc im gia ca cc cnh v gc xon ca thanh
; cho bit G = 8.1010N/m2.
a
a
a 0,22
Gii : =
= 2,2 ; dng phng php ni suy gia = 2 v = 2,5 .
b
b
b
0,1
a
Trong bng tm gi tr ,, v ng vi = 2,2 ca bi ton:
b
6
Mz
2,5 10
=> 1 = max=
= 4,53 10 7 N / m 2
=
2
2
ab
0,251 0,22(0,1)
2= 1 = 0,7834,53107 = 3,55107N/m2
M zl
2,5 10 6 1
= l =
= 0,59Rad
=
G a b 3 8 10 6 0,237 0,22(0,1) 3
6.9. NGUYN TC CHUNG GII BI TON SIU TNH
Ngoi cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c lp ta cn phi lp thm phng
trnh bin dng na mi gii c.
M
* V d 7: Hy v biu Mz ca
thanh chu xon nh hnh ve 6.15. Cho
A
C
B
bit a, b, M.
a
b
Gii: B ngm ti A,B v thay vo
m men phn lc MA, MB. Phng trnh
M
MB
MA
cn bng tnh hc c lp :mz = 0, suy ra
MA + MB = M
(1)
B
A
C
h
mi
tng
ng
vi
h
c ta
a
b
c phng trnh bin dng: AB = 0
MA
M-MB
MB
131
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Hnh 6.15:Gi i siu
M B b ( M M B )a
+
= 0 (2)
GJ p
GJ p
T (1) v (2) , ta c:
a
b
M ; MA =
M
MB =
a+b
a+b
Khi c cc gi tr phn lc MA, MB v ti trng M th ta d dng v biu m
men xon (nh hnh 6.15). Sau th cc bi ton v xon ta c th d dng gii quyt
nh lm vi cc bi ton tnh nh trn.
cho nn :
b)
c)
P
M
Q
D
A
B
M
132
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
8.P.D
M
P.D
=
=
(6-17)
3
WP
d
.d 3
2.
16
Nhn vo mt ct hnh 6.16c trn ng knh AB ta thy mp B, th ng sut
tip do Q v M u cng chiu. Vy ti mp trong ca l xo ng sut tip s l:
d
4P 8PD 8PD
max = Q + M =
(6-18)
+ 3 =
1+
2
3
D
d
d 2D
d
b hn 1 rt nhiu v c th b qua lng trong cng thc
Thng th t s
2D
8PD
(6-19)
(6-18), cho nn ta c:
max=
d 3
Nh vy ta b qua ng sut tip do lc ct Q sinh ra.
chnh xc hn ngi ta a vo 1 h s iu chnh K, h s ny ph thuc vo
D
bc l xo, gi tr ng sut tip gy ra do lc ct Q thng qua t s
. Vy cng thc
d
thng c s dng l:
8PD
ma x = K 3
(6-20)
d
Bng 6.2: Bng h s iu chnh K
D/d
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
K
1,58
1,40
1,31
1,25
1,23
1,18
1,16
1,14
6.10.2. cng ca l xo:
Di tc dng ca lc P, l xo c th b gin ra mt lng (nu l lc P ko) v
b co mt lng l (nu lc p l nn). Lc P s sinh ra mt cng:
1
A = P
2
V tr s, cng bng th nng bin dng n hi tch ly trong l xo; nu ch
n m men m b qua nh hng lc ct Q th:
1 M 2l
U=
2 GJ p
M =
d4
PD
v l = D n
Thay
M=
; Jp =
32
2
2
PD
.D.n
4 P 2 D3 n
2
=
ta s c:
U=
d 4
G d4
2G
32
Theo nh lut bo tn nng lng th: A = U
1
4 P 2 D3 n
Hay
P =
2
G d4
8 P D3 n
Suy ra
=
G d4
133
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(6-21)
P
P
=
4
C
Gd
3
8D n
G d4
(6-22)
Trong :
C=
8 D3n
C c gi l cng ca l xo c th tnh bng N/cm, MN/m, cng cng ln
th cng nh.
* V d 8: Cho mt l xo hnh tr c ng knh trung bnh l D = 20cm, ng
knh dy l xo d = 2cm, s vng l xo l n=18, chu lc ko trn trc l xo l P =
3103N.
Hy kim tra bn ca l xo v tnh dn ca n, cho bit [] = 2,5.108N/m2 ,
G = 81010N/m2.
Bi gii : ng sut tip ln nht trong l xo c tnh bng cng thc (6-20):
K 8 P D
ma x =
d 3
D 20
=
= 10 , th K = 1,14
Tra bng 6-2 ta c ng vi
d
2
8 3 10 3 0,2
= 2,18 10 8 N / m 2
Vy
max = 1,14
3
(0,02)
So snh vi [], ta thy
max < []
Vy l xo bn.
gin ca l xo c tnh bng cng thc (6-21):
8 P D 3 .n 8 3 10 3 (0,2) 3 18
=
= 0,27m
=
G d4
8 1010 (0,02) 4
* V d 9: Tm cng ca h gm 2 l xo c cng ring bit C1, C2 khi ni
lin tip (mc ni tip) nh trn hnh 6.17a v khi t lng vo nhau (mc song song) nh
trn hnh v 6.17b, cng chu tc dng lc P.
Bi gii :
1) Mc ni tip. Lc tc dng ln cc l xo nh nhau v bng P v gin di
ca c 2 l xo s l tng gin di ( ln) ca 2 l xo cng li, tc l:
C + C2
1
P
P
1
= P 1
= 1 + 2 =
+
= P +
C1 C 2
C1C 2
C1 C 2
So snh vi cng thc (6-22) l:
P
P
a)
b)
C 1C2
P
v l cng
=
. Vy C =
C1
C
C1 + C2
C1
ca ton h.
2- Mc song song, th r rng ln ca
P
P
C2
=
2 l xo nh nhau v: = 1 = 2 =
C2
C1 C2
Nhng lc ny lc nn P ca ton h c
P
phn ra cho l xo 1 v l xo 2 nh sau:
P = P1 +P2 = C1 + C2
Cng thc ny c th vit: =
134
Hnh 6.17:Tnh
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
xo
ln c a l
= (C1+ C2)
P
Suy ra:
=
C1 + C 2
So snh vi (6-22) th C = C1 + C2
cng ca h bng tng cng ca cc l xo mc song song.
