8/27/2014

Qun l D n Phn mm
L c Trung
http://bit.ly/1sTAhcM

Bi 1. Gii thiu chung

1. D n l g?
2. Qun l d n l g?

Gii thiu chung

8/27/2014

Mc tiu

hiu v
Khi nim v d n v qun l d n
Ti sao cc d n li tht bi
Cc d n IT c g c bit

Gii thiu chung

1. D n l g?

Gii thiu chung

8/27/2014

D n v Dy chuyn SX
Hot ng d n

Hot ng sn xut dy chuyn

To ra mt sn phm xc nh

Cho ra cng mt sn phm

C ngy khi u v ngy kt thc

Lin tc

i ng nhiu chuyn mn khc nhau

- Kh trao i
- Ngi chia x thng tin

Cc k nng chuyn mn ha

i hnh tm thi
- Kh xy dng ngay 1 lc tinh thn ng i
- Kh c iu kin o to thnh vin trong nhm, trong
khi cn phi sn sng ngay

T chc n nh
- C iu kin o to, nng cp cc thnh vin
trong nhm

D n ch lm 1 ln

Cng vic lp li v d hiu

Lm vic theo k hoch trong mt chi ph c ph duyt

Lm vic trong mt kinh ph thng xuyn hng

nm

B hu nu khng p ng mc tiu, yu cu

Phi m bo lm lu di

Ngy kt thc v chi ph c tnh theo d kin v ph

thuc vo s qun l

Chi ph hng nm c tnh da trn kinh nghim

trong qu kh

Gii thiu chung

Tnh duy nht kt qu d n

Hot ng D n

Hot ng sn xut

Xy nh mi (c nhn, c quan)

Xy cc cn h chung c theo k hoch hng nm

ca thnh ph

Nghin cu mt ti khoa hc mi

Dy hc theo k hoch hng nm ca nh trng

Hng dn lun n sinh vin

Ch to bom nguyn t, tu v tr

Sn xut v kh hng lot

Xy dng mt phn mm mi, do c quan t hng

p dng mt phn mm trong hot ng thng

ngy (qun l k ton, nhn s, vt t, sn xut...)

Thit k mt mu xe my (t) mi

Sn xut hng lot xe my theo thit k c sn,

theo k hoch c giao

Th nghim mt dy chuyn sn xut theo cng ngh mi

Gii thiu chung

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nh ngha D n

D n l mt tp hp cc cng vic, c thc hin

bi mt tp th, nhm t c mt kt qu d kin,
trong mt thi gian d kin, vi mt kinh ph d kin.
Phi d kin ngun nhn lc
Phi c ngy bt u, ngy kt thc
Phi c kinh ph thc hin cng vic
Phi m t c r rng kt qu (output) ca cng
vic
Gii thiu chung

D n kt thc khi

Hon thnh mc tiu ra v nghim thu kt qu (kt

thc tt p) trc thi hn
Ht kinh ph trc thi hn (Kt thc tht bi)
n ngy cui cng (nu tip tc na cng khng cn
ngha)

Gii thiu chung

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D n l tht bi khi:
Khng p ng cc mc tiu ban u
Khng p ng c thi hn
Vt qu ngn sch cho php (20-30%)
Ti sao d n tht bi ?
Khng quen thuc vi
phm vi v s phc tp
ca d n: 17%

l do khc: 12%

thiu thng tin: 21%

Gii thiu chung

Khng r
cc mc tiu: 18%

qun l d n
khng tt: 32%
9

Cc l do khin d n tht bi

(17%) Khng lng c phm vi rng ln v tnh

phc tp ca cng vic
(21%) Thiu thng tin
(18%) Khng r mc tiu
(32%) Qun l d n km
(12%) Cc l do khc (mua phi thit b rm, cng ngh
qu mi i vi t chc khin cho khng p dng
c kt qu d n, ngi b ra i, ....)
Gii thiu chung

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2. Qun l d n l g?

