Etd 0204113 010152

Institute of Communications Management
National Sun Yat-sen University

Master Thesis
Smartphone, Smart loveExploring the Role of App in the

Romantic Relationship Communications
Chih-hao Hsu
Dr. Feng-yang Kuo
102 2
February 2013
305
Meeting
ii
SMART PHONESMART MAGIC & SMART LOVE, LOVE YOU ALL

2012 11 20
iii
AppApplication
App
App
App App
App
App
WhatsApp
iv
Abstract
As the smart phone has gradually become a significant part of our life,
the comprehensive function of smart phone leads some critical changes in
the communication between people. Further, among the smart phone users
an entire different style of communication starts to emerge which can be
seen as the result of the new technology brought by the smart phone such
as; instant internet accessibility and large variety of optional
applications. This study focuses on the communication in the romantic
relationship. The impact of the smart phone and its role in today's modern
society will be examined with the reference of self-disclosure theory,
attachment theory, social exchange theory, and equity theory to achieve
a general conclusion.
This study finds that the communication between smart phone users is
not bounded by the stereotype of verbal and words only style. People can
achieve a great diversity of information exchange and daily life sharing
to their romantic partner. The context of the communication can be text,
photos, videos clips and real time video chat via different Apps available
online.
These Apps give the engaged couple the ability of daily life
micro-coordination and emotional hyper-coordination. They can

participate in each others life event in time without physical presence.
When people communicate their romantic partner with Apps, the
"presence of the respond" and the length of the respond" becomes an
important part in the fair relationship. Different perception of the role
v
of the Apps in a fair relationship can be observed from different

partnership dynamics and attachment style. First, the relationship of the
"secure- attachment style" tends to focus on the aspect of sharing life
experience and companionship with their partner. The intimacy is
established base on the good interaction since the aspect of "fair" has
not been over-emphasized.
On the contrast, the "anxious-attachment style" has different
perception. Fair is a major issue in the App communications with their
partner. The emotion of "unfair" can be created by the absence of respond
or late respond. Also, a short respond can raise the anxiety perception
of the individual and tension in the relationship. Most likely the Apps
will be simultaneously used as a tool to monitor each other's daily life.
Keywords
Keywordsromantic relationship, smartphone, applications,
self-disclosure theory, attachment theory, social exchange theory,
equity theory
vi

......................................................
...................................................... 1
............................................ 1
.................................................. 5
..................................................
.................................................. 8
.............................................. 8
............................................ 9
Lee ....................................... 10
....................................... 12
................................... 12
........................................... 13
................................. 13
........................................... 19
............................................. 19
................................... 21
....................................... 24
............................................. 24
................................................. 25
................................................. 27
.................................................
................................................. 30
............................................... 30
............................................... 31
........................................... 31
....................................... 32
............................................. 34
vii
...........................................
........................................... 36
............................. 40
......................................... 40
......................................... 42
............................. 47
............................................. 47
................................................. 54
App ............................... 67
............................................... 67
............................................. 78
...............................................
............................................... 90
................................................. 90
........................................... 96
.........................................................
......................................................... 98
............................................................
............................................................ 105
................................................ 105
................................................ 109
viii
1-1 ....................................... 15
2-1 ............................................... 23
4-1 App ................. 39
4-2 App.................... 39
5-1 App ................. 91
5-2 App.................... 93
1-1 ...................... 2
2-1 App ............................................... 17
3-1 ............................................. 32
ix
Smartphone
GoogleIpsos MMA (Mobile Marketing Association) 2011
30 27.2
4 1
26
Facebook
2011
2011
Solis2006
2011
BBS(Bulletin Board
System)DistantLove
Mentalk Boy-Girl
Astrology_12
1-1 BBS
mybaby40XX(NOBOXX)
Gemini
WHAT'S APP
WHTA'S APP
Re: []

Thu Dec 1 03:12:33

2011
: sharondetXX
APP
(sharondetXX)
: Aquarius
: [] ?
: Wed Feb
8 14:16:30
APP
2012
APP
wakeXX ( X)
Aquarius
whatsapp
[]
skype
Thu Feb 2 20:38:30

2012
ddXX ( X)
+ app
Pisces
[]
app
Wed Dec 7 02:50:53

30
2011

app

: saaj3XX (saaj3XX)
: Cancer
app
: [] ?
: Tue Dec
6 11:27:55
3
2011
app
app
1
2
BBS
1 2
3
4 5
BBS

