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    chapter by Tracy Devine Guzmán

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    43 views14 pages

    Counterfoundational Histories From Native Brazil

    Uploaded by

    tracylynned
    chapter by Tracy Devine Guzmán

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 14
    Morate, Mabel, Enique Dusel, and Carlos A. Jéuepul els, Oo Teniliny a Large: Latin Amerea a he Postoinia De Bate: Dam, N.C: Dk University Pres, 2008, Nelson, Diane M. Finger inthe Wound: Boy Plt in Quin: ‘centennial Guatemala, Berkeley: Univerty of Caloris Pras, 1999. Pe, Lig, ed. Memoria rebeldes contra oboe Paasantla ‘Daunbal TY Sortze'el Kul. Gaatemsl: AVANCSO, 2008 Ribeiro, Gustavo Lins. "Worl Anthropologce: Cosmopeltis fora ‘New Global Scenario in Anthropology” Critique of Anthro- ology 2.4 (December 2006): 363-286 Sabine, Cals. Guatemala, a historia silenclada (1049-1080). 2 "Vals, Guatemala: Fondo de Cultura Econdmea, 2007 Sal, Edward. Culture cd rere. NewYork: Knol 999. Sunnis, Javier Reseoldos del pasado: ennfictos cultures en so- ‘cidade postelonates. La Paz, Bolsa: Programa de In. ‘estgacn Estate en Bolivi, 2009. Sol, David. Rigoberta Mencia the Story ofall Poor Guate- ‘malas Boulder: Westview 998. ‘Stot-Chinebila, Norma. Nuestra uoplas: Myjoree guaemalte- ‘ens del igo 2X. Guatemala: Agropucién de Mujeres Tierra Viva, 1998, ‘Tonssig, Michael. Minesls and Alteriy. London: Rowtedge, 1988. Tedlock, Dennis, ens, Popol Vuh: The Dfitve Eton of The “Mayen Book of The Da of Life and Te Glories of Gods ‘and Kings, NewYork: Touchstone, 1096 Vineboum, Liss, “Holocaust Representation fom History to Post: Memory” Web. Nd. . ‘Couse-Fornariosa Huston Foo Nave Bava ‘Ow Viouznce ano 3H ASE OF MibOKY “racy Devine Gon University of Miami “Declare Our Colletive Death ad. hoy Us Al Right Here” In Oetober 20:2, an Indigenous community! of some 170 poop, bang just bees ordered to vaeate thelr ancestral ft the border stato Mato Grosso do Sul ang Beslge by agr-bush ‘ico theres tobe of nother clr re and sty pact ios ease than onsen ire Set mati ree at ey ye rin es and eat farmers santan open ete tothe Bran Ministry (of Juste. elt fom the ise Wethe Gara! Kal rm lo Ka wie tine You ‘our istscand dedi dds, ads upon ering tthe ‘er four xpusony the deal ats init We ne Sestand leary that he esison part the stration of ene ofthe igenons pope. We went mnie fvideat at ws have nal hops of ving with Sty a ‘toa lec om ou saint tery se Eno ey wll, Sh great grncraests ave brie Conscious of hie Eine Bi Speak te ulmination adie Feder unin Miry ot i dadar the ode ful eval ab expan, Lt to ‘etre outlive death, antsy sal eght bere Weak. ‘hat ou del ur etnton- and that onsen se ae {ors eto ig big hol nih oentomb our bod We five nother oton This ior Baal unntmons don before This etter was published onthe Interne, ain a mate of ays, went rl gers the county and aroun! te word forcing ‘treatin fom the Broan Minty of Susie and the Rational Indian Foundation (FUNAD—the sate’ ofa indigent bos, ‘which has never Been led by an indigenous pers and for nearly five decades has mosty bowed down to eens vsatlons of ae dligenousightsin ho nameof "progress and“development™ Dur ‘ngthe last decade of Worker’ Party ule th organization has boon ‘complicit in an onging series of ont-Native legislation intves Sand modernization projets, key among them, tbe construction of ‘he thle Tages hydroteti dam nthe word otherwise known sn Belo Monte, now urvdrway inthe Amazonian ste of ar ‘Accompanying the surge of pale indignation ower ths letter andthe elective discovery, for many, of human tragedy that as ben taking place in Mato Grosso do Sul and elsewbere) ‘noe lng before anyone bad an Internet connection, was the pd proliferation of «trend involving thousands of people azo the Aeniesing Sone ts ome (Ph at ey in hy country and around the world: the adalon ofthe words “Guarani aiovd to porcoal pros online —not unis thowe cd ot so cial medi ike Onkat and Facebook. nother wards, a eallective ‘eacton tothe hortor ofthe open ter, people fom various places fd walls fife some of whom had been intiately involved i Indigenous fe and poles for decades, and others who had never, ld them any attention whatsoever, added the "Guarani Kaiows {other ova names ina gesture of profes sliary, "Thar ate, ef eoure, many way ory to mak sense of the letter apd tho pu eacion tf nd T cones to having deny ised feingsabout te events of October 2012 and how