TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TPHCM

KHOA K THUT HA HC
B MN CNG NGH THC PHM

BI TP MN SINH HC

CHU
TRNH
DINH
DN
G

H V TN: NGUYN KHNH VY

LP: KTTP15
GVHD: TN N MINH NGUYT

TP H CH MINH, 11/2016

Li m u
Chu trnh sinh a ho hay cc chu trnh dinh dng l chu trnh trao i cc cht trong t nhin:
cc cht t mi trng ngoi vo c th, qua cc bc dinh dng ri t c th sinh vt truyn tr
li mi trng. Mt chu trnh sinh a ho gm c cc phn: tng hp cc cht, tun hon vt
cht trong t nhin, phn gii v lng ng mt phn vt cht trong t, nc.
Trong t nhin c n 17 nguyn t quan trng, nhng 5 nguyn t thit yu, tham gia nhiu nht
vo qu trnh cu thnh nn c th sinh vt chnh l C, H, O, N, P, S nn chng ta s tm hiu v 6
chu trnh bao gm: chu trnh cacbon, chu trnh nito, chu trnh oxy, chu trnh lu hunh, chu trnh
photpho v chu trnh nc, cng vi nhng nh hng ca tng nguyn t i vi mi trng
hin nay.

MC LC
Chng 1.

Khi nim................................................................................................... 4

1.1.

Chu trnh dinh dng............................................................................................ 4

1.2.

Chu trnh sinh a ha........................................................................................... 4

Chng 2.

Cc chu trnh dinh dng v cc vn lin quan..............................................4

2.1.

Chu trnh cacbon................................................................................................. 4

2.2.

Chu trnh oxy...................................................................................................... 7

2.3.

Chu trnh nito..................................................................................................... 9

2.3.1.

C nh nito:................................................................................................ 9

2.3.2.

Nitrat ha:................................................................................................. 10

2.3.3.

Phn hy nitrit:........................................................................................... 11

2.4.

Chu trnh lu hunh............................................................................................ 11

2.5.

Chu trnh photpho.............................................................................................. 13

2.6.

Chu trnh nc.................................................................................................. 15

TI LIU THAM KHO................................................................................................. 18

DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh 2.1 Chui thc n minh ha chu trnh cacbon.....................................................................4
Hnh 2.2 Chu trnh cacbon trong t nhin.....................................................................................4
Hnh 2.3 Chu trnh oxy...................................................................................................................7
Hnh 2.4 Chu trnh nito...................................................................................................................8
Hnh 2.5 Chu trnh lu hunh [6]................................................................................................11
Hnh 2.6 Chu trnh photpho [8]..................................................................................................13
Hnh 2.7 Vng tun hon nc trong t nhin [10]...................................................................15

DANH MC BNG
Bng 1 Nng CO2 v nh hng n sc khe con ngi..........................................................5

Chng 1. Khi nim

1.1.

Chu trnh dinh dng

Thc vt tng hp hydratcacbon trc tip t kh cacbon dioxide, nc, cc khong cht
tan trong t v nc to ra cc t bo ca mnh. ng vt n c s dng cc cht hu c do
thc vt tng hp. ng vt n tht s dng ng vt n c lm thc n. Tt c thc n tha, xc
cht ca ng thc vt c vi khun v nm phn hy thnh cc hp cht n gin lm cht
dinh dng cho thc vt. Cc cht dinh dng theo chu trnh tun hon trn chuyn vn t t,
nc, khng kh, t v cc c th sng nh ngun nng lng c cung cp t mt tri.
gi l Chu trnh dinh dng.
Trong thnh phn ca t bo sng c mt hu ht cc nguyn t ho hc quan trng ca
sinh quyn. Hm lng ca cc nguyn t ho hc cha trong cc t bo sng sp xp theo trt t
t cao xung thp nh sau: C - H - O - N - P - Ca - Cl- Cu- Fe- Mg- K- Na- S- Al- B- Br- Cr- CoF- Ga- I- Mn- Mo- Se- Si- Sn- Ti- V- Zn. Nng ca cc nguyn t trn trong cc loi sinh vt
thay i, ph thuc vo tng loi v c im mi trng sng ca cc c th. [1]
1.2.

Chu trnh sinh a ha

Nng lng nh sng Mt Tri c chuyn i sang nng lng ha hc c lu tr,
sau n chuyn qua mc dinh dng khc v cui cng th mt vo kh quyn di dng nhit.
Nng lng lun chuyn theo cng mt hng nn n nh ca mt h sinh thi s ph thuc
vo ngun nng lng u vo. i nghch vi iu , cc nguyn t sinh hc m to ra vt cht
sng b gii hn v s lng v khng c lin tc ti np b sung t ngun bn ngoi. Ni
chung cc cht c ti tun hon tc l cc ch ha hc c bn tch ra khi c th sinh vt
cht v c dng li cho s sng khc.
Tt c cc nguyn t sinh hc th hin chu trnh t nhin c tn l chu trnh sinh a ha
bao gm pha sinh hc, trong mt nguyn t no c c nh vo trong c th sng di
dng hp cht hu c, v pha v sinh trong to ra thnh phn mi trng v sinh. Mc ti
tun hon ph thuc vo loi nguyn t c ph bit t hay nhiu trong sinh quyn, v phng
php m theo chng c dng bi sinh vt. [2]
y s i c th vo chu trnh cacbon, oxy, nito, sunphua v photpho cng nh nc.

