CHAPTER 2 DERIVATIVES 21 THE DERIVATIVE AS A FUNCTION 1. Step 1: f(x) = 4—x? and f(x +h) = 4-(x +h)? (x +h) — £(20) =(x+hy]-(4-x?) =x? — 2xh —h?)~4+x? _ —2xh—p? _ b(-2x—h) Step 2, tH) [A= Grn] ) Gar ateh oo) Abe? aah ob? _ MPN) —2e-hith £0 Step 3: f(x) = fim (—2x—h) = —2x; (3) = 6, (0) =0 & 2, Step ee) = pond et 48) = coli 14 vate) weomeny apd (ae (2+ 20h+h?) _ 20h 9? Step Bh RR Moth) 2th Canta” Gane FO Step 3: e/(®) = Jim, ate Pai =2'@=-} at) = ind a(t +h) = (t-+h)® (+b)? a(t +h)—a(t) _ [(b+h)°—(¢ +h)?]-(18- 12) rn ns Step 2: (4 02h 4 ub? 49) 4 (24 20h 4?) (= 2) 2 (2 esvh-g se? +h) 4(? 42m pn?) —(@ =) Step 8: $8 jim (St? —2t-+ (3t—1)h-+h#) = 304 — 2; #78 4, Step 1: ffx) =x-+Q and fix +h) = (+8) + Spy 9) Gtn+e _(2e0 sea teats eta (ot) AR (ee) ep BE _ x 4 20h +8? +9) (+h) (0249) - +H) 42th xb? + 0x) —(08-4 x2 405-498) _ Ge? + xh 0) She Fhy “eT h)188 Chapter 2 Derivatives 9 Jim xh =9 neo x + BY Step 8: f(x) Sts) 5. Step 1: p(0) = VBP and p(0-+b) = yOOFB) J) sap 2, HOH =o(@) _ VSOER)— va5_(VIFFT- VER) (VIET VI) (430) 39 ® R ® (Varran+ Va8) n( Var aR + V5) th 8 i(Vareans Va8) Veer an EE f 3 ri a Step 8 p'@)= Jim shag 028) eos PO = I Tapas Vee ia+ Ja Daa? 6. r=) = Tg and 048) = Tote = f= jg wy, ES aed 2G 2TH _ py, VII 2y TS etre =n “nVa-OVi-0-b td aS 4-8-1 (24-8424 vi 448) -4(4~2-h) 'n 2 i We oe oe See ers) 4 (152) (154) = 30.00? Las?) = (as!) = 4 eo 0 pM 4 Pak $0) hey a4? 9 BE wo yoXetatenct sent? aati $ Pox a y= 2 3x1 y= 68. yl = 12x yl) = 12 y") =O for all n>5 12. y= yp y= yet 9 fad a =? 99 3 1 5 = for ald 13. @) Fa3P-4em=H| = 30)?-4=8 ‘Therefore, the equation of th y=8x~15. line tangent to the curve at the point (2,1) is y—1 = 8(x—2) orMe 18. 16. 1. 18. 19. Section 2.1 The Derivative as a Function 139 (©) Since x? > 0 for all real values of x, it follows that 3x? > 0 and $x? ~4 > —4, In addition, 3x? 4 = 400 as x Loo, Therefore, the range of values ofthe curves slope it 4,20). ‘The graph of the derivative is a parabola that opens upward and ita vertex is at the point (0, ~4). Sa2-4=8 1. Therefore, the equation (©) The equation of one such tangent Ii 2. Atx js found in part (a) when x= 6 y= (2) = 4 of the line tangent to the curve at the point (—2,1) is y~1=8(x~(-2)) or y=8x+17. ly Also, a xta4axa2orx (0) Se: $0 and sve for: $= 1— By =0-> y= fxm f Atx =f the curve eval sV]=$-s(f)=-B. cheer, an equation forthe hoiontl tangent to the curve atthe 8 9)iay= 8 point (§)-$)isy = # (©) The domain ofthe function y = x—3% is (0,20). The derivative, however, is undefined at x = 0. ‘Therefore, to determine the range of values for the curves slopes, consider 00, f(x) is postive and increasing. ‘This graph matches (a). {f,(x) is an oscillating function like the cosine, Everywhere that the graph of fy has a horizontal tangent we ‘expect ff, to be zero, and (d) matches this condition. “The graph matches with 0). (a) fis not defined at x= 0, 1, 4. At these points, the left-hand and right-hand derivatives do not agree. fo) - £0 0 For example, lim. ope of ine joining (~40) and 0,2) = but tin, “C2=F0) — stops af line jo (2 ad (4-2) =-4 Sis am en £0) = og £2 ant (b)140. Chapter 2 Derivatives 20. (a) (b) Shift the graph in (a) down 3 units hand derivative: For = 1(e) =¥? (using y =x? curve) > im, LOFN=HO) 2 Ltn divine: For <0) =) =H (gy => oe) i lim, == tim b= 0; lig = ip Righthand derivative: For b> 0, (0-+h) =f(h) =h (using y =x curve) => tim, (+8) —f0) bot hen, OIA gi, OH MO avai de te 22. Left-hand derivative: When h <0, 14h<1 = f(1+h)= VIB > lim fa+h) =f) mm (VEFR-1) (VIFR+1)_ 4 G+h=1 _ =} B (Jiehti) me (Vian) ho” Yieeed 2 Rgheand devvatve: When h>0,14h> 159 (0-48) =2048)—1=%%41. tim, +8= A) “0 (h+i)-1 hn ig, ENR gg, ED 5 edn 0) dom mt ot 2 (9) Tefanton i tenia on ts domain 2.3 ( eames) (3 ee 24, (a) fis differentiable on -20 (d) y = —x? is increasing for —oo 0 and decreasing on intervals where y' <0 wet (eH) _ yg et eo) 8) £0) = i Sorme 7 EB wee (b) (©) y’ is positive for all x #0, y’ is never 0, y’ is never negative (@) y= — Fin increasing for -20 0, y/ is zero for x Ys mptve fore <0 (a) 9 = Ms inereing on 0 0 for all e => y =x? never has a negative slope. 82, Horizontal tangents occur where y' Thus, y/ 2 VerR~ vi) ( VERS v5) 2vEFh-2Ve ay 2(x+h)-9) _ 5, me at 1 a (asaya) BS ivan a) OS Vere ‘Then y’ = 0 when which is never true => the curve has no horizontal tangents.Section 2.1 The Derivative as a Function 143, tim (20¢+H)? ~ 13(0 +h) +5)—(2x?— 13x45) ty ® im 2x2+4xh + 2h? — 13x ~ 19h +5 —2x? + 13x —5, fa) B = fim, ‘2h 24? = 10h = 18, elope atx, ‘The slope is 1 when 4-18 = —1 tim, Jim, (4x-+2h— 13) = Sax a2 x95 y= 2-9 18-345 point of tangency is (3,~16). 16. ‘Thus the tangent line is y +16 -1)(x~3) and the (VER (VA) 134, For the curve y =, we have y! = fim S* 7 V°). 