the pce Surrounding them have continued to payout since. Nevertheless, toa longtime stent of indigens' polis end indigenous bistory ndealturlprodution, two particu line of interpretation stand ‘ut: On the ane hand, we might lok this series of events as ust fone nore example the Bran sates store comp inthe trcusion of ite Native peoples frm the national eonamanity and the national polity, andthe appropriation of Native sualteenity by ‘membersofthe dominant majority fr polialendsthat are mosly invlae to Native lives or veloc This poition would old lagi ew one certainly earroborted by the past—butal, pets ‘ps, undelyeynieal one, On the ther hand, we ght aaead shaasetoseethe unprecedented publ ottery ove the insti 0 Tong endured by Indigenous commontes of Mato Grosso do Sl ‘boat isdnoan pole snd “nies” ses or vanes ota ‘vert fn mite inert ety nr ad cece aa ‘Se (cps Bala and cde) Fo ty pupons, both rn faa i Se a aera oft ts nda hea oct dma rea easter InedeSoua ina, Um gran dep Slo ars Vins eto, andthe widespread relatively newfoond public interest in work ing in weys small ad laren suppor (or the very Testy no to the detriment oftheir calctive wel being, es evidence of «new «ta of national and transnational pole eonsiodsnes perp ‘yen social solar. Ther aromany reasons why, conigering he ‘lability of bat views Inthe lange historical an politi one {extat hand, Top forthe second one: Not east ste noo sil fac thatthe task of ehronieing slow and inevitable delet note sarily posts the ations of tose working to avo ta ot wih. ‘Sutmeaning, imately hopeless, and ths alway lead ae to and for isl In such an endelvor I wish perhaps unsurpes ingly to ake no part. othe, wat to make ofthis second possibility tbe pos- bil that spite tremendous ods and great obstacles, a postin: Agent polite i inaly onthe horn in Latin Amerc's ast ‘county, with @ national indigenous commanity competing Teas than ote half ne percent ofthe overall Brerilon population of Some 200 milion people? Let me back up and widen the sspe of the sary ola out how we have atved at this moment, what now at stake, and my sense mhalting and tentative one of what 'Wimight mean to people who find themes any thousands of nls aa rom Mato Grosso do St My cations aswer shat i ‘ns todo with sovecelgnty, with the inherent vance of ts domi ‘ant forms, and with the nod to consider i ne In ight of eur ‘hard humanity indeed ~es we might be tempted to Bellew on dav ays ike those of last Oetber 2012~ there i Ite ele that ‘we can share Indigenous peoples in Brarll and the Guarai-Kal= ‘in prticala emind ut once ain that the violent mans Ustons of dominant sovereignty thresten ot only thei Lives and lielioods but also the Integy of Brea silage democracy [Naive engagemeats with that vnlenes now and i the pats for ‘sto question thse dominant fora, sx wel asthe ms freer beng and reordng history —puricly, history tmagined ational, to parphrise Anderson through whieh the coins tobe privileged. The aesthetis of memory in contemporary Native discourses of sovereignty shen, tsi, anessentally olitia ‘one that cannot be uiderstood independent tom how heres inthe present Undoing Indians Hegemony Although it ame about inthe wake, over several years of hundreds of deaths by suicide among young indigenous joope tn Mato Grosso do Sul, the violent doclnation ofthe GuarentKaioe vd open letter ~the promise of ras suilde— reversed atleast ‘hetorcaly, the uneven power relations hat have contribute to the devastation of Native communities in Br ines the tenth century. By placing charge of thle ses and desthe~ nto tht ‘own hands the eters authors dee quick attention toa sitation of lang standing ets wl, tthe save tine, placing into ques tion the whitewashed lore of benevolent colons und pace rmisegenation that continues to inform and shape the ways domi ‘ant Brelian society peters wo imagine and porta se Indeed, faced wi the endusingcancalty of romanticized "Ins in dominant histories and cultural production, Native peoples have far decades worked to counter eal and uefa ersutes of ‘the foundational velence that has maniplated thet bodies, es, ‘and images since wel before the delaratlon of national indepe deacon 1822. From state-sponsored de-Inlanzation progam to the ongoing “development ofthe Amazon, the ftion of Bras ail democracy” has og manfred that lence, which ets ‘ona tlttered notion of tnenship that states Native peoples forever on the threshald of national Belonging, as prospective ct laersubjets