Chng 1. Cc chu trnh dinh dng v cc vn lin quan

1.1.
Chu trnh cacbon
Cacbon to ra 18% vt cht sng nhng t hn trong mi trng v sinh. Ngun chnh
cacbon cho sinh vt di dng CO2 thu c t khng kh hay ha tan trong nc.
C th xt chu trnh dinh dng c th nh sau:

Hnh 2.1 Chui thc n minh ha chu trnh cacbon

Tuy dng d tr cacbon rt phong ph v a dng (t than , du m, CaCO 3), trong kh
quyn hm lng CO2 ch vo khong 0.03%. Tuy nhin cacbon li ch i vo chu trnh duy nht
di dng CO2.
Pha sinh hc ca chu trnh: bt u t gia on cacbon i vo sinh vt di dng CO 2 qua
qu trnh quang hp ca sinh vt t dng, thc vt, vi khun lam, to sau tng hp thnh cc
hp cht hu c c cha cacbon. Tip n cc sinh vt n thc vt (c th y l chu chu),
tip tc con ng ca cacbon trong chu trnh, v tip tc c truyn qua chui thc n (ch
rn).
Pha v sinh ca chu trnh: khi cc sinh vt cha cc hp cht c cacbon, v d trong chui
thc n ny, khi rn cht i v c vi sinh vt phn gii thnh cc hp cht v c v tr v mi
trng di dng cacbon
Bn cnh , CO2 cn c tr li kh quyn qua qu trnh h hp ca sinh vt. Tuy vy,
khng phi mi cacbon c nh c tun hon li bng cch ny. Ni thiu oxy nh tng t
cht hay y h su, cc cht hu c thng c tch t li. Chng dn dn trm lng hu c v
dn to nn nhin liu lng t nh than, kh
thin nhin v du m.
Trong t nhin, cacbon cn c tr
li mi trng t nhin thng qua qu trnh
chy ca vt cht hu c. Vic t chy cc
nhin liu ha thch nh than, cc sn phm
t du m v kh t nhin gii phng cacbon
lu tr trong a quyn t hng triu nm
qua. Vic t chy cc nhin liu nng
nghip cng gii phng CO2 ch c lu
gi trong vi thng hay vi nm. Cc v
phun tro ni la v bin cht gii phng cc
kh vo kh quyn.
Trong nhng nm gn y mt lng
ln nhin liu lng t l dng cacbon c
dn tr t cc h sinh thi c y, c
mang ra t chy v nhu cu nng lng.
Dn n s tng ng k CO 2 trong kh
quyn. Chnh iu ny dn n s tng
Hnh 2.2 Chu trnh cacbon trong t nhin [11]
5

CO2 ha tan trong i dng, c n 50% CO2 t cuc cch mng cng nghip ha tan vo i
dng, cc sinh vt c v b gim, nh hng n chui thc n trong t nhin.
Ngoi nhng nh hng n mi trng bn ngoi, nng kh CO 2 tng cao cng nh
hng trc tip n sc khe con ngi. Di y trnh by mc nh hng ca CO 2 theo
nng ca n trong khng kh. Theo bng
Hnh 2.2: Chu trnh cacbon trong t nhin
ny khi nng CO2 trong khng kh chim
0,5% theo th tch l c th gy nguy him
cho con ngi. Nng cho php ca CO 2
trong khng kh thng ly l 0,15% theo
th tch. [3]
Bng 1 Nng CO2 v nh hng n sc
khe con ngi
Nng CO2 % th tch

Mc nh hng
Chp nhn c ngay c khi c nhiu
0.07
ngi trong phng
Nng cho php trong trng hp
0.10
thng thng
Nng cho php khi dng tnh ton
0.15
thng gi
0.20 0.50
Tng i nguy him
0.50
Nguy him
H thn kinh b kch thch gy ra th
su v nhp th gia tng. Nu ht th trong
45
mi trng ny ko di c th gy ran guy
him.
Nu th trong mi trng ny ko di
8
10 pht th mt bng v au u
Ht sc nguy him c th dn n t
18 hoc ln hn
vong
Mt iu ng quan tm khc chnh l hiu ng nh knh, hiu ng xy ra khi nng lng
bc x ca tia sng mt tri, xuyn qua cc ca s hoc mi nh bng knh, c hp th v phn
tn tr li thnh nhit lng cho bu khng gian bn trong, dn n vic si m ton b khng
gian bn trong ch khng phi ch nhng ch c chiu sng, ang gy nn s m ln ton
cu, lm tan bng cc cc.
Nu trong thin nin k trc y, hm lng CO 2 trong kh quyn vn cn bng mc
280 ppm, th hm lng ny tng nhanh, ln mc 360ppm vo nm 2001, 380 trong nm
2004, 383 nm 2007. Theo C quan Nng lng Quc t AIE, t y n nm 2050, vic thi kh
CO2 s tng 130%. Theo c tnh ca IPCC, mc kh thi nh th s ln n 900 ppm, cao
gp i hm lng khng c vt qu. Ni cch khc, cuc sng ca chng ta ty thuc vo
lng ppm ca cc loi kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh, CO 2 cng nh nhng kh khc m gii
khoa hc cn gi l CO2 tng ng.
trnh thm ho cho hnh tinh do kh hu nng ln, mt vin nh, m theo nhiu ngi
c th din ra vo cui th k ny, nu chng ta tip tc thi kh gy hiu ng nh knh nh hin
nay. cu vt hnh tinh, cc nh khoa hc ku gi gii hn mc kh thi CO 2 trong khng kh
mc 450ppm t y n nm 2050. C nh th mi hy vng nhit tri t ch nng ln 2
m thi, v nu vt qu nhit ny hnh tinh s chi nhng hu qu tht gh gm. [4]
6