6.11. S PH HU CA THANH TRN CHU XON.
nghin cu dng ph hy ca thanh trn chu xon chng ta hy phn tch trng
thi ng sut trn b mt ca thanh. Chng ta hy tch quanh im K trn b mt hnh tr
mt phn t gii hn bi 2 mt ct
a)
b)
vung gc vi trc cch nhau mt
on dz, mt mt cha trc ca
thanh v to vi nhau mt gc d,
K
K
cng vi mt trc cch mt ngoi
min
mt lng d, phn t ny c
max min
ch hnh 6.18a v phng i
max
hnh 6.18b.
M
450
135
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
CU HI T HC:
6.1. Nu cch xc nh m men xon ni lc. Biu m men xon?
6.2. Gii thch cch s dng cng thc v s lin h gia m men xon v cng sut ca
trc truyn.
6.3. Vit cng thc tnh ng sut tip khi xon? Cch xc nh cc i lng trong cng
thc .
6.4. Vit cng thc tnh xon tng i, t i khi thanh trn chu xon. Gii thch
cc i lng trong cng thc .
6.5. iu kin bn v cng, v sao phi c hai iu kin khi tnh xon. Cc bi ton
suy ra t hai iu kin .
6.6. ng sut trong l xo trn tr bc ngn khi chu ko (nn ).Cng thc tnh gin l
xo.
6.7.Nguyn tc chung gii bi ton siu tnh khi xon ?
------
136
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Chng 7
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Mx
Mx
z
My
a
)
Mu
My
v x
ng
trng
ti
y
Mt phng ti
b
c
trng
)
)
Hnh 7.1:Ti trng trong un xin
Mu
My
x
y
s l:
Mx
My
Mx
x
y+
Jy
Jx
(7-2)
Vy h s gc ca ng trung ha l:
My Jx
tg =
Mx Jy
139
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(7-4)
tg =
hay
1 Jx
tg J y
(7-5)
ng trung
ho
ng trung
ho
ng trung
ho
x
ng ti
y trng
y
a
)
x
A
b
c
)
)
Hnh 7.2: Xc nh ng trung ho
Jx
Jy
Jx
1 th ng trung ha khng vung gc vi ng ti trng.
Jy
l trng hp un xin.
J
* Nu x = 1 (tc Jx=Jy), th ng trung ha vung gc vi ng ti trng
Jy
v ng thi bt k trc no i qua trng tm ca mt ct ngang cng l trc qun tnh
chnh trung tm ( trnh by chng 4).
(Tht vy J uv =
Jx Jy
2
140
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Py
l
Px
l
l=2
m
x
(Mx
)
(My
)
0
C =53 48
Trc
trung ho
3
= 2078,4 N
2
Mx= -Pyz ; My = Pxz
Mt ct ngang ti ngm c cc m men ln nht nn ti l mt ct ngang nguy
him nht. V tr ng trung ha xc nh bi:
Py = P cos = 2.400
tg =
=>
M y J x Px J x
=
= 1,366
M x J y Py J y
= 53048'
141
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
A = +
A = +
Trong :
| My |
| Mx |
| yA |
| xA |
Jx
Jy
| Mx | | My |
= 0,53 MN / m 2
Wx
Wy
Wx =
bh 2 13 20 2
=
= 867cm 3 = 0,867 10 3 m 3
6
6
Wy =
hb 2 20 13 2
=
= 563 cm 3 = 0,563 10 3 m 3
6
6
min =
| Mx | n
| y max |
Jx
| My |
Jy
| x nmax |
x kmax = x nmax
y kmax = y nmax
ma x = |min|
Cc iu kin bn:
a) Vt liu gin:
| Mx | | My |
+
[]k
Wx
Wy
142
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(7-7a)
| Mx | | My |
+
[]
Wx
Wy
b) Vt liu do:
(7-7b)
a
)
b
c
)
)
Hnh 7.4: Cc mt ct i xng
Wx
1
di dng:
| M y | [ ]
(7-8)
| M x | +
Wy
Wx
Xc nh Wx theo
hnh ch nht, t s
Wx
W
ri chn t s x . Vic chn ny n gin hn. i vi
Wy
Wy
Wx h
= . i vi mt ct
Wy b
Wx
= 10, khi :
Wy
143
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Wx
1
1
[12,4 + 10 4,51] 10 2
| M y | =
| M x | +
16
[ ]
Wy
Wx =
Wx = 360 cm3
Da vo kt qu ny ta tra bng chn thp I s 27: Wx = 371 cm3, Wy = 41,5cm3
12,4 10 2 4,51 10 2
+
= 14,2KN / cm 2 < []
371
41,5
P
P
l=2
m
=20
0
a
)
y
b
)
P
y
Khi
max =
12,4 10 2 4,51 10 2
+
= 14,7 KN / cm 2 < [ ]
317
41,6
Wy = 34,5 cm3
12,4 10 2 4,51 10 2
+
= 17,36KN / cm 2 > [ ] khng bn.