who are inluded In the poly only by at of thei Derpetul exon (Agamben, Home Sacer 18; State of Eesption 291). Ul the approval of the 1988 (poxtdieatorship) Conti tion, it wasn ft, impossible for Naive peoples tobe bath Bre jn and indigenous, or the proces of aches liens meant “emancipation” tm the condition of one's "Indsnnes" md the rights pertaining thereto ~peebaps most importantly, the ight to liseon protected lands (Rats, ndigenism 80-81). Although outed by generations of hypernatonslis, fn sta governments aod representatives of thei oficial, ingest apparato a. painstakingly pac enterprise’ real and ajbolc ‘ilence has aay inhered inthe stats profering of Brin nest, stippng nda nd groups targeted by such endeavors, {Enotot th ives (rom dss of cont tht are nl ow bing eam, of tive Pines nin ine Tat themodfenzing disenrses and pices that have dodged Native peoples the Guan Kaiowt rm theteore sine the ot [aot Brant republican project have alo faction costly thelaocte thes fom te present either by condemning them 0 “Srcal utopias” of precolonisl esa (Varsa oa) or by ro Jecting the in fant fates of de-inlaized, mest oneness {hat ate sll fentimesinvoed asthe “Bra race” Whether Felegnted tothe pst an ts halts of “authenticity” o placed on thet tek to tna Belonging and neo rwsannes then, selcentiping ivigenous peoples have found the presomahy Simple venture of belng once and inhabiting the preset tobe ah, ‘usperatngy elaive gol Ti cast ths displaces, oth tsporal snd ply cal Bras most recent national census revealed a remartale and Wntroveril estoy nthe growth ofthe fal ingens om tintin: over the course of neal two decades, from 193 to 2010, {he numberof indigenous peoples across the county climbed fom ome 306,000 nds o 896,617 an Inte of ver 290%" ‘White the expansions for ths ncesse vary wid and are aden ‘ith confetng pola motives possble ate uch TTemendoos provi to reproduction lone, Chang perceptions of Indigent, sate legaton with regard to rac and ee dao Sifction, afrmative action poles, and, perhaps most signi an, a posites for sldenifestion among oss {faye bores tad teens npc The cosoquners of {hese changes for particular communes andthe national Nati population ea wale have ben mixed. On the one han, dat aby increasing population numbers and the recent bom in social ted have caulessd to heighten aarenes of indigenous popes Sndsome oftheir major, colecive coer fom eduoton and bent eae to intelectual propery sgh, land tentre, and env Conner Foundtlonal stk fom Nate Beall | 95, ronmental protetion— among cil society nd the national and Internationa! media. On the eer band, the state's lets devel opmental ssl along witha heightened eompetiton for pubic "sour, mean that non-traditional Native peoples, and particu Tal howe residing nanan ares, ar nrensngy wet sr tiny by seltappointl guardians of sutheniey” Thus faced with formidable networcf colonialist power — both naittoneland and afrmal~ Native inlets and ete ‘ss have had to act simultaneously on personal and pltcal rents to square two central arguments that might appear ireconleble at fee valu: Fis, tat within present-day articulations of indie ene there fan instrumental Kentifetnn and contin with the pas. Ad scond, hat presen Sndigenely Is neler fed in nor orient tusand the pst, ut ral, orwar-looking and ‘well rtd at navigating the exigencies of“progres” For wer ‘and educator Juvena Payay(emang others), thes wo clas are Inextreale, frase pts "[Resogoirng our clara egies the st stop [wel indigenous peoples need to tae in crdor to Keep fon existing” (39). Countering the old ingens desire to rupture [Native links toa ellctive story and earl ditional formas of ‘ie and shought,Payayé makes it clea that there sno way forward for Natve peoples as such inthe absence of thie Hinks and those forms, feral dominant coneetionsofine and oedema Dina "esc self and Other function pooely aif’ chle organizing prin dps fr those whose foremost ways belng and knowing ae, to the contzary, and according to Daniol Munduruly, “hoist, eae Jat, and] intoyral CA corrupt do conhesimiento ancestral” 29). ‘Comprising fraction ofthe Breen pepulton, itil. ly absent fom lea, state, and natonal governing bes, lacking roaming neces to puble institutions tnd mds of easton, and lealy sujet tothe tutlary power ofan indigent apparatas ‘Hat even inthe ay century is headed by non-Natves? Beal's n+ Saari ate Pirasfaemn steele byte Algo pope tae df cane of nce sores fo, selreprentation inthe