McLuhan1967
Heidegger1993
McLuhan1967
B.B.CALL
2005
Wood19992002
Baxter Montgomery(1996)
1998
2005
2007
Licoppe Heurtin
2002
2001
(Jamieson,19982002
AustinTobiasen,1982

Wood(19992002))
Sternberg1986
1.
Passion
2.
Commitment
Lund,1985Wood(1999
2002)
3.
Intimacy
Sternberg1986
Lee
Lee(1977)
1970
4000
100
Lee(1977)
Primary Types
Lee
Secondary types
1.
ErosRomantic Love
2.
LudusGame-Playing Love
10
3.
StorgeFriend Love
4.
ManiaDependent Love
5.
AgapeAltruistic Love
6.
PragmaPractical Love
Lee1977 Bauman(2003
2007)Bauman
11
2011
2011
2011
DurkheimianGoffman Collins Ling2008
Taylor Harper(2003)
12

Burman(2003)
2005
1.
McLuhan1967
2.
Burman2003
3.
Substance
13
2011
1.
(2011)
(2011)
2.
2011NCC
2011 123.3
2,861 3G 71.7WAPGPRS
3G PHS 2,036
71.2%
GoogleIpsos MMA (Mobile Marketing Association)

2011 3 7
30 3 25
14
20 62
37 35
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1-1 http://www.ourmobileplanet.com/
15
26 80
50
64
GoogleIpsos MMA(2011)
18 29 35
30 49 32
3.
GoogleIpsos MMA(2011) 57
25 30
7 43
40
WhatsApp
LINE
2012
Android Market 2012 1 6
16
Where's My Water? FreeAndroid

FacebookWhatsApp
MessengerLINE
App Annie2012 App Store App
WhatsApp Messenger Social
Networking App WhatsApp Messenger
LINE
WhatsAppLINE
ViberSkypeFreePPFacebook
2-1 App
App
App
WhatsApp
WhatsApp
App
Line
Line
17
Viber
Skype
Viber
Skype
FreePP
Facebook
FreePP
App
FreePP
Facebook Facebook
Facebook
App Facebook
App
iPhone
2011
18
NavigatingWood,19992002
1.
1
2
6
19
2.
Gerstel Gross(1985)
2011
3.
Duck19922004)
1Breakdown Phase
2Intrapsychic Phase
3Dyadic Phase
20

4Social Phase
5Grave-dressing Phase
Solis(2006)
App
(Social Penetration Theory)
Jourard1958
Derlega Grzelak1979
Expression
(self clarification)
relationship development
social validation
social control
1.
21
2.
3.
4.
5.
Altman Taylor(1973)
22
2-1 Altman & Taylor, 1973
(Miell & Duck, 1986)

(Wright, 1978)
23
Licoppe Heurtin2002
Collins2004
Social Exchange Theory

Blau1964
RewardCost
OutcomeComparisonBlau, 1964
24

Blau, 1964
Comparison Level
(Kelly & Thibaut,

1978)
Taylor Harper(2003)
Talor Harper(2003)
(Equity Theory)
WalsterWalster Berscheid(1978)
25
(Vaananen, Buunk, Kivimaki, Pentti, & Vahtera, 2005)

Clark Mills(1993)
(Clark & Mils, 1993)

Canary Stafford(2001)
(Lemay & Clark, 2008)
(Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2007)
App
26
App
(Attachment Theory)
App
John Bowlby1969
Ainsworth(1978)
Secure attachment style
avoidant attachment style
anxious attachmaent style
1.
2.
27
3.
Hazan Shaver19871991
1.
2.
28
3.
MorrisonGoodlin-Jones Urquiza(1997)
1998
2005
App
29
AppApplication App
App
2002
App
App
App
in-depth interview
30

Semistructured
Interviews
1996
2002

BBS(Bulletin Board System)
DistantLove ()Mentalk ()
Boy-Girl ()(2011) Astrology_12 (
)
20 2011
31
1.
20
2.
3.
3-1
25
10
1.
2.
3.
Skype
WhataApp
24
1.
2.
2
7
WhataApp
24
1.
2.
WhataApp
Line
23
1.
2.
WhataApp
Line
22
32
1.
2.
3.
WhataApp
24
1.
2.
2
APP
3.
WhataApp
23
24
26
26
1.
2.
WhataApp
LineFreePP
3.
1.
2.
3.
1.
WhataApp
2.
Line
1.
2.
WhataApp
Line
WhataApp
Line
GoogleIpsos MMA
18 29 35
24.3
6 4
5 3
33