289
34,5
f x2 + f y2
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
3
Px l 3 M y l
fx =
=
3EJ y 3EJ y
(b)
b
)
13c
m
20cm
Px
O
Py
x
230
l=2
m
Phng
vng
ng trung
ho
y
Hnh 7.6: vng trong un xin
tg =
fy
fx
Mx Jy
My Jx
(7-10)
tg = tg
Jy
Jx
(7-12)
145
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
l=5
m
=30
a
b
)
)
Hnh 7.7: Chn mt ct trong
i
Bi gii: Phn cng q ca ti trng phn b u lm hai thnh phn:
q yl2
8
5196.5 2
= 16237 Nm
8
q x l 2 3000 5 2
=
= 9375 Nm
8
8
Ta c th s dng cng thc kim tra bn nh sau:
My =
max =
1
Wx
Wx
| M y | [ ]
| M x | +
Wy
Wx
=5. Vi t s ta c:
Wy
1
[16237 + 5 9375] = 394,4 10 6 m 3
6
160.10
Cn c vo tr s , ta c th s b chn loi thp ch s hiu 30. Vi loi thp
ch ny, bng s liu cho ta cc tr s nh sau: (OCT 8240 - 56):
Wx= 387cm3, Wy = 426 cm3
Ta phi kim tra li iu kin bn ca dm:
1
387
16237 +
9375 = 262MN / m 2
max =
6
42,6
387.10
146
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
1
761
16237 +
9375 = 149MN / m 2
6
73,4
761.10
1
384 EJ y
max =
5 q. cos 4
1
384 EJ x
vng ton phn gia nhp ca dm:
fy =
5 ql 4 cos sin
+
=
+
=
= 34.10 3 m
f= f
f
f
384 E
Jx Jy
2
x
2
y
(7-14)
+ +
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Ta c:
12 20 3
= 8.000cm 3
12
20 (12) 3
Jy =
= 2880cm 3
12
(Lc dc NZ gy ra ng sut ko trn ton mt ct)
1,5 10 2 6
60
2,4 10 2
A =
10 +
+
2880
12 20
8000
2
= 0,2625 KN / cm
Jx =
1,5 10 2 6
60
2,4 10 2
10
+
2880
12 20
8000
2
= 0,3625 KN / cm
C = 0,3 - 0,3125 + 0,25 = 0,2375 KN/cm2
D = 0,3 + 0,3125 + 0,25 = 0,6825 KN/cm2
Ti im D ba thnh phn ni lc u gy ra ko nn y c gi tr ln nht.
B =
ce
y C
y
Hnh 7.10:S
bi ton lch
tm
chu un ng thi vi ko (hay nn) ng tm. Tht vy v nh trn hnh 7.10, ti im
C lch tm c mt lc N song song vi trc z tc dng. Nu chuyn N v trng tm O
ca mt ct ngang ta s c:
- Lc dc ng tm NZ = N
- M men un M = Ne
a
b
)
Hnh
7.9: V d v )lch tm
148
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
max [ ]K ; min [ ]n
Wx
Wy
F
min =
nn.
Mx
My
Nz
(7-15b)
Wx
Wy
F
Trong s hng th ba ly du (+) ,khi NZ l lc ko v du (-) khi, NZ l lc
1,2
m
2m
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
ta c:
My
Nz Mx
16
200
8
y
x = 0
+
y+
x =
0,8
2 1,2 0,288
Jy
F
Jx
1,2 2 3
2 1,2 3
= 0,288m 4 ; J y =
= 0,8m 4
12
12
T y ta xc nh c ng trung ho nh trong hnh 7.11.
By gi ta tnh ng sut ti gc A v B:
Trong , ta tnh: J x =
A = max =
Mx
Wx
My
Wy
Nz
F
800
16
200
+
= 46,6KN / m 2
2
2
1,2 2
2 1,2
1,2 2
6
6
= -4, 66 N/cm2
B = min = - B = min =
Mx
Wx
My
Wy
Nz
F
= 12 N / cm 2
Ta bit
T (c)
Nu t
y y xc x
N
ta c: 1 + c
+
=0
Jx
Jy
F
F
F
Jy
Jx
= rx2 ;
= ry2
F
F
=> 1 +
a=
yc y x c x
+ 2 =0
rx2
ry
ry2
xc
150
b=
rx2
yc
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(b)
(c)
(d)
(7-16)
x y
+ =1
(7-17)
a b
Gi tr a v b l honh v tung trn trc honh v trc tung m ng trung
ha i qua n.
ng trung ha trong ko (nn) lch tm c nhng tnh cht sau:
1- ng trung ha khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca lc, m ch ph thuc ta
ca im t lc, ng trung ha v im t lc lun lun nm trong cc gc phn
t i nh qua gc ta (v a, b bao gi cng ngc du vi xc v yc , hnh 17.12a).
Cui cng ng trung ha c dng:
b
a
P
2
O x
ng trung ho
Pdo P2
O
C
2
ng trung ho
y
do P1
c)
b)
Hnh 7.12: Xc nh cc tnh cht ca
151
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
yc
= const .By gi chng ta xt v ng trung ho.
xc
Cn c vo (7-16), ta lp t s:
rx2
b rx2 x c
=
= const v 2 = const
a ry2 y c
ry
h/
h/
- Ni cc im t lc Ci ta c chu vi ca
ho
ry
2
2
r
x
x ci = ;
y ci = x
(7-18)
ai
bi
li.
- Ch : ng trung ha ch c tip xc
vi chu vi ch khng c ct mt ct ngang, cho
nn d mt ct ngang c l a gic li hay lm th
li cng l mt a gic li.
* Li ca mt s mt ct thng gp:
1- Li ca hnh ch nht (hnh 7.13)
y
Hnh 7.13: Xc nh
li
152
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
h
2
Ta ca im t lc C1 (im 1) tng ng l:
xc1 =
ry2
a1
= 0 ; yc1 =
ry2
b1
=+
h
6
r2
b2
b
; yc2 = x = 0
=
b2
a 2 12b 6
2
Do tnh cht i xng nn cc im 1' v 2' d dng xc nh. Cui cng ta ni
122'1' ta c li ca n.
2- Li mt ct hnh vnh khn: Li s l hnh trn c bn knh (hnh 7.14a):
x c2 =
r R
ng trung
ho
ng trung
ho
b)
a
) Li ca mt ct trn
Hnh 7.14:
R
r
(r: bn knh trong; R: bn knh ngoi)
(1 + 2 ) ; Vi =
R
4
Nu l hnh trn c ta cho r= 0, th r rng li cng l 1 hnh trn c bn knh
r =
r'=
R
(xem hnh 7.14b).
4
3- Li mt ct ch I, xem hnh 7.15.
153
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
a)
b
)
Hnh 7.15: Li ca mt ct ch I v
nh ngha: Mt thanh chu un ng thi vi xon l mt thanh chu lc sao
cho trn mi mt ct ngang ca n c cc thnh phn ni lc l m men un Mx, My v
m men xon Mz.
V d: Mt trc truyn lc khng nhng ch chu tc dng ca m men xon m
cn chu un do trng lng bn thn, trng lng cc puli v do lc cng ca cc dy
ai.
