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Phn tch ngi Do Thi Israel, Ti c rt ra ba tinh thn c trng: Chin Binh, Doanh
Nhn v Sng To, ng hnh vi Hoi Bo v Dn tc V i v T duy Ton bin-Ton
din-Ton cu. Trong , tinh thn Sng to l tinh thn lun t duy x ro, tip cn khn
ngoan v c bit l tinh thn Sng-To-c-Trch-Nhim. Tinh thn Sng to, theo Ti, c
ngi Israel Do Thi coi l Nng Lng Sng ca h.
S d quc gia Israel hng cng nh hng nh th, lm ch c thi i nh th, theo
Ti, l bi h s c mt Hoi Bo ba Tinh Thn m ti nhc i nhc li.
Bn hy c sch v mi ch hnh ng cho mt Vit Nam Hng Mnh, nh Hng v
Trng Tn, trc mi mi e da thin to ln nhn to. Ngi Khc Lm c Th Ta
Lm c. Nc Khc Lm c Th Nc Ta Lm c. Ta nht nh lm c. Ti
nguyn st cnh bn Bn.
Khi Cng Nhau, Khng G L Khng Th!
LI NI U
Con ngi c xu hng li vo tr nh hn l c tng tng. K c ng ngha vi nhng
iu quen thuc, cn tr tng tng ch mang n nhng iu xa l. V th, tr tng tng
i khi ng s, n i hi ngi ta phi mo him t b nhng g thn quen.
Israel l quc gia khi ngun t tr tng tng ca nhng con ngi 2000 nm lu vong,
vi hnh trang khng c g ngoi nhng li cu nguyn v s thiu vng qu hng. Nhng
chnh nhng li nguyn cu trn vn ny nui dng hy vng v lng trung thnh ca
ngi Do Thi vi vng t ha ca cha ng h.
Cng vi s ra i ca Nh nc Israel, li nguyn cu v i c gieo vo vng t
nh b: t ai cn ci, lng ging th ch. Hnh trnh c xa t Ai Cp n Israel, dn tc
Do Thi chng ta phi bng qua sa mc khng l, th nay, khi quay v, ngi nh ca chng
ta vn l hoang mc. Chng ta phi xy dng mi th t u. Nh nhng con ngi
ngho kh tr v ngi nh trn mnh t ti tn ca mnh, chng ta phi khm ph s giu
c trong khan him.
Vn ling duy nht m chng ta c th s dng chnh l con ngi. Mnh t kh cn khng
t dng sn sinh ra vng, m phi cn n nhng con ngi tnh nguyn lm nhiu, hng
t. H pht minh ra li sng mi nh kibbutz, xy dng nn nhng th trn v cng
ng dn c t ni cha h tn ti. H lao ng ct lc v khng bao gi tha mn vi bn
thn, song h cng chnh l nhng con ngi bit c m v hng n s sng to.
L nhng nh tr thc v l tng nhng h khng ngi ngn cy xi rung ng bng i
tay ca chnh mnh. Khi pht hin t ai kh cn v thiu nc, h chuyn sang pht
minh v khoa hc k thut...
M hnh hp tc x nng trang tr thnh lng p, v ngi nng dn chnh l nh khoa hc.
Mi ng dng cng ngh cao Israel u bt u vi ngnh nng nghip. Thm ch khi t
ai hn hp v thiu nc, Israel vn tr thnh mt trong nhng quc gia dn u v nng
nghip. Nhiu ngi vn xem nng nghip ng ngha vi lc hu v cng ngh, nhng h
lm: 95% b mt lm nn nng sut nng nghip phi thng ca Israel khng g ngoi
cng ngh.
S th ch ca mi trng xung quanh cha bao gi gim. Israel b tn cng by ln ch
trong 60 nm u tin k t khi lp quc v b cm vn ton din v ngoi giao ln kinh t.
Khng h c lc lng nc ngoi n vin tr. Cch duy nht gip chng ta chin thng k
th p o v mt v kh chnh l li th c to ra nh lng dng cm v cng ngh k
thut.
Israel nui dng sc sng to khng tng ng vi din tch quc gia m vi nhng mi
e da chng ta phi i mt. Hn th na, sc sng to trn mt trn an ninh cn to ra
nn mng cho cc ngnh cng nghip dn s trong nc.
Chin lc pht trin qun s ca Israel thng l mc tiu kp, v d nh ngnh hng
khng ph hp cho c nhu cu dn s ln qun i. S hp tc gia qun i v cc ngnh
cng nghip dn s tr thnh vn m cng ngh, mang n cho rt nhiu thanh thiu
nin c hi c tip cn vi nhng trang thit b ti tn v kinh nghim qun l.
Israel s lun l mt nc nh nu xt v din tch v dn s, nn s khng bao gi c th
tr thnh mt th trng tiu dng ln, hoc pht trin nhng ngnh cng nghip quy m.
Nhng nu kch thc ch quyt nh s lng, th quy m nh hn li to ra c hi ti
u ha yu t cht lng.
La chn duy nht ca Israel l theo ui cht lng da trn s sng to.
Th tng u tin ca Israel tng pht biu: Nhng chuyn gia ch l chuyn gia trong
nhng chuyn c tin l, khng c chuyn gia cho nhng iu cha xy n. tr
thnh chuyn gia tng lai, tm nhn phi thay th kinh nghim
Ti tin rng thp k sp ti s rt th v i vi cc lnh vc khoa hc v cng nghip v s
pht trin cng lc ca ba yu t sau:
Th nht l s tri dy ca tr thng minh nhn to. Nng lc x l s liu v t duy ca
my tnh tng mt triu ln trong 25 nm qua.
Th hai l s gia tng cc khm ph khoa hc kt qu ca vic gia tng s lng cc nh
khoa hc trn ton th gii (ch yu ti Trung Quc v n ), cng vi nhng tin b v
cng ngh.
Cui cng l s ra i ca cng ngh nano s gip khm ph no b con ngi, to vt k v
nht ca v tr. Thnh tu ny cng s tit l thm nhng kh nng tim n khc ca con
ngi, m ra nhiu phng thc giao tip mi; to ra cc thch thc mang tnh x hi theo
nhng cch chng ta cha th hnh dung c.
Vi ch ba thay i ny thi, chng ta s c chng kin nhng php mu vt xa ng
chn tri ca ngy hm nay. Chng ta s c th phng nga hoc chin thng cc cn bnh
nan y, gii quyt mu thun trong x hi v du hnh xa hn vo khng gian, hoc su hn
xung nhng i dng. Thm ch, chng ta cn c c hi khm ph nhng iu b n nht
ca nhn loi: ngha ti thng cho s tn ti ca loi ngi, v cu chuyn b mt ng
sau c sng to ca mi chng ta.
Israel ang chun b mi th cho cuc hnh trnh v i , h tr cc quc gia ng hnh
khc, cng nh nhn s gip t h.
Cun sch cc bn ang cm trn tay, Quc gia khi nghip, l mt liu thuc gic ng. N
c th c xem nh bn tm lc tm thi v lch s ca Israel, mt t nc m bn
thn n lc no cng trong giai on khi nghip. Trong , hai tc gi Dan Senor v Saul
Singer k li cu chuyn v nhng con ngi Israel lun bt chp v thch thc truyn
GHI CH CA NHM TC GI
Cun sch ny bn v s cch tn v tinh thn khi nghip, cng nh nhng nhn t gip
mt tiu quc nh Israel c th t c c hai yu t trn.
y khng phi cun sch v cng ngh, d chng ti c nhc n nhiu doanh nghip hot
ng trong lnh vc ny. Tuy rt thch th trc nhng nh hng ca cng ngh i vi
th gii hin i, nhng chng ti ch tp trung bn v h sinh thi v ang to ra nhng
tng kinh doanh mi theo cch hp l nht.
Cun sch c s pha trn gia mt cht khm ph, mt cht tranh ci v mt cht vn k
chuyn. C th bn ngh rng quyn sch s c vit theo th t thi gian, xoay quanh
cc doanh nghip, hoc nhng nhn t ch cht m chng ti xc nh l nhng ngi
gp phn to ra hnh mu cch tn ca Israel.
Tuy b cm d bi tng mang tnh tng qut nu trn, nhng cui cng chng ti la
chn cch tip cn chi tit v t m hn.
vit cun sch ny, chng ti nh gi lch s v vn ha Israel, cht lc nhng cu
chuyn ca cc cng ty tm hiu ci ngun nng lng sng to ca dn tc Do Thi v
nhng biu hin ca n. Chng ti cn phng vn mt s nh kinh t hc v nghin cu
quan im ca h. Thm ch, chng ti cn m rng nghin cu sang lnh vc lch s, kinh
doanh v a chnh tr.
Tuy s ngng m dnh cho nhng cu chuyn cha c k ca nn kinh t Israel
ng vai tr ln trong vic thc y chng ti vit cun sch ny cng nh cp n
nhng lnh vc m Israel ang b tt hu, chng ti cng nh gi nguy c e da thnh
cng ca quc gia ny. Phn ln nhng nh gi ny s khin c gi ngc nhin, do chng
hon ton khng lin quan n nhng g bn thng c nghe t cc phng tin truyn
thng quc t.
Trong cun sch, chng ti tp trung nghin cu su hai vn : Ti sao cc ngnh ngh i
hi s sng to ca M khng tn dng c li th ca nhng doanh nhn ti nng
tng tri nghim v c o to trong mi trng qun i, iu ny hon ton tri
ngc vi nn kinh t Israel; v ti sao th gii -rp li gp kh khn trong vic thc y
tinh thn khi nghip ca gii doanh nhn.
Trn thc t, nhng ti ny i hi phi c s nghin cu k v su rng hn phm vi
ca cun sch bn ang cm trn tay; thm ch cn phi vit mt cun sch dnh ring cho
tng ch trn.
Cui cng, nu c mt cu chuyn thng b b qua bt chp s a tin rng ri ca gii
truyn thng v Israel, th chnh l nhng s liu kinh t ch cht th hin rng Israel l
i din cho s tp trung cao ca ch cch tn v tinh thn khi nghip ca nhn loi
ng i.
Cun sch l n lc ca chng ti gii thch hin tng trn Hin Tng Israel.
LI GII THIU
Ni hay y, nhng anh nh lm g?
SHIMON PERES NI VI SHAI AGASSI
Hai ngi ngi n ng to thnh mt cp i k l khi h ngi ch trong mt dy bung
sang trng ca khch sn Sheraton Seehof trn ni Anp, phn vt ngang qua lnh th Thy
S. Khng kin nhn xa tan bu khng kh cng thng bng nhng cu tn gu; h
ch nhn nhau y lo u. Ngi n ng ln tui, c l gp i tui ngi thanh nin cn li
t ra bnh tnh hn. ng khng thuc tup ngi d nn lng.
Ngi thanh nin bc l v t tin thng thy mt k thng minh, song vic lin tc b t
chi bt u thc y s hoi nghi trong anh: Liu anh c sc vc dy ba ngnh cng
nghip khng l? Anh tht s lo lng cho bui hp k tip.