2012 2 5 10 8
(Neuman,1977)
Michael
Patton1995
2000
2007
34
8 1 3
1
35
App
App
App
AppWhatsApp
App
App
36

App
WhatsAppLine AppFacebookSkype
App App
Continuous flow
(Licoppe,2004)
App
App
App
37

APP
MSN
MSN
APP
MSNMessenger
App MSN
App
App
App
38

App
App
App
4-1 App
App
App
App
App
App
4-2 App
Micro-coordination
hyper-coordination
39

Ling Yttri1999
App
App
App
APP
App
APP
APP
Ling2008 Durkheim1995
Collective effervescene
Durkheim
40
Ling,2008
App
WhatsApp
App
App
APP
WhatsApp
App
App
App
App
App
41
App
App
APP
App
App
App
App
App
App
42
App
APP
WhatsApp
OK
App
App
App
43
App
App
App
App
App
App
App
APP
44
App
App App
App App
App
91178
10
932
WhatsApp
9App
1178
45
AppApp
9App
WhatsApp
SkypeSkype
Skype
Skype
AppApp
46

Giddens(1993)
disclosure
Ling & Yttri,1999

Jourard,1958
APP
APP
APP
App
APP
App
App
AppApp
47
WhatsApp
APP
App
App
App
App
App
48
1822
1823 XD
1824
0923
0925
0932
0933
0934
0937
0938
0938
0939
0939
0940
0941
0942
0943 O.O
0943
0944 O.O
0944
App
App
App
49
App
APP
50
App
App
App
AppApp
51
App
Sternberg1986
App
App
Wow
Sternberg1986
App
52
App
53
App
App
App
App
Duck,1992
54
App
App
App
App
App
55

App
App
App
AppApp
App
56
App
AppApp
App
App
App
Derlega Grzelak1979
App
App
Facebook App
57
WhatsApp
3
App
Facebook App
Facebook
Facebook
Wood(1999)
Facebook
58
FacebookApp
AppApp
App
FacebookApp
Facebook
Facebook App
59
App
9 Faceboo App
Facebook
Facebook Facebook App
App
App
1.
App
App
App
App
App
60
App
App
App
App
App
App
App
61
App
AppApp
AppApp
App
App
App
62
App
App
App
App
Braiker & Kelly1979

Gottman
& Krokoff(1989)
63

App
AppApp
AppApp
2.
App
Dyadic PhaseDuck,1992
App
App
App
64
App
App
App
Duck,1992
App
App
App
AppApp
App
65
App
XXXX
App
App
AppDuck(1992)
66
App
John Bowlby1969 Hazan Shaver
2007
AinsworthBlehar
Waters Wall1978
67
2007
68
25
670560
69
App
1.
App
App
App
70
App
AppApp
App
App
App
2049
2049 ?
2049
2049
2050
2050 XD
2051
2051
2051
2107
2107 !
71
2107
2108
2108
2109
App
App
App
App
72
App
App
2.
App
73
App
App
App
App
App
App
App
74
App
2007
App
App
App
App
App
75
App
App
App
App
App
App
App
76
App
App
App
App
77
App
App
App App
App
App
Hazan Shaver19871991
78
...
79
2007
80
App
1.
App
APPAPP
APP
App
APP
APP
APP
81
App
App
APPAPP
App
App
App
App
82
App
App
83
WhatsAppLineFB
Line
App
App
84
AppApp
App
FreePP
FreePP
App
App
2.
App
App
85

Clark Mills(1993)
App
App
APP
OKOK
APP
App
App
86
App
App
App
87
OK
App
MSN
App
88

App
App
App
APP
App
89
App
BBCAL
90
App
App
App
()()
App
App
App
App
5-1 App
App
App App
App
91
App
App
App
App
App
App
Giddens(2005)
disclosure
App
App
App
App
AppApp
App
App
AppApp
92

App
App App
App
App
App
App
App
App
App
App
App
5-2 App
93

App
App
App
App App
App
App
App
94
App
10
App
App App
App
App App
App App App
App App
App
App
95
22 26
2007
2005
B.B.CALLE-mailMSN
App
App
96
97
2007
4
4397-415
1995
Patton, M. C.
1980
2011
2007
Bauman,
Zygmunt
2003
2011
29
29
http://www.parenting.com.tw/article/article.action?id=5027883
2005
47(3)289-309
47(3)
2011iPhone
2011
2007
3-11
Bauman,
Zygmunt
2003
1996
2002
1998
2006
98