Chnh nhng nh hng nghim trng ca hiu ng nh knh ni chung, v lng CO 2 d

tha trong kh quyn ni ring, cn thit phi t ra cc bin php gim thiu lng CO 2 xung
n mc an ton. Mt trong nhng c gng u tin ca nhn loi gim mc m dn do kh
thi k ngh l vic cc quc gia tham gia bn tho v tm cch k kt mt hip c c tn l
Ngh nh th Kyoto. Ni dung ca hip c ny l vic ct gim kh nh knh. Nhiu nc c
lut bt buc cc phng tin giao thng dng ng c n phi c giy chng nhn t tiu
chun nh khi ca h thng xe. Trong ngnh in lnh, khng s dng CFC lm cht sinh hn.
Con ngi cn phi s dng nng lng mt cch hp l, nhm gim lng kh CO 2 sinh ra.
Chng ta cng c th gim thiu s nng ln ca tri t, bng bin php ti s dng li, nhng
g cn c th s dng c. Trng nhiu cy xanh (nht l nhng loi cy hp th nhiu CO 2
trong qu trnh quang hp) nhm lm gim lng kh CO 2 trong bu kh quyn, t lm gim
hiu ng nh knh kh quyn. Ngoi vic c thc cc quc gia, t chc quc t p dng cc bin
php thit thc lm gim thiu lng kh thi gy hiu ng nh knh, cc nh khoa hc ang tm
mi cch cu tri t. Cho d rt kh kh thi nhng t nhiu cng m ra c mt cch nhn
mi l:
- Cc nh khoa hc Anh, s dng k thut chn CO 2 di y bin: ha lng CO 2 ri
thng qua ng dn du (khng cn s dng) bm CO2 v m du, c tnh thi gian
lu tr c th ln n mt vn nm.
- Cc nh khoa hc a ra tng s dng mng che bu tri- mt mng chn nhm
ngn chn trit bc x nh sng mt tri, lm gim nhit cho tri t. Song k hoch
ny vn nm trong giai on gi tng, v chi ph qu cao v vi iu kin k thut hin
nay th trong tng lai gn kh c th thc hin c.... [5]
1.2.

Chu trnh oxy

Ngi ta c tnh O2 chim 49,2% khi lng ca v Tri t, v chim khong 88,8%
khi lng cc i dng (di dng H 2O) v 20% theo th tch bu kh quyn Tri t (l O 2,
oxy phn t, hay zn). Trong c th ngi, oxy li l thnh phn ch yu to nn c th sng.
Chim n 65% trng lng c th ngi, ch yu l di dng nc.
Thc cht, chu trnh oxy chnh l chu trnh nghch o vi chu trnh cacbon. Oxy c
gii phng khi thc vt quang hp v sau li c dng vo oxy ha khi h hp.

Hnh 2.3 Chu trnh oxy

Chu trnh oxy trong mi trng sng gm hai nhnh khc nhau, i lp nhau: to thnh
oxy t do trong qu trnh quang hp, quang ho v tiu th oxy trong cc phn ng oxy ho v
cc qu trnh khc.
Trong t nhin, oxy t do c sinh ra t nhiu ngun. Mt phn c sinh ra trn tng
cao kh quyn, di tc ng ca tia UV, ozon v oxy chuyn ha qua li ln nhau. Mt phn
khc c sinh ra t qu trnh bc hi nc, do O 2 c kh nng nng ha tan trong nc. Tuy
nhin, lng O2 c sinh ra nhiu nht v quan trng nht t vic phn gii nc trong qu trnh
quang hp di tc ng ca nh sng. Theo mt vi c tnh, to lc v cyanobacteria trong cc
mi trng bin cung cp khong 70% oxy t do c to ra trn Tri t v phn cn li l t
thc vt trn t lin.
Oxy sau khi c sinh ra, tham gia rng ri vo cc qu trnh trn b mt Tri t nh cc
phn ng t, oxy ho v c, hu c, h hp ca ng vt v mt s qu trnh n mn khc.
2CO + O2
C + O2
CH4 + 2O2
[CH4O] + O2
3O2 + 4Fe
Ca2+ + CO32-

2CO2
CO2
CO2 + 2H2O
CO2 + H2O
2Fe2O3
CaCO3

Oxy ho cc kh ngun gc ni la
t nhin liu
t nhin liu
H hp ca ng vt
Phong ho ,oxy ho cc vt kh
Xy ra trong trm tch i dng

