Hau. seeds and weight loss. Chia Pets those terra-cotta figurines that sprout fuzzy ‘green hair ~ made the chia plant a household name. But chia has gained an entirely new reputation as a diet supplement. In one 2009 study, a team of researchers recruited 38 men and divided them randomly into two groups: treatment or control. They also recruited 38 women, and they randomly placed half of these participants into the treatment group and the other half into the control group. One group was given 25 grams of chia seeds twice a day, and the other was given a placebo, The ‘subjects volunteered to be a part of the study. After 12 weeks, the scientists found no significant difference between the groups in appetite or weight loss." (a) What type of study is this? B What are the experimental and control treatments in this study? (@) Has blinding been used in this study? (c) Comment on whether or not we can make a causal statement, and indicate whether or not we can generalize the conclusion to the population at large. HI vscercise ana mental neatth. A researcher is Interested inthe ees of exerise on ‘mental health and he proposes the following study: Use stratified random sampling to ensure rep- resentative proportions of 18-30, 31-40 and 41- 55 year olds from the population. Next, randomly assign half the subjects from each age group to exercise twice a week, and instruct the rest not to exercise. Conduct a mental health exam at the beginning and at the end of the study, and compare the results. (a) What type of study is this? a What are the treatment and control ia in this study? (a) Does this study make use of blinding? {e) Comment on whether or not the results of the study can be used to establish a causal rela- tionship between exercise and mental health, and indicate whether or not the conclusions can be generalized to the population at large. (4) Suppose you are given the task of determining if this proposed study should get funding. Would you have any reservations about the study proposal?| Roulette wheel, The game of roulette involves spinning a wheel with 38 slots: 18 red, 18 black, and 2 green, ball is spun onto the wheel and will eventually land in a slot, where each, slot has an equal chance of eapturing the ball {a) You watch a roulette wheel spin 3 consecutive times and the ball lands on a red slot each time. What is the probability that, the ball will land on 2 red slot on the next spin? (b) You watch a roulette wheel spin 300 consecutive times and the ball lands on a red slot each time. What is the probability that the ball will land on 2 red slot on the next spin? (0) Are you equally confident of your answers to parts (a) and (b)?_ Photo by Halen Dablstrém Why or why not? (Gitsp:/ ic r/p/938Ezp) CC BY 20 license | Coin flips. If yon fp a fair coin 10 times, what is the probability of {a) getting all tails? (b) getting all heads? (©) getting at least one tails? HEB sie sos. 2012 Yow tec uve ane 25 randomly sampled gtr woes their political affiliation (Republican, Democrat, or Independent) and whether or not they identify as swing voters. 35% of respondents identified as Independent, 23% identified as swing voters, and 11% identified as both. (a) Are being Independent and being a swing voter disjoint, ie. mutually exclusive? (©) (@) (e) © )) What percent of voters are Independent but not swing voters? }) What percent of voters are Independent or swing voters? )) What percent of voters are neither Independent nor swing voters? )) Is the event that someone is a swing voter independent of the event that someone is a political Independent?HE sects coverage, setative eguencis. The Behav Risk ctr Survetamee System (BRFSS) is an annual telephone survey designed to identify risk factors in the adult population ‘and report emerging health trends. The following table displays the distribution of health status of respondents to this survey (excellent, very good, good, fair, poor) and whether or not they have health insurance. Health Status Exadlet Vay good Good Fair Poor Total Health No 0.0230 0.0364 0.0427 0.0192 0.0050 0.1262, Coverage Yes 0.2099 __0.3123_0.2410 0.0817 _0.0289 0.8738 Total 0.2329 0.3486 0.2838 0.1009 0.0338 1.0000 (a) Are being in excellent health and having health coverage mutually exclusive? (b) What is the probability that a randomly chosen individual has excellent health? (c) What is the probability that a randomly chosen individual has excellent health given that he has health coverage? (4) What is the probability that a randomly chosen individual has excellent health given that he doesn't have health coverage? (©) Do having excellent health and having health coverage appear to be independent? consider the following fertility rate and female population size data: 2022 2023 Age Gp | FertilityRate | Pop(F)| Fertility Rate | Pop (F) 15-19 43 101705, 42 101601 20-24 22.5 104593 22.4 102278 25-29 776 129836 776 125447 30-34 107.9 169416 108.8 166926 35-39 54.9 150496 56.2 154633 40-44 8.4 155835, 8.5 153307 45-49 0.3 159540 0.3 159090 (i) Compute TER for 2022 and 2023. (i) Compute the total number of births in 2022 and 2023.Hi Recall the following concept defined in the lectures: © Old-age support ratio (OASR). Given for a specified year, OASR for a population is generally defined to be the following rat Number of persons of age 20 to 64 ‘Number of persons of age = 65 This number is meant to reflect the ratio of the number of working adults to the number of retirees in a population. The age 20 is taken to be the age of the youngest working adults, while the age 65 is taken to be the retirement age. (One could consider improving on this measure by allowing OASR to customise to shifting retirement ‘age (e.g., one could consider OASR73, defined as the ratio of the number of persons of age 20-72 to the number of persons of age 273, if the retirement age is raised to 73}. Consider the following population data AgeGp/cohort | 20-64 | 65-69 [ 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | 74 | 275 Pop (M+F) 2457103 | 284128 | 59359 | 55307 | 49822 | 45311 | ai2a2 | 399912 (i) Compute OASR defined in the traditional sense, as given above. (il) If we allow OASR to customise to retirement age, determine the retirement age XX that will achieve an OASRXX that is nearest to 6.