Khng hiu v sao ngi n ng ln tui li chp nhn mo him vi ci gi l nguy c b
mt danh d. V ng chnh l ngi Israel ni ting nht th gii, ngi hai ln gi chc
v th tng v tng ot gii Nobel Ha bnh. tui 83, Shimon Peres chc chn khng
cn thm cuc phiu lu no na.
c c cuc gp g ny cng l mt th thch ln. Shimon Peres c xem nh cy
i th trn Din n Kinh t Th gii Davos c t chc hng nm. i vi cnh truyn
thng, vic ch xem nh lnh o -rp no s bt tay Shimon Peres cng l ngun tin d
on nhng g ang tht s din ra ng sau mt s kin c ngy trang bng v bc hi
tho kinh t. Shimon Peres l mt trong nhng nh lnh o ni ting m Gim c iu
hnh (Chief Executive Oficer CEO) ca cc tp on ln trn th gii u mun gp.
V th, khi Peres a ra li mi gp g CEO ca nm nh sn xut xe hi ln nht th gii,
ngha l ng tht s mun gp h. Nhng l u nm 2007 khi cuc khng hong kinh
t th gii dng nh vn cn rt xa vi, v cc lnh o ngnh cng nghip xe hi ny vn
cha cm nhn c sc p m h s phi tri qua ch mt nm sau . V ba ng ln trong
ngnh cng nghip t M l General Motors, Ford v Chrysler khng p li li mi ca
Shimon Peres.
Ch mt nh lnh o c mi xut hin, song ng ta li dnh ton b 25 pht u ca
cuc ni chuyn chng minh tng ca Peres l bt kh thi. Nhn vt ny khng bun
lng nghe k hoch ca Th tng Israel v mt th gii ch s dng phng tin chy bng
in, v gi s c nghe chng na, ng ta cng khng bao gi ngh n vic gii thiu n
mt quc gia t hon nh Israel.
Nghe ny, ti c cc ti liu ca Shai (Agassi) ri, v lnh o ni vi Peres, m ch
nhng bch th gi km th mi trc , cu ta thc s ang hoang tng. Lm g c
loi xe chy c bng in. Chng ti th nghim ri, nhng khng thnh cng. ng ta
tip tc khng nh loi xe hybrid mi l gii php thc t nht.
Shai Agassi chnh l ngi thanh nin tr tui bn cnh Shimon Peres. Ti thi im , anh
ang l CEO ca SAP (c), cng ty sn xut phn mm cho doanh nghip ln nht th gii.
Anh gia nhp SAP nm 2000, sau khi doanh nghip ny mua li cng ty anh mi thnh lp,
TopTier Software, vi gi 400 triu -la M (USD). V chuyn nhng ny chng minh
mt thc t rng mc d bong bng cng ngh v th trc mt s cng ty ca Israel
vn thu c li nhun.
Agassi thnh lp TopTier khi anh ch mi 24 tui. Mi lm nm sau, anh lnh o hai cng
ty con ca SAP, tr thnh nh lnh o tr tui nht v l ngi duy nht khng mang quc
tch c ng vo hng ng ban gim c SAP v cn nm trong danh sch c chc v
CEO. D mt chc v ny tui 39, anh vn t tin s n ngy n l ca anh.
Th m gi y, Agassi, cng v Tng thng k nhim ca Israel l Shimon Peres, ang phi
c gng ging gii cho mt lnh o ngnh t v tng lai ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut
xe hi. Lc ny, thm ch ngay c Agassi cng bt u hoi nghi ton b tng ca mnh l
v l, c bit khi n hon ton mang tnh l thuyt.
Ti Din n Doanh nhn tr din ra hai nm trc, s kin m Agassi gi l Baby Davos,
anh b thuyt phc bi suy ngh phi tm cch bin th gii tr nn tt p hn cho n
nm 2030. Phn ln i biu tham d u cho rng doanh nghip ca h cn ci tin chin
lc kinh doanh, ring Agassi li trnh by mt tng tham vng n ni ai cng ngh
rng anh qu ngy th: Ti ngh rng iu quan trng nht cn lm l tm cch chm dt
s ph thuc vo du m, anh ni.
Agassi tin rng ch cn mt quc gia khng cn n du m, c th gii s hc theo. V iu
u tin l phi c nhng chic xe hi khng chy bng xng.
Nhng nu ch tng ny thi th vn cha phi l ci nhn su sc mang tnh cch mng.
Agassi nghin cu nhng cng ngh tin tin nh t bo nng lng hydro mang li
ng nng cho xe, song chng u qu xa vi, t nht phi 10 nm na mi thc hin c.
V th Agassi quyt nh ch tp trung vo cng ngh d ch to nht: Xe chy bng c quy
sc. Trong qu kh tng ny tng b loi b do cn nhiu hn ch v qu tn km,
nhng Agassi tin rng anh c gii php lm cho xe in khng ch tr nn kh thi m cn
ph hp vi ngi s dng. Nu xe in cng mnh m nh xe hi chy bng xng th ai li
khng mun c mt chic?
Him ha chin tranh thng trc khin ngi Israel vi dn s ch chim 1/1.000
tng dn s th gii, lun c thi nghi ng i vi nhng li gii thch thng thng. Nu
bn cht ca ngi Israel, nh Peres ni vi chng ti sau ny l khng bao gi bit tha
mn th Agassi chnh l i din tiu biu ca quc gia ny.
Nhng nu khng c Peres th c th Agassi cng khng can m theo ui tng ca
anh n cng. Sau khi nghe Agassi thuyt phc v vic chm dt s l thuc vo du m,
Peres gi cho Agassi v hi: Ni hay y, nhng anh nh lm g?
Ri Peres ch ng ngn chn mi tranh ci bng cch khng nh nhng cng ngh thay
th vn cha ra i. ng bit cc i gia xe hi trn th gii ang th nghim mt lot cc
gii php mi nh xe hybrid, xe hybrid plug-in v xe in nh nhng khng cng ngh
no trong s ny ha hn m ra k nguyn mi cho ngnh vn ti.
Ch nm pht sau khi Peres bt u trnh by, Ghosn ngt li: ng Peres, ti c ti liu
ca Shai ri. Peres v Agassi c khng nhn mt, nhng c hai u cm thy bui gp mt
sp i ng hng. Ghosn ni: Cu ta hon ton ng. Chng ta c cng ngh. Tng lai
phi l in. Chng ti c xe hi ri, v c c quy na.
Peres gn nh khng ni nn li. Ch vi pht trc, ng v Agassi hng chu mn thuyt
gio say sa v sao xe in l th v dng, v xe hybrid l gii php tt hn. Nhng c Peres
v Agassi u bit r xe hybrid ng ngha vi ng ct. Lm sao mt phng tin li c th
cng lc trang b hai ngun nng lng ring bit? Hin gi xe hybrid rt t, trong khi ch
tit kim c 20% nng lng so vi cc loi xe thng thng. H khng th a mt
quc gia thot khi tnh trng l thuc vo du bng loi cng ngh ny.
Theo quan im ca Peres v Agassi, dng hybrid khng khc g vic cha vt thng do
n sng trng gy ra bng bng c nhn c.
Cha bao gi h nghe nhng iu ny t mt nh lnh o trong ngnh cng nghip t. V
th, Peres but ming hi Ghosn: Vy ng ngh g v xe hybrid?
Ti thy chng khng c ngha g ht. Xe hybrid ging nh nng tin c vy: Khi bn
mun con c th bn nhn c ngi ph n, khi bn mun ngi ph n th bn li nhn
c con c Ghosn tr li mt cch y t tin. Trng ci sau ca Peres v Agassi va
chn thnh, va bc l cm gic nh nhm. Liu h tm thy mt i tc tht s ph hp
vi tm nhn ca mnh?
By gi li n lt Ghosn lo lng. D l ngi lc quan, nhng nhng tr ngi c bn ca
xe in vn cn : c quy c gi qu cao; qung ng di chuyn cha bng 1/2 xe chy
xng; thi gian sc th lu.
Gi qu cao trong khi mc tin dng gn nh bng khng, xe sch, khng khi vn ch
l mt ngch rt nh trn th trng.
p li, Peres ni ng cng tng c nhng hoi nghi tng t cho n khi gp Agassi. Cu
ni ny l tn hiu gi cho Agassi gii thch cch thc gii quyt nhng kh khn tr ngi
ny bng cng ngh hin c, ch khng phi nhng php mu nng lng phi mt hng
thp k na mi xut hin. Lc ny, s ch ca Ghosn chuyn t Peres sang Agassi.
tng ca Agassi va hp l va n gin: Xe in t tin ch v c quy ca chng c gi
qu cao. Bn chic xe c trang b c quy cng ging nh bn xe vi lng xng dng
trong vi nm. Nhng khi tnh ton chi ph, xe in tht ra li r hn rt nhiu trung bnh
mi dm ch tn 7 xu ( bao gm c quy v in sc) so vi 10 xu cho mi dm chy bng
xng khong 2,5 USD/gallon. Nu gi xng du tng ln 4 USD/gallon, th khong cch chi
ph ny li cng khng l.
Hy tng tng, bn khng mt tin mua c quy nh mt loi nhin liu khi mua xe,
thay vo chi ph cho c quy s c phn b cho sut qu trnh s dng xe. Do , xe
in s r nh xe chy bng xng, v chi ph sc c quy chc chn s r hn xng du.
V lu v di, li th v chi ph in chc chn s tng khi c quy ngy cng r hn.
Vt qua ro cn gi c l bc t ph ln nht, nhng nh th vn cha xe in tr
thnh Xe hi 2.0, nh Agassi ni, thay th hon ton m hnh giao thng tng c Henry
Ford pht minh cch y hn mt th k. Xe truyn thng c th i c 300 dm ch vi 5
pht tip nhin liu, Ghosn t hi, liu xe in c th cnh tranh c khng?
Gii php ca Agassi l c s h tng: Hng ngn bi u xe c lin kt thnh mng li,
xy dng cc trm thay c quy dc ng v iu phi ton b cc trm ny bng mng
li thng minh. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, ch cn sc c quy cho xe ti nh v ch
lm l phng tin hot ng c ngy.
Nhng ai c nhu cu di chuyn ng di c th thay c quy ti cc trm i dc ng,
tng t vic xng/du truyn thng. Agassi mi mt v tng Israel v hu, c kinh
nghim qun l hu cn phc tp m nhim chc CEO cng ty a phng, c trch nhim
quy hoch h thng ng dy v mng li sc in/ xe trn c nc.
im then cht trong m hnh ny l khch hng s hu xe, cn doanh nghip ca Agassi,
Better Place, s s hu c quy cho chic xe ca khch hng.
N hot ng th ny, Agassi bt u ni k hn, ging nh in thoi di ng vy. Bn
n nh cung cp. Nu mun, bn c th tr tin mt ln duy nht s hu thit b v
khng cn cam kt g. Nhng thng th ai cng s k hp ng t hai ti ba nm. i li,
h c s hu thit b min ph hoc ch phi mua vi gi tng trng rt r .