Hu ht cc con ng kt thc chu trnh oxy u sinh ra CO2, CO2 ny li tip tc

chuyn vo chu trnh cacbon nu trn.
Trong nhng nm gn y, nng oxy trong kh quyn bt u suy gim do s t nhin
li trong lng t. Tuy vy, s bin i cha thy nh hng ng k n c th sng.
8

1.3.
Chu trnh nito
Kh nito chim 78% trong kh quyn. tuy vy nito vn cn thiu thn i vi sinh vt.
Phn t nito gm mt cp nguyn t lin kt cng ha tr rt bn vng. Ch c mt s sinh vt tit
ra enzyme cn thit phn r cc phn t y m c th dng nito dng kh, mi sinh vt khc
u buc phi nhn N2 dng a c c nh trong cc hp cht. Trong trng hp ca thc
vt, ion nitrat NO3- l dng c ch nht, ngoi ra cn c ion ammoniac NH 4+ hay urea CO(NH2)2
thay th. ng vt v cc c th sng bc cao khc thng cn nito di dng hp cht hu c v
d acid amin.
Chu trnh nit v c bn cng tng t nh cc chu trnh kh khc, c sinh vt sn xut
hp th v ng ho ri c chu chuyn qua cc nhm sinh vt tiu th, cui cng b sinh vt
phn hu tr li nit phn t cho mi trng.
i vi chu trnh nito ta c th chia lm ba giai on: c nh nito, nitrat ha v phn hy
nitrit.

Hnh 2.4 Chu trnh nito

1.3.1. C nh nito:
Do phn t nito rt bn vng iu kin thng nn sinh vt kh c th s dng trc tip
c, m phi thng qua qu trnh c nh nito.
C nh nito trc ht i hi s hot ho phn t nit tch n thnh 2 nguyn t
(N22N), trong c nh nit sinh hc th l bc i hi nng lng l 160 Cal/mol. Trong t
nhin, c nh m xy ra bng con ng ho - l v sinh hc, trong con ng sinh hc c
ngha nht v cung cp 1 khi lng ln m d tiu cho mi trng t. S c nh nito bng
in ho v quang ho trung bnh hng nm to ra 7,6 triu tn (4-10kg/ha/nm), cn bng con
ng sinh hc khong 54 triu tn.
Nhng sinh vt c kh nng c nh nito l vi khun v to. Chng gm 2 nhm chnh:
Nhm sng cng sinh (phn ln l vi khun, mt s t to v nm) v nhm sng t do (ch yu
9

l vi khun v to). Vi khun c nh nito sng cng sinh gp nhiu trong t, ngc li cc loi
c nh m sng t do li gp nhiu trong nc v trong t. Song nhm cng sinh v mt s
lng c vai tr quan trng hn, gp trm ln nhm sng t do. Ngoi nhng vi khun c nh
m cn nng lng ly t ngun cacbon bn ngoi, cn c loi vi khun ta
(Rhodopseudomonas capsulata) c th sinh sng bng nit phn t trong iu kin k kh m nh
sng c s dng nh mt ngun nng lng. Nhng vi khun c kh nng c nh nit gm
cc loi ca chi Rhizobium sng cng sinh vi cc cy h u to nn cc nt sn r, c
nh c mt lng ln nit. V d, c 3 l (Trifolium sp.) v u chm (Medicago sp.) c nh
c 150 - 400kg/ha/nm. Ngoi ra gn y, ngi ta cn pht hin ra mt s cc loi x khun
(Actinomycetes) (nht l cc nm nguyn thu) cng sinh trong r ca chi Alnus v mt s loi
cy khc cng c kh nng c nh m, tuy hiu sut thp hn so vi Rhizobium. n nay,
ngi ta bit c x khun sng cng sinh trong r ca 160 loi cy thuc 8 chi ca 8 h thc
vt khc nhau.
Bn cnh vic c nh nito bng cc sinh vt c kh nng c nh nito, trong t nhin N 2
cn c c nh nh qua chp. Chp l mt ngun nng lng c nh nit khi to ra s kt
hp nit v oxy trong khng kh. Oxyt nit c to theo phng trnh (1) c th tip tc b oxy
ho thnh oxyt nit hai (phng trnh (2)) sau c th kt hp vi nc ma to nn ion nitrat
nh phng trnh (3) nh sau:
N2 + O2

2NO + O2

3NO2 + H2O

2 NO
(1)
2NO2
(2)
2H+ + 2NO3- + NO (3)

Khong 6% nit tch khi kh quyn mi nm c c nh theo cch ny.

Qu trnh c nh nit c tin hnh trong cng nghip bng phng php Haber-Bosch,
trong nit v hydro tng tc vi nhau nhit v p sut cao, to nn ammoniac c cht
xc tc tham gia. Phng php ny dc dng trong sn xut phn ho hc nh amoni nitrat v
chim 30% sn lng c nh nit t kh quyn.
1.3.2. Nitrat ha:
Qu trnh ny dn n oxy ho cc hp cht nit sn xut nitrat trong t. Nitrat c
thc vt hp thu v chuyn thnh dng nit khc nh axit amin v chuyn qua cc bc dinh
dng khc dng cc hp cht hu c. Cc cht ny c hon li t t phn hay xc cht v
sau b cc sinh vt phn hu phn r. Cc sinh vt phn hu tin hnh qu trnh c tn gi l
kh amin to ra ammoniac. Phn ln s tun hon din ra trc tip thng qua bi tit urea v axit
uric.
Ngun ammoniac trong t c th c s dng nh ngun nng lng c nh NO2
nh cc vi khun c bit vi khun nitrit ho. Chng l vi khun ho t dng
(chemoautotrophic) v chng to ra nng lng sn xut thc n thng qua phn ng ho hc
ch khng nh c nh sng mt tri. Mt nhm vi khun nitrit ho l Nitrosomonas chuyn
ammoniac thnh nitrit nh sau:
2NH3 + 3O2 2NO2 + 2H2O + Nng lng
Mt nhm th hai l Nitrobacter hon tt qu trnh trn:
2NO2 + O2 2NO3+ Nng lng
10