1m th) =x = Vatieya) * (ark yah = Jim 1____=-1.. Suppose (a, /@) is the point of tangency of such a line and (—1,0) is the poin = Be, Jeph ye ye" Suppo (a8) nthe point of angeney of such a line and (—1,0) i the point vino _ va PE =a Mich ust also equal +loa con the line where it crosses the x-axis, ‘Then the slope of the line is ‘Thus such a line does 1 wi ivative formula at x = a => 3¥ igs wing the devvative formula at x= 0-9 Py exist: ts point of tangency is (1,1), ta lope is rir. }o-n. 185. No, Derivatives of functions have the intermediate value property. ‘The function f{x) = int x satisfies (0) = 0 and (1) = 1 but doesnot take on the value} anywhere in (0,1) > f doesnot have the intermediate value property. Thus f cannot be the derivative of any function on (0,1] => f cannot be the derivative of any function on (~00,00). 36, The graphs are the same. So we know that for f(x) =1x1, we have f(x) =4f!. 37, Yes; the derivative of fis —f" so that (xo) exists => ~f"(xq) exists as wel. 38, Yes; the derivative of 3g is 3’ so that g/(7) exists = 3g/(7) existe as well. ov Ye, i cnet a it edo oil eo, Poa et) =a but fing EOD Jing BRE J, =m, which ned not be eo, . Then (0) = (0) 40, (a) Suppose |f(x)| x A2ecoe(x); Xx -> (x0) + fp(x0)e(x— x0); plot({f(x),L(x)},x=x0 — 2.20 +1); ] = xA2 Cos{x] x0 +3} ] Plot{ fix], {x, et = Limit{ aint) b-> 0) y = fx0] + m[x0] (x x0) Plot{ {fs]y}, (x0 — 8x0 +3} ] rafx0~ 11/78 sfx + 11//% Plot (fhmfx), (x20 ~ 330-43} ]146 Chapter 2 Derivatives In Exercise 68, you could deine Ii fix] = xA(1/9)+xA2/3) However, Mathematica 4.0 uses complex branch for odd roots of negative numbers (as does Maple 6), so the above will only work for positive x. To get the real roots forall x, you could force it as below, but this form is not good for taking derivatives: x0 = 1; ffx_] = Sign{x] Abs(x) A (1/3) + Absix] A (2/3) 2.2 THE DERIVATIVE AS A RATE OF CHANGE, Les PB 42, 05t<2 (@) displacement = as 2m Bt Fee =~ ells awd 3 mjece,|y(2)|=111= 1 m/sec; a= $= £5 = 2, (b) v= $8 = 2-3, |v(0) (0) = a(2) = 2 m/sec? tt, O t=S sec, For 0 —37 4 6t-3 =0 = 7-241 =0 > (t-1)? =04 t= 1. For all other values of t in the interval the velocity v is negative (the graph of v = ~3t? + 6t—3 is a parabola with vertex at t= 1 which opens downward =» the body never changes direction. 4 ant B48 0ctc2 (a) As @) (2) —9(0) = 0 m, vg, = A$ = 0 m/sec 8-32 421 = |= 9(2) = 2 m/sec? m/sec and |v(2)|=0 m/sec; a = 302 6¢-+2 = a(0) =2 m/sec? and8. 10. nh. 12. Section 2.2 The Derivative as a Rate of Change 147 (©) v0 18317 +2 = 0 t(t—2)(t-1) =0 + t=O, 1, 2 > v= t(t—2)(t—1) is positive in the interval for 0 —6 m/sec? and a( ‘m/sec?, ‘Thus the body is motionless but being accelerated left when t = 1, and motionless but being accelerated right when t = 3. (6) a=0 = 61-12 = 0 = t=2 with speed |v(2)|=|12—24-49|= 3 m/sec (6) The body moves to the right ot forward on 0- P4043 =0 = t=1 or 3 = all) = -2 m/soc* and a(3) = 2 m/sec? (b) ¥>0 = (t-3)(t—1) > 05 03 and the body is moving forward; v <0 = (t—3)(t—1) <0 = 1 a> 0 => 2t—4>0 = t > 2; velocity decreasing => a<0 = %-4<0>t<2 Sy = 1.8612 = vq = 8.72 and solving 3.72t = 27.8 = t 857.5 sec on Mars; s; = L144t? = v; = 22.88t and solving 22,88 = 27.8 = t ~ 1.2 sec on Jupiter. (@) v(t) = #() = 261.88 mee, and a) =v" (b) Solve v(t) =0 = 24-16 =0 = t=15 sec (©) (15) =24(15)~ 8(18)? = 180 m (a) Solve st) = 90 = 244 —.81? = 90 = = 222 15V2 5 4.39 sec going up and 25.6 sec going down s(t) = 1.6 m/sec? (€) Twice the time it took to reach its highest point or 30 sec 8t— fe? > v= 18h o that v= 0.75 m/sec? 3 1g 0 t= HB. Therefore fb Solving s,, = 852 — 2.64? = 0 = {(832-2.61) 4, = 832 — 164? = 0 > (832 16t) = 0 + t=0 or 52 => 52sec on the earth. Also, vq, = 832~5.2t =0 > t= 160 and 9,,(160) « 66,560 ft, the height it reaches above the moon's surface; v, = 832 ~ 32 = t= 26 and (26) * 10,816 fe, the height it reaches above the earth’s surface. (2) 9 = 170— 161? = v = $24 = speed =1v1= 324 ft/e0e and a = —82 f/sec? Vib. ve (0) When t= TE, w= —90 70-8779 ~ -107.0 se © fig fo (b) s=0.5 179-167 =0 5 9.8(sin at = .8t 40 we expect v = 9.8t m/see in free fall (0) a=§t= 0.8 m/see148 Chapter 2 Derivatives 13, (a) at 2 and 7 seconds (b) between 3 and 6 seconds: 3 B/(t) = 104 (2)(10°) = 1010-29) (@) (0) = 104 bacteria/br (©) b(6) =0 bacteria/br (©) B'(10) = -10* bacteria/hr Q(t) = 200(30 — +)? = 200(900 - 601 + t?) > Q"(t) = 200(—60 + 2t) = Q'(10) = ~8,000 gallons/mi “Then S40) QC) = 1900 gato ithe average te the indicate water is leaving the tank. the rate the water is running at the end of 10 min, water flows during the first 10 min ‘The negative si +o) yae(t-dp) =0( tobe) att (b) The lags vale of 5 0 mh he = 12 ad th i le fang the lowes a hat ime, ‘Te 1 m/h, when t = 0, and the fluid leve dy is smallest value of falling the fastest at that time.150 Chapter 2 Derivatives (6 ts station, <0 the graph ay « 4s, : always decreasing, As & increase in vale, ‘ rasp the slope ofthe graph of y increases fom =1 10 0 over the interval ” + ca i to O over the interval 0 <¢< 12, = . ' = 4n(2)? = 16x 09/ft I (0) When + =2,4¥= 16 o that wen changes by Lui, we exit V to chang by approximately 16r ‘V changes by approximately (161)(0.2) = 9.2m w 10.05 f°. Note ‘Therefore when r changes by 0.2 uni that V(2.2) ~ V(2) = 11.09 £, Berg v= Be, Thaw V = SBD oe = SMD 3 02 25 we, When 26, 200 mi = 558 = 590 m/s, and = a9) = 280 25, D = (25)? = 99° m Ye ve vow Bt, s = vgt 161? v= vo; v =O = t= FB; 1900 = vot— 164% oo that t= 39 = 1000 = 39 — BB = vo = VIGAVIDIN} = 80/75 fee and, finally, OVID $0.see 00 min. Lm. 238 mph. wy se = 7 awl (2) v=0 when t= 6.25 see (b) v> 0 when 0.