public sphere. These coud tales hinder communist nt oly wit the no igen Ina, whos expemae to Native peoples sds aloes inl pr om combination of tenses ton and Glo 1, bat els among nds of indigcnos pecs speak: hundreds of diferent ngage” and ee sped ca ove ‘she and ders national etry tat puns fom te son leat yin the eres (So Paulette outenmst acco the Amazonian valforest (BCE, Conn demoynfc aro) light of ch ealenge, thea of Portuuece anf Signo hg te predation snd Gawain fd ‘eee forms of Nate eal! produto production thst anges ‘om las, ne media ad journai oreate wings ‘ship andthe tudst indy" have become nape to ike soa ed ar ‘Staite ey one Hepes ou of eh ra devi Foe eet ‘incl ox moka? Gees acne a eee ‘eri 1, tng te prope as made i ot, cig Inno eos cerwse On thin wisn casera ‘he nation-wide Bran indigenous movement at the projest ‘eal rresentation tore general. Uniting macho his ders body of work isn plitld actheis of memory —somelines ‘ndvdual, oftentimes collective thet grounds the production of ‘counte-oundational national histories by intereting indigenous Dlalosophios, clara prctes, and remembrances into render Ing of the pst tht ate stil hv burdened by Indians roman Ulam an is erasures and denial of the foundational lence of ‘dominant sovereleny Including through Betusion Like the Guareni-Kaiowd, longtime indigenous activist IM. Mareoe Tereon bi rom the border este of Bato Grosso do Sil here in 1954 he was bor into a commit (eee) elle ‘Tanay" He entered the puble sphere in the late seventies as a founding member of the Union of Indigenous Nations (Unik as Nagies Indigens) an onginiation that worked aginst eat odds to guarates forthe fst ie in nal story the Constitutional right to be smllaneosely indigenous and’ Bre- allan.” Over & vatied profesional trajectory, Teena worked ‘in various capaies to chip sway at th colonialist roation ship thatthe Bazan state initiated wit indigenous poples in the postindependence period and fstitusonaed one centre Inter throught indian Prtetion Service Alengse indigent ROUSE RU Mok fe eg « A a a GeWioocmeftaane) Se ae ital ret eens pg aon 498 | Tuy Devine Garman Intent art yt nea ge ssesrace eso mean Maes bby the dominant majority. esoteng = SS «nga ey ne ony enn rete ect chiki en ey dnetare genie nc yi a Ans ai eK esata, nos Kae ene {Rtn Home gar ad ea Syn SS ieee Scene stain an! io a Sole pearonmeceme ene ‘couster Foundational Histories rom Native Beal | 169 completo deny hisndasety or ever decade. To cremvent {ho estos ofthe or indian Stat, whch ator ali ‘Rgshon peoples ae seley compte before the a, Be a heen te misdntction s+ epanee” Tern). Toren sexerene at omen extra and exceeding Iycoumon. On the one and ene tee Native Brains {Sta ton of sive power in he tates ngs bare ‘Gacy ort any eel of goverment. Oa the eter and son eS wh th dey held onion tht ig indigenous is tree wth profesional aisag wor ad thos uns Hie te demands of clio” i ptomies the comin ‘einige in Berl at the ott tho now maileani {hse hs eapercnce spe to tat of alone wordide who Zils the preepton tt lndnanes" Is serehing one must Shandon or overcome to dsr the al ight of atonal blo igor fll uae olen oder ce “Fhe spin of terete indigenons tznsh tnd out Bands 1073 Indian Sata and sequent indies [eek rail wat hooper Clog Agamben, aing on eee of Crt Smt, toed ox he ste of pti the Editon, marked by perp lees, hough whlch a0 “a Site mun fh incled te state's ura order reels {rough his permanent codon flxlston rom that der. Con ‘Wier ts ton in ight ofthe coe at and, we ght sy that ite tndes non rl est an imaged” ation a itgtpoltcal onder has vay bon contingent pete, caer eta fered cophemistealy ia centu's worth eEBtchodked indent doae wth cs Hie “neo-lien Sage Seen Brinnon lsetsoled, anendigenoas sehtinaton was weakened by the 1988 constitutions povso thar Nae peoples would no lng ve to eas eg Tins {hirer ls tobe Br nthe ee ote tte Bu the fora [Stee of ectensly sre “proren™ poles has bal ne ‘ieapct cathe eens art and lence that til ane ‘7 Tatoo bend aqua th htm poplin une scene pt ee Freee OF Consist dl i dade deus sud under th stat’ indigent practice inthe twenyfstcen- ‘The:988 Consttton, for instance called fo the demare- tion of national indigenous tetris within ive years. Now me than u quertercenary ater, the promise hat nat been met nad scrocs the country Native peoples ike th Gasrant Kaw nd themes nesses." Dts wie ated scersin achieving economic growth atid poverty edcon du Fooet years of Worker's Paty