Nito di dng nitrat l dng thch hp nht cho cy trng. Khi ny, nito i vo chui thc
n, thc vt hp th nito di dng nitrat, ng vt n thc vt, nh hp th c nito.
Khng phi mi hp cht ammoniac v nitrat to ra theo cch ny c ti s dng cho
cc c th sng. Mt s chuyn sang dng trm lng. Ammoniac c khuynh hng lu li trong
t cn nitrat th b tri theo nc, i khi gy nn nhim h hay sng.
1.3.3. Phn hy nitrit:
Con ng chuyn ho ca nitrat qua cc qu trnh ng ho - d ho tr v cc dng
nh N2, NO, N2O c gi l qu trnh phn nitrat .
Mt phn nit trong nitrat c ti hon li kh quyn thng qua mt loi vi khun khc
c gi l vi khun phn hu nitrit. Cc vi khun ny sng vng oxy thiu, v dng NO 3- lm
ngun oxy h hp ym kh. Mt phn nng lng thu dng vo vic ph hu cc ion nitrat tuy
nhin nng lng thu c ln hn nhiu so vi nng lng cho h hp ym kh. Kh nit c
gii phng ra khi qu trnh nh cht thi.
V nito l mt nguyn t thit yu di vi cy trng, c bit l dng mui nitrat, nn
hin nay ngi ta thng bn thm phn m cho cy. Tuy nhin, vic bn phn m d tha,
cc loi phn nitrat li d b ra tri theo nc, nht l vo ma ma, gy nhim h hay sng.
Trong nhng thp nin gn y, mc NO3- trong nc ung tng ln ng k. Nguyn nhn l do
s s dng phn m v c tng, gy r r NO3- xung nc ngm. Hm lng NO 3- trong nc
ung tng gy ra nguy c v sc kho i vi cng ng. y ban chu u quy nh mc ti a
ca NO3- trong nc ung l 50 mg/l, M l 45 mg/l, T chc sc kho th gii (WHO): 100
mg/l. Bn thn NO3- khng gy ri ro cho sc khe, tuy nhin NO 3- gim thnh NO2- do men kh
nitrat v gy c. NO2- nh hng n sc kho vi 2 kh nng sau: chng mu Methaemoglobin
(do d dy khng chua hn ch s chuyn ha NO 3- thnh NO2-, lm gim kh nng
mang oxy ca mu, c kh nng gy t vong tr nh) v ung th tim tng.
C mi quan h phc hp gia t l mc ung th vi mc nitrat trong nc ung, mc
nitrat/ nitrit trong thc n. Phi ht sc thn trng v nghim tc xem xt y bng chng v
cc ri ro i vi nitrat. Vic lm gim thiu mc nitrat trong nc ung theo cc tiu chun quy
nh l rt phc tp v tn km. Thng ngi ta s dng gii php dng cc ngun thay th c
mc nitrat thp hn. Tuy vai tr ca nitrat v nitrit trong cng tc bo qun thc phm l rt quan
trng nhng cn c gng gim thiu mc s dng chng trong cng nghip thc phm.
Cc h sinh thi t nhin t b r r nit, dinh dng hu nh c gi v quay vng trong
h thng. Tuy nhin t nng nhip th s xo trn lm r r nhiu cht dinh dng lu ng. R
r phn bn l mt ngun a cc cht dinh dng trong nng nghip xung nc mt v nc
ngm. Vic gim thiu mc phn bn c tc dng lm gim nng nitrat n nc ngm v
gim ph dng ti nc mt. Vic gim thiu mc s dng phn m l rt quan trng gim
hm lng nitrat trong nc ngm.
1.4.
Chu trnh lu hunh
Lu hunh, mt nguyn t giu th 14 trong v Tri t, l thnh phn rt quan trng
trong cu trc sinh hc nh cc axit amin, cystein, metionin v chu trnh ca n ng vai tr thit
yu trong vic iu ha cc mui dinh dng khc nh oxy, pht pho... Trung tm ca chu trnh
lu hunh c lin quan vi s thu hi sunphat (SO 2-) ca sinh vt sn xut qua r ca chng v s
gii phng v bin i ca lu hunh nhiu cng on khc nhau, cng nh nhng bin i
dng ca n, bao gm sunphua hydryl (-SH), sunphua hydro (H2S), thiosunphat (SO2-) v lu
hunh nguyn t. Tng t nh chu trnh nit, chu trnh lu hunh rt phc tp, song li khc vi
chu trnh ni t ch n khng lng ng vo nhng bc "ng gi" ring bit nh s c nh
m, amon ha...
11