< t < 6.25 = body moves up; v <0 when 6.25 body moves down (6) body changes direction at t= 6.25 sec (4) body speeds up on (6.25, 12.5] and slows down on [0,6:25) (@) The body is moving fastest at the endpoints t = 0 and ¢ moving slowest at t = 6.25 when the speed is 0 (0) When t = 6.25 the body is s = 625 m from the origin and farthest away. 2.5 when it is traveling 200 ft/sec. It’s30. Section 2.2 The Derivative as a Rate of Change 151 ent = =3 (0) v=0 when t = 3 sec (b) v. <0 when 0 0 when 1.5 body moves right (6) body changes direction at + = $V gee (2) body sped up on (8= 7,2) u(8+YE 4] and sows down on [0 S=Y)u( +758), 6 (©) The body is movir ot v5 = SEY tee fastest at t= 0 and ¢ = 4 when it is moving 7 units/see and slowest at (9) when t =2+ 7% the boy is at postions ~6:309 units and farthest fom the origin.152 a1. when t= wre 6+ J15 Savi SH VIB, <8 VTE oy in moving ight 6+ V5 2127 (yet gn an on ($=) (825 and den fo =¥3) (284), (6) The body is moving fastest ot 7 unita/ace when t= O and t= 6+ Vi 2 Vi5 () body changes direction at ; it ia moving slowest and stationary at (0, When t = 9+ the poston i 10.308 unite and the body is farthest from the origin. 22, (a) 8 take 135 second, (b) Average speed = QE = =9, = 8 0.068 furlongs /sc. (©) Using a symmetric dference quotient, the horse's peed QE = shady = = fh» 0.077 friongs/sc. (@) The horse is running the fastest during the last furlong (between 9th and 10th furlong markers). ‘This furlong takes only 11 seconds to run, which is the least amount of time for a furlong. st furlong (between markers 0 and 1). approximately (©) The horse accelerates the fastest during the 2.3 DERIVATIVES OF PRODUCTS, QUOTIENTS, AND NEGATIVE POWERS 1 y= 6x? = 10x? => 12 — 30+ 12e— 104 105-9 > SF = 12-008Section 2.3 Derivatives of Products, Quotients, and Negative Powers 153 antl etal BY ater 2e ta aoe ao oo rear eet Bane garter aaa a? 0.2 =B-R (0) y= (5-22) x41) 2 =(6—98)- Bat x41) +(08 41) (3) = (3=22)(322 ~ 1) 4 (x84 1)(-28) = ~et 4 120? 2-3 (b) y= x8 4x8 =x? 343 3 yl = x + 12K? 2-3 y=(x+3)(x-4+1) (©) Yale DHE NG a) = red O yaP arth havent ded y= BEG; use the quotient rule: w= 2x-+5 and v= 3x—2-5 u/ =2and w=3-> y/ =milguy = x= 2)(2) — (2x-+ 5)(8) _ Gx —4—6x—15 __—19 (@x-27 (x2)? Gx-2)F g(x) = Zak ‘use the quotient rule: u = P4 and v= x-+0.5 uf =x and v! = 1 = g(x) =a _ &40.5)(2x) (0? 4) (1) _ ape ed peed = +0808) GP) (x +05) oer 05 (+05) yaaa + ey CHD —Varey _ e-Ne+DAY=G- NEE Ne+D TPet-2 (4t-2F (t= 1742) (+ 2)(28) ~ (t+ 1M +1) _ 20? + se — 0? — 3-1 =o, es? ney Gy (1+) -G- 0) _ 1-20 p20? Pe (4ey “GseF O4ey vad -o(4ey" deh = gta ORR ER) (verve) a1, V1 wee =a) Wary ail venie Vaan Nome: i yé)= plz fom Beample In Satin 21154 Chapter 2 Derivatives a0) -1( 12, ra2( Gt ve)> (Oe) pees 13. use the quotient rule: u=1 and v =(x?—1)(x?+x+1)= u!=0 and 1 xP +x+1) vf a(x? 1) 2x41) +2 +x41)(2 28 4x? 2¢ 14 2x9 4 Ox? 4 Ox = 48 4 BP 2 OH 4843x7=1) 4 = 37 41 eaves” Ft ex +1) 14 yo SADE) xP deb 2 ye (x2 3x +2)(2x-43)—(x? 43+ 2)(2x-3) 6x? 4:12 Y= GaNRH2 Pant 2 =F 2F 1-2 * Bs Onarga =a 2 B= 1r—4 HOW +04) 1 bgt oge-* a aet og Pro 99-8 ier PAO) Pott hao aorta wt a Sy ir w= (18) g-2) =(be 41) et besarte fn ee tbo 1 = m3 p= 2-3 = fgamt—o=2 19. u(0) 5. 0/(0) = 3, v(0) 1, (0) =2 () Btw) suv +00! 2 £e|_,= 1u(0)v'(0) + v(0)u'(0) = 5-24 (-1)(3) =7 onto) =ulOw"0) _ © £@="3" = 40) oa eweaw!. diy Ov") ~ v(O)w') _ 2) =(-8) _ 13 eat dal “wo © £G (@ e-2y = 1-20 9 Lov—2y|_ = WO—2(y =7-2-18)=8Section 2.3 Derivatives of Products, Quotients, and Negative Powers 155 20. u(t) =2, w'(1) =0, v(1) =5, ¥() ton], -wavnsonven=2-e45-0 _¥(e"(1) — u(t) _ 8-0-2-(-1) © 80 CaP u(v'(1) —v(1Jul(1) _ 2-(-1)—8-0 (u(y OF © £0 (@) Z¢r—20)| _ 2201) = 7-1) 24 an yo og YP) = 928) _ ot eda? _ a(x? +1) PTT Gay Gan = 4, s0 the tangent to the curve at (0,0) is the line y= 4x. When ‘curve at (1,2) is the line y = 40+) When x sory yy =O and y!= = 2. y!=0, 0 the tangent to the (x? +4) (0) ~ 8(2x) 16x =16(2) 1 m2, yaha oy = EEO —808) y+ When x=2, y=1 and y’= 1602), = _ J. the tangent 44 +4) (aay ray? line to the curve at (2,1) has the equation y—1=-J(x-2), ory =-¥42. 