Gii thiu chung

11

Lch s s lc
Vic qun l d n c t thi
xa: trong chin tranh, xy
dng Kim t thp v cc k
quan th gii....
Henry Gantt (u th k 20),
a ra khi nim s Gantt
Cui nhng nm 50': PERT
Sau ny, b sung thm nhng
tng v t chc, kim sot,
s dng ti nguyn trong
QLDA
Gii thiu chung

12

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Cc nguyn l chung ca phng

php lun QLDA
Linh hot
Hng kt qu, khng
hng nhim v
Huy ng s tham gia ca
mi ngi
Lm r trch nhim
Phn cp c mc

Gii thiu chung

Ti liu c ng v c cht
lng
Kt qu quan trng hn
cng c hay k thut
To ra cc o tt
C tm nhn xa
Ci tin lin tc

13

nh ngha Qun l d n

Qun l d n (QLDA) l vic p dng cc cng c,

kin thc v k thut nhm nh ngha, lp k hoch,
tin hnh trin khai, t chc, kim sot v kt thc d
n.
Mt d n c qun l tt, tc l khi kt thc phi
tho mn c ch u t v cc mt: thi hn, chi
ph v cht lng kt qu.

Gii thiu chung

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Qun l v thc hin d n

Nhng yu cu ca ngi qun l

Qun l
D n
cc yu cu

Cc kt qu bn giao
ca d n

Ngun
Cc u vo khc

Thc hin
d n

Gii thiu chung

Cc u ra
khc

15

Lp k hoch qun l bao gm:

Xc nh ranh gii ca d n

i lp k hoch, vn bn/thng tin hin c

Xy dng cc la chn tip cn d n

chin lc thc hin v cc phng php lun t chc d n

Xy dng cc c tnh ban u

Xy dng c s h tng, ngun lc
mi trng lm vic

Xy dng c s h tng ca d n

qun l cu hnh, cht lng, ri ro, s kin, s thay i, kim sot d n,

lp bo co, v lp k hoch

lp thnh vn bn v k hoch qun l

Gii thiu chung

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Cc phong cch qun l d n

(1) Sau khi vch k hoch ri,
ph mc cho anh em thc
hin, khng quan tm theo
di. Khi c chuyn g xy ra
mi ngh cch i ph.
(2) Mt ti nghin cu
khoa hc: Khng c sng
kin mi, c quanh qun vi
cc phng php c, cng
ngh c
Gii thiu chung

(3) Khng lo lng n thi

hn giao np sn phm, n
khi d n sp ht hn th
mi lo huy ng tht ng
ngi lm cho xong
(4): Qun l ch ng, tch
cc. Sut qu trnh thc
hin d n khng b ng v
kinh ph, nhn lc v tin
m bo (l tng).
17

Cc phong cch qun l d n

(1) Qun l theo kiu i ph

(2) Qun l theo kiu mt phng hng

(3) Qun l nc n chn mi nhy

(4) Qun l ch ng

Gii thiu chung

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Qun l d n th ng c nhng
c tnh
QLDA lun ng sau cc mc tiu ca d n
Hp tp, b kch ng, tng lai ngn hn
Khi lm quyt nh, ch ngh n cc kh khn tr ngi
tm thi, trc mt, khng ngh n liu rng c
phi l 1 bc i ng hay khng.
Khng kim sot c tnh th. Nhiu khi phi thay
i k hoch v t chc

Gii thiu chung

19

Hu qu qun l d n th ng

Kt qu thu c khng n nh
Tinh thn lm vic khng ci m, hp tc
Nng sut thp, cng vic khng chy
Ri lon trong iu hnh
Khng s dng hiu qu ti nguyn
Ngi qun l d n b d n qun l
H s d n km cht lng
Chm tin , tiu vt qu kinh ph.
Cht lng d n khng m bo

Gii thiu chung

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Cc thuc tnh ca d n IT

Kt qu bn giao c th l t hu hnh
Phm vi c th kh kim sot
K nng, kinh nghim, thi v k vng tri ngc nhau
C th bt ng v mc tiu kinh doanh
Thay i quan trng v t chc
Cc yu cu, phm vi, v li nhun chnh xc c th rt kh
xc nh
S thay i nhanh chng v cng ngh
Gii thiu chung

21

Lu

Qun l d n thnh cng chnh l vn v con ngi

Khm ph cc ngun h tr v ngn tr
Nhn bn cht, khng tin hin tng
Ngi khc c cch nhn khc nhau
Thit lp k hoch chnh sa d dng
Dm i mt vi s kin
S dng qun tr h tr cho cc mc ch ca d n
Thi gian mc tiu i vi tng nhim v khng c ging nh
nu trong k hoch
c li phm vi v cc mc tiu ca d n mi tun 1 ln
Khng ngc nhin!
Gii thiu chung

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Kt lun

Khng c d n hon ho. Cc vn lun ny sinh.