Xe in cng lm c y ht vy, Agassi gii thch thm, Better Place s ng vai tr nh
nh mng di ng. Bn n i l xe v k hp ng s dng da trn s dm thay v s
pht, ri nhn mt chic xe in. Ch c iu h khng s hu c quy, m l Better Place.
Cng ty ca Agassi s thu v li nhun khng ch t vic bn xe m t cc dch v lin quan
n c quy ca khch hng trong vng bn nm hoc lu hn; vi mc ph m khch hng
thng chi cho xng du hng thng th nay h c th tr cho in v c quy. Agassi kt
lun: Bn va s dng mt phng tin sch vi mi trng, m chi ph li r hn xe chy
bng xng.
Agassi tip tc tr li phn Peres b lng bng cu hi: Ti sao li chn Israel lm th im
cho d n ny?
Th nht l vn din tch. Israel l quc gia th nghim hon ho cho xe in. Din tch
nh v lng ging th ch khin ni y tr thnh mt c o di chuyn khp kn. V
ngi Israel khng th li xe ra ngoi bin gii quc gia, nn khong cch di chuyn ca h
lun quanh qun trong mt din tch b nht nh th gii. iu ny gip gii hn s lng
trm i c quy m Better Place phi xy dng trong giai on u ca d n. Bng cch c
lp Israel, Agassi ni vi n ci tinh qui, k th ca h v tnh to ra mt phng th
nghim hon ho th nghim cc tng mi.
Th hai, ngi Israel thc r nhng ph tn v ti chnh v bo v mi trng khi phi l
thuc vo du m.
Th ba, bn cht ca ngi dn Israel l lun a thch ci mi h gn nh ng u th
gii v thi gian truy cp Internet v t l s dng in thoi di ng ln n 125%, ngha l
a s u c nhiu hn mt chic.
Mt iu khng km phn quan trng, Agassi bit anh c th tm thy Israel nhng ngun
lc cn thit gii quyt phn mm phc tp cho mng li in ton thng minh, c
nhim v m cc im sc v qun l qu trnh sc c quy ca hng triu xe cng lc m
khng b qu ti. Israel l quc gia c mt k s gii v chi tiu cho cng tc nghin cu,
pht trin khoa hc nhiu nht th gii, n s l ni l tng thc hin d n ny.
Agassi cn mun tin xa hn na. Suy cho cng, nu Intel c th sn xut i tr loi chip
tinh xo nht ca h ti Israel, ti sao Renault-Nissan li khng th ch to xe in y?
Ghosn cho rng vic ny ch kh thi vi iu kin s lng xe sn xut ti Israel phi t t
nht 50 nghn chic/nm.
Khng chp mt, Peres cam kt vi Ghosn con s 100 nghn xe/nm ti Israel. Ghosn ng
, min sao Peres gi li ha ca mnh.
Trc bui gp vi Ghosn, Agassi cn ba yu t thc hin k hoch: Mt quc gia, mt
cng ty sn xut xe hi v tin, nhng t c bt c yu t no trong , anh cn phi
c c hai yu t cn li trc.
V d, khi Peres v Agassi n gp th tng Ehud Olmert cam kt gip Israel thot cnh
l thuc vo du m, ng t ra hai iu kin: Agassi phi k c giao ko vi mt
trong nm nh sn xut t hng u th gii v gy qu 200 triu USD s vn cn thit
pht trin mng li in ton thng minh, bin na triu bi u xe thnh im sc
in v xy dng mi cc trm i c quy. Agassi c nh sn xut t, gi l lc thc
hin iu kin th hai: Tin.
Tuy nhin, Agassi lng nghe tin rng tng ca anh c th thc hin c. Anh
quyt nh b vic ti SAP mt quyt nh lm gii cng ngh chong vng thnh lp
Better Place (Agassi tri qua bn cuc tho lun vi ban lnh o SAP thuyt phc
rng anh hon ton nghim tc khi ngh vic).
Sau M, Israel l quc gia c nhiu doanh nghip nim yt trn sn chng khon NASDAQ,
hn bt c nc no khc trn th gii, k c n , Hn Quc, Singapore v Ireland, nh
minh ha trong Hnh I.2. Hnh I.3 cho thy r Israel dn u th gii v ngn sch dnh cho
nghin cu v pht trin khoa hc.
Theo s liu trong Hnh I.4, Israel c tc tng trng cao hn mc trung bnh ca nhm
cc nc pht trin lin tc trong nhiu nm k t 1995. Thm ch, nhng xung t v
trang cng khng th cn bc tin kinh t ca Israel. T nm 2000 n nm 2006, Israel
khng nhng chu nh hng khi bong bng cng ngh ton cu tan v, m cn tri qua giai
on cng thng nht trong trong lch s tn cng khng b v cuc chin Lebanon ln th
hai. Th nhng th phn ca Israel trong th trng lin doanh ton cu vn tng trng
gp i t 15% ln 31%.
Trong ngy cui cng ca cuc chin Lebanon ln th hai, th trng chng khon Tel Aviv
cn cao hn c ngy u tin ca cuc chin. Ngay c khi trc Israel va thc hin
chin dch qun s ko di ba tun vo Di Gaza (nm 2009).
Cu chuyn ca nn kinh t Israel c bit gy t m khi xem xt tnh trng nghim trng
ca quc gia ny trong na th k trc. Gia nh Shai Agassi chuyn t Iraq n Israel nm
1950 hai nm sau ngy ra i ca nh nc Israel. Gia nh Agassi ch l mt phn trong
bin ngi t nn chy trn ln sng bo lc ang bng pht trong th gii -rp sau khi
nh nc Israel ra i.
Ti thi im , nh nc Do Thi non tr cng lc phi i mt vi hai th thch tng
chng khng th vt qua: Chin u cho nn c lp v tip nhn mt lng ln ngi t
nn di c t chu u v cc quc gia -rp xung quanh.
Dn s Israel tng gp i ch trong hai nm u lp quc. Trong by nm sau , con s
ny tng thm 1/3. C ba ngi Israel th c n hai ngi mi di c n. Ngay khi va cp
bn, nhng ngi t nn b buc phi cm sng v gi ra chin trng. C nhng ngi
va sng st t tri tp trung ca c Quc X th nay ng xung trn chin trng,
trc c khi tn tui h c ghi li.
Xt trn t l tng quan, s ngi Israel hy sinh bo v nh nc Israel cn nhiu hn
s lnh M thit mng trong hai cuc i chin th gii.
Nhng ai sng st phi pht trin nn kinh t kit qu. Mi th u b hn ch, mt ngi
mi nhp c than phin: Chng ti c s mua hng, phi xp hng di mua theo ch
tem phiu, mi tun ch c mt qu trng. Lc , mc sng trung bnh ca ngi dn
Israel c so snh l ngang bng ngi M nhng nm 1800 .
Vy lm th no m mt quc gia khi nghip nh Israel khng nhng tn ti m cn
vn mnh t mt ni t tng b bao vy tr thnh mt c my cng ngh cao, t tng
trng hn 50 ln trong vng 60 nm? Lm th no m mt cng ng ngi t nn khng
xu dnh ti chuyn mnh t vng t m Mark Twain tng miu t l mt t nc hoang
vng v th lng [11] thnh mt trong nhng nn kinh t nng ng nht th gii? n
nh phn tch chnh tr kinh t ngi Israel, Gidi Grinstein, cng phi kinh ngc tht ln:
Xem ny, v th kinh t ca chng ti so vi nc M tng gp i, dn s tng gp nm
ln v phi i ph vi ba cuc chin tranh. y l iu cha tng c trong lch s kinh t
th gii. ng cn nhn nh rng: Cc doanh nghip Israel s tip tc mn trnh din
ngon mc hn na .
Vng t Thnh khng ch l im n ca on ngi hnh hng trong nhiu th k nay
m cn thu ht nhiu i tng khc. CEO kim Ch tch Google, ng Eric Schmidt ni rng
M l im n s mt cho cc doanh nghip, nhng sau M, Israel l ni tt nht. CEO
ca Microsoft, Steve Ballmer gi Microsoft l mt doanh nghip Israel, v s lng v
vai tr trung tm ca i ng nhn vin ngi Israel trong cng ty ny .
Li thot duy nht, theo Carlson, l ngi M phi hc cch ci tin nhng g c cng
vi vic pht trin cc ngnh hon ton mi trong lnh vc nng lng, cng ngh sinh hc
v cc mng da trn khoa hc khc. Theo cch din t ca John Kao, ging vin Khoa Kinh
t i hc Harvard, nc M ang tin nhanh vo d vng, l con b gi nua ang cn kit
bu sa, dn nh mt h thng thc v mc ch, cng nh ngn la quyt tm t c
mc ch .
Kinh t suy thoi buc nhn loi phi ch trng hn n s cch tn. Khng hong ti chnh
th gii bng n sau s sp ca th trng bt ng sn, vn bt ngun t cc sai lm tn
dng ca h thng ngn hng. Ni cch khc, s thnh vng gi to trc c xy
dng trn nhng bong bng d v, thay v s tng trng sn xut mang tnh cht bn
vng v ng tin cy hn i vi nn kinh t.
Theo Robert Solow, nh kinh t hc tng ot gii Nobel, ci tin cng ngh l cha kha
duy nht a n nng sut cao v tng trng . y l gii php c chng minh l
duy nht thc y nn kinh t tin ln, nht l s cch tn n t cc doanh nghip mi
thnh lp (start-up). Theo d liu t Cc thng k M: T nm 1980 n nm 2005, nhng
doanh nghip to ra nhiu cng n vic lm nht u c tui i di nm nm. Chuyn gia
kinh t Carl Schramm, Gim c qu Kauffman Foundation qu chuyn nghin cu v
hot ng kinh doanh ca cc doanh nghip mi thnh lp khng nh: duy tr v th
dn u nn kinh t th gii, nc M phi ly tinh thn khi nghip lm li th cnh
tranh ch o. Thiu tinh thn ny, chng ta s khng c n by.
Thc t l nhiu in hnh doanh nghip, bao gm cc h kinh doanh nh l v cc cng ty
quy m va v nh hot ng trong cc ngch ca th trng nhng vnh vin khng th
thot khi nhng ngch . Nhng Israel li tp trung pht trin tinh thn khi nghip tng
trng cao l nhng doanh nghip mi thnh lp v c kh nng thay i cc din cc
ngnh cng nghip ton cu. Tinh thn khi nghip ny c o ch n s dng nhng
nhn ti c bit, t k s cho n cc nh qun l v chuyn vin tip th nhm thng
mi ha bt k tng cch tn kh thi no.
D nhin, Israel khng hon ton min nhim vi ri ro tht bi dnh cho cc doanh nghip
mi thnh lp. Song vn ha v truyn thng ca Israel phn nh mt thi c o dnh
cho tht bi: H lin tc c gng vc dy mt doanh nghip tht bi, hn l mc n cht
yu trong h thng.