23. y = ax? +bx-+¢ passes through (0,0) =» 0 = a(0) +b(0) +¢ = ¢= 0; y = ax? +-bx passes through (1,2) > 2=a+b; y’=2ax+b and since the curve is tangent to y = x at the origin, its slope is 1 at x =0 Sy! = 1 when x=0 = 1=2a(0)+b > b=1, Thena+b=2=>a=1. In summary Land c= 060 the curve is y =x? +x. 24. y = ex—x? passes through (1,0) => 0=¢(1)—1 + ¢=1 = the curve is y=x~x2, For this curve, 1—2x and x= 1 y! —x7 and y =x? +ax +b have common tangents at x =0, sltasas-3 —34b=b=2. In summary, 1. Since y = ? + ax-+b must also have slope —1 at x= 1. ‘Thus y'=2x-+a > Sy =x7—3x+b. Since this last curve passes through (1,0), we have 0 = b= 2 and 2. = 1 s0 the curves are x? 3x42 and y= de ed ‘dx *°"dx fonctions i a constant, the Product Rule i ust the Constant Multiple Rule = the Constant Multiple Rle is 4 special case of the Product Role u-0+c #4 =c Gt. Thus when one of the 25, Lat cbeacontant > $2 =0 9 (0-0) = 26. (a) We use the Quotient rue to derive the Reciprocal Rule (with u=1): 2(}) ==> dx = -4-¢.156 Chapter 2 Derivatives () Now, using the Reciprocal Rule and the Product Rule, well derive the Quotient Rule: £(9)=(u-4) nde rede CA)BH grain as» = HEE (ormngna) = sits M+ yng B+ wyugng BE + ugugng SE = uuu + uyuguag Fujupugay + UU ey (©) Generalizing (a) and (b) above, 2 (ty+-ty) = yy yah + Uy ga gy ay Hoss + UGG A In this problem we don't know the Power Rule works with fractional powers so we can't use it. Remember hva= on (fom Example 1 in Section 2.1) (0) £9) = Lax) =x-B( ya)+ ELE) =x Bate 1a Es aan gt? 0) AGH) = £68 tax? ZV) VELOM =? (gig) + vim pi 2088 =e? © HU = la 2 ae RV 4 VERO) = 0 -(gig) + VERE = pat 420 = 8 (@) We have (9/2) = fail, (o8/2) <9, (5712) = ToS! a it appear that 20/2) = Bale/t whenever n is an odd postive integer > 3. 29, p= PRE, — a0? We are holding T constant, and , bn, Rare also constant ao their derivatives are zero ooh V—nb)-0- RTI) _V%O)— (on?)(2V) __ SE = (x? cos x + (sin x)(2x))+((2x)(-sin x) + (con x)(2))—2 c08 x =x? cos x+ De sin x — 2x sin x+2 c08 x—2 008 x = x? cos x eyo ox tesin x2 on (x2(—sin x) + (cos x)(2x))—(2x cos x-+ (sin x)(2)) ~ 2(~sin x) = x? sin x+2x cos x—2x cos x—2 sin x42 sin x 18, sectt—1 Uh sat mct 1 Gta tt feet) =2t— ee ttant = Lbeset _, ds _ (1 ese t)(-280 cot t)—(1 +656 1) ese tot t) 1, eo tect 5 de a0. _ —eae t cot t + ese? t cot t—cse t cot t—cac™t cot t_ —2 esc t cot t = (meet) ee = (1 =c0s t)(cos t) ~ (sin t)(sin t) _ cos t~cos*t—sin?t __cost—1 _ 1 6 = (1 = cost)? ©" (U=cos tens ty? T= cont W462 sin 8 = (Shin 9) + (in 0)20)) = —(6 cos 0-42 sin #) = -4(0 oe 04-2 18, 60 in 4000 9-9 J = (0 cn 9+ (in ()) sin 0= 0 on 10, r= ace # xc # = $= (oe Oe 8 cot 6) +(e One # tan 8) a) ata) (S88) + (ata )(ata) (85 = sec? 0 — esc? 6 20. r= (1-450 On = $B = (1-4 se 6) on 8+ (sn (ne 8 tan 0) = C08 0-41) + an? = con 8-4 028 2, P= (1-4eve q)cos q B= (1+ cre @)(-sin 4) + (cos 4)(—ese q cot a) = (sin q ~ 1) ~cot?q = —sin q—esc?q tin. q+cos q _, dp _ (cos q)(cos q~sin 4) a+cos 4)(~sin 4) 8 port > aa carta a cmancosasingtsintgteosasing 1 yagtq cos g =e nts putty de_(Litang)(oe*a)~ (tan a) see4a)_sectq tan qe? tan qeedtg seca P=T¥tanq~ dq~ (1+ tan q) (1+ tan * (+ tan )?Section 2.4 Derivatives of Trigonometrie Functions 159 25. (a) y= ene x = y! = ~ese x cot x > y"” = —((cse x)(—ese?x) + (cot x)(—ese x cot x)) = esc? + ene x cot? x = (cae x) (csc?x + cot? x) = (cse x) (csc? x + ese?x— 1) = 2 ese? x — ese x (0) y = sec x = y! = sec x tan x = y"” = (sec x)(sec?x) + (tan x)(sec x tan x) = sec! x +sec x tan?x = (000 x) (sec? + tan?x) = (ote x) (se? + ec! 1) = 2 wee? see x 26. (@) y Ws ) My= in x= y! cos x => yl!) = 2 sin x 608 x => y! = sin x => y= -9 cos x => y"= x= y/ = con x = slope of tangent at x= amis y(n) = c08(~+ tangent at x = 0 is ¥( slope of tangent at x = =0. The tangent at (—,0) is y — x7; the tangent at (0,0) is (x0), oF y =x; and the tangent at 28, y = tan x: y! = secs = lope of tangent at x= —F \ iet(—$) = lp of tngeat a x=) = [yest see?(§) = 4, The tangent Vajisyt Vi=4(x49); OH xs and the tangent at (ftan(§)) “(evi)iyvi=a(e and slope of tangent at x m(-B(-§) =( the tangent at (0,0) is 20, sec x tan x slope of tangent at x =F . yews an(—Z) = -2V45; slope of tangent at x 4) 4 al ‘The tangent at the point aa 2/5 (x4+§); the yeaa 3 Gev3) in y— V2 yen tin owo ee =va(x-4) 80, y= 1 4eos x = y! = sin x = slope of tangent at x = —F is ~sin(—$) = V5 stope of tangent at x = 3F is sin =1. The tangent a the point (~F.1 +e0e(—$)) 4 isy-B= 24) the tangent at the point160 Chapter 2 Derivatives (ir teas) = (Fa)iew— 31, Yes, y =x-+sin x= y’ = 1-+c08 x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 +-c0s x = 0 => cos Sxer 32, No, y = 2x-+sin x = y! = 2-+cos x; horizontal tangent oceurs where 2 +cos x= 0 => cos x= 2. But there ‘are no x-values for which cos x = —2. 33, No, y=x—cot x > y! =1 +ese?x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1 +esc?x = 0 => ese?x = —1. But there fare no x-values for which csc?x = 1. 34, Yes, y=x+2cosx=y/ 3 bssinx x= forx=% ~2sin x; horizontal tangent occurs where 1-2 sin x= sis 35. We want all points on the curve where the tangent line has slope 2. ‘Thus, y that y= 2 = sec?x =2 => sec an x = y! = ec?x 60 av? =ox= £4, Then the tangent line at (3,1) has qvation y—1 = 2(x—); the tangent ine at (font) has equation y+1=2(x+4). 