Trong phn ny chng ta ch xt cc thanh c mt ct ngang l hnh trn v hnh
ch nht.
7.7. THANH C MT CT NGANG TRN.
max = min =
Mu
Wu
(7-20)
154
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
max = min =
Mu
(7-21)
Wx
td =
1
Wx
M 2x + M 2Y + 0,75M 2z [ ]
ng trung
ng ti ho
trng
A
Mx
Mz
My
Mu
B
x
y
y
a
)
b
)
Hnh 7.17: Un cng xon
1
1+
+
2 + 4 2 [ ]k
2
2
1+
1 1
M 2x + M 2y +
M 2x + M 2y + M 2z [ ]K
=
Wx 2
2
Vi
0k
0n
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
td =
M td
[ ] ; Mt - M men tng ng
Wx
M td = M 2x + M 2y + 0,75M 2z
Theo thuyt bn V:
M td =
1
2
M 2x + M 2y +
1+
2
M 2x + M 2y + M 2z
Trong :
30
3,14 500
= 52,4 rad / s
30
50
0
T=2
t1
D=80
0
6
0
50
0
t
1
Hnh 7.18: S tnh un cng
xon
td = td =
M td 210,54
=
= 9,74kN / cm 2
Wx
0,1 6 3
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
M=95,5kNc
m
a
)
50c
m
b
)
178,5
kNcm
x G
P=t1+T1=7,1
4kN
50c
m
95,5
kNcm
(Mz
)
(Mx
)
75
kNcm
(My
)
Hnh 7.19: Biu ni lc
| Mx | | My |
+
Wx
Wy
| M x | | M y |
=
Wx
Wy
B = max =
D = min
(7-
Hnh 7.20: Un
cng xon mt
ct ch nht
23)
Ngoi ng sut php, trn mt ct ngang cn c ng sut tip do xon gy ra.
T kt qu xon i vi mt ct ch nht:
| Mz |
(7-24)
Gi s b < h
=> E= max =
Wxoan
Vi Wxon = hb2 , v ti B c B = 0 (im gc); ti I c I = 1
Trong ba im B, I, E chng ta cha bit c im no nguy him nht. Vy phi
tnh ng sut tng ng cho c ba phn t ly ba im ny. Sau so snh xem phn
t no c ng sut tng ng ln nht th phn t im s l nguy him nht.
a) i vi phn t im B (im gc).
V trng thi ng sut ca phn t im B l trng thi ng sut n, nn:
157
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
| Mx | | My |
+
Wx
Wy
td(B) =
b) i vi phn t im E:
My
2 + 4 2 =
W
y
Mz
+ 4
xon
My
+ 3 =
W
y
Mz
+ 3
xon
My
1 | M y | 1+
+ 4 M z
- Theo thuyt bn V: td(A) =
+
=
2 Wy
2
Wxon
Wy
c) i vi phn t im I:
- Theo thuyt bn III:
td(C) =
- Theo thuyt bn V:
M
+ 4 = x
Wx
2
M
+ 3 = x
Wx
2
M z
+ 4
Wxon
.M z
+ 3
Wxon
.M z
1 | Mx | 1 Mx
+ 4
+
td(C) =
2 Wx
2
Wx
Wxon
Trong cc im B, I, E im no c td ln nht th im nguy him nht.
D. THANH CHU LC TNG QUT.
* nh ngha: Mt thanh chu lc tng qut l thanh chu lc sao cho trn mi
mt ct ngang ca n c y 6 thnh phn ni lc.
V nh hng ca cc lc ct b so vi nh hng ca cc thnh phn ni lc
khc, nn ta khng xt n lc ct. Vy cn li bn thnh phn ni lc:
Mx, My
: Cc m men un
Mz
: M men xon
Nz
: Lc dc trc
Nz
nn cng nh i vi thanh mt
F
ct ngang trn chu un ng thi vi xon, cc im nguy him nht vn l A, B (h
7.20)
V ng sut php do Nz gy ra l u v z =
158
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Mx
A
MZ
Mz
My
N
z
a
b
)
Hnh 7.20: Chu lc tng )
qut ca mt
ct trn
| Mu | | Nz |
(7-25)
Wx
F
| M u | | Nz |
min = (7-26)
Ti A
Wx
F
Ti nhng im thuc chu vi mt ct:
|Mz | |Mz |
(7-27)
max =
=
Wp
2Wx
Ty theo thuyt bn s dng m chng ta vit iu kin bn cho cc phn t
Nz
im A, B (tng t nh un + xon v c thm =
na thi).
F
Nu Nz >0 th im B s c:
+ Mu Nz
max =
+
v
Wu
F
M
max = z tc dng, y A > B nn im B nguy him hn.
WP
Nu Nz<0 th B > A v im A nguy him hn.
ma x =
Ti B
My
N
I = +
+ z.
Wy
F
159
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
Mz
Mz
; I =
2
hb 2
hb
Sau cc bc tnh td D, E, I tng t nh trn, theo tng thuyt bn.
* V d 8: Cho mt thanh gy khc chu lc nh trn hnh v 7.22. Cho bit P =
50KN, a= 50cm, cc kch thc mt ct ngang biu din nh hnh v. Hy xc nh ng
sut trong cc on
E = max =
d=20c
m
3
a
6
cm
8
cm
x
z
y
2
P
y
z
Hnh 7.22: Xc nh ng sut khi chu lc
Bi gii:
1) V biu ni lc: i vi khng gian th ta nn gn cho mi on mt h trc
vi quy c trc song song vi thanh l trc z, hai trc cn li l trc x v y nh trnh by
hnh 7.22. ng thi khi tnh m men i vi mt trc no , th ch l nu lc song
song hoc ct trc n s khng gy ra m men vi n, ch c nhng lc c phng
cho nhau vi trc mi gy ra m men cho trc . Mt khc cc ng tung th hin
m men quay quanh trc x th k // vi trc y v ngc li.
2) Vi cc ch trn ta ln lt tnh ni lc cho tng on. i vi on AB th
rt d, nn chng ti ch hng dn cch xc nh ni lc on BC.