Theo bo co ca Hng T vn qun l quc t Monitor Group, Israel, khi mt doanh
nghip thnh cng, n s gip ci cch th trng. Nhng nu tht bi, n vn to ra p lc
cnh tranh cho (cc) doanh nghip ang hot ng, t tip tc kch thch th trng pht
trin .
Ni ngn gn, Israel l t nc ca s cch tn v c sng to. Phng Ty cn s cch tn,
Israel lun c. Hiu c ngun nng lng khi nghip ny bt ngun t u; s i v u;
lm sao c c n; v lm th no cc nc trn th gii hc hi c t Israel l
mt nhim v quan trng t ra cho th h chng ta.
Shvat Shaked cho bit cng ty ca cu phn tch tng cng 40 nghn giao dch trong vng
nm nm k t ngy thnh lp.
c ri, mi chuyn s th ny, Thompson ni v ng giao cho Shvat mt trm ngn giao
dch c PayPal phn tch trc . y l nhng giao dch khch hng m PayPal
x l nn h phi loi b mt s d liu bo mt thng tin khch hng, ngha l cng vic
ca Shvat s cn kh khn hn. xem cu lm c g, Thompson ngh, v tr kt
qu cho chng ti. Chng ti s i chiu kt qu ca cu vi kt qu ca cng ty.
Thompson thm ngh, cng ty ca Shvat mt nm nm gii quyt 40 nghn trng hp,
th ng s khng gp li thng b trong thi gian sp ti. Nhng Thompson khng i hi
iu g thiu cng bng c. y l php th cn thit xc nh h thng k l ca mt
thng nhc c lm nn tr trng g th gii thc khng.
Bn mi nghn giao dch trc y ca Fraud Sciences u c x l bng tay. Shvat
hiu rng gii quyt c th thch t pha PayPal, cu s phi t ng ha h thng ca
mnh p ng khi lng giao dch phi x l, gi nguyn tin cy v phi ngu nghin
chng trong khong thi gian k lc. iu ny ng ngha vi vic phi nhanh chng lm li
t u h thng m cng ty ca Shvat th nghim sut nm nm qua.
Thompson bn giao d liu cho Shvat vo th Nm. Ti nhn thy mnh khng cng quan
im vi Benchmark. Ti tng rng mnh s khng gp li Shvat na, t nht l trong
nhiu thng, Thompson nh li, nn ng v cng ngc nhin khi nhn c email t Israel
vo Ch nht, trong vit: Chng ti xong ri.
Thompson khng tin iu , vic u tin ng lm trong sng sm ngy th Hai l chuyn
ton b cng trnh ca Shvat cho i k s c bng tin s kim nghim, v phi mt n
mt tun i chiu kt qu ca Shvat vi PayPal. n th T, i k s ca Thompson
rt kinh ngc vi nhng g h thy: Nhm ca Shvat cho ra kt qu chnh xc hn nhiu
so vi nhng g PayPal lm c trong thi gian ngn v vi nhng d liu b ct
xn. S khc bit c bit hin r trn nhng giao dch tng khin PayPal gp rc ri C
th, Fraud Sciences t t l chnh xc cao hn 17%. ng hn, y l nhng h s khch
hng b PayPal t chi. Song gi PayPal bit h lm. y u l nhng khch hng
tt. Chng ti sai lm khi t chi h. Nhng lm th no m h khng lt qua h thng
ca Shvat? Thompson t cu hi.
Thompson nhn ra ng ang ng trc mt cng c tht s nguyn bn chng li nn
gian ln qua Internet. Ti ch bit ngi v sng ngi v kinh ngc, Thompson hi
tng li. Chng ti l doanh nghip gii nht trong lnh vc qun l ri ro nhng li b
mt i ng ch vi 55 nhn vin ngi Israel nh bi vi l thuyt phn bit ngi tt k
xu. Vi t d liu hn PayPal, Fraud Sciences c th d on chnh xc ai l khch hng tt
v ai khng. ng c tnh vo thi im mc hiu qu trong h thng ca Fraud
Sciences i trc PayPal n nm nm. Vi cng ty VISA, h thm ch s khng bao gi
ngh ra c mt tng nh vy, k c khi cho h mi n mi lm nm thc hin.
khi bn pht trin cng ngh truy lng khng b, khi rt nhiu sinh mng v ti ty
thuc vo kt qu tm kim, th vic lng bt vi tn trm ch l tr tr con.
Sau vi ngy m phn, Thompson v Shaked ng con s 169 triu USD. Theo li k ca
Thompson, PayPal hy vng c th mua Fraud Sciences vi mc gi thp hn. Khi m phn
v Shvat a ra gi cao hn, ng cho rng ch l con s khng cn c, Ti nhn ra mnh
cha bao gi thy khun mt thuyt phc tnh b n vy, nhng thc t Fraud Sciences
tht s thc c gi tr tht ca h. H khng phi nhng tay bn hng. H khng thi
phng ln. Shvat chi bi nga. Anh ta ch n gin ni vi chng ti rng: l gii
php ca chng ti v chng ti bit n l tt nht. Mc gi a ra l hon ton xng ng.
Th l xong. y l vn s tht m bn khng c thy thng xuyn, Thompson tm
s.
Khng lu sau , Thompson c chuyn gh thm cng ty ng va mua bng my bay.
Khong 45 pht cui ca chuyn bay ko di 20 ting t San Francisco, ng nhm nhp
cht caf ly li s tnh to v tnh c nhn thy qu o bay trn bn . ng c th thy
biu tng my bay nh xu chng cui ng bay, l Tel Aviv. iu cng tt thi, cho
n khi ng phn cn li ca bn , nhng a danh xung quanh Israel trn mn hnh:
Beirut Lebanon, Damascus Syria, Amman Jordan v Cairo Ai Cp. Trong khonh khc,
ng ri vo hong lon: Mnh mua mt cng ty khu vc y ry cc hot ng chin
s th ny sao? D nhin trc Thompson bit tn nhng nc lng ging ca Israel,
nhng y l ln u tin ng nhn ra Israel b nh v lin k vi nhng quc gia th ch
ni trn ti nhng no. C nh th ti ang bay n New York th li nhn thy Iran nm
ni ng ra phi thuc v New Jersey vy, Thompson thut li.
n tng ny ko di khng lu sau khi ng bc ra khi my bay. Tuy nhin, trc khi ng
cm thy thoi mi ni c nhng iu l lm v gy sc, n kp mang n cho ng mt
s ngc nhin th v. n tng u tin v mnh m nht l trong bi u xe ca Fraud
Science. Mi xe hi u dn biu tng PayPal ln cn trc. Bn khng bao gi chng
kin mt lng t ho v lng nhit tnh ln n th mt cng ty M, Thompson ni.
n tng th hai p thng vo Thompson chnh l thi ca nhn vin Fraud Sciences
trong bui hp ton cng ty m ng pht biu. Mi gng mt u quay sang nhn ng
chm ch. Khng mt ai nhn tin, lt web hay ng gt. Bu khng kh cn nng ln khi bt
u vo mn tho lun. Thompson hi tng li: Mi cu hi u rt sc so. Ti tht s
thy bt ng v cha bao gi nhn thy nhng quan st c o nh vy tng iu mt.
H khng phi l ng nghip hay cp qun l; h ch l nhng nhn vin tr tui. Th
nhng, khng mt ai t ti v nhng thch thc logic m chng ti lm nhiu nm
PayPal. Ti cha bao gi chng kin mt thi tp trung, thng thn v khng ngi ngn
nh th trong i mnh. n mc ti t hi: Ai ang lm vic cho ai?
Nhng g Scott Thompson va tri nghim chnh l liu thuc u tin ca ngi Israel v
tinh thn chutzpah. Theo hc gi Do Thi Leo Rosten m t ting Yiddish, th ngn ng
Slav ca ngi c tht truyn t lu, chutzpah c ngha l to bo, gai gc, trng
trn, thn kinh, v lim s m khng ngn t no c th miu t chnh xc.[2] Ngi nc
ngoi s chng kin s c gan ny bt k u trn t Israel: Trong cch cc sinh vin i
hc ni chuyn vi ging vin, nhn vin thch thc ng ch, binh lnh cht vn s quan ch
huy v th k sa lng cc b trng chnh ph. Tuy nhin, i vi ngi Israel, y khng
phi l s c gan, m l iu ht sc bnh thng. Ngi Israel hc c rng tnh quyt
on ny l iu bnh thng, tnh trm lng s l nguy c b tt li pha sau, d l nh
ring, trn ging ng hay trong qun i.
iu ny c bit r trong cch ngi Israel gi tn nhau. Jon Medved, mt nh u t mo
him v l doanh nhn ngi Israel, thch trch dn nhng g ng gi l phong v biu bit
danh: Bn c th hiu c nhiu v bn cht mt x hi thng qua cch ngi dn gi
tn gii lnh o ca h. Israel l nc duy nht trn th gii m mi nhn vt nm quyn
bao gm c th tng v cc tng lnh trong qun i u c mi ngi, k c dn
chng gi bng bit hiu.
C th, bit danh ca Th tng Benjamin Netanyahu v Ariel Sharon ln lt l Bibi v
Arik. Mt cu lnh o ng Lao ng l Bin-yamin Ben-Eliezer c bit danh Faud. V
Tham mu Trng trong qun i Israel gn y l Moshe Levi s hu bit danh Moshe
VeHetzi, ngha l Moshe-v-mt-na, do ng ny cao n 1,98 mt. Nhiu cu tng lnh
khc trong lch s qun i Israel cng c t bit danh nh Rehavam Gandhi Zeevi,
David Dado Elazar v Rafael Raful Eitan. Mt nh lnh o ni ting ca ng Shinui,
Yosef Lapid tng mang bit danh Tommy. Cn Bugie l bit danh ca v b trng hng
u trong chnh quyn k tip ca Israel l Isaac Bugie Herzog. Ngi ta khng ngi dng
cng khai nhng ci tn c bit ny, thay v ch ni sau lng cc v quan chc. iu ny,
theo lp lun ca Medved, chnh l i din cho mc thn mt trong cc mi quan h ca
ngi dn Israel.