Chu trnh
trong sinh
ra c 3
trng:
v khng
c
iu
kh v k
kha ca
vn ng
gia ca cc
c trng
cng on:
chuyn ha
hydro
sunphit
(H2
S) sang lu
hunh
Hnh 2.5 Chu trnh lu hunh [12]
nguyn t,
ri t sang sunphat (SO42-) do hot ng ca vi khun lu hunh khng mu hoc mu
xanh hay mu .
- S oxy ha hydro sunphit thnh sunphat li do s phn gii ca vi khun Thiobacillus.
- Sunphat b phn hy k kh to thnh hydro sunphit l nh hot ng ca vi khun
Desulfovibrio.
Lu hunh i vo xch dinh dng ca thc vt trn cn qua s hp th ca r di dng
sunphat (CaSO4, Na2SO4) hoc s ng ha trc tip cc axit amin c gii phng do s phn
hy ca xc cht hay cc cht bi tit.
S khong ha ca vi khun v nm (Aspergillus v Neurospora) i vi cc cht
sunphuahydryl hu c trong thnh phn cc axit amin. Km theo s oxy ha dn n s hnh
thnh sunphat lm giu ngun khong cho s tng trng ca thc vt. Trong iu kin ym kh,
axit sunphuric (H2SO4) c th trc tip b kh cho sunphit, bao gm hydrosunphit do cc vi
khun Escherichia v Proteus (SO42+ + 2H+ H2S + 2O2).
Sunphat cng b kh trong iu kin k kh cho lu hunh nguyn t hay sunphit, bao
gm hydrosunphit, do cc vi khun d dng nh Desulfovibrio, Escherichia v Aerobacter.
Nhng vi khun kh sunphat ym kh l nhng loi d dng, s dng sunphat nh cht nhn
hydro trong oxy ha trao i cht, tng t nh vi khun phn nitrat s dng nitrit hay nitrat.
Cho n nay, ngi ta tha nhn rng s kh sunphat xy ra trong iu kin k kh, song
cng pht hin thy phn ng ny xut hin c ni c oxy, nitrat hay cc cht nhn in t
khc, thm ch ngi ta cn thy s kh sunphat xy ra c tng trn, ni to thnh oxy ca
tng quang hp ca nhm vi sinh vt a mn ti Baja California, Mexico (D.E. Canfield v D.J.
Des Marais, 1991). Nh vy, s kh sunphat l mt qu trnh k kh khng nghim ngt, tuy
nhin mc ng gp ca s kh hiu kh sunphat trn bnh din rng cn tip tc c nghin
cu v xc nh.
S c mt s lng ln ca hydro sunphit tng su k kh trong phn ln cc h sinh
thi nc l th ch ca hu ht s sng. Chng hn, bin en do giu sunphat, vi khun
lu hunh
quyn din
mi
t, nc
kh, trong
kin ym
kh. Cha
qu trnh
l s tham
vi khun
cho tng
- S
ca

12

Desulfovibrio trong qu trnh phn hy sinh ra mt khi lng ln H 2S tn ti rt lu y,

cn tr khng cho bt k mt loi ng vt khc sng y, k c su 200m.
Lu hunh trong kh quyn c cung cp t nhiu ngun: s phn hy hay t chy cc
cht hu c, t chy nhin liu ha thch v s khuch tn t b mt i dng hay hot ng
ca ni la. i dng, khi cht i, nhng sinh vt ph du v thc vt bin, chng hn nh to,
sn sinh ra mt loi kh c tn Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). T lu, cc nh khoa hc
bit rng vi khun c th s dng DMPS lm thc n v sn sinh ra kh dimethyl sulfide (DMS).
y l mt loi kh d bay hi, nn i vo kh quyn v b chuyn ha thnh kh SO 2. Nhng
dng thng gp trong kh quyn l SO2 cng vi nhng dng khc nh lu hunh nguyn t,
hydro sunphit. Chng b oxy ha cho lu hunh trioxit (SO3) m cht ny kt hp vi nc to
thnh axit sunphuric (H2SO4). Lu hunh trong kh quyn phn ln dng H2SO4 v c ho
tan trong ma.
Lu hunh trong trm tch: v phng din lng ng, chu trnh lu hunh c lin quan
ti cc "trn ma" lu hunh khi xut hin cc cation st v canxi (calcium) cng nh st
sunphua khng ha tan (FeS, Fe2S3, FeS2 hoc dng km ha tan (CaSO4), st sunphua (FeS)
c to thnh trong iu kin k kh c ngha sinh thi ng k. N khng tan trong nc c
pH trung tnh hay nc c pH kim. [6]
1.5.
Chu trnh photpho
Dng ph bin ca photpho l cht rn dng sp c mu trng c mi c trng kh ngi
tng t nh ti. Dng tinh khit ca n l khng mu v trong sut. Phi kim ny khng ha tan
trong nc nhng ha tan trong disulfuacacbon. Photpho tn ti trong mi trng ch yu di
dng octophotphat (PO43-).
Photpho tn ti:
- Trong trm tch: nhm apatit l photphat bin cht, kt tinh thnh nhng vi tinh th
apatit, cng cao, kh ho tan trong axit yu. Nhm photphorit thng gm nhng kt
hch canxi photphat v nh hnh, cha st, nhm, hm lng P 2O5 thng thp, t 5 n
34%, d ho tan trong axit yu, v vy khi xay nh c th lm phn bn trc tip.
- Trong t v nc: tn ti di dng photphat PO43, photpho c kh nng lu ng chm
trong t. Mc d photphat c coi l c nh cao trong t, nhng nu kh nng hp th
photphat ca t b vt qu th photpho s nhanh chng chuyn xung lp t su hn
v tp trung vo dng chy di lp t mt. Mc v tc di chuyn ph thuc vo
kh nng pht sinh t nhin ca t v dng photphat.
- Trong cu to AND: photpho v c trong dng photphat PO 43 ng mt vai tr quan trng
trong cc phn t sinh hc nh ADN v ARN trong n to thnh mt phn ca phn
cu trc ct ty ca cc phn t ny.
- Trong c th ng vt v l thc n ca thc vt: trong xng ca ng vt v con ngi