Ti im B trn cnh BC th trc x trng vi cnh AB v lc P, 2P u ct trc x
nn Mx= 0. Khi ta dch chuyn trc x n cui on ti C th trc x lc ny cng nm
trong mt mt phng vi 2P v v vy n ct trc x, ch c lc P to nn m men quanh
trc x v gi tr l Mx=P3a, m men ny lm cng pha trn, cui cng ta c biu m
men Mx nh trn hnh 7-23a. Tng t ta xt My trong on BC, ti B trc y // P v ch
2P sinh ra My= 2P a. Ti C th cng ch c lc 2P sinh ra My = 2P a. My lm cng
pha trong ca khung (xem hnh 7.23b). Trong BC th lc P sinh ra Mz = P a v hng
s sut BC (xem hnh 7.23c). Cui cng Nz l lc dc trong on BC cng l hng s do
lc 2P sinh ra v to
3 nn lc ko trong n (xem hnh 7.23d).
b
a P
)
2)
M
c
)
Pa
Pa
d
)
2
P
N
z
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
3- Tnh ng sut:
a) Trn thanh AB: Mt ct ngang l hnh ch nht (theo bi), im B chu
tc dng bi Mxv My ln nht v ti thanh chu un xin (xem hnh v 7.24a).
|Mx | |My |
im I (hnh 7.24a): z =
+
= 143KN / cm2
Wx
Wy
im II: (xem hnh 7.24a): z = -
|Mx | |My |
= 143KN / cm2
Wx
Wy
6 82
8 62
= 64 cm 3 ; Wy =
= 48 cm 3
6
6
I
b
)
Mz
Mx
My
Mu
Mx
My
ng ti
I
trng
z
z
b) Trn thanh BC:Thanh ny cymt ct ngang l trn v ti Cychu tc dng Mx = P 3 a ;
My = 2Pa ; Mz = Pa v Nz = +2P, thanh chu lc tng qut. Nh trn ni thanh
Hnh 7.24: Xc nh ng sut
trn ny hon ton i xng nn cho php hp 2 thnh phn Mx v My thnh Mu (xem
hnh v 7.24b), v l ng vung gc vi vect Mu cng chnh l ng ti trng v giao
tuyn ca n vi chu vi hnh trn l cc im ng ch (im I, II).
Do lc dc l ko nn ti im I c ng sut dng ln nht:
z
z =
v ng sut tip =
Mz
Wp
Wu = 0,1 d3 ; Wp = 0,2 d3
Trong :
Vy:
M u Nz
+
Wu
F
Mu =
M 2x + M 2y =
z =
902
50.2
+
= 1,54KN / cm2
3
0,1.20 .102
50.50
= 3,25 KN / cm2
0,2.d 3
vy ti im I c: td =
= 902 KNcm
CU HI T HC:
7.1. Nu mt s v d v cc dng chu lc phc tp
161
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- - -[\ - - -
1)
2)
3)
4)
Nguyn Y T
Sc bn Vt liu
Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut, H Ni 1966
5)
6)
L Ngc Hng
Sc bn Vt liu
Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut ,H Ni 2000
162
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7)
163
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
MC LC
Trang s
Li ni u............................................................................................................... 1
01.
02.
03.
04.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
2.5.
2.6.
2.7.
2.8.
3.1.
3.2.
3.3
3.4.
3.5.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
A.
7.1.
7.2.
7.3.
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
B.
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
C.
7.7.
7.8.
D.
7.9.
7.10.
166
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Chng 8
164
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Hay l:
&min = Q( ) = K exp
(8-2)
b
Trong : K, n, a v b l nhng h s ph thuc vo vt liu, nhit th nghim.
Qua thc nghim ngi ta thy rng mi quan h hm s (8-2) tng i ph hp
vi th nghim nhng vic tnh ton c phn phc tp nn sau cng ngi ta thng dng
biu thc (8-1) biu din mi lin h gia tc bin dng trong giai on t bin n
nh vi gi tr ng sut khng i trong thanh.
3. Giai on 3: thi k ny tc bin dng ngy mt tng ln. Trong giai on
ny mu cng c th xut hin ch tht li hoc khng c. En--ry bng thc nghim
ch r rng: Nu th nghim ko di m bo m ng sut trong mu l hng s sut qu
trnh th nghim th giai on 3 ny khng xy ra. iu c ngha l bng cch no
ta gi c gi tr ng sut trong thanh khng thay i trong th nghim b th mu th
nghim ch tri qua hai giai on u. Tuy vy vic to ra th nghim cho ng sut l
hng s sut qu trnh th nghim l rt kh, thng trong qu trnh th nghim ta gi cho
ti trng tc dng vo mu l hng s, v vy giai on ba ny thng c th nghim v t
bin.
165
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T2
1
2
T3
T4
4
t
lg
510-6
to logarit
166
lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
lg P min 2 = lg a + n lg 2
T hai phng trnh ny ta c th xc nh hng s a v n theo cc gi tr 1, 2,
lgPmin1, lgPmin2 c trong bng 8.1 gii thiu gi tr ca cc h s i vi mt s
thp.
Trn y chng ta cn bn trnh by s phn tch giai on t bin n nh.
Vic nghin cu t bin giai on u (t bin khng n nh) gp rt nhiu kh
khn v s din bin kh phc tp, nhng s liu ng tin cy xc nh giai on ny
cha . Mt phn v giai on ny thng xuyn
167
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Thp cc bon
Thp Molipden
Thp Crom-Molipden
0,43C
0,68Mn
0,20Si
0,13C
0,49Mn
0,25Si
0,52Mo
0,48C
0,49Mn
0,62Si
0,52Mo
1,20Cr
0,06C
0,50Mn
0,61Si
17,75Cr
9,25Ni
427
538
1000-1690
210-630
6
3,9
0,2010-23
0,1410-15
427
538
910-1410
560-1606
5,4
4,6
1,2010-23
0,6010-19
427
538
1410-2110
320-1000
6,35
3,35
0,14510-28
0,17510-15
538
693
880-1340
560-1000
4,4
4,3
0,2110-19
0,1710-18
= 0 + tk P
(8-4)
m t hin tng t bin c tnh n giai on t bin khng n nh nhiu nh
nghin cu v t bin a ra nhng biu thc gii tch. Di y l mt biu thc biu
din mi lin h gia P,, thi gian t v nhit .