36, We want all points on the curve y = cot x where hhas slope ~1. ‘Thus y = cot x BT, y =A teat x—2 ese x= y! = —c8e?x+2 exe x cot ~(erx)( (@) When x = § then y/ = -1; the tangent line is y=—x +5 +2 (&) To find the location of the horizontal tangent set y’ =0 = 1~2 coe x=0 => x= radians. When x=, ~ Vili the horizontal tangent. then y 38, y= 14 V2 coe x-teot x= y! = VF csc x cot x~ csc! (a) Ifx =, then y/ = —4; the tangent li ?Section 2.4 Derivatives of Trigonometrie Functions 161 (8) To find the location ofthe horizontal tangent ety! = 0-4 /Fconx+1= 0 x=8E radian, When then y = 2a the hxnontl tangent 99, @=2-2eint av H2con to a= Gta Bein to j=98=2 cont, Therefore, velocity = v(3) = -V5 mee; peed =|v()] = VE m/se;acleration = a(F) = V% m/sec jerk = 3(§) = V9 m/s? in tc08 top v= ff = con t= sin tp a = GE = sin t—con t 3] = 4 = —con sin, Therefore velocity = v(Z) = 0 m/sec; speed =|¥(F IF ) |= 0 m/sec; acceleration = a($)=—V/2 m/see% serk =j(F) = 0 m/sec* = fing S238 — tg 0(8938) (S98) = 0 that Cn contiouows at x= 0 i 2) =f 42 ig. eC) = lige (+b) = and im, g(x) = Tim, coo x= 1 oo that gis continuous at x= 0=> ip. (0) x0 = lim, g(x) = b= 1. Now gis no differentiable at x= 0: At x0, the le-hand derivative ie Sey] derivatives can never agree at x = 0, s0 g is not differentiable at x = 0 for any value of b (including b = 1). 1, but the right-hand derivative Elo o)| in 0=0. The left- and right-hand 42, 2 conn) =n x cnt Ln) =o = the dai cnn number fins ht a alle 4 cnx ‘Tha, ving 20 by 4 gives 909 = 240-4449 So = SS] = Sy(cor9 = 44. (0) yomexsabxy> & ee nse) sng = vee x tan x os fh(eces) see x tan () yoaexa gh = ¥ 2 C2 O=Mleoos) nese xeot x ain ~ dx (Ginx) = file x)= nce xeot x 2)(csin x) ~ (cos x)(c08 x) _ Ginx) oes © yreotx= eso Z = flenn anes162 Chapter 2 Derivatives Ash takes on the values of 1,05, 0.8 and 0.1 the corresponding dashed curves of y = “2 +8) —sin x get closer and closer to the black curve y = cos x because (sin x) = Jim, sin (x+h) ~sin x = cos x. The same is true as h takes on the values of —1 0.5, -0.8 and —0.1. 46. Ash takes on the values of 1, 0.5, 0.8, and 0.1 the corresponding dashed curves of y = So*&+8) = coe x get loser and closer to the black curve y= cone h) = cos x sin x beanse (00x) = sin x. The mo same is true as h takes on the values of —1, ~0.5, 8, and -0.1. 47, This is a grapher exercise, Compare your graphs with Exercises 45 and 46. lo+h|—l0-h} 48, fim WO +RE Oh im HalIhl _ 4, hm though the derivative of f(x) 0.=0 = the limits of the centered difference quotient exists even =1x|does not exist at x= 0. sec? x, 60 the smallest value 0; yy! has no maximum value since sec?x has no tan x = y/ sec?x takes on is y/ = 1 when largest value on (— never negative since see?x > 1 2. 50, y =cot x= y! =—esc?x so y! has no smallest value since ~ese?x has no minimum value on (O,); the largest value of y’ is —1, when x the slope is never positive since the largest ese x takes on is the negativeSection 2.4 Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions 163, 51. y = 4% appears to cross the y-axis at y =, since sig = 1; y = 0,25 appears to cross the y-axis at y=2, since tim, sins lim, = ye (singe) in, £° appears to ay = 40h sin x _ B cross the y-axis at y= 4, since fim SU = 4 Cretan However, none of these graphs actually cross the y-axis yeteinniyn since x = 0 is notin the domain of the functions. Also, ; ‘in (3) rn * ‘in (3x) tin, DG = k= the graphs of y = 85x, y = 0539) ang y = 104% approach 5, —3, and k, respectively, as x10. However, the graphs do not actually cross the y-axis. 52. (8) h sph (#84)(192) 7 017459983 | 990000402 oor | orrass202 | 1 o.001 | 0145202 [7 ‘o.o001 017453202 [1 tim Sin — tim 23 b> eb (converting to radians) @=h-kp wn sosh=1 1 —0,0001523 ‘oor | —0-0000015 0.001 000001 o.0001 [0 saeb=1 in degrees or radians, im, S22f=1 0, whether h is measured in degrees or rai sin(x-th)—sin x _ 4. (sin x cos h + coe x sin h)~sin x = ao E 1 (on S2R=1)s on (se) = (60), (SEB) on (HB)164 Chapter 2 Derivatives (@) In degrees, (cos x) = see th) con x tin, (coo x con hin x in b) one x a = fim, CA NUeoe RH) —n ssin hp (cos x: a ( = (cos x) fing (S21) (sin x) Jim (AEH) = (co8 (0) — (in «) (3B) = (ein x) = (fy eon x) = “(ia ae pees i) 03) (ih) (orn = ans) =o om frst) 2) = (a 4s 28 THE CHAIN RULE 1, (u) = 6u-9 = Pu) = 6 = £(g(x)) = 6 w(x) = fx" = g(x) = 20%; therefore $Y = t(a(x))8") = 6-2x9 = 12x3 2 f{u) = 20? = P(u) = 6u? = (g(x) = (8x —1)% g(x) = Bx—1 = gx) = 8; therefore = £(g(x))s'(x) = 6(8x—1)?-8 = 48(8x—1)? 3. f{u) =sin u = £ con u = £(g(%)) = cos(3x+ 1}; g(x) = Sx 41 = g(x) = 3; therefore $Y = ¢(g(x))—"(e) = (¢00(8x-+1)(3) cos (3x +1) 4. 0) = co u = 1% = reese) = in u => (g(x)) = —sin (sin x); g(x) = sin x = g'(x) =cos x; therefore (sin (sin x)) 08 x 5. flu) = tan u = f(u) =sec?u = f(g(x)) = sec? (10x —5); g(x) = 10x-—5 = g'(x) = 10; therefore = e(g(x))e) = (see (10x -5))(10) = 10 sec? (1085) 6. fu) = see w= £"(u) = —see u tan u = £'(g(x)) = ~sec(x? + 7x)tam (x? + 7x); g(x) = x2 + 7x = 8{(x) = 2x +7; therefore SY = £(g(x))a'(x) = ~(2x-+7) see(x? + 7x) tan (x? +7x) gi = ou8 (3) = -27(4- 309° are He(-ay aR ipaw (Gred)ai(Peed) (Pred 48 = (occu tan u) (ee?) = (oe (tan x) tan (tan x) see?Section 2.5 The Chain Rule 165 12. With w muy cuts Zo 8 Gh = 0? con x= (sn) (con 2) 13, q= Via)? oe = ae 2a 28) = Hae 29) = +o =m Hp) ty dt 2d se 8 cot 0 +esc?