13

Hnh 2.6 Chu trnh photpho [7]

Chu trnh photpho trong mi trng t: ngun photpho trong mi trng sinh thi t c
th t xc b hu c v vt cht khng hu c. Photpho t thc vt t trong cc xng ng vt,
ngi, cha nhiu hu c phn hy m thnh. Ngun v c c th t apatit mui. Mt phn
photpho b gi cht bi Ca3(PO4)2, AlPO4, FePO4. Mt phn photpho c phn hy to ra cc
HPO32, H2PO3 v PO43 c hp th vo r thc vt v vi sinh vt. Chng li to ra cc acid
amin cha photpho v cc enzyme Photphatase, chuyn cc lin kt cao nng P thnh nng lng
cho c th. ATP ADP v gii phng nng lng. Photpho tch ly trong qu ht rt cao,
photpho l nguyn t khng th thiu c ca thc vt. Khi ng vt n thc vt, photpho li
bin thnh cht liu ca xng ca cc lin kt ca enzyme. Khi cht i ng vt thc vt con
ngi bin photpho trong c th thnh photpho ca mi trng sinh thi t. Mt phn photpho
i vo chu trnh nc vo i dng. y chng lm thc n cho ph du. C tm n ph du th
photpho li tr li chu trnh. Sau ngi n c tm th photpho li i vo c th ngi v cui
cng ngi cht i th photpho s tr li cho mi trng t. Mt phn nh khc photpho trm
tch nm li di y bin. Mt phn nh nh thc vt rng tiu th ri tr li cho t.
Chu trnh photpho trong nc: trong nc, chu trnh photpho sinh hc cng din ra
tng t nh trn cn, nhng do qu trnh suy gim nh sng v phn tng nc m qu trnh
sinh hc hp th dinh dng v ti to dinh dng din ra khc nhau theo su. Hin tng
phn tng nc thay i theo ma v khc nhau cc vng kh hu. S phn tng to thnh s
thay i nhit v s thay i mn ca cc vng nc. Khi mt thy vc b phn tng, qu trnh
xo trn gia tng mt v tng su din ra rt t. Qu trnh thay i nhit nh mt ro cn quan
trng i vi s lan ta v vn chuyn cc cht gia 2 tng nc, do cc cht dinh dng tng
trn c th b cn kit.
Ngi ta tnh rng hng nm photpho tr li cho chu trnh i sinh thi l 60.000 tn.
Trong lc u vo ca chu trnh l 2 triu tn (bn phn). Nguyn nhn c th do xc b sinh
vt v cht thi ca chng c phn gii trong mi trng sinh thi t tng trn ri to ra cc
ion trong mi trng t v vng tun hon li tip tc. Tuy nhin chng c th b ra tri theo
14

chiu su xung nc ngm hoc tri trn mt sng bin. S hao ht trong chu trnh cn thy
ch: ngi dn s dng c phn cy xanh thn l, r c hoa v khng tr li cho t mt phn no
c.
Tht thot t phn bn c trong t, cht thi t ngi v ng vt, cc ha cht ty ra
v lm sch. Trong sn xut nng nghip vic s dng phn bn dc bit l phn ln d tha
cng l nguyn nhn chnh lm nhim ca cc h, sng sui nh hin nay, to iu kin cho to
pht trin. Gy nguy him cho cc loi ng vt v c con ngi. D tha photpho cn gip to
c pht trin, gy ra mi e da trc tip n sc khe, sinh mng con ngi v ng vt.
Nng photpho cao trong nc gy ra s pht trin mnh ca to, khi to cht i qu
trnh phn hy k kh lm gim lng oxi ha tan trong nc gy nh hng c hi ti i sng
thy sinh. Khi hm lng photpho ln hn 4 8 mg/l trong nc gy ra hin tng ph nhng.
Lm nhim ngun nc ng thi lm nhim trm tch, xut hin hin tng to n hoa.
nh hng i vi con ngi, y l nguyn t c c tnh vi 50 mg l liu trung bnh
gy cht ngi. Nut phi photpho trng c th sinh ra tnh trng m trong y t gi l "hi chng
tiu chy khi". Tip xc trc tip vi da c th sinh ra cc vt bng nghim trng. Ht phi
photpho trong khng kh vi nng cao gy vim ph qun c th ph phi, tc hi n h
thng xng, hoi cc xng hm, bnh gan thn. H ng huyt, ri lon cht in gii.
Cc phng php x l hn ch nhim:
- Phng php sinh hc: xy dng cc b x l nc thi c cha photpho s dng vi sinh
vt Bio-P lm gim hm lng photpho c trong nc thi.
- Phng php ha hc loi b photphat bng kt ta. S dng cc ha cht to lng (mui
st, nhm, vi sa) to kt ta vi photpho.
- Cc phng php khc: s dng cc loi thy sinh thc vt x l. Bo qun photpho
hp l trnh g r ra bn ngoi ( photpho trng nn ngm vo nc) [8]
1.6.