P = Q1 + Qt
(8-5)
Trong : Q1 v Q l hm s ng sut v nhit .
l hm s n iu gim ca thi gian.
Vi thi gian lm vic nh th thnh phn th hai c th b v thnh phn th nht
cn li thng ng vi thi k t bin khng n nh. Thi gian lm vic kh ln th c
th b qua thnh phn th nht v qu trnh t bin th hin qua thnh phn th hai. V
ta thy rng mi lin h gia bin dng do v thi gian trong giai on hai l tuyn tnh.
Hm s Q chnh l tc cc tiu ca bin dng do trong giai on ny.
Dng cc hm s Q, Q1 v c gii thiu trong cng trnh ca Malinhin.
Tuy vy cng thc (8-5) cng kh phc tp v cng khng thun li cho vic tnh
ton. V vy ngi ta thng s dng biu thc sau y tnh ton bin dng t bin:
P = Q( ) (t )
(t) l hm s thi gian v bng khng khi t=0.
Nh ni trn, mt khc ca hin tng t bin l hin tng do tc l bin
dng khng i trong sut qu trnh lm vic ca chi tit, nhng ng sut trong chi tit th
gim theo thi gian. Di tc dng ca lc dc trong thanh xut hin bin dng n hi
do v bng cch ta gi cho bin dng khng i th ng sut trong thanh s gim theo
thi gian. Nh vy bin dng ton phn l khng i:
(8-6)
= y + P = (o ) = const
168
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THI GIAN LM
[]
VIC 1000 GI
Cnh tuc bin
100
0,0001
Cnh tuc bin hi nc
100
0,0003
Xi lanh tuc bin hi nc
100
0,001
Trong trng hp chi tit my lm vic trong trng thi ng sut n th phng
trnh tnh ton trong trng hp ny c dng:
= 0 + t k P [ ]
Nu chng ta xt giai on t bin khng n nh mt cch gn ng:
0 y =
ET
ET- M un n hi, y- Bin dng n hi c tnh bng biu thc (8-1) v
phng trnh trn vit di dng ng sut cho php (gii hn t bin) ta c dng phng
trnh:
[ ] + a[ ]n t
(8-7)
k = [ ]
ET
Nu b qua bin dng n hi th cng thc tnh ton vi iu kin t bin l:
1
[ ] n
[ ] =
(8-8)
at k
Trong trng hp bin dng n hi v bin dng trong giai on t bin n nh
th chng ta c th tnh ton t bin t iu kin tc bin dng phi khng c vt
169
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
P
170
Lc ma st
P
Hnh 8.10:
Vt th Newton
Hnh 8.11:
Vt th Xanh -v- nng
P
Hnh 8.12:
M hnh Mc-Xon
dt
d y
- Tc dch chuyn ca im t lc ti vt th
dt
chy nht (Vt th Newton); P- Lc tc dng vo vt th; H s nht trong xi lanh.
Vi cch mc ca Mc-Xon th do dch chuyn
khong cch cc im t lc, s l tng cng cc dch
171
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(8-18)
E
t0 chnh l gi tr thi gian m sau thi gian ng sut trong chi tit s gim i
mt lng e=2,718 ln so vi gi tr ng sut ban u. V gi tr ny gi l thi gian do
ng sut thay i tnh bng biu thc (8-17) theo thi gian s tin n gii hn s khng.
8.5.2. M hnh Fi-t: m t tnh cht vt liu v quan h gia cc i lng bin
dng ng sut, tc bin dng vi thi gian, Fi- t a ra mt m hnh bin dng
bng cch ni song song hai vt th n hi v chy nht vi nhau (hnh 8.13).
Khc vi m hnh ca Mc-Xon ch, theo cch ny th dch chuyn ca hai
im t lc khng phi bng tng chuyn dch ca hai vt th n hi v chy nht m
gi tr lc tc dng vo im t chnh bng tng lc tc dng ln hai vt th :
P = Py + PB
S dng cc biu thc (8-9) v (8-11), ta c:
172
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d b
(8-19)
K1
dt
Biu thc tng t i vi ng sut v bin dng t
P=
(8-20)
d
dt
Phng trnh ny chnh l phng trnh trng thi vt
liu theo m hnh Fi-t.
Gii phng trnh vi phn (8-20) vi iu kin gi tr
P
ng sut l hng s v thi im ban u t0=0 th bin dng
Hnh 8.13:
cng bng khng, =0. Chng ta c:
M hnh Fi -t
E
= 1 exp t
(8-21)
E
2
T biu thc (8-21) chng ta thy bin dng s tng theo quy lut hm s m (hnh
8.14). ng cong biu din trn hnh (8.14) gi l ng cong b (sau tc dng). Theo
i s l:
= E +
lm ng tim cn
E
Nhn vo biu thc (8-21) chng ta thy rng
173
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P
P
Hnh 8.15:
Mt loi m hnh t hp
Hnh 8.16:
Mt loi m hnh t hp
CU HI T HC
8.1. Th no l hin tng t bin, hin tng b v hin tng do ?
8.2. Ni v quan h bin dng, ng sut vi thi gian trong hin tng t bin.
8.3. Cch xc nh cc hng s thc nghim ?
8.4. Ni v cc phn t c bn ca Hooke, Newton v Xanh -v -nng.
8.5. Cch m hnh ho v cc phng trnh rt ra t chng.
------
Chng 9
174
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
+ f ( , t )
(9-2)
E
Hin nay c nhiu biu thc gii tch biu din mi lin h gia bin dng do, ng
sut v thi gian. Mt trong cc biu thc l:
P = Q( ) (t )
(9-3)
Trong : Q( ) - Hm ng sut; (t ) - Hm thi gian.
Vic chn hm s Q( ) dng hm s m l c s dng rng ri hn c:
P = n (t )
(9-4)
Vy:
+ n (t )
E
Trong thc t hin nay cn c nhiu cch biu din hm s ng sut.