Thi v s thn mt ca ngi Israel cn c bt ngun t nn vn ha khoan dung m
ngi Israel gi l tht bi c tnh xy dng, hay tht bi thng minh. Gii u t Israel
tin rng nu khng thng cm vi mt s lng ln tht bi ca cc doanh nghip, th s
kh lng t c s i mi tht s. Trong qun i Israel, xu hng xem xt cc biu
hin d tht bi hay thnh cng trong hun luyn, nhng ln tp trn m phng, thm
ch ngay trn chin trng, u mang gi tr trung lp. Min l cc phi v mo him c
thc hin mt cch thng minh v khng bt cn th ngi ta lun hc hi c iu g
Nh gii thch ca ging vin trng i hc Thng mi Harvard (HSB), ng Loren Gary,
vic phn bit rch ri gia mt cuc th nghim c ln k hoch k lng v vic n
may[3] l rt quan trng. Israel, s phn bit ny cng th hin r trong lnh vc o to
qun i. Mt s quan hun luyn khng qun cho chng ti bit: Chng ti khng c v
qu mc khi bn lm tt, nhng cng khng git cht bn nu chng may tht bi.[4]
Tht vy, mt nghin cu vo nm 2006 ca i hc Harvard cho thy nhng doanh nhn
tng tht bi s c c may thnh cng cao hn 20% vi ln khi nghip tip theo ca h;
y l t l cao hn nhng ngi khi nghip ln u v khng qu thua km nhng doanh
nhn tng t c thnh cng trc .[5] Trong cun The Geography of Bliss (tm dch:
a l hnh phc), tc gi Eric Weiner miu t mt quc gia c lng bao dung vi s tht bi
l quc gia ca nhng ngi c ti sinh, nhng khng phi vi ngha tn gio.[6] iu
ny cng t ra ng n trong chnh sch lut bo h ph sn v thnh lp doanh nghip
ca Israel. Theo , nc ny c xem l mi trng tt nht Trung ng v l mt
trong nhng ni tt nht th gii m mt cng ty mi, k c khi doanh nghip c ca
bn b ph sn. iu ny cn c th hiu theo ngha ngi Israel lun khng ngng n lc
tm kim c hi mi.
Ai mi n Israel s thy ngi bn x tht th l. Ngi Israel s khng ngi ngn hi bn
bao nhiu tui, hay khoe cn nh h v xe h i gi bao nhiu tin. Thm ch ngi Israel
cn nhn xt nhng ng b b m xa l gp trn ng hay trong ca hng bch ha rng
h khng cho con ci n mc ph hp vi thi tit. Nhng g c ni v ngi Do Thi
hai ngi Do Thi, ba kin l hon ton chnh xc vi ngi Israel. Nhng ngi khng
thch s thng thn c xem l qu trn ny s khng c thin cm vi ngi Israel,
nhng ngi khc th thy thoi mi v xem y l biu hin ca s chn thnh.
Chng ti lm theo cch ca ngi Israel; chng ti tranh ci n khi thng mi
thi.[7] y l cch Shmuel Mooly Eden, lm lnh tm tt v qu trnh i u lch s
gia ban lnh o Intel Santa Clara v nhm nhn vin Israel ca mnh. V y cng l
mt bi hc kinh nghim v tinh thn chutzpah.
S sng cn ca Intel quyt nh kt qu. Nhng cuc tranh chp d di v ko di nhiu
thng ny khng ch v Intel, m s nh ot s tn ti ca my tnh xch tay mt sn
phm ngy nay qu ph bin n ni b xem thng. Eden l ngi ph trch cc hot ng
ca Intel Israel nh tuyn dng t nhn ln nht trn c nc v t kim ngch xut
khu hng nm ln ti 1,53 t USD[8]. Eden k li cu chuyn ca Intel Israel, v cuc u
tr gia Intel v ngi Israel.
Trong sut lch s pht trin ca ngnh in ton hin i, tc x l d liu khong
thi gian cn thit my tnh ca bn hon tt mt thao tc c quyt nh bng tc
ca cc con chip bng bn dn.
Nhng bng bn dn ny hot ng theo phng thc tt m theo chu k to ra mt
m, ging nh nhng ch ci to thnh t. Tp hp li, hng triu chu k c ghi li v
thao tc d liu nhng cch v tn. Cc bng bn dn tt m vi tc cng cao (ng
h tc ca cc bng bn dn), phn mm chy cng nhanh, chuyn ha cc my vi tnh
t cc my tnh ton n thun thnh phng tin gii tr a phng tin v my mc dng
trong cc doanh nghip
Nhng n tn nhng nm 1970, ch nhng nh khoa hc nghin cu v tn la v cc
trng i hc ln mi s dng my tnh, vi my tnh cn chim c cn phng, thm ch c
ta nh. tng v mt chic my tnh c nhn nm gn trn bn lm vic ch l th sn
phm ca khoa hc vin tng. Song mi th bt u thay i vo nm 1980, khi nhm
Haifa ca Intel thit k ra con chip 8088, vi cc bng bn dn c th tt m khong nm
triu ln mi giy (4,77 megahertz), v c kch thc nh to ra my tnh dng trong
vn phng v nh ring.
Tp on IBM sau chn chip 8088 ca Intel lm no b cho my tnh c nhn, hay PC
u tin ca hng ny, m ra mt k nguyn mi cho my tnh. y cng l mt t ph
vt bc ca Intel. Phng vin Michael Malone nhn xt: Vi hp ng ca IBM, Intel
chin thng trong cuc chin vi x l.[9]
T tr i, cng ngh in ton ngy cng thu nh v kch thc v nhanh hn v tc
x l. Vo nm 1986, nh my sn xut duy nht ti nc ngoi ca Intel Jerusalem
cho ra i chip 386, t tc 33 megahertz. D ch l mt phn nh so vi tc ca b
chip ngy nay, song ti thi im Intel gi y l mt con chip siu nhanh gp 7
ln chip 8088. Intel vng vng trn l trnh m ngi ng sng lp hng l Gordon
Moore d on: C sau 12 24 thng, s lng bng bn dn lp t trong con chip s
gim mt na, cn tc th tng gp i. Cu ni ny cn c bit n vi tn gi nh
lut Moore.
Nh vy, ngnh cng nghip vi x l c xy dng trn nhn thc ny, cho ra i
nhng th h chip ngy cng mnh hn. IBM, Ph Wall v gii bo ch trong lnh vc kinh
doanh cng nhanh chng nhp cuc, vi tc v s lng bng bn dn gi y l tiu
chun xc nh sc mnh ca mt con chip.
Qu trnh ny ko di n nm 2000, thi im xut hin mt yu t khc: Nng lng.
ng nh Moore d on, chip ngy cng nh hn v nhanh hn. Song chng cng tiu th
nhiu in nng hn v do ta nhiu nhit hn, tr thnh mt vn tht s ng quan
ngi. Gii php kh thi nht l dng qut, nhng vi my tnh xch tay th qut qu ln
lp t vo bn trong. Cc chuyn gia trong ngnh gi vn hc ba ny l Bc tng
nng lng.
Nhng k s ngi Israel ca Intel l nhm u tin trong cng ty nhn thy iu ny. i
ng Haifa ca Intel mt trng nhiu m vi c ph nng, n ngui v nhng cuc
tho lun chi tit vt qua bc tng nng lng. H tp trung hn bt k ai trong
ngnh cng nghip di ng thit k chip cho my tnh xch tay v cc thit b cm tay
khc. Nhn thy khuynh hng ny, Intel giao cho chi nhnh Israel chu trch nhim
pht trin nhng chip di ng cho c tp on.
Nhng thm ch khi c giao trng trch ny, nhm k s Israel vn khng chu tha
hip lm vic theo phong cch Intel. David Perlmutter, Gim c Intel Israel cho bit:
Thm ch trc c khi c giao nhim v nh mt nhm di ng, nhm pht trin
Israel lun xut cc gii php cho b vi x l di ng tri ngc vi nhng quan
nim truyn thng Intel. David tt nghip Hc vin Cng ngh Technion, ni c xem l
MIT ca Israel v tham gia thit k chip ti Intel Israel t nm 1980 [10]. Mt trong s
nhng tng c o ny l vic tm cch vt qua bc tng nng lng. Rony
Friedman l k s hng u ca Intel ti thi im . ng lun trn tr trong vic tm
cch sn xut nhng con chip tiu th t nng lng, vn ngang nhin chng li gio iu
ang thng th khi rng cch duy nht gip chip mnh hn l cp thm nhiu nng
lng cho bng bn dn. ng ngh iu ny hi ging vic bt ng c xe hi lm vic nhiu
hn gip xe chy nhanh hn. Chc chn c s lin quan gia tc xe hi v tc ca
Kt thc bui hi tho, Ben-Gurion vit v s t tin v sn sng ca nhng ngi lnh
nh sau: Chng ta phi thc hin nhim v kh khn lay chuyn tn gc nhng ngi
vn, v ang ngh rng h ang c th g . Thc t, h chng c g. H c ch, h c
nng lc tim n, nhng h cng cn thc rng: C bt mi gt nn h [13].
D nhin, Otellini ca Intel khng bit n cu chuyn ny, nhng nhm k s Israel gi n
ng mt thng ip tng t. H nhn thy trc vin cnh Intel ngy cng tin gn ti
bc tng nng lng. Thay v th ng ch hc vo n, nhm k s Israel mun
Otellini trnh iu bng cch li li mt cht, b li nhng t duy thng thng, v xem
xt s thay i mang tnh cn bn trong chin lc cng ngh ca Intel.
Theo mt s ngi nhn c s quy ry ca nhm k s Intel Israel, cc CEO Santa
Clara mun bp cht nhm Israel. i ng nhn vin Israel tri qua chuyn bay 20 gi
gia Tel Aviv v California, thng xuyn n ni dng nh h c mt khp ni, sn
sng dn cc v CEO hnh lang hoc thm ch trong nh v sinh, hoc bt k u tranh
lun v trng hp ca h. David Perlmutter dnh mt tun mi thng c mt ti i
bn doanh Santa Clara v dnh phn ln thi gian nhn mnh v trng hp ca nhm
Israel, nhm thuyt phc cc sp gi li d n ca h.
Mt lun im c pha Israel nhn mnh l vic dp b hc thuyt v thng s ng h
tc tuy khng phi l khng c ri ro, nhng nu c gi li t duy ny s cn gy nguy
him hn. Ni nh Dov Frohman, ngi sng lp Intel Israel: Ni s hi mt mt lun ln
hn nim hy vng nhn c [14].
Frohman c gng rt lu nui dng vn ha tranh lun v khng nht tr ti Intel
Israel v ng hy vng rng c tnh ny s nh hng ti Santa Clara. Mc tiu ca ngi
lnh o, ng ni l ti a ha s chu ng trong khi khuyn khch s bt ng chnh
kin. Khi mt t chc ang trong thi k khng hong, thiu s chu ng l vn ln.
iu c ngha l nhng thay i bn thc hin l cha trit hoc nhng kin
m u xung t. Nu bn thm ch khng nhn ra mi ngi trong t chc bt ng vi
bn, bn ang gp rc ri ri.
Cui cng, nhm k s ngi Israel sng st v chin thng trong cuc tranh lun vi
cc ng ch ngi M. Mt CEO ca Intel nh li: Mi ln xut hin, h li c nhng kt
qu nghin cu v d liu tt hn, thuyt phc hn. Dn dn, h a ra nhng lp lun
vng chc v hng pht trin cho ngnh cng nghip ny. Nhm Israel ni vi cc nh
qu l rng: Intel hoc l pht trin theo hng v dn u, hoc s b li thi.