@ _ xe O (cot 6-+exe 6) 1B, r= (cx Beat 1 3h = (ee Beak OY? Sy lene 0 ot = ee -attea (ae d+ c0t OF 29 _ sec O(tan 0 +sec 16, r= —(oee 8+ tan 6)- = $= (sec 0+ tan 0)~? (sec 0+ tan y= mehn tea’ etn tte) satin nya aint gx courte = (cnt) nat (a?) +x fh (con®) coe“? (0) (tia? fh (in) +2 wnt + x(2 core (eon2)) +c? = 29(4 six co x) +2 ant a (2 on) (an x) 4-c08-2x = 4x? sin?x cos x +2 si 6. a x F cost x = y! = A (sin Fx) + 8 y=} in (BF learn) ~ e089) “Use )- x cox) +(sin-*x)(—-) -§( (3 eas) (sn 2))- (cons) (8) 6 $ sin“ con x— Jy sin Px + cos? in x—poa?s . veges +(4-gh) 2 Ba fora hox-a+en(t-gs) “A sheer aseo(eae) (a) ae 20. y= (Ax $3) Gx 1)? Y= (ae +3) FL GHD) + Ce DMN + 9 Le +3) = (4x + 3)4(=3)(x + 1)74(1) + (e+ 1) (4)(4x + 3)°(4), 84x +3)4(x+ 1)4 + 16(4x +3)%( + 1)? (4x +3), = x (et 3d +7) = EAS she 8) +188 +) = G+166 Chapter 2 Derivatives 1. (x) = x tan (2/R) +7 => h'(x) = x (tan (2x!/?)) + tan (2x"/). 2 (x) +0 = x sec?(2xt/2).(2x"/?) + tan (2x"/2) = x ee VE sec? (24/8) + tan (2/X) ie) = 28 see) H60 = fh (se f) see) gh) =x? se $)tan(2)-gh(Q) + 2 e($) =) (G(s et) =teme(8)- ne “(8) to =(rida) = 0 =2( a) ia) hs ete a _(2sin 0)(con 04 co? 04x24) _(2in 6)(con O41) __psind (1 + cos 6) (Lteos 6)? (1 + cos 0) 24, += sin( 2) co 24) = $f = sn 2) (-sin 20) (20 + 0m 20 (con 09) $40) = sin(2)(-sin 20)(2) + (cos 29) (cos(#))(28) = =2 sin (62) sin (28) +20 os (28) coa( 4?) 25. 1 = (see Va)tan(f) = 95 = (see V8)( sec? 3)(-#) (3) ($) cee V8 tan vag) 2 VB tan(}) sec?($ ape Vine(l)eghin nein inte val) verity -t-A( fer) ene Tian) = aoem( geen) 8( gin) vot + t 2 = t £ = (gta) mtn) tn) (wt —2) = = 2 sin (wt —2) sin (nt —2) =2 sin (at 2) cos (nt 2) -2 (wt —2) 2x sin (nt —2) coa (xt ~2) m. 28, y= (1-4 e008 21)4 = $F = —4(1 +008 24)-5 (1 + c08 26) = —4(1 + 08 24)-8(—sin 24) 228) = ee 29, y=(1eon(§))* > B= -2(1 +e0(§)) (t+) = -2( 1 +e0(§))*-(-(8))-800)Section 2.5 The Chain Rule 167 in(cos (2t ~5)) =» SY = cos (eos(2t ~8)) «cos (2t ~5) = cos cos (2¢ ~5)) -(-sin 2t—5))-$ (245) = =2 cos (cos (24 ~8))(sin (2 ~8)) often = Beals eth ln else leo) dC) ote ale[i( h(a) a2, y=(1 4 cool)? 5 SF = Ha cone) 7-0 + con (e?)) =A + osle2)) (sin?) -£(0)) t sin(t?) = Ha + con 2) Gein(e2) ee 1 +c08(t?, =f = co = Bo fh eosin t, Ye dy git= cos t 38, te Bap xa 2 coe f= VO, y = Pain F = VEG = 2 int, Lm 2 con tae SE = = Be = cot =3i, = cot $= I; tangent line wy piel bnyeonanvh et t oo @y ay /at ett 3 %y| 2 Gi ya ~ ant = Ta 7 ae ap _V3 ax dy _-visint op 98, oe — sine, Ya sin t > = SE SV 3, t= BE > x= con 2 =} y = Vi cos “ah gc tiemeunns Bete oresetfone dae Sant afoxehysh Ben $-j gw Botagexaqya gah arog de ala D 1 exe) Ye 1 dy _ dy!/at _ a-f)ory math Hn fr SY ot i whe 1 36, t=39x=-YiFi= = VI = = fey? Pafay? B es = -2; tangent line is y 3 = ~2[x ~ (~2)) or y= -2x—15, __ viet =4| ee var kaa “V5 yp Acbonelacitor), ye Goan) Gan168 Chapter 2 Derivatives = a5 yo daa, Boas MH tentoxssyah Baa, Paso P= @y _ dy'/at _ 90 y-1=1-(e-8) ory =x- Bone Be aye = R= = Vi tangent tne in y f= V(x $+ aya vie-MYaa = ents ocgnn, =—=1 =- Greet? ati =5 =cosZ=0, y=14sin2=2; 98 = dy _ dy _ 30. t= Fx coe $=0,y=145in $= 2; = —sint, Yocont P= 4 : a 14 a OR ga est ai tanaent nein y = 25 FF = dt 9 T= 8 = soc? Ye sect Goa 2 woctt tan ty Y= sect (0.2 -For xawee(—B)-1=1,y=ta0(- ce = =}; tangent line is fy apace Joost Teect tant oy tind teed 42. y=(1~ yy? = y= —(1- yey" Je) na var'(-po"")] foM)afa- yaya? ay'=Ha-45, sa) = 1x3 = + 0(9)= 0) = 10s x +1 gfe) = Mx +1 > g(0) = 1 and gO) =1 Mw) = PLS = tw) = . 660) = lss@)= ~5a a 1) = 0 and g/(-1) Section 2.5 The Chain Rule 169 =H — yay eta vay |= be ve v4] Kt Va"(-3 math)= RO- v3) re wz) - y = f cot (Bx—1) = y! = —f exc? (Bx —19(8) = —f eae? (9x1) = y" =(—$) (c0e Be 1) «fh ese(x—1)) =F eve (8x = 1)(-exe (9x = 1) cot (Bx ~ 1) fh (Gx—1)) = 2 2c? (Bx ~ 1) cot (Bx-1) y= 9 tan($) = 91 = o(sn?(§))(§)=8 a02(§) = 9" = 3-2 00(§)(se(G) 10(8))(8)=2 28) (8) 4 and g(1) =}; f(a) =u +1 = Mu) = Sut = P(@(1)) = (1) = 5; 809) = VE > a therefore, (f08)(1) = f(60)) #10) = = (1 2 69) = (1-2) 0) = (a1) hg a) = fan e) = fst) 1h 3 0) == F(g(-1)) = (§) = 4 therefore, (F091) = Fa-eD == 1 g(x) = 5% > 8x) aR? (1) =5 and g'(1) = $; f(u) = oot) siu)= —ec!(#8)() coc! (FB) = Malt) = 10) =~ fy oe" (§) = — fps therefore, (Coa) = Pe) = ~F5-5 Gand ¢(B)= Hf) =u-baecu £0) = 14200 mew tan 142 ctu tan u> t(e(})) =f (f)=142 me? § en $= 5; hese, f08)'(3) = e(6(H))e (A) =5° (u?+1)@) - @u)@u) (+N @-auye@u) (+) = SES 0) =H) = het 6910) =Fg)e( =0-1=0 so) = (BA) > #0) =2(8H4) AHH) =o gp) SENN He) 2 5 Fay = (+i) @rn "wat = 45 therefore, (fog)(-1) = f(e(—)e'(-2) = (-9)2)170 Chapter 2 Derivatives 81. (@) y=mfa) > Lame) Bl =2ra)=2(8)=3 (b), y= f(s) +8(x) = =1'@) +8(@) = 2 ag 7108) +6'@) = 2845 (©) y= f(x) -8() af = fx)e'@) + a0)"() = 3 8G) + 8(8)"(8) = 3-5-+ (42) = 15-8 10), dy _ sb) faa), ay “Fat angen (9009 arog a =H) = & © y=K6@) = Z =H(@2)8@) = £0\(-8) = . = oye sama ©) ¥= (6)? + B= -26e(0))-2'@) = “ = =26(8))98'@) = -2(-4)4 +5 © y= (ey)? o@ = Flt)? 0) = 5 aD 0) y =((e))? + (e007 > 4 4( 609)? + (@63))?)""