Quan h (9-1) cn c th vit di dng: P = Q1 ( )(t ) + Q( )t
175
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(9-5)
(9-6)
(9-8)
P = a n 1dt
(9-9)
(9-10)
Vi ngh =const, chng ta c: P = a n t
Nh vy trong trng hp sau tc dng n
2
gin th bin dng l quan h bc nht ca yu t
thi gian v tc bin dng l hng s. Trn hnh
1
9.1 biu din quan h gia bin dng v thi gian
trong trng hp t bin. ng 1 l ng cong
thc t khi t bin v ng 2 biu din l thuyt
t
theo (9-1).
Hnh 9.1: Quan h gia
Chng ta thy gia l thuyt v thc nghim
bin dng vi thi
sai khc nhau rt nhiu.
gian t bin
khc phc mt phn sai lch ni trn, H.
H.Malinhine ngh thay biu thc (9-8) i vi
t
hm s c dng: = B(t ) n 1 dt
(9-11)
P = B(t ) n 1 dt
(9-12)
Trong :
(t ) = B(t ) dt
(9-14)
176
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
t0=0
t1
t2
t3
t
t1
t2
t3
Hnh 9.2a:
ng cong quan h v t
Hnh 9.2b:
ng cong quan h v t
(0)
n
(0)
177
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178
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
d P = b dt
c
P
(9-22)
a
m
P =
tm
(9-23)
1
1+ c
Phng trnh (9-23) biu din nhng ng cong sau bin dng n gin v nhng
ng cong ny ng dng v hnh hc.
c quy lut do ng sut chng ta thay P t cng thc (9-23):
(t ) 0
=
+ P
E
E
V da vo cng thc (9-22). Sau tin hnh tch phn vi iu kin ban u
= (0) khi t=0.
Nhng phng trnh ca l thuyt cng c phc tp v vic s dng n vo nhng
bi ton t bin gp phi nhng kh khn ln v mt ton hc.
Trong : m =
dng:
( ) = (t ) + k (t ) ( )d
(9-24)
(t ) = ( ) F(t ) ( )d
(9-25)
179
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G (t ) = K (t )d
0
Bng cch kim tra t thc nghim, ngi ta thy phng trnh thi gian G(t) trong
biu thc (9-26) c dng di y l ph hp hn c: G (t ) = at
(9-27)
Trong : a, l nhng h s ph thuc vo nhit . Nh vy chng ta thy o
hm theo thi gian ca G(t) th s bng K(t): G (t ) = K (t )
Khi chng ta tha nhn dng ca phng trnh G(t) theo (9-27) th nhn (li) ca
phng trnh tch phn trn K(t-) c dng sau:
1
K (t ) = a (t )
(9-28)
Trong trng hp do n gin khi =const=(0).
T phng trnh (9-25), chng ta c:
(t ) = [1 R (t )] [ (0)]
t
(0 )
ta c:
y + P = + P =
= const
E
E
Ly vi phn ca phng trnh ny theo thi gian, chng ta nhn c:
1 d d P
+
=0
E dt
dt
B qua giai on t bin khng n nh v biu din tc bin dng t bin trong
giai on hai theo biu thc (9-1) P = a n , chng ta tm thy:
1 d
+ a n = 0
E dt
d
= Eadt
Hoc l:
n
180
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
1
= Eat + C
(9-29)
(n 1) n 1
Hng s tch phn C c tm t iu kin =(0) khi t=0.
1
C=
(n 1) [0]n 1
Thay gi tr C vo biu thc (9-29) chng ta tm c gi tr ca ph thuc vo
(0)
(9-30)
thi gian t:
=
1
n 1 ( n 1)
1 + (n 1) Ea [0] t
Khi bit cc i lng a, E i vi mi vt liu nhit nht nh, chng ta c
th s dng cng thc (9-30). Gi tr ng sut trong bu lng sau mt thi gian no v
cn c vo s gim ng sut thi gian tin hnh sit cht thm bu lng cho gi
tr ng sut trong bu lng khng t hn gi tr ng sut cn thit phi c.
Bi v chng ta quan nim cc mt bch l khng bin i v khi tnh ton chng ta
b qua giai on t bin khng n nh ca bu lng nn li gii ch c tnh cht gn
ng.
Vy :
1 d n n
r
=
a dt
1
1 d n
& =
Chng ta k hiu:
a dt
Biu thc tnh gi tri ng sut tip c tnh:
181
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(9-32)
= & r n
iu kin cn bng ni lc v ngoi lc vi bi ton xon l:
(9-33)
M = 2 r 2dr
(9-34)
M = 2 r
2+
1
n
(9-35)
dr
Chng ta k hiu:
2 r
2+
1
n
2n
dr =
R
3n + 1
(3 n +1)
n
= Jn
M
(9-36)
Jn
a i lng ny vo cng thc (9-33), chng ta c:
1
M
= rn
(9-37)
Jn
Nh thy t cng thc (9-37) s phn b ng sut tip trn mt ct ca trc trn
trong iu kin t bin l khng tuyn tnh nh trong bi ton n hi. Hu qu ca hin
tng t bin l lm cho s phn b ng sut trn mt ct ngang c u n hn (hnh
9.4).
Da theo cng thc (9-32) v (9-36) c th xc
r
nh tc bin dng gc xon tng i ca trc l:
Trn c s (9-35), chng ta c:
1 d n M
a dt = J
n
n hi
n
M
d
& =
= a
dt
Jn
Sau khi tch phn theo t chng ta nhn c biu
thc tnh ton i vi gc xon tng i:
n
t bin
M
= a t + C
Jn
M
Hng s C c tm t iu kin: =n hi=
, khi t=0
GJ P
n
M
M
=
+ a t
GJ P
Jn
Nh vy gc xon tng i ca trc tng dn theo thi gian.