Cui cng th Otellini, ln ny vi cng v CEO, thay i nh. Tht kh phn bc li
cng trnh nghin cu p o ca nhm k s ngi Israel, cha k n s bn b ca h.
Vo thng 3 nm 2003, dng chip mi c m l Banias c t theo tn ma xun pha
Bc Israel c a ra th trng di dng chip Centrino dnh cho my tnh xch tay.
Tc ca n ch bng mt na con s 2,8 gigahertz ph bin trong dng chip Pentium
ang thng tr th trng my tnh bn, vi gi t gp i. Nhng n em li cho ngi
dng my tnh xch tay tnh di ng v tc m h cn.
Vic chuyn sang dng thit k ca nhm k s Israel c Intel v gii cng ngh gi l
bc ngot khn ngoan, v n l cch tip cn hon ton khc bit so vi phng php
truyn thng l n lc tng tc ca chip nhng li b qua yu t quan trng l lng
nhit ta ra v mc tiu tn in nng. Sau ny, Intel p dng m hnh khn ngoan ny
khng ch cho chip di ng, m cn cho cc th h chip tip theo dnh cho my tnh bn.
Khi nhn li, iu n tng nht v chin dch ca nhm Israel cho thit k mi chnh l
nhng k s ny khng ch c gng hon thnh cng vic ca h. H quan tm n tng lai
ca c cng ty; cuc chin ny khng phi phn thng thua trong ni b Intel, m l
thng trong cuc chin vi cc i th.
Kt qu l mu thit k chip mi ca nhm Israel, tng b ch giu trong cng ty, c th
trng n nhn vang di, gp phn vo s tng trng 13% trong doanh s bn hng ca
Intel t nm 2003 ti nm 2005. Nhng Intel vn cha hon ton loi b ht cc nguy c.
Bt chp thnh cng ca dng chip mi, vo nm 2006, nhng cnh tranh mi khin th
phn ca Intel gim xung mc thp nht trong vng mi mt nm. Li nhun rng cng
v th gim 42% khi Intel buc phi h gi bn sn phm gi vng th phn [15].
Mi chuyn bt u kh quan hn cho Intel vo cui thng 7 nm 2006, khi Otellini trnh
lng chip Core 2 Duo, th h tip theo ca dng Pentium. y l dng chip p dng bc
ngot khn ngoan ca nhm nghin cu Israel kt hp vi mt cng ngh mi khc cng
do nhm Israel pht minh l cng ngh li kp, gip tng hiu nng ca dng chip mi
mnh hn bao gi ht. y l nhng b vi x l tt nht m chng ti tng thit k v pht
trin. Sn phm ny khng ch l mt thay i mang tnh nn tng, m cn l bc nhy vt
mang tnh cch mng, Otellini ni vi 500 thnh gi ti mt bui lin hoan i bn doanh
Santa Clara ca Intel. ng va dt li, trn mn hnh ln lp tc hin ra nhng k s ng
t ho lm nn con chip mi. H ang n mng thnh cng t nh my Haifa, Israel
thng qua sng v tinh. C phiu ca Intel gim 19% trong c nm th sau l cng b sn
phm mi vo thng 7, con s ny lin nhy vt ln 16%. Trn chin thng, Intel lin tc
cho ra mt 40 mu chip mi trong vng 100 ngy tip theo, phn ln trong s ny vn da
trn thit k ca nhm k s Israel.
Rony Friedman, ngi hin vn lm vic ti Haifa, v l lnh o nhng nhm pht trin
sn phm ca Intel trn khp th gii, cho bit: Tht khng th tin ch mi vi nm trc,
khng ai thm quan tm n sn phm ca chng ti. Cn gi y chng ti ang to ra
nhng b chip ng gp phn ln vo doanh thu ca Intel.
n v ban u ch l mt chi nhnh ho lnh gi li tr thnh phao cu sinh cho Intel.
Doug Freeman, chuyn vin phn tch ca American Technology Research nhn xt nhm
k s Israel cu sng tp on Intel. Nu cc nhn vin bc trung ti Haifa khng dm
thch thc cp trn ca cng ty, hn v th ton cu ca Intel ngy nay gim st rt
nhiu.
Vic gii thnh cng bi ton bc tng nng lng ca nhm k s Israel cn to ra mt
thnh tu tch cc khc. Chng ta thng khng ngh rng my tnh tiu th nhiu nng
lng chng ta thng bt my tnh sut ngy nhng, mt lng ln my tnh th vn
tn in John Skinner, CEO ph trch b phn cng ngh sch ca Intel, tnh ton
lng in nng m b vi x l ca Intel c th tiu tn nu cng ty vn tip tc sn xut
chng theo cch c, thay v c bc ngot khn ngoan v pha thit k tit kim in nng
ca nhm Israel: Mt khon tit kim 20 TW (terawatt) in ch trong hn hai nm ri.
y l sn lng in thp sng cho 22 triu bng n loi 100 W lin tc 24 gi mi
ngy, by ngy mt tun trong sut mt nm lin. Trong bo co ca mnh, Skinner vit:
Chng ti tit kim c hai t USD chi ph nng lng. Con s ny xy vi nh
my nhit in Chng ti rt t ho gim c ng k lng kh thi CO2 ca cng ty
[16].
Tuy nhin, ngha trong cu chuyn Intel Israel khng ch dng li vic nhm k s Haifa
em li mt gii php cch mng gip vc dy c cng ty. Mt sng kin n l vn cha
thuyt phc mt ban lnh o khng khoan nhng. Phi sn sng a n ln cp cao
hn, thay v ngoan ngon chp nhn mi mnh lnh truyn xung. Nhng hnh ng mnh
m v to bo ny t u ra?
Dadi Perlmutter hi tng li c sc ca mt ng nghip M khi ln u tin chng kin
vn ha cng s ca ngi Israel. Khi thy chng ti bc ra t phng hp, ai ny mt
bng v la tht, anh y hi ti c chuyn g vy. Ti tr li: Chng c g ht. Chng ti t
c vi kt qu tt p.
Loi tranh lun quyt lit b ght cay ght ng trong vn ha kinh doanh ca cc quc gia
khc, nhng vi ngi Israel, y l gii php tt nht gii quyt mt vn . Mt nh
u t ngi M trong cc doanh nghip mi thnh lp ca Israel ni: Nu c th dp b
ci ti ban u, bn s to ra bu khng kh rt thoi mi. Trong cc doanh nghip Israel
hu nh khng c hin tng ni xu sau lng. Bn lun bit mnh ang ng v tr no.
Vic ny cng trnh mt thi gian cho nhng vic nhm nh khc.
Sau ny Perlmutter chuyn hn n Santa Clara, tr thnh Ph Ch tch ph trch b phn
in ton di ng ca Intel. B phn ca ng to ra mt na doanh thu cho ton cng ty.
ng ni, Khi ti quay v Israel, ging nh quay v nn vn ha xa c ca Intel vy. Mi
chuyn d dng hn trong mt quc gia ni s lch thip khng qu quan trng.
S khc bit trong vn ha M v Israel ln n ni Intel bt u t chc nhiu hi tho
giao lu vn ha lm cu ni. Mooly Eden nhn vt ch tr cc bui hi tho ca Intel
cho bit: Sau khi sng M nm nm, ti c th khng nh iu c o nht ca Israel l
nn vn ha. Ngi dn Israel khng c vn ha qu k lut. T thu s khai chng ti
c dy phi lun nghi ng ci c sn, phi lun t cu hi, tranh lun v mi vn v
sng to.
Cui cng, ng kt lun: Qun l nm nhn vin ngi Israel lun kh khn hn nm mi
ngi M. V ngi Israel lun th thch bn mi lc bt u bng nhng cu hi nh
Ti sao ng l sp ca ti; ti sao ti khng phi sp ca ng?[17]
CH THCH CA NHM TC GI:
[1] Thng tin trong phn tip theo c ly t nhng cuc phng vn Scott Thompson,
Gim c PayPal (thng 10 nm 2008 v thng 1 nm 2009); Meg Whitman, nguyn Gim
c kim CEO ca eBay (thng 9 nm 2008); v Eli Barkat, nh ng sng lp kim Ch tch
BRM Group v l nh u t chnh trong Fraud Sciences (thng 1 nm 2009).
[2] Sch The Joys of Yiddish, trang 5, tc gi: Leo Rosten.
[3] The Right Kind of Failure ca Loren Gary, Havard Management Update (ngy 1 thng
1 nm 2002).
[4] Phng vn chuyn gia hun luyn Khng qun Israel.
[5] Bo co s 12592 ca t chc National Bureau of Economic Research, nhan Skill vs.
Luck in Entrepreneurship and Venture Capital: Evidence from Serial Entrepreneurs (thng
10 nm 2006), http://imio.haas.berkley.edu/williamsonseminar/scharfstein041207.pdf.
Tc gi: Paul Gompers, Anna Kovner, Josh Lerner, and David S. Scharf-stein.
[6] Bi vit The Geography of Bliss: One Grumps Search for the Happiest Places in the
World, ng trn tp ch Twelve (2008), trang 163. Tc gi: Eric Weiner.
[7] Bi vit How Israel Saved Intel ca Ian King, ng trn Seattle Times (ngy 9 thng 4
nm 2007).
[8] Bi vit Intel Dedicates Fab 28 in Kiryat Gat ca Shahar Zadok, tp ch Globes Online
(ngy 1 thng 7 nm 2008).
[9] Sch Infinite Loop: How Apple, the Worlds Most Insanely Great Computer Company,
Went Insane ca tc gi Michael S. Malone (1999); c trch dn trong bn tin Inside
Intel: The Art of Andy Grove ca Khoa Thng mi, Trng i hc Harvard (thng 12
nm 2006).
[10] David Perlmutter trong bi vit Intel Beyond 2003: Looking for Its Third Act ca
Robert A. Burgelman v Philip Meza, Stanford Graduate School of Business (nm 2003).
[11] Phng vn Shmuel Eden, Ph Gim c Mobile Platforms Group, Intel (Thng 11 nm
2008).
[12] Bi vit Intels Israelis Make Chip to Rescue Company from Profit Plunge ca Ian
King, ng trn Bloomberg.com (ngy 28 thng 3 nm 2007).
[13] Sch Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Lead-ership in Wartime (nm
2002), trang 144. Tc gi: Eliot A.Cohen.
[14] Sch Leadership the Hard Way: Why Leadership Cant Be Taught and How You Can
Learn It Anyway (nm 2008), trang 7. Tc gi: Dov Frohman v Robert Howard.
[15] on ny da vo bi vit Intels Israelis Make Chip to Rescue Company from Profit
Plunge ca Ian King ng trn Bloomberg.com (ngy 28 thng 3 nm 2007).
[16] Phim thuyt trnh Energy Savings: The Right Hand Turn ca John Skinner trn trang
web Intel Web,
http://video.intel.com/?fr_story=542de663c9824ce580001de5fba31591cd5b5cf3&rf=site
map.