2011
2001
http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/25907
2001
2000
1-55
Virilio, P.
1995
2005
9267-294
2002
2010
2011
2011
)2002)
Julia
T.
Wood
1999
(2011 11 29 )2011
http://www.communications.org.tw/communications/getdetail.php?n_un
it=3659&cfz_unit=2&cf_unit=22&menu=1
2002
L.
Jamieson,
1998
2011
2011
2012 2 20
App

1265
1265
http://www.businessweekly.com.tw/webarticle.php?id=45843&p=1
)2004)
Duck,
S.
99

1998
2000
Beck,
U., &
Beck-Gernsheim, E1990
Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., & Waters, E. WALL. s.(1978). Patterns of

attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation.
Altman, I., & Taylor, D. A. (1973). Social penetration: The development
of interpersonal relationships. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Andriod Market (2012, January 6). Top Free in Apps. Retrieved from
https://play.google.com/store/apps/collection/topselling_free
App Annie (2012, March 13). Top 5 Matrix - iPhone Taiwan. Retrieved from
http://www.appannie.com/matrix/iphone/taiwan/
App Annie (2012, March 13).Top 5 Matrix - iPhone - Social Networking.
Retrieved from
http://www.appannie.com/matrix/iphone/social-networking/
Aronson, E., Wilson, T. D., & Akert, R. M. (2007). Social perception: How
we come to understand other people. Social psychology, 90-123.
Austin, W., & Tobiasen, J. (1982). Moral evaluation in intimate
relationships. Equity and justice in social behavior, 217-259.
Barbee, A. P., Cunningham, M. R., Winstead, B. A., Derlega, V. J., Gulley,
M. R., Yankeelov, P. A., & Druen, P. B. (1993). Effects of gender role
expectations on the social support process. Journal of Social Issues,
49(3), 175-190.
Baxter, L. A., & Montgomery, B. M. (1996). Relating: Dialogues and
100
dialectics: Guilford Press.

Blau, P (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment, Vol. 1 of Attachment and loss. Pimlico,
London. Reprint of Hogarth, New York.
Braiker, H. B., & Kelley, H. H. (1979). Conflict in the development of close
relationships. Social exchange in developing relationships, 135-168.
Canary, D. J., Stafford, L., Harvey, J., & Wenzel, A. (2001). Equity in
the preservation of personal relationships. Close romantic
relationships: Maintenance and enhancement, 133-151.
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1993). The difference between communal and
exchange relationships: What it is and is not. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 19(6), 684.
Collins, R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains: Princeton Univ Pr.
Derlega, V. J., & Grzelak, J. (1979). Appropriateness of self-disclosure.
Self-disclosure: Origins, patterns, and implications of openness in
interpersonal relationships, 151-176.
Duck, S., & Miell, D. (1986). Charting the development of personal
relationships. The emerging field of personal relationships, 133-143.
Gerstel, N., & Gross H.1985. Commuter Marriage. New York: Guilford.
Giddens, A. (1993). The transformation of intimacy: Sexuality, love and
eroticism in modern societies: Stanford Univ Pr.
Google, Ipsos &MMA. (2011). OUR MOBILE PLANET. Retrieved from
http://www.ourmobileplanet.com/
Gottman, J. M., & Krokoff, L. J. (1989). Marital interaction and
satisfaction: A longitudinal view. Journal of consulting and clinical
psychology, 57(1), 47.
101
Hatfield, E., Walster, G. W., & Berscheid, E. (1978). Equity: Theory and
research. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an
attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
52(3), 511.
Heidegger, M. (1993). Letter on humanism. Basic writings, 204.
Jourard, S. M., & Lasakow, P. (1958). Some factors in self-disclosure. The
Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 56(1), 91.
Kelley, H. H., & Thibaut, J. W. (1978). Interpersonal relations: A theory
of interdependence. New York: Wiley.
Lee, J. A. (1977). A typology of styles of loving. Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin, 3(2), 173-182.
Lemay Jr, E. P., & Clark, M. S. (2008). How the head liberates the heart:
Projection of communal responsiveness guides relationship promotion.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(4), 647.
Licoppe, C., & Heurtin, J. P. (2001). Managing ones availability to
telephone communication through mobile phones: A French case study of
the development dynamics of mobile phone use. Personal and ubiquitous
computing, 5(2), 99-108.
Licoppe, C., & Heurtin, J. P. (2002). 7 France: preserving the image.
Perpetual contact: Mobile communication, private talk, public
performance, 94.
Licoppe, C. (2004). Connected'presence: the emergence of a new repertoire
for managing social relationships in a changing communication
technoscape. Environment and Planning D, 22(1), 135-156.
Ling, R., & Yttri, B. (1999). Nobody sits at home and waits for the telephone
102
to ring: Micro and hyper-coordination through the use of the mobile