governs the clive stualos findigeaos poopes resins dismal ord. The embrace of age, brsines and the real of dicatorship-es development prj resent major hres to indigenous lives and ivehoods Scone they present, among other things, x major ttt indigenes Jans ining ands tht are already suposed tbe protected = “The hmedpis of Bra’ tweny-ist cent clon iy the Belo Monte hydocectrc dtm, fet proposed fs construction Sn the sate of Pak ring the so70 bythe alitary goverment ‘who called her project "Kartal ma name appropri mm tis apap people who, with haunting cehoes of he Gursn-Rakw, pledged ther Hves to stop Ie uri the deade that lowed ‘oassve outouringy of indigenous, tational, and international ‘protest freed the rpme to shelve fis plans to divert the flow af ‘he Xingu River and food Native and vesbed comsmuntio” ae= tonsa rice ngued wos erp the ea fishing indy, de. stroy rae plant and atl spetes, polite the enveonmeny ih ‘methine ga, and bring tthe reson thousnds of migrant ai ested aio ems op Uae ry emo de ool et vo woul subsaety hav no place tlie wor Arguments cand the new logy lee psd Bolo Monts no our deur inthe worte~ mete sume objections and fvave, once Zan, asa ofnigenou, toa aod international ora ‘oes contin elt by the ft atthe dan pret ‘olumge th brn cof milla catnip Bt the pt pe ‘of eat wax ani 2013 «popula aad nomial “progres * Clearly such “peogress” benefits some at the expense of ath- es Indgens atv began stenting th oposton {o Bel nt rag the ao. enenry of aate-acked igen isa acters tax not only prela tht comm tim but noon ayo ofall ne wag ith atonal penis yells, the development gas a Worker Party and the sats Entre o ob capita insome otto etorng as. Native att ist Kalngang hence reminds hat he plead [tin Bra eben ~alongse the oie ight —arlentess {cobs of Nate popes Wt Kindo progen dos this ys {Tei triton want for x he sta "We Delve {fs adlnsten, ny of pul the pope in pow and tov they hve come out punt (Crgin)- Te rages on thehortaon a however, ust ovt Belo Mone th hundreds ‘Holker moderation pete wore oon he bok. They Sh tie tn eget pao ow to kep Nave way of lag teow and enenbering alte ate ee of sate oponsre deveopset agen tat ha bon ard in varous ema fr ary bo centre and bas oly ela eet mrp no the ccleratd Growth Program Programa de Aclerag do Ce client, or PAC). Taigenous pola leaders and acs who share with Marcos Teena and Kv Kagang the dese er meaning op Setenfation and particpation i stat polis dow fom wins lube bina ning tht any tevetion thy mak tat spe female agant great oe and st gat cot rete tome degree the erasures excisions, an delmaation th have characterized the Indlgenone state natin cnc x setion" Tl efforts to partlpate in national germane ad {nteroational pla bis dost these cumstances might be famed a the least-worst option sale to india and com ‘munis whose maj of bein. knowing, and remembering aren "sk of dlsapearing Or they might be the goundwor for en Point alt. nine pal hn Dafoe Feminds us that “the relationship beeen [dndignous ppl] ‘nd th. goverament i ‘plea, not maths he rane phrases John Raw). “Tatives most se a fnegs language oer lain the content of their its" he goes on, “hee tomy Sout shaping its pilnopicl wert aod agape nites ‘hat enor the dcisons eeated by these disounc, Way? he wynders and then nseris wn urea Loran Tes arabe; Ral). ‘But wha does this survival man, wo must ask thinking astclarly ofthe Guaran-Kaow~ for inowe implied dre in such debates? What ithe desirable horn of tatesndgenss ‘sletons? What cn we conde efetingon x entuy of see backed indigenism, aout the mlatonsip beiweca Indigent representation, and belonging? Une any ef he eounerpess ‘Sewhre inthe Ames indnous cadens els ware andar in Grrl contin to work for suvalin predominant atonal tern reoesng te oportanis fr sa repreent tion that are afore by thee double bn even a ne wor to Joes themslies frm tA the sa time, ey paste a intentving dialogue about indgenone iis ta extends beyond national borders and tums the premise ofa trational indigent cost Fonda ares fom Naive Bl | 365, ols representation through sate tela, o a Agamben mains enon i Te arate sovereignty clan expected trough er neton of lil, xing ong. ae ong, bog od ee fevingdesibie Comune of dining state and ‘hroniing the pet and indeod ring ne meaning tthe concept a brnatnes el ‘The Violent Brasures of Sovereignty Sovereignty in the post Westphalian tain his complex nd, of ore, tl folding history tha esi for ase purpses ‘ith the 2499 Inter eatera