[17] Phng vn Shmuel Eden.
Nh thng l trong qun i Israel, nhng chin lc sng to u n t binh lnh ngoi
tin tuyn c th l cc s quan ch huy xe tng v nhm binh lnh ca h. Nhng ngi
ny thy vic hi kin lnh o gii quyt tnh hung ang xy ra ti chin trng l
khng cn thit. H cng khng thy l khi t a ra mt sng kin chin thut v ng bin
ngay trong thi gian thc, hoc khi ang bay.
Tuy nhin iu nhng ngi lnh ny tin hnh l rt khc thng. Nu lm vic trong
mt cng ty a quc gia hay hot ng trong bt k n v no thuc qun i nc ngoi,
c l h khng thc hin nhng hot ng tng t; hoc t nht cng khng lm mt
mnh. Ni nh nh s hc Michael Oren, tng lm vic trong qun i Israel vi t cch s
quan lin lc: Mt s quan bc trung y trong qun i Israel c quyn ra quyt nh ln
hn ngi ng cp thuc bt k qun i no trn th gii [3].
iu ny, nh chng ti ch ra trong vn ha tp on chng trc, cng tng t
nh th, thm ch cn ln hn trong qun i Israel. Thng thng, khi nghe n khi nim
vn ha qun i, ai cng tng tng ra h thng th bc nghim khc, s phc tng cp
trn v iu kin v chp nhn thc t rng mi ngi lnh ch l rng ca trong mt bnh
rng ln. Nhng nh ngha ny khng ng vi qun i Israel. V Israel, mi cng dn
u phi thc hin ngha v qun s ko di t 2 n 3 nm.
Hin tng s quan cp di c quyn a ra quyt nh vt cp trong qun i Israel l
kt qu ca nhu cu thc t cng nh bn cht ca lc lng ny. Qun i nc no cng
nhn mnh gii ng bin, chng hn nh Trung Quc, Php hay Anh. Nhng hu ht u
dng li mc l thuyt. Bn phi nhn vo c cu t chc (ca Israel) [4] mi thy r
iu ny. l li nhn xt ca Edward Luttwak, nh lch s qun s kim chin lc gia,
tc gi ca cun The Pentagon and the Art of War (tm dch: Lu Nm Gc v Ngh thut
chin tranh) v cun The Israel Army (tm dch: Qun i Israel).
lm r hn trn, Luttwak ging v t l ch huy v s quan thuc bin ch qun i hu
ht cc nc trn th gii, so snh vi m hnh qun i Israel, ni c rt t s quan ch huy.
Qun i Israel c bit thiu ht s quan cp lnh o. Cp di c qu t ch huy bo
co. Tt c ng ngha vi vic s c nhiu sng kin hn n t binh lnh cp di, ng
ni.
Luttwak ch ra rng qun i Israel c nhiu trung y v rt t i t. Trong qun i M, c
nm binh lnh th c mt s quan, th t l ny qun i Israel l chn trn mt. Khng lc
Israel cng tng t, mc d c quy m ln hn c khng qun Php v Anh nhng vn c
rt t s quan cp cao. Khng qun Israel hin nay do hai v tng hai sao lnh o, cp bc
thp hn nhiu so vi tiu chun ca nhiu nc phng Ty.
Vic nc M l thuc nng n vo ch huy cp cao tht ra cng hp l. Suy cho cng, qun
i M c quy m ln hn rt nhiu, thng tham chin xa nh v phi i mt vi nhng
th thch v hu cn v truyn t mnh lnh trin khai qun ti nhiu chu lc cng lc.
Tuy nhin, bt chp vic qun i mi nc c quy m v c cu t chc ph hp vi s
mnh ca ring mnh, vic qun i Israel c t ch huy hn vn mang li nhiu h qu tch
V trn thc t, iu ny vn cha thay i, do s khan him nhn lc khng cho php
chng ti xy dng mt h thng mi [7].
Farkash, gi y l ch mt cng ty cung cp gii php bo mt tin tin cho cc tp on,
chm bim rng nu so vi cc siu cng trn th gii, Israel ang thiu bn i tng:
i tng lnh th, i tng nhn lc, i tng thi gian v i tng ngn sch. Trong
s th thiu ht nhn lc l nghim trng nht: Chng ti khng th phn b nhiu s
quan nh cc quc gia khc, v th cc h s quan phi lm thay vic ng ra thuc cp bc
trung t hoc tng t nh vy.
Khan him nhn lc cng l nguyn nhn gp phn to ra mt tnh cht c o ca qun
i Israel: Lc lng d b c xem nh xng sng ca qun i.
hu ht cc nc khc, lc lng d b trong qun i c xy dng nh mt b phn
b sung cho qun chnh quy l lc lng quc phng ch cht ca cc quc gia. Tuy nhin
i vi Israel, do nh b c v din tch ln dn s, m ngay t u ai cng hiu l nu ch
da vo qun chnh quy s khng bao gi sc i u vi mt cuc tn cng tng lc t
k th.
Khng lu sau cuc chin ginh c lp nm 1948, lnh o Israel pht minh ra c cu qun
i vi qun d b l ch o c nht v nh trn th gii: Lnh d b khng ch l cc n
v d b m cn c cc s quan d b ch huy. Qun d b cc nc khc c th c hoc
khng c cc s quan chnh quy ch huy nhng h s c vi tun hoc vi thng o to
trc khi c gi ra chin trng. Luttwak ni: Khng qun i no da vo s lng
ln binh lnh ca mnh l nhng ngi c gi ra chin trng ch sau hai ngy nhp
ng
Khng mt ai lc bit c liu h thng ny s hot ng ra sao, do y l m hnh
cha tng c tin l. Ngay n by gi, c th gii cng ch c mi Israel s dng m hnh
ny. Nh s gia qun s Fred Kagan (M) gii thch: y thc cht l mt phng php
qun l qun s ti t, nhng li c ngi Israel vn hnh xut sc v h khng cn la
chn no khc [8].
Cha ht, m hnh qun i d b ca Israel va l minh chng va l cht xc tc cho s
sng to ca quc gia Do Thi. V trong qun d b Israel, h thng th bc b xa b khi
mt ti x taxi c th ra lnh cho cc t ph, cn cc thanh nin c th hun luyn ch, bc
ca mnh; h thng qun d b cng gip cng c c tnh hn lon, chng li phn cp th
bc, vn c th tm thy trong mi kha cnh x hi Israel, t phng tham mu n lp hc
hay phng hp ca ban gim c.
Nati Ron l mt lut s trong i sng dn s v l thiu t ch huy mt n v qun d b.
Cp bc gn nh v ngha trong hng ng qun d b ng ni vi chng ti nh th y l
mt iu t nhin nht trn th gii. Mt binh nh c th ni vi v tng trong lc luyn
tp, rng cch ng ang lm l sai, phi lm nh th ny mi ng [9].
di, hay ngc li c mc nh l rt bnh thng. Khng c quy tc g cho nhng vic
nh vy. Nhng trong qun i M th hon ton khc. Nu bn ang ngi vi cc i y, tt
c s im thin tht khi mt thiu t bc vo. Ri tt c cng ngi li khi mt v i t bc
vo. Trong qun i M, cp bc tuyt i quan trng. Binh lnh v s quan M gi tay cho
qun hm ca nhau, ch khng phi ngi mang qun hm [12].
Trong qun i Israel, c nhiu cch cc k c o thch thc ch huy ca mnh. Ti
trong mt n v qun i m chng ti t s quan ca mnh Oren k li
chng ti tp hp li v b phiu bi nhim s quan. C nhn ti chng kin vic ny hai
ln. Ti thc s thch tay s quan, nhng li b loi khi cuc b phiu. H b phiu loi
tay i t. Khi nhm chng ti hi vi s hoi nghi l lm sao vic ny li c th din ra,
Oren gii thch: Anh bc n v ni: Ti khng mun anh, anh khng tt. ti l, h gi
mi ngi bng tn thi, khng gi y c h. Ri anh n gp mt s quan cp cao hn
tay s quan ny v ni: Hn ta phi i ch khc. l s nh gi qua nng lc lm vic,
ch khng phi da trn cp bc.
V tng v hu Moshe Bogey Yaalon, nguyn Tng tham mu trng qun i trong
cuc chin intifada ln th hai, k cho chng ti cu chuyn tng t xy ra trong cuc
chin Lebanon ln hai: Mt n v qun d b thc hin mt cuc hnh qun ti lng ca
ngi Lebanon Dabu. Chn binh lnh cng mt s quan thit mng v nhiu ngi khc
b thng, trong c c ngi chu ca ti. Ton lnh sng st sau ch trch vin ch
huy tiu on v s km ci ca anh ta trong qu trnh iu hnh chin dch. Cc binh lnh
cp i i ln gp ch huy cp l on phn nn v ch huy cp tiu on D nhin, v
l on trng phi tin hnh iu tra cn thn, nhng cui cng vin ch huy tiu on
buc phi t chc bi chnh quy trnh b phiu bt tn nhim ca binh lnh di
quyn.[13]
Yaalon tin rng tnh cht c o ca qun i Israel ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic
pht huy hiu qu hot ng ca h: y, b quyt lnh o l nim tin ca binh lnh i
vi ch huy ca mnh. Nu khng c nim tin ny, binh lnh s khng bao gi tun phc
ngi ch huy. V trong trng hp va nu, v ch huy tiu on tht bi. N c th l s
tht bi chuyn mn trong trng hp ny, c th l tht bi v o c trong trng hp
khc. Nhng d bt k trng hp no, ngi lnh cng phi bit cch chp nhn v c
khuyn khch bc ln pha trc v ni v n.
Nguyn ging vin Hc vin qun s West Point Fred Kagan tin rng ngi M c th hc
hi kinh nghim t pha Israel. ng chia s vi chng ti: Ti khng ngh rng vic mt ch
huy phi thng xuyn lo lng b cp di qua mt l tt, nh cch h th hin trong qun
i Israel. Mt khc, qun i M c th hc hi t cch nh gi 360o trong sut qu
trnh xem xt thng chc cho cc s quan. Ngay lc ny trong h thng ca chng ta, nhng
quyn li ang n t mt chiu. c thng chc, mt s quan phi ly lng nhiu s
quan cp cao hn. Nhng s quan cp thp th khng c ca.
Kt lun m Oren c rt t s ph din ca hu ht cc qun i v c Fred Kagan gi
l s bt tun thc cht chnh l vic qun i Israel bao dung hn nhiu so vi qun i
[6] Phng vn thiu tng Rami Ben-Ephraim, trng b phn nhn s thuc Khng qun
Israel (thng 11 nm 2008). Tn ca vin phi cng c h cu, do chnh sch khng tit
l nhn thn ca qun i Israel.
[7] Phng vn thiu tng Aharon Zeevi-Farkash, cu ch huy n v 8200, qun i Israel
(thng 5 nm 2008).
[8] Phng vn hc gi kim s gia qun s Frederick W.Kagan, thuc American Enterprise
Institute for Public Policy Research (AEI) (thng 12 nm 2009).