Nn d kin cc vn .
Tt nht l xc nh: Ci g, Khi no, u, Th no
(Xc nh) (Lp k hoch)
Tip n l phi hp ti nguyn (T chc)
Cn nh gi (Kim sot)
Cui cng l (Kt thc)
Bao qut tt c l (Lnh o)
Gii thiu chung

23

Bi 2. Xc nh d n

Xc nh d n

1. Xc nh mc ch v mc tiu d n
2. Xc phm vi d n
3. Lm ti liu Phc tho d n
4. Kt lun

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Sau khi kt thc phn ny bn s

Hiu c s cn thit ca vic xc nh c mc

ch cng vic v phm vi d n.
Lp c mt h s phc tho v d n

Xc nh d n

25

1. Xc nh mc ch v mc tiu
d n

Xc nh d n

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1. Xc nh mc ch v mc tiu d
n
Mc ch (Goals) l nhng m t d n s t ti ci
g. Mc ch ni chung khng o c.
Mc tiu (Objectives) l cc tp hp con (c th o
c) ca mc ch. Vic t ti mt mc tiu s ni
ln rng vic t ti cc mc ch tng th ca d n
i n mc no.

Xc nh d n

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Xc nh mc ch v mc tiu d n

Gi tr ca cc mc tiu r rng

Thit lp s mong i ca nh ti tr d n
a ra mc tiu hng dn i d n
Cho php xc nh thi im kt thc!
i d n
Cc mc tiu

Xc nh d n

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Cc mc tiu v tho hip

Phm vi

Cht lng

Thi gian

Ti chnh

Xc nh d n

29

Quan h gia mc ch v mc tiu

Mc tiu phi l chi tit c

th ca mc ch
Ph ho v nht qun cho
mc ch
Khi tt c cc mc tiu
t c, c ngha l mc
ch t c

Xc nh d n

Mc ch
#1
Mc tiu
#1

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Mc tiu
#2

Mc tiu
#3

Xc nh mc ch v mc tiu d n

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V d 1: D n xy cu
Mc ch:
Xy dng mt ci cu hin i qua sng Hng phm vi mt
khong thi gian v trong phm vi ngn sch
Cc mc tiu h tr cho mc ch ny:
Cu ch c xe t c ti trng ti a 15 tn
Trng lng cu nh hn 20% so vi cc cy cu cng chiu di
Tui th ca cu phi m bo trn 100 nm
m bo cho 4 ln xe t chy, 2 ln xe my v 2 ln ngi i b
Kinh ph cp pht 5 triu la
Cu s xy xong trc ngy 2 thng 9 nm xxxx.
Xc nh d n

31

Xc nh mc ch v mc tiu d n

V d 2: D n xy dng bnh vin

tnh
Mc ch ca d n:
Xy dng mt bnh vin a khoa hin i, phc v vic cha
bnh v chm sc sc kho cho nhn dn trong tnh

Cc mc tiu ca d n:

Xc nh d n

Bnh vin c khun vin 20 000 mt vung

Bnh vin c 20 phng ni tr, vi 300 ging bnh
Bnh vin c cc Khoa: Tim/mch, xng, ....
Bnh vin c khong 50 bc s, 100 y t, 200 h l lm vic
Kinh ph d kin: 4 triu USD
Thi gian d kin: 2 nm
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Xc nh mc ch v mc tiu d n

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V d 3: n Tin hc ho QLHC Nh
nc, 2001-2005

Mc ch d n:

Cc mc tiu d n

Xy dng v a vo hot ng
h thng thng tin in t ca
ng v Chnh ph, nhm nng
cao hiu lc, hiu qu iu hnh
ca Chnh ph, Th tng Chnh
ph, Lnh o cc B, c quan
ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh
ph v chnh quyn a phng
cc cp.
Xc nh d n