the papal bull signed by Alexander Vito dim American ferrite forthe Spanish monary and Jess into the welt century, with hosts af unsettled Ne tive land claims from Maine to Oaxaca tothe Ptagonia, nd anal ilo tothe pope by indigenous groupe worlwide o repudiate the Chur’ comply intl historical subjugation. Where the prevallligconeep of mson-tats rests on “Baropeen model po Iitcal and socal ganization whose dominatt defining eharacte= [sts ae exsushity oferta domain sind earch, cete ned euthority” lege scolar James Any points out, “ndigenous peoples. have organize primarily through Kinship tis and decen {lied politcal ertures with shared or verlag spheres o ‘contol (1g). Domlaant (Westea) notions of sovereanty Us un ‘counter to the tradions, needs, nd interests of man sol doatiy tng Native peoples and have been employed historically by state ae tors to thelr detsiment ~most often through let meats and, as ‘we ae nove reminded constantly hy the Grei-Kaws with tal ‘consequences In Weber's classe frmlition, the sovereign sate ‘Sefend the we ofthe vslence deemed "neceary” forts preserva tion, and that preservation in urn, undorgeds the state's ability find right” to tse sch violence wl legitimacy, whether against ‘ther states raga sow subjects (8-81). The necessary vo Tenee of dominant sovereignty hance reproduces the conditions of fisown aces, and tows who flo reno the lesa of ‘ch vllenee, oto aacept the corllary clini that “it sno ee that good ea fellow onl rom good, and ev only fom el!” redoced, in Weber view to pola “nfaney” (29) ‘vehicle forthe “capitalist axiomatic" and the inevitable homogeni- ‘Counter Foundations istrefi Nate Bra | 5 vied” ringos ofthe national community, ther tobe gnored.as Srelvant or Seized nto seed "oserization”initives, Ne te wage of eins knowing, and remembering could hod a placa thecenter oe "ve social and pata reality” (Alfred 3). What Ifodigenoas eprsertatns ofthe pat eld be, as aoe scholar Linda Taha! Sth propose, means of “healing and transform tion (46) fr Native peoples in he present raher tha fodder for {hots continued fltoration, myaeabon, end erasure vis-a-vis {he domipant majority aad ite prevailing hstoical nacatives? Native Critiques of Sovereignty ‘ative itll Bra (and elsewhere) have proposed numero pllesnphil and politcal altemalives to the lent tromkings of the sovereignty that ress atthe heart of dominant pots Wile these proposals ore specific to particular times and ces, common ground continveso expand thorough indigenous onindigenoas Tegal and pols! collaboration at national and Jnernational levels. Although the 2007 United Nations Deda tion on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples makes no statement with egatd to soverelgnty other than to rat that of the signatory Rule nine of the Delaratlonsforg-ak artes (8, 10, 25-30, ‘31 upld Native rights with referenoe to Uaditona lads, tr ‘ites and esourees”poatng to te centrality of land rights to Indigenous politcal inaties werldvide alike dominant rendering of sovereignty, which are de rived from a eoonlls imple, grounded in stores of vclence, {nd sustained hy the avert or ipl threat of ational viclence, lntemporay indigenous notions of sovereigaty stem from a asie ‘unspleof mutual respect toa-enerve forms of authority, and {he comvition that human socety end he ntarl word et co {rissa partecship where value expressed in tormsoffongevity End equiftovinm rather than extraction, surplus or prt. As Mo fw tears Tine Aled pts it Uo "pray goal ofa (ad Sioa indigenous economy are the sais ofthe crt nd the heath and wellbeing of ha people” 46). One aleatine to Soverloy a neces “lent prodticn™" a socal co Stroction representing the rnevtable rump of some ens oes others eal, a“nonnts”ine ope at bas famevorks of soxsene by acknowllsig te cot ond antnamy oe constivent Gemets ofthe radon Give 46, my empl). These penile sonst wt Ee expreied by Notve atts and schon ral who ae ao ‘tuned ina two red steal forte demarcation indigenous {errand egal epresenttion vedo the tte. “That th Todam problem” isa problem telnet Cares fardtegal wot famous ini Sate ensayo (928) la he ery twentieth century, Inde sl he eas though not only forthe esoos be inagiad when contenplting the argency of gare sl pit refers a he Andes, Yetconenporsy ia ‘uous hort rl abate vith he father of Pen cis Satiqueteaptali modes of produstion land ile, au ate labor As Mate ognize ptt ane sng Usa pers af FUNAL lander and nator indo ply, te Tala tan, and