telephone. Telenor Forskning og Utvikling, FoU Rapport, 30, 99.
Ling, R. S.(2008). New tech, new tiesHow mobile communication is reshaping
social cohesion. Cambridge: MIT Press.
McLuhan, M., & Fiore, Q. (1967). The medium is the message. New York, NY:
Random House.
Morrison, T. L., Goodlin-Jones, B. L., & Urquiza, A. J. (1997). Attachment
and the representation of intimate relationships in adulthood. The
Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 131(1), 57-71.
Seidman, I. (2006). Interviewing as qualitative research: A guide for
researchers in education and the social sciences: Teachers College Pr.
Solis, R. J. C. (2006). Mobile romance: An exploration of the development
of romantic relationships through texting. Asia Culture Forum.
Sternberg, R. J. (1986). A triangular theory of love. Psychological review,
93(2), 119.
Swidler (1980). Love and adulthood in American culture. In Smelser, N. &
Erikson, E (Eds.), Themes of Work and Love in Adulthood (pp.120-147).
Cambridge, Ma.:Harvard University Press.
Taylor, A. S., & Harper, R. (2003). The gift of the gab?: A design oriented
sociology of young people's use of mobiles. Computer Supported
Cooperative Work (CSCW), 12(3), 267-296.
Vnnen, A., Buunk, A. P., Kivimki, M., Vahtera, J., & Koskenvuo, M.
(2008). Change in reciprocity as a predictor of depressive symptoms:
A prospective cohort study of Finnish women and men. Social Science
& Medicine, 67(11), 1907-1916.
Walster, E., Traupmann, J., & Walster, G. W. (1978). Equity and extramarital
103
sexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 7(2), 127-142.

Wright, P. H. (1978). Toward a theory of friendship based on a conception
of self. Human Communication Research, 4(3), 196-207.
104
App
App
1.
2.
3.
App
1.
App
2.
App
3.
APP
4.
App
5.
App
6.
App
App
7.
App
8.
App
105
9.
App
10.
1.
App
App
2.
App
3.
App
4.
App
5.
APP
APP
6.
APP

App
7.
APP

App
8.
APP
9.
APP
10. APP
106
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
107
1.
108
1.
10
2.
3.
4.
WhatsAppLineSkypeFacebook
TEL0927138193
E-maila2b2jona@hotmail.com
109

Etd 0204113 010152

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Etd 0204113 010152

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Institute of Communications Management

National Sun Yat-sen University

Smartphone, Smart loveExploring the Role of App in the

Dr. Feng-yang Kuo

SMART PHONESMART MAGIC & SMART LOVE, LOVE YOU ALL

micro-coordination and emotional hyper-coordination. They can

of the Apps in a fair relationship can be observed from different

GoogleIpsos MMA (Mobile Marketing Association) 2011

Thu Dec 1 03:12:33

Thu Feb 2 20:38:30

Wed Dec 7 02:50:53

DurkheimianGoffman Collins Ling2008

GoogleIpsos MMA (Mobile Marketing Association)

Android Market 2012 1 6

Where's My Water? FreeAndroid

2-1 Altman & Taylor, 1973

(Miell & Duck, 1986)

Social Exchange Theory

(Kelly & Thibaut,

(Vaananen, Buunk, Kivimaki, Pentti, & Vahtera, 2005)

(Clark & Mils, 1993)

(Lemay & Clark, 2008)

(Aronson, Wilson, & Akert, 2007)

Ling & Yttri,1999

Braiker & Kelly1979

Ainsworth, M., Blehar, M., & Waters, E. WALL. s.(1978). Patterns of

dialectics: Guilford Press.

to ring: Micro and hyper-coordination through the use of the mobile

sexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 7(2), 127-142.

You might also like