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Nng cp mng Tin hc din rng Chnh ph

o to tin hc cho lc lng cn b vin
chc trong cc c quan qun l nh nc
Xy dng cc c s d liu quc gia (vn
bn quy phm php lut, cn b, cng
chc, dn c, ti nguyn t, ti chnh,
v.v...)
Tin hc ho cc dch v cng: ng k kinh
doanh, cp giy php xy dng, cp giy
chng nhn quyn s dng t, v.v...
Thi gian thc hin n : 5 nm 2001-2005
Kinh ph thc hin n: 1000 t VND

Xc nh mc ch v mc tiu d n

2. Phm vi hot ng ca d n

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

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Ni dung

Phm vi (Scope) l g?
Xc nh phm vi (Definition).
Kim tra phm vi (Verification) v kim sot phm vi
(Controling).

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

Qun l phm vi l g?
Phm vi (Scope) l mt danh sch tt c nhng g d n
phi lm (v c th l d n khng phi lm). D n phi c
mt phm vi c vit ra r rng, nu khng d n s
khng bao gi kt thc.
Cc thnh qu chuyn giao (Deliverable) l nhng thnh
qu ca d n m s chuyn giao nh: phn cng, phn
mm (mua hoc t lm), bo hnh, chuyn giao
Nhm d n v cc ngi lin quan (Stakeholders) phi
cng hiu nhng sn phm no c to ra nh l kt qu
ca d n v chng c to ra nh th no.
Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

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Vng i ca mt d n

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

Quy trnh qun l phm vi d n

Khi ng (Initiating project): bt u mt d n hoc chuyn tip

sang giai on tip theo.
Lp k hoch phm vi (Planning): pht trin cc ti liu nhm
cung cp nn tng cho cc quyt nh v d n trong tng lai.
Xc nh phm vi (Definition): chia nh cc sn phm trung gian
ca d n thnh cc sn phm nh hn, d qun l hn (WBS).
Kim tra phm vi (Verification): hp thc ha vic chp nhn
phm vi ca d n.
Kim sot phm vi (Controling): iu khin nhng thay i ca
phm vi d n.

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

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Quy trnh qun l d n

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

Khi ng d n

Khi ng d n: k hoch chin lc v chn d n.

Trc tin l nhn bc tranh tng th hay k hoch
ca t chc.
K hoch chin lc nhm xc nh nhng hot ng
di hn.
D n IT phi h tr cho nhng mc tiu thng mi,
ti chnh v chin lc ca n v.

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

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Cc phng php chn d n

Tp trung vo nhu cu chung.

Phn tch SWOT (mnh, yu, c hi v nguy c).
Phn loi d n.
Phn tch ti chnh.
Dng WSM (m hnh tnh im cho trng s Weighted Scoring Model).
Thc hin BC (bng im cn i Balanced score
Card): www.balancedscorecard.org
Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

Phn tch SWOT

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

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Phn loi d n

C th phn loi d n da theo:

Kh khn
Thun li
Nhng hng dn

C th phn loi da theo: thi gian thc hin v khi

no c cn dng.
C th phn loi da theo u tin ca d n

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

12

Phn tch ti chnh

Phn tch NPV (Net Present Value): gi tr hin ti tinh,

tnh li l qui i theo thi im hin ti
ROI (Return on investment) = (total discounted
benefits total discountes costs) / discountes costs:
kt qu thu c nh u t.
Thi gian hon vn (Payback period).

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

13

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Phn tch ti chnh

Payback period: thi gian hon vn

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

14

M hnh tnh im c trng s

Xc nh tiu chun quan trng

Gn trng s theo t l %
Cho im cho mi tiu chun ca d n
Tnh im tng d n

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

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Tnh im c trng s

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

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Xc nh phm vi
Sau khi hon tt k hoch v phm vi, bc tip theo
l xc nh chi tit cng vic bng cch chia thnh cc
cng vic nh hn c th qun l c.
Xc nh ng phm vi:
Gip ci tin chnh xc v thi gian, chi ph, v ti nguyn
Xc nh nn tng o hiu sut vn hnh v iu
khin d n
Gip truyn t r rng cc trch nhim ca mi cng
vic
Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

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3. Lm ti liu Phc tho d n

Chng 3: Phm vi hot ng ca d n

17

Lm ti liu Phc tho d n

(Statement of Work)
Phc tho d n l ti liu xc nh ra phm vi ca d
n v trch nhim ca nhng ngi tham d.
L c s thng nht kin trong s nhng bn
tham gia d n. Khi thng nht v ni dung SOW,
khch hng, ngi ti tr d n v ngi qun l d
n coi nh nht tr:
V cc mc ch v mc tiu ca d n.
Ai chu trch nhim lm vic g
Xc nh d n

50

Lm ti liu Phc tho d n

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Thnh phn ch yu ca SOW ...