rom it cannot be separ (AIR, “Quem Somes") The ihren nth nero fl: On th re ay {ul valate the dangerous common perception ha sn ad Stee “postraditoal” Native peoples to somehow ls nie uous has hr ountesparts vein ae, more cane areas" Oa theiher os sper Nasve eae the intrest and sabeoming ts aes intrss nt com Deting dsenurses of xvronmentl proton end developmen thas longheen the cs, of cour tat or any nuns f| reasons, some poole choos to dcasoitethemscve om Aigenons wns of ie sad ie thelr communis indent. But those who do selanify with inigncy inp termo, tars hrs and how theyre and wor, do tend topos theland and it protection some in eas ote saexe omen terms of the enronments some who argc both poston and see them at nde rc this esoiaton poses ay ages {orving iter-Anercan and global indigenous movements and Serves ts one comion grou forthe indgenus/ otic allanecs that wil continue to be neessry if those movement re to poet inigeieyito te ture asa orm of sential, 2 plies, rane of whi non-Natves might also pata, Tn an efoe to offre manned peroetans of his om many and attoduce non Native adinom to base tenets of Ter- hu pital, relgogrseholrUlo Palva Flores underscores the alversty among the indigenous peoples Uving inside Bratian borders and emphases the varying degrees to whic they have braced dominant eights frts and partly, Chisaniy) ‘bd melded them ith Native lcs and practices. Te emphasis {he importance of woekiag toward a harmonious relationship with, the natural exvironment and observes that, "his pace isi ‘eosingly lecovered andi by. [non Naive] peoples” (Fores ‘5: 2009) Crain, one doesnot have to Ive in oF near Amazonia oer to espeat the ent, but it in the forests, in vers, ad Slongsie the animals Flores suggest, tht indigent peoples Teplenish thei drenins and constr thelr tops fo bring about ‘memony between lumans and nature so tht they ean develop ‘no one sole lng” (256). Sah harmony nis wew, regres ‘and produces ocal sustainability and ula: Compl ode snot ies (etl mlb I soe, 1 sf thal pune of compamentac, elle] osdentl poe ln, whch eels) agai nt comet te (har smeone ha fo win From ht kd of dan] ak Inger te chen of satan hat abn ro isnot ‘Govgit Woot the average betwee besten ad Ilo thee osu? and som wha Go) Flores eso to explain othe alae at workin the mat- tural word la exit eal, nthe bisa ori,Uhsansform lng human quale ad experiences nto an undiided continu father tha a sti of opporing fore and interest hat can ony Ibefoldad nt eae a er-sum game and eaaed atone another's expense: "The eens fr the eof god ea aman endensy The nt comes twit rei Te dea pst rts on th bounds whee one ade ad he ter begs ‘geno hug il fect cade wiboa t woul tutored oben inthe other eto on tel cass there wold fe no such sae "Blne" wold tot be esse cam everything molded Be on jst the ae, Wii easter 40) te ocher Indigenous atts and intllectuls fn Bra, then, Foes suggests tet the nevis connectedness of ua experience makes social enmity nonsense, for to harm thesis ‘harm anes Resoel consider, on the other hand, sa ‘soca cultural, and pote duty without whieh community sa abstract conenpt g meannglss, abd eommaity axa Hived prose ‘wllavaj be destined to fale As Aled wes: “ingemous co ‘pions and the poles that flo from thera alta na tangible ‘vay the dstintion betwen various pltcal cammunites and eon {alnan imperative of expect ht rectus he need for bomogen- sation" 4B). Without the assimilate impale” of Wester savers ‘lgnty, oexstance canbe abieted without volenoe andthe ‘ole host of politely socal and cata structures throug ‘which olenceis eter realizado held in abeyance sa hegemonic Impulse toward compulsory coesion. Fores proposal reoaates witha belie broadly hold and areulstd strategy by Native Bras that sf and Other are inextricably bound, ad that adr to rethink dominant sovereignty to achieve peace among ‘nan commis, end between mankind and the matte we, indigenous kncledge must be acknowledged as much more han “altura artifact” (fed 40). A Political Aesthetics of Memory eter and utvst ae Potiguar, who found the Gri- po de Malheres Incigena in 3979 ant patpated fn the des Sons tat culminated inthe UN, Declaration on the Rights fle AigenousPeopic, has been atthe forefront of thie native, Het ‘flrs exemplly how creative cllural prodetion has become ‘ital mechani through which Native Brains are working to Feshape meinsream pital debates, think the pas, nd emake the national imaginary oa more democrat er Isl ive het th last