/ (at) (4) + 26(2)-8")) 1/2 = = Hoey? +(e?" (2H2¥@) + 26(2)8'@)) =f (82+) (2-8-42-2-(-9)) avr (a) ¥ = f(x) a(x) > = se) #1) = Z| =s¢a)-e'a) =5(— (&) ¥=£x)(0)* > B= 9) (a( (a(x))?e'(%)) + (@(a))?F%) =| sao 7 MO)(8(O))?8'(0) + (6(0)) (0) “oo @ y= = (als) + 1) =f) ) = (2) +1)" ~ f0)e'0) Orgy wo al +i? _ C440 (-9)-@(- ~ (4+ @ y=te@) > F= MeO’ = ¥ = Heine) =" (8) =(-$)(§)=-4 © y=stto) += e'cor@ +B] =e" =e’) =(-8)@)=- 9 y= HQ)? + Es a6 +169) (e+ A) > Z| = 20+) + FC) =-20+3)°(1-f)=(-3)(8)=Section 2.5 The Chain Rule 171 =£(0+8(0))(1+8(@)="0)(1+4) 33. $e BA, 68, With y=, we soul ge = for oth) and 4 2 pats Ba fiusox—35 9 a5; therefore, B= Bd B.5 =, as expected @)y=t+ho gq seek =(«=1)~ 0) = GAyE throne $= de eat. aL —1)?-. again as expect ot a ap an eet os. With y=12P, we stout ge x1/? for both (a) and (b): siven by y=2=(e-1) Sy =aet2—8 (8) v= se?() an the small valu the secant fonetin can have in -2 y'(0) feoe(§) 910) = =x. ‘The tangenta are perpendicula to each other atthe origin since the produet oftheir slopes is 58, 08 (0 2= tangent to y 2x at the origin is y eos 0 =} = tangent to y = sin(§) a the origin is (b) sin (mx) = y’ = m eos (mx) = y'(0) = cos 0 = m; y = -sin(%) > y’ = — 4h cos(K) 4, cos(0) =~. Since m-(~,) =1, the tangent lines are perpendicular at the origin. sy¥O=12. Chapter 2 Derivatives (©) y =sin(ms) = y’ =m coo(mx). The largest value cos (mx) can attain is 1 at x = 0 = the largest value y! can attain is|m| because |y"|=|m cos (mx) /m }eos maxi < 1m + ml. Also, y = —sin(3§) zd cos) <|ellcos()|< phy = the largest value y/ can attain is |. (2) y= sin (enx) = y’ = m cos(mx) = y'(0) =m > slope of curve at the origin ism. Als, sin (mx) completes m periods on [0,2]. Therefore the slope of the curve y = sin (mx) at the origin is the same as the number ‘of periods it completes on [0,2z]. In particular, fr large m, we can think of “compressing” the graph of y=sin x horizontally which gives more periods completed on [0,2z], but also increases the slope of the graph at the origin = y= ~ thr con() = L'1=| cos (2xbt) => v A sin (2nbt)(2xb) = —2nbA sin (2xbt). If we replace b with 2b to double the frequency, the velocity formula gives v = ~4zbA sin 4rbt) => doubling the frequency causes the velocity to double. Also v= —2xbA sin (2nbt) => a. 4n*b?A cos(2nbt). If we replace b with 2b in the acceleration formula, we get a = —16n7b?A cos (4bt) = doubling the frequency causes the acceleration to quadruple, Finally, a= —4720¥A cos(2rbt) = j = 98 82°0%A sin(2ebt). If we replace b with 2b in the jerk formula, we get j = 64%°*A sin 2ebt) => doubling the frequency multiplies the jerk by a factor of 8. 60. (a) y = 37 sin c= 101) +25 y= 1 on x — 101] (9) = FA con (x — 100 ‘The temperature is increasing the fastest when y’ is as large as possible. The largest value of con fg — 101) a1 and occurn when (x~101) = 0 x = 101 = on day 101 ofthe your (~ April 1, the erpertae i inereanng the faster (0) v(a01) = HE col 2101 ~101)]= 4 coe (0) = HE 004 F/y 14d? op va dt Ba 44M) = 20 444 6) 22044" MPoe an dt = P20 +4797) = 44H 6 63. ¥ proportional to Jp => v =F for some constant k = $3 = =-k bed ration is a const jimes 4, s0 a is proportional to 4 = gha tee (3) = ete cotati rapt A, Let $F =a). ‘Then, a = $Y = $8.8 = 2 (3) = (GR) 00) = (a) a) = 9)(0), a ried. ave Sint, {P= Fem ar tt = LE = oneer. 70. nl. . No, The chain rule says that when g is differentiable at 0 and fis differentiable at g(0), then fog Section 2.5 The Chain Rule 173 differentiable at 0. But the chain rule says nothing about what happens when g is not differentiable at 0 #0 there is no contradiction. The graph of y= (Fog) has horizontal tangent at x = 1 provided that (Foq)'(1) = 0 = f(g())e/1) = 0 = either (g(1)) = 0 or g/(1) = 0 (or both) = either the graph of f has a horizontal tangent at u = g(1), or the graph of g has a horizontal tangent at x = 1 (or both). (fog)'(-5) < 0 + P(g(—5)) -g'(—5) < 0 = £"(g(—5)) and g/(—5) are both nonzero and have opposite signs. ‘That is, either [P(g(—5)) >0 and /(—5) < 0] or [(g(-5)) <0 and g'(-5) > 0} 2x ‘Ash 0, the graph of y = 22 2+0) =: ‘approaches the graph of y = 2 cos 2x because sin 2(c-+h)—sin 2x _ g - fim, RPE Den OS = sin 2x) = 2 008 2x ‘Ash 0, the graph of approaches the graph of y = ~2x sin(x?) because ig salt mc conle) _ font) = 2x snl axe ey_ dy _dv/at _ pon 24 _ 202 cot). gp dy —p 5 (eon t=) $= con and $= 2 con 24-9 = at SeegrDine gan teen 2, = et =, 3n Se Tn tak sin t= V2 steodint ntact tty t= FMF, SE, Inthe it quran t= foe x= cin f= and youn 2(g)=1 (Yi > isthe point where the tangent line is horizontal. At the origin: x=0 and y = t=0>t=0ort=n andsin 2=0-> - # Fon Hc O and t = give the tangent lines at the fin. Tangs ti wtayomme S| =o yer174 Chapter 2 Derivatives y/at _ 3 cos 3 _ S(c08 2t cos t~ sin 2t sin t) = Gat Zeek ch) _8[(2 oe?) (con) 2 sin t on tin] (9 con (2 conte 1-2 sine) _ (3 co0 (4 os?t—3) ae ays ay 72, % = 2 cos 2 and GY = 3 cos at => SE 2(@ cox? —1) 2(2 cos't—1) ae eott-1y aoe Cer Need 9 5 acai or A cos4t-3=0; 8 c00 t= 0-9 t =F, SE and be, Te, Ue afox=sno(g)=-¥! os t= $98, 2F, ME. nthe to quadrant: t= + x=0in 2(f)= 4 cos?t $= 0 > cos t= andy 9()=1 (48.1) is the print where the graph asa horiontal tangent. At the orga: O and sin 34 = 0-9 = 0,8, mF and t= 0, 9E, m AF, SE 0 and t= a give = $0003 4 3 ana =PSSG= Boy = ds ana gy the tangent nr at he nin, Tangent atte og: $Y | Beos(8x) _ 208 (2) ~ dey 73. (a) aaiet (0) Sf = 1.27024 sin 24042444 sin 60.2566 sin 10+ 0.18166 sn At (©) The curve of y= 4f approximates y = 36 enya the bet when tis not ~1, — 0 nor x um (0) $b = 2.5464 cos (2) + 2.5464 co (1) + 2.5465 on (10) + 2.54004 cos(Idt) + 2.54048 con (180)Section 2.6 Implicit Differentiation © anyee 75-80. Example CAS commands: Maple: t > exp(t) = 0% > UF exp(-t) Blou(a(0, 90s aiff(0), 05 dx:= unapply(%,t); aiff), 05 dy:= unapply(%,t); ay(0) x) dydx:= unapply(¥t); aiff(dyax(),); simplify(): dy1:= unapply(%,t); ayl(9/éx(); a2ydx2:= unapply(%t)s tl ralf(d2ydx2(t0)}; 2 tanline:= t -> y(t0) + (dy(t0)/dx(t0))+(t —x(¢(0));, plot({{x(t), y(t), t = —1.2), [t, tanline(t), t=t0—1..t042)));, Clearly.) fab} = {o1 ypplt0] // Nv tanline[x_] = y[t0] + yp[t0]+(x—x[t0]) p2 = Plot{ tanlinelx}, (x,0,0.2} ] Show[ {pl.p2} ] 2.6 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION 1, yar! WoO 5/4 aye Veet ajo rn 2? we176 Chapter 2 Derivatives 3 10. uL 1 13 4. = = dy 7, 1/2 YaTVEF = 1040) 9 = fro = 9 = (16x) o> = Ba 64) 1-6) = 401 0) anes) y nba)” (Qe nan = REL yaxQ? tay? os y= (yt 41)? 4 00(-H) P18) = (02 41) 42)-24] (an? saV8 Oe eee ee Ca (2145)799) $f wan 2048)-) (9) 00972-40145) coe.) f9) = i= x(t)? 3 #0) = Maa) w(x) = 2(2-8/? 4:1) = (x) = Home (aye Har ear (0) = YRC) = (1-400 20) > W@) = 4 co 28)-29. (ain 20)-2 = Flin 201+ 008 2-99 xy + xy? sept: (xB 4y-2x)+(x2y4y?-1) 20 siep 2s x2 Ya rey = aay —y* Step 8: $2(s? + 2xy) = -2xy-y? ry+yt=xty: sep (aeSt +e) steps Mary YM ary siep 8: Bae+4y=1)=1-2y ay_ 1-2 Step: Harp oTSection 2.6 Implicit Differentiation 177 =3x? oy gyn 15. x8-xy ty? =1 = 3x? -y—x 4 dy? wy sox tlasy Ge 16. x%(x-y)? = Step 1: efe- ae 1-2) ee y)P(2x) = 2x — 2y Step 2: =202(x—y) $4 2y Y= 24 —25%e—y) —2x(n-y)? Step 3: [-2x%(x—y) +29] = 2x[1 —x(x—y) - @-¥))] dy _ 2x[1~ x(x) = (x~y)*] _ xf 1 x(x~y) = (x y)?7) _ x(1 x? + xy — x? + Day ~y?) Stepae $= lbnaeenn) ten 9] al a9) 9") PE a atom ay y= ME) Bye ay Xa + Ixy — xy? eet =1 dy _(x4+1)-(x-1)__ dy OP SEET Sa eeD aIP GTP Be, sta Gh Da aly anny + 0 bay 4xly! = ny! 2 (2+ Dy! = 1-3 By oy! = AD 1 19, x=tany + 1=(se0?y) 2 = P= costy oo etsiny aay 9 14 cory) Lay reds (cory-o Lay-1 2 Leadzty a1 we Y on ~y ~y =OaO va0)-oOs meaty [-sin(J)-(-1) Ge] +exe(J) 29 Ba 242 = Bsin( +27 con(})-2 aia(h) #2 coe(9)=2 0g Bt forty 2g 23, Mg ay JOM fel d= we yfen(})-o L 22, vo WNL Olesya? 8 ayaa 2A, 2/8 = $0?/ + $0914 ap SE 91/2 = 9-89 4 HMA BE = ON 4 HIS 4 AI178 Chapter 2 Derivatives =r c0s(s8) 25, sn (@) = foc (++0 $f) =0 > $0 cone = sem) > = FEUD = 5, cos (r6) £0 dy _(t+siné) 28. cos ++ co8 % “OFsnt Ong 23’ as 28) yr o y A/3(L g-2/9 us 1/3 4 LytB-4/3.. ¥ 1 +37 © 38 3B x1 , /eP42 241, guys yr g¥a teed! ye EY 28 dea y= MEP AEE, then yt aE TA! +1)? ex-ysy My! ta ylya1)e14 2 1 VF can 29, 2/F=x-y yy =1-y' a ¥(y Mai )a1 a & shah dierent the equation y'(y"¥/4 +1) =1 agin wo td "+ ¥(—fy-2P¥)) (9-4 a) =0 1 1 3/2 (x1 41) y= yt fy 9 2 2 yr 2 WL a 1 -—1 = yaya =—1_,-,15 2 ax! Pat) apAQVyry 20+ Va 2 1 , , ‘ yo me, By 30. xy +y? = 1 => xy’ +y + 2yy’ = 0 = xy! + 2yy! = -y > y'(x +2y) =-y oy’ F2y)) ax? ~y ~ («+ 2y)y! +9(1+2y") ~+20 [aan] +°(Gm)] _ Rye +9042) - 294] (x+2y) (x+2y)? (e+ Oy) = 2y(x+2y) ~2y? _ 2y? + 2xy _ 2y(x+9) TEBE FD) HD) 6 > 3x2 + Spy! =O = yy! = Bu? = 9! = we iferetiae yy! = 2? to find ys ey 4 x 2 =2x-2y(-%) -2n- ayit = Hayle »(-3) y ~ ax = yy! = -2e—2y[y']? > y"” =——p-Y4 2 ay aele.aSection 2.6 Implicit Differentiation 179 $4) <-y oy =o ‘ 2 S325 2d go 4-6 t, a dy/at () tx=1) ay 317 = 4 = oy? O60 SE = By = Ss tas = = = Fea at tate 28 -2@/h=4 3 822) 4-22)? = 4 xP dx 409 (R= 2)? 0 x= ey 2-2) enone aaa ° SI =16>y=8=y 1 Wife (6-viy""(-J"”) = MP abice Magee 1/8) ax dx_ 21, Bp ee Pee Pang 1 (idea He Belg TT HY 4 dy ove vit) Ee = = 25) eye, gp (WET) aye > (VET +g) amar VF 2 a festa) RAD aT = Rvitisy(Pesy ?seyrta(hy i) = ~yyVi- sy VF ay _eysar_\2VF0+D +2 a-Si ear) ste 0a x42? 209 x(1 42) <0 x= 0:t=0 143207?) =4v-4(4) OFT VCEDESONESS 2)41 1430)", 2 OFT +20) yf te y= 4 tet S|180 Chapter 2 Derivatives 36, sin toe =e xeorts Balen, tein t= wee xsin $x 21) and 2-1) oy 4 20 A 2 my Bay -2-2x 1 dy, 3)= dy __x+1 _, dy| = 2Q)-4")=2- me Past Ql ay 1 and (2.2) Sl(-a,-a) 8684 99P a a a) dt) 9 204) 242) aan (1-8) dele +92) + (eny) 3 P= EY) oD), a Woy (2 ay? = Boy(t+y)+e-y]= SRE) (0.0) ay and =1 Bla 30. Py ya 1 ety tay! —2yy!=0 = (x—2y)y! = Bey = yl = EY, ax (0) the slope of he tangent ine m = ==> the tangent line ny 9 = Fe ~2) > y= fx} 4429 po (b) the normal in is y= 3 = —4(=2) = y 40. xy? = 9 => Quy? 4 2x2yy! = 0 = x2yy! = —ay? = y! =F (a) the slope of the tangent line m= a yaat6 (b) the normal line is y—3=—}(x-+1) > y=—fx4§ =3(x+1) Hc.a) = Hl cay =3- Be tangent line in y— 41, hx —hy 1202 299 =2- 49! 2029 ly 2)" a2. yah: (a) the slope of the tangent line m 1 = the tangent line is y~1= =1(x-+2) => y ‘lean (©) the normal line is y=1=1(a42) 9 y= x48 42. 6x? + Sxy + 2y? + 1Ty —6 = 0 =p 12x + Sy + Sxy’ + Ay! +1 Ty’ = 0 = y'(Sx + 4y +17) yo c1x=3y oY = ae dys (@) the slope of the tangent line m 12x —3y ‘| =1x-3y| _¢ |eexo) = 3B]. =f the tangent ine ia y =$a4+0 syaheef (0 the normal inet y-0= cb) oy =—Fa-f