Chu trnh nc
Chu trnh nc khc bit so vi cc chu trnh cp bi l l chu trnh hp cht
ch khng phi ca nguyn t sinh hc. Nc l thnh phn quan trng ca mi sinh vt,va
l dung mi cho cc cht ho tan, va l mi trng cho cc phn ng ho hc. Mc d trong
c th sinh vt, v d nh trong quang phn ly nc, n c th phn tch thnh ion H + v OHnhng trong mi trng v sinh n tun hon ch yu di dng phn t.

15

Hnh 2.7 Vng tun hon nc trong t nhin [10]

Vng tun nc khng c im bt u nhng chng ta c th xem nh bt u t cc i
dng. i dng l b nc v sinh chnh, cha khong 97% nc ca qu t. Mt tri iu
khin vng tun hon nc bng vic lm nng nc trn nhng i dng, lm bc hi nc
vo trong khng kh.
Nhng dng kh bc ln em theo hi nc vo trong kh quyn, gp ni c nhit thp
hn hi nc b ngng t thnh nhng m my. Nhng dng khng kh di chuyn nhng m
my khp ton cu, nhng phn t my va chm vo nhau, kt hp vi nhau, gia tng kch c v
ri xung thnh ging thy (ma).
Ging thu di dng tuyt c tch li thnh nhng ni tuyt v bng h c th gi
nc ng bng hng nghn nm. Trong cc m my vi nhit di -10 C, cc phn t nc
t hp li v hnh thnh tinh th nh. Tuyt sau khi ri tan nhit cao hn 0 C, hoc thp
hn khi c nh sng mt tri trc tip chiu vo, tuyt c th thng hoa thnh hi nc khng cn
chuyn i sang nc. [9] Trong nhng vng kh hu m p hn, khi ma xun n, tuyt tan v
chy thnh dng trn mt t, i khi to thnh l. Phn ln lng ging thu ri trn cc i
dng; hoc ri trn mt t v nh trng lc tr thnh dng chy mt. Mt phn dng chy mt
chy vo trong sng theo nhng thung lng sng trong khu vc, vi dng chy chnh trong sng
chy ra i dng. Dng chy mt, v nc thm c tch lu v c tr trong nhng h nc
ngt.
Mc d vy, khng phi tt c dng chy mt u chy vo cc sng. Mt lng ln nc
thm xung di t. Mt lng nh nc c gi li lp t st mt v c thm ngc tr
li vo nc mt (v i ng) di dng dng chy ngm. Mt phn nc ngm chy ra thnh
cc dng sui nc ngt. Nc ngm tng nng c r cy hp th ri thot hi qua l cy. Mt
lng nc tip tc thm vo lp t di su hn v b sung cho tng nc ngm su ti to
16

nc ngm ( st mt bo ho), ni m mt lng nc ngt khng l c tr li trong mt

thi gian di. Tuy nhin, lng nc ny vn lun chuyn theo thi gian, c th quay tr li i
dng, ni m vng tun hon nc kt thc v li bt u.
Lng nc thch hp c dng bi cc sinh vt trn cn ph thuc vo ma cng nh
thi gian m n cn quay tr li kh quyn do bay hi, cng nh tr li i dng v sng h.
Tc ng ca con ngi c nh hng su sc n giai on v tun hon ny. Thu li lm nc
lu li trong t lu hn v do lm t mu m hn ni vng hn. Cuc sng th li c nh
hng ngc li: ph phm nc, nc thi chy ngay ra sng h bng ng thi.

17

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] [Online]. Available: http://tusach.thuvienkhoahoc.com/.
[2] W.D., Phillips, Chilton T.J, Biology, Oxford University Pres.
[3] "VOER," [Online]. Available: https://voer.edu.vn.
[4] Mai Vn, "BIN I KH HU: NHNG IU CN BIT".
[5] "TNG QUAN V BIN I KH HU TON CU," [Online]. Available:
http://occa.mard.gov.vn/.
[6] [Online]. Available: http://www2.nau.edu/~doetqp-p/.
[7] "google," [Online].
[8] "Cht dinh dng - Photpho trong nc thi".
[9] "Wikipedia," [Online]. Available: https://vi.wikipedia.org/.
[10] "USGS," [Online]. Available: http://water.usgs.gov/.
[11] "Pinterest," [Online]. Available: https://www.pinterest.com/jadenreajones/the-carbon-cycle/.
[12] "boundless.com," [Online]. Available: https://www.boundless.com.

18