word. Inher 2005 book, Meta cara, metade miscare,Potiguara Snterperses historical narrative, pital commentary, and paley stagestions with shor stores and pty. Amthieal Native couple, ‘Cimhata{ and Jurupiranga, appeals at sveral junctures in the text ous oanatin ise om athe Bre | 60 sarod athe roxas fines ses in atin om ‘ep and wedetng ofthe pst. the penlimate caper, Frovsga cylin sent fi rter whoa bee eve tier eb fom ey long se: Recs era nour vall ad sande fp Se acne lage Seed es ise sapanis wg forthe Jess Mates in an aoa cars He et Sei eee eles oe len de oy Zaventem cane wow an tex a at yan i othe apo the arm Sins Enh Dey Penh, rn, ote ene Be See mel troup preps ie He th he went dene eda: ae, sa ees emacs etre rane wih ise, ait enemies He bad reise, et nis oman onreba alta sceond line 70) rea prot ise at eam sera oc ct eS sey chine wee ees ne Cision at Soe teen nas guises am ‘And so in Jarupiranga's dear —and for now only here Potiguats can reslze the alleratve sovereignty claims through hich tris Nave peoples are empowered vies the domi Zant ect inthe reins of elton ate, loopy ole Caton aw cd polls by a-engthenng a en af Wigs through whic pst and tury tavon and moray pea ‘ny elf and Other cess fr the meng of nds a ‘onindigenous peoples lke Future's policed asthe of memory may om serativein ight ofthe challenge ced ody hy Neti role Bra Buter dev to cone the vale induces oo ceo reframe and confor thse ehllenges nt ae ‘elton. The lsh she pues before tna o eet prophesy in pol a ithee were some single erent Eetren te hat ea the pol and unis the pasha shape om prspehes tht ae here tnd see aha ints hpennic sane tere Rotgur' work resonates wih at Nate communes ey {he American who pel ws to understand tats as Tuer ps nlm eof deranged rear hs sul ofall people (27) And departing oats pretcg ve ‘ght wl appreciate Kenealon i aos {idea or ane mht wa arte especially on the darkest of days, to think that we all are, indecd, ‘Guarani-Kaiows, " = iiography Acsnpananto Reluciso Inditna (AN), “Quem somos Web, chin sameeren Sages poteam>. ae Aanben, Gogo. Homo Sacer re 998 ~ Se of Bein, Chg: Unive of hin Pes, 00 Alo, Tasik. "Sovereign" ret.” Saereigty Mater. i oune Borer: Lino aie of Nera as ai tort Ox Unery Pre 2004, tel Ha Anal, Goris. Borderlandy/La Frontera al Sab Francis co: Aunt Lit, 2007 Stanford: Stanford Univerty count Fondo Historie om Native Bro | 37 Arguesas, Jot Mara °No saan sculturad." Lina, October 968 ‘Bl zonro de aorba'y ol oro de bajo. Lia: Horio 088.194 = Los os profes. Mads Citar, 1995 =: ELrorro de arriba el zorr de abajo. Lima: Horizonte, 988, Barnhart Rand A, O.Kawagly. “Indigenous Knowledge Systems fu Alas Native Ways of Knowing” Anthropology ad ‘Baton Quarterly 362 (2005) 823 ‘Cenqeira,Ceytenne “A Ina fo contra Belo Monte" Con= Selo Tndigesea Mssondro, 10 August 2010. Web. Ni “hy: cmongbe tee Ctra, Leda Rita ed. Esertos inden: wna antolgia Sto Pa n altoraCamiahos, 2013, Davis Shelton H. Viens ofthe Miracle, Cambridge: Cambs ‘Univer Pres [1977] 2009. Delia, Vine, Jr Pilosophy snd the Toba oops" American ‘indir Thought. Bl Anne Waters. New York: Blachvel 2005 34 Deleae, Gilles and Félix Guatiae. A Thousand Pateaus: Copia: “am and Schizophrenia, Trans. Brian Mass Minntapo Tis: University of Minot Poss, 1987. Devine Guemin, Tac. Native an National: Indigent After In- dependence Capel Hil: UNC Press, 2033 ‘Weking ndigenows Activia in Bri.” A Contracoriente 10.3 (2012): 280-309. -Rimanakay °86 and other Mellons of National Dialogue in ers” Latin Americana §. (2009): 75-97. ‘Gomes, Mérco, The din and Bra. Trans. J.W. Moon. Gaines Vil, FL: University Pres of Florida, 2000. —0 indo na istria, Petrol: Vous, 2002. lore, Lio Paiva, doradores do so: Petropolis Vous, 2003, "Cultura ea ex-eultur.”Sol do pensamento. Ed Hane Potigut~ a: Tubrapi / Gri, 2005, 30°32 So Carfld, Seth, Indigenous Srugle at the Heart of Braz, Dus Tams Duke University Press, 200% Guin, rau “Utertura nga no Dsl cotemporine tox ‘nus question em nbena” Bdcagao «ngage 1 nse 0 Tinga 5 (8) earn, Kly. “The Bags Movement.” The Nation, 19 Jy 20 ‘Web. Nid. . " Menming, Job. Dif You Must: Brat nonin he Toei th Centr London: acrlan 009 {BE “2010 Census” Web, Na hp/sadcinprens bye -br/en/noticias?view=noticiadid=1&idnoticia~2i94>. 7 ~: Conso demoarifin sro. Web, Na, , ue = 0s indies 20 Cens0Derogrico 2010, pret onside agi Web. Na hip feng or ngna i ‘digena_censo2o.0.pdf>. 7 Inaindo Sucioanbientl Web. NA

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