Gii thiu d n

M t ngn gn v d n,
Gii thch cho ca d n v nhng bn tham gia chnh.
C th bao gm mt s thng tin v bi cnh lch s

Mc ch v mc tiu
Phm vi

Xc nh ranh gii ca d n
Sn phm kt qu ca d n
Nhng g c a vo trong d n v nhng g b a ra ngoi khun
kh d n

Nhng ngi lin quan chnh

L nhng c nhn hoc tp th c quyn li st sn vi d n.

Xc nh d n

51

Lm ti liu Phc tho d n

Thnh phn ch yu ca SOW

Ti nguyn d n (ngun nhn lc)
Xc nh ngun nhn lc ch cht, cng vi trch nhim ca
mi ngi (hoc nhm ngi) s m nhn.
Khng nn ch xc nh cc ngun nhn lc bn trong 1 t
chc

Cc im mc thi gian quan trng

Kinh ph
Nu c th, kinh ph c phn chia theo tng giai on

Phn hiu chnh/iu chnh

Ch k cc bn lin quan
Xc nh d n

52

Lm ti liu Phc tho d n

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V d: Phc tho d n "Gii to v Di

dn xm liu T.Nhn"
Tn d n: Nh trn
Ngi qun l d n (PM): Tin s Nguyn vn X
Danh sch Ban qun l d n:
Tin s Nguyn Vn X, trng ban
ng A
B B

Ch u t: UBND qu.Hai B Trng HN

Vi Du
Xc nh d n

Lm ti liu Phc tho d n

53

Cc bc tin hnh khi lm ti liu

phc tho d n
Vit d tho

Chuyn cho n v ti tr (v khch hng)

T chc hp
xt duyt

Sa
C
Khng
C cn sa khng?
Xc nh d n

Cc bn k

54

Lm ti liu Phc tho d n

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nh gi ni dung vic xc nh d
n
Bo co r rng v cc mc tiu ca d n cha?
Trnh vic m t cc gii php?
Cc mc tiu bao gm tt c cc kha cnh trong phm vi
d n? (phm vi, cht lng, thi gian, u t)
C phi bao gm tt c cc mc tiu - thm ch c cc mc
tiu hin nhin m tt c mi ngi u cng nhn?
C phi mi mc tiu u km theo phng tin o lng
nhng kt qu t c?
C phi cc mc yu cu ca thnh tu t c a ra
mt phm vi chp nhn c, bao gm mc chp nhn ti
thiu (trng hp xu nht)?
Xc nh d n

55

Nhng im cn trnh trong vic xc

nh d n
Ni dung khng y (c bit l cc rng buc i
vi d n)
Nhng b nhng yu cu khng kh thi do khch
hng ngh
Trnh vit nhng cu vn khng r ngha
Bn phc tho d n c cc bn k vo. Thc
hin d n c nhng thay i, nhng khng ai .
Khng nn coi rng nhng thay i c cc bn
nht tr.
Xc nh d n

56

Xc nh vai tr v trch nhim trong d n

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Ban iu hnh v nh ti tr phi ph

chun
Phm vi ca d n
Phng php lun c
s dng
Thnh phn ca i d
n
c tnh k lng v
thi gian v chi ph
Quy trnh i vi vic
qun l d n
Xc nh d n

57

V d v S tay d n CNTT

V d

Xc nh d n

58

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4. Kt lun

nh hng l iu sng cn cho hon thnh mi

cng vic. Cch tt nht l bt u d n bng: Mc
ch, Mc tiu, Phm vi
Qun l d n cn chnh thc ho chng bng vn bn
gi l SOW
Cng cn cng b d n v cng b ti liu trn rng
ri cho mi ngi lin quan d n

Xc nh d n

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http://bit.ly/1sTAhcM

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