xt hin tng t bin khng n nh ca thanh trn xon bi m men xon
khng i cn phi thay biu thc (9-31) i vi tc bin dng bng biu thc tng
1 d
+ B(t ) n = r
ng (9-9), lc chng ta c:
Q dt
182
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
2h
1 d 1 n
=
a dt
T y:
1 d 1 n
=
Chng ta k hiu:
a dt
Biu thc i vi ng sut chng ta vit di dng:
(9-38)
1
n
= y
T iu kin cn bng m men ni lc v ngoi lc chng ta c:
h
M = 2 b( y)ydy = 2 b( y) y
h
Chng ta k hiu:
J n = 2 b( y)y
1+
1
n
1+
1
n
dy
dy
183
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(9-39)
(9-40)
M
(9-41)
Jn
Biu thc (9-39) by gi c vit di dng mi nh (9-41):
1
M n
= y
(9-42)
Jn
T (9-42) chng ta thy s phn b ng sut php theo chiu cao ca mt ct theo
quy lut phi tuyn (xem hnh 9.6).
i vi mt ct ngang l hnh ch nht c b rng l b v chiu cao l 2h:
1
h
1+
2nb
2n + 1
J n = 2b y n dy =
h
2n + 1
n
0
y
Trn c s (9-42), chng ta c:
=
Cui cng c:
2n + 1 y n
(9-43)
=
2 n +1
2nb
h n
ng sut php cc i khi t bin i vi trng
hp trc un ca dm c mt ct hnh ch nht l:
dh
th
2n + 1 M
2 n + 1 6M
(9-44)
2 =
2
2n bh
3n b(2h )
Hnh 9.6: S phn b
Bi v n>1 nn ng sut cc i nh hn
ng sut php theo
6M/b(2h)2 l gi tr ng sut trong trng hp n hi chiu cao ca mt ct
vi cc iu kin tng t.
theo quy lut phi tuyn
By gi chng ta tin hnh xc nh vng ca
1 d2y
dm. i vi vng ca dm chng ta s dng biu thc gn ng: = 2
dz
Ly vi phn theo thi gian, chng ta vit:
d 1 d 2 dy
=
(9-45)
dt dz 2 dt
T phng trinh (9-38) v (9-41), chng ta c:
M
d 1
= a
dt
Jn
a biu thc ny vo (9-45), chng ta c:
M
d 2 dy
(9-46)
= a
2
dz dt
Jn
Phng trnh (9-46) cho php xc nh tc pht trin vng v t c th
tnh c vng khi t bin n nh cng nh gi tr ca n sau khong thi gian t no
. c vng ton b cn phi b sung vo i lng vng n hi.
Khi un thun tu th M=const cho nn tch phn (9-46) theo z chng ta c:
n
M z2
dy
= d + C1 z + C 2
dt
Jn 2
184
Ti liu ny c lu tr ti http://tailieuxd.com/
(9-47)
Trong C1v C2 l nhng hng s tch phn. Nhng iu kin bin ca chng l:
dy
khi z=0
=0
dt
d dy d dy
l
khi z =
= =0
dt dt dz dt
2
Trong : l-l chiu di ca dm.
C1 v C2 theo nhng iu kin trn s c nhng gi tr sau:
n
al M
C1 = ; C2=0
2 Jn
Tch phn biu thc (9-47) v thay cc hng s vo, chng ta s xc nh c
vng theo thi gian t. vng ln nht khi:
n
l2 M
(9-48)
y max = a t + C 3
8 Jn
Hng s C3 th hin gi tr vng n hi khi t=0. Do vng ln nht sau
n
Ml 2 l 2 M
y max =
a t
(9-49)
thi gian t s l:
8EJ 8 J n
i vi nhng dm chu un bi lc thng gc vi trc thanh th m men M l hm
s ca l. a gi tr m men vo phng trnh (9-46) tch phn xc nh cc hng s tch
phn t nhng iu kin bin v lc c th nhn c cc biu thc tnh vng ca
dm trong nhng trng hp khc nhau. V nh i vi dm t trn hai gi ta t do v
P
chu ti trng l lc tp trung P t ti gia dm ( M = z ), th vng cc i sau thi
2
3
n+2
Pl
al
Pn
y max =
t
gian t l:
48EJ (n + 2)2 2( n +1) J nn
Tng t nh vy chng ta c th nhn c nhng gi tr vng i vi cc
dm c nhng lin kt khc nhau v chu ti khc nhau.
9.9. T BIN CA CNH TUC BIN.
Chng ta xt hin tng t bin ca cnh tuc bin c mt ct thay i chu lc li
tm (xem hnh 9.7). Bi ton ny c V.I. Pozenly nghin cu. T bin cnh tuc bin c
k n s un c N.N. Malinhine nghin cu.
P
t trng cho quy lut t bin, ngi ta s
dng biu thc (9-18): & = B(t ) n
dz
K hiu V l dch chuyn ca mt phn t ca
b
cnh tuc bin theo phng z, lc c th vit:
z
dV
n
(9-50)
= &P = B(t )
dz
a
V t ta c :
Tm
z
quay
(9-51)
V = B(t ) n (z )d
Hnh 9.7:u cnh tuc
0
bin
y l bin s tch phn.
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Ta tch phn (9-51) theo thi gian, chng ta c biu thc i vi dch chuyn l:
z
V = (t ) n (z )d
(9-52)
d(P ) = F 2 (a + z )dz
(9-53)
g
Trong : F=F(z) l din tch ca mt ct thay i; a-l khong cch ca mp trong
cnh tuc bin n trc quay (xem hnh 9.7); z- l khong cch mt ang tnh n mp
trong; -l tc gc; /g- l khi lng ca vt th.
Trn c s cng thc (9-53) chng ta tnh ng sut gn im t lc ly tm P:
l
P 2
(9-54)
= +
F( )(a + )d
F g F o
Thay biu thc (9-54) vo (9-52) chng ta c biu thc i vi chuyn v. Chuyn
n
J( )
l P +
g
d
V(l ) = (t )
F
(9-55)
Trong k hiu:
J ( ) = F( )(a + )d
z
CU HI T HC
9.1. Gii thiu tm tt cc thuyt c bn v t bin.
9.2. S khc nhau ca cc thuyt t bin bit ?
9.3. Bi ton ko (nn) ng tm.
9.4. Bi ton xon.
9.5. Bi ton un.
9.6. Bi ton i vi cnh tuc bin.
9.7. S khc nhau v phn b ng sut trong n hi v t bin. Nhn xt ?
---E---
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ti http://tailieuxd.com/
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ti http://tailieuxd.com/