[9] Phng vn cng t vin kim trung t qun d b Israel Nathan Ron, Vn phng lut
Ron-Festinger (thng 12 nm 2008).
[10] Phng vn nh u t Amos Goren, hng u t Apaz (thng 1 nm 2009).
[11] Bi ni chuyn ca Amos Oz ti hi ngh Israeli Presidential Conference, Jerusalem
(ngy 14 thng 5 nm 2008).
[12] Phng vn Michael Oren.
[13] Phng vn Trung tng Moshe Yaalon, qun i Israel (thng 5 nm 2008).
Medved m nhim vai tr m cc quc gia khc ng ra phi l Phng Thng mi,
B trng Thng mi hay B trng Ngoi giao.
Trong s cc cng ty khi nghip m Medved ca ngi trong bi thuyt trnh ca mnh, him
khi ng nhc n nhng cng ty m ng gp vn. ng lun v u bt tai mi khi chun b
cho bi thuyt trnh: Ti c phi ca ngi Virngo gia nhng cng ty mi y ha hn ca
Israel khng? iu tht ngc ng khng? l s qung b rt tt cho cng ty, nhng
ng chng li iu . u tin ca ti l t nc Israel. Nhng nh u t M thng
tranh ci vi ti v vic ny: ng nng cho cc cng ty i th thay v cng ty ca
chnh mnh. Medved tm s: H ni ng. Nhng h qun mt vn ln hn.
Medved hot ng khng mt mi. ng trnh by bi thuyt trnh 50 ln mi nm trong
sut 15 nm va qua. Nh ni, tng cng gn 800 ln ti cc hi tho cng ngh v i
hc trn khp th gii, 40 quc gia, ghi im vi cc quan chc quc t n thm Israel.
Alex Vieux, CEO ca tp ch Red Herring ni vi chng ti rng ng c mt ti hng triu
hi tho v cng ngh nhiu chu lc. Lc no ti cng thy ngi Israel nh Medved
ang din thuyt cng vi nhng ng nghip t cc nc khc. Nhng ngi khc lun
gii thiu v cng ty ca h. Nhng ngi Israel lun gii thiu t nc Israel [9].
CH THCH CA NHM TC GI:
[1] Dn ngun t bi vit The Book ca phng vin Patrick Symmes, xut bn trn tp ch
Outside s thng 8 nm 2005; cuc phng vn cng nh nhn chng hc Darya Maoz (thng
6 nm 2009) v bui phng vn vi b Dorit Moralli, ch t hp nh hng v khch sn El
Lobo La Paz, Boliva vo thng 3 nm 2009.
[2] Sch Boycott and Blacklist: A History of Arab Economic Warfare Against Israel (nh
xut bn Rowman & Littlefield, 1986) ca tc gi Aaron J.Sarna, phn Ph lc.
[3] Bi vit The Effect of the Arab Boycott on Israel: The Automobile Market, xut bn
trn trang 5 tp ch Rand Journal of Economics (1998).
[4] Cu ny ca Christopher Joyner c trch dn trong trang 14, sch Boycott and
Blacklist: A History of Arab Economic Warfare Against Israel ca tc gi Aaron J.Sarna.
[5] Trang 56-57 ca sch Boycott and Blacklist: A History of Arab Economic Warfare
Against Israel (tc gi: Aaron J.Sarna).
[6] Phng vn Orna Berry, thuc qu u t Gemini Israel Funds (thng 1 nm 2009).
[7] Phng vn Gil Kerbs, nh u t v cng tc vin Tp ch Forbes (thng 1 nm 2009).
[8] Phng vn Edward Luttwak.
[9] Phng vn Alex Vieux, CEO tp ch Red Herring (thng 5 nm 2009).
cuc kim tra tm l v th cht nghim ngt ko di hai ngy, t mt nhm 4 nghn ng
vin ban u lc xung cn 400 ng vin tng lai cho cc n v khc nhau. Bn trm lnh
d ny c th tnh nguyn tham gia bi kim tra thc a v quy trnh sng lc gia nhp
lc lng c bit, thng s ko di nm ngy gm mi mt bi tp luyn lp i li li,
mi bi ko di vi ting ng h v lun c thc hin dp p lc thi gian, th cht v
tinh thn. Trong sut qu trnh, thi gian ngh rt ngn ngi v gn nh khng c ng,
thc phm v gi n th c hn. Nhng ngi tham gia miu t nm ngy ny nh khong
m ko di, khng phn bit ni ngy v m. ng h v in thoi u b cm nhm
tuyn qun mun to ra nhng tri nghim cng mt phng hng cng tt. Sau nm
ngy, h xp hng tng c nhn.
Hai mi binh lnh xp hng cao nht ca tng n v lp tc bt u qu trnh o to ko
di 20 thng. Nhm ngi hon tt hun luyn cng nhau c duy tr thnh mt nhm
trong sut thi gian phc v qun chnh quy hoc d b. n v l gia nh th hai ca h.
Nhng ngi ny vn tip tc phc v trong qun i d b khi h vo tui 40.
Trong lc rt kh lt vo cc trng i hc hng u ca Israel th nhng c s o to
quc gia c xem l ngang hng vi vi Harvard, Princeton v Yale chnh l cc n v tinh
nhu ca qun i Israel. Cc n v m nhng ng vin ny tng phc v c th cho nh
tuyn dng tng lai bit ngi tri qua nhng quy trnh tuyn chn no, cng nh
nhng k nng v kinh nghim lin quan m h c.
Israel, qu kh qun ng ca mt ngi i khi cn quan trng hn qu kh hc thut
ca h. Mt trong nhng cu hi thng xut hin trong bui phng vn l: Bn phc
v n v no trong qun i, Gil Kerbs ni. ng l cu s quan tnh bo, ngi m sau
khi i theo Quyn Sch th hin ang lm vic trong ngnh u t mo him ca Israel v
chuyn v th trng cng ngh ca Trung Quc. Trn Internet c nhng qung co tuyn
dng r: Ch nhn cu s quan 8200. Hip hi cu s quan n v 8200 c bui hp
mt trn c nc. Nhng thay v dng phn ln thi gian cng nhau hi tng li cc trn
nh v nhng hoi nim qun s, cuc hp mt hng v tng lai. Cc cu s quan tp
trung vo mng li lm n. Nhng doanh nhn thnh t thuc n v 8200 khi xa
thuyt trnh v cng ty v lnh vc h ang lm. [2]
Nh chng ta thy, khng lc v cc n v bit kch tinh nhu ca Israel ni ting v s
la chn kht khe, k lng v kh khn trong khu hun luyn, v cht lng ca cu
s quan. Nhng trong qun i Israel cn mt n v vi s la chn cc k nghim ngt v
hun luyn h khc mc cao hn, c bit trong lnh vc ci tin cng ngh. n v ny l
Talpiot.
Tn Talpiot xut pht t mt cu trong nhng Bi Thnh Ca, cp n mt thp pho ca
lu i, thut ng ny bao hm nhng thnh tch nh cao. Talpiot va l n v c c ch
tuyn chn kht khe nht va c thi gian hun luyn ko di nht: 41 thng, lu hn c
ton b thi gian ngha v ca hu ht binh lnh. Nhng ai tham gia chng trnh ny cn
phi k cam kt li qun i thm su nm, nng thi gian phc v ti thiu trong qun
i ca h thnh chn nm.
nn tch ly nng lc kinh nghim trc khi m mt doanh nghip hon ton khng tn ti.
iu ny li rt tt trong kinh doanh. Qu nhiu thi gian ch cho bn thy iu g s tht
bi, ch khng phi ci to ra s thay i. [5]
Vi Amir, cng nh nhiu ngi n tui ngha v khc, qun i Israel cho anh c hi
th v kim nghim v chng t nng lc bn thn; nhng s tuyn m ca qun i
cng mang n nhng tri nghim c gi tr khc: Qun i Israel l mi trng duy nht
trong x hi Israel cho php thanh nin lm vic chung v gn b mnh m vi bn b n
t nhng nn vn ha, tn gio v kinh t x hi khc nhau. Mt thanh nin Do Thi n
t Nga, ngi khc t Ethiopia, mt sabra (ngi Do Thi sinh ra Israel) th tc t ngoi
Tel Aviv, mt sinh vin Do Thi chnh thng t Jerusalem, hay mt nng trang (kibbuznik)
n t mt gia nh nng dn... u c th gp nhau cng mt n v. H tri qua t hai
n ba nm phc v ton thi gian trong lc lng chnh quy v sau l khong 20 nm
na hoc hn trong lc lng d b.
Nh bit, c cu qun i Israel ph thuc rt ln vo lc lng d b, v mt quc gia
nh nh vy khng c cch no duy tr lc lng chnh quy thng trc ln. Nn vi
binh lnh, nhng mi quan h trong qun i thng c lm mi trong nhiu thp k sau
khi h phc v trong qun d b. C vi tun trong mt nm, hoc mt tun ti thi im
nht nh, ngi Israel li ri cuc sng ngh nghip v cuc sng c nhn vo qun i
tp luyn. Khng c g ngc nhin khi nhiu mi quan h kinh doanh c thit lp trong
nhng gi di thc hin nhim v, ng gc v luyn tp.
Tal Keinan, cu sinh vin Israel ca Trng Kinh doanh Harvard (HBS) cho bit, C nm
nm mt ln, HBS li t chc bui hp mt lp ko di hai ngy. Vic ny rt vui v gip
cng c cc mi quan h. Chng ti dnh thi gian ny thm cc bn cng lp v ngi
nghe ging. Nhng hy th tng tng mt bui hp mt tng t c t chc hng
nm, mi ln ko di t hai n bn tun. li l n v bn sng chung ba nm trong
qun ng. V thay v ngi nghe ging, cc bn cng nhau tun tra bin gii. iu ny nui
dng mt mi quan h rng buc hon ton khc bit, ko di c i ngi. [6]
Tht vy, nhng mi quan h ny n trong qu trnh qun dch to ra mt mng li bn
trong mt x hi vn rt nh v c mi lin h cht ch vi nhau. Yossi Vardi cho bit:
C nc ch c mt cp chia tch. ng l cha u ca hng chc doanh nghip
Internet khi nghip v mt cng ty kt ni mng thnh cng. Ging John Medved, Vardi
cng l mt i s kinh doanh huyn thoi ca Israel.
Vardi cho bit c nhiu cng ty Israel ngng qung co tuyn dng trn bo giy: Gi
u l qung co truyn ming Biu x hi Israel kh n gin. Tt c mi ngi u
bit nhau; tt c cng phc v trong qun i vi anh em ca nhng ngi khc; m ca
mi ngi cng tng dy bn b ca con ci h trong trng; ng cu li l ch huy trong
n v ca ai . Khng ai c th giu mnh c. y mc minh bch rt cao [7]. Li
ch ca mi lin kt cht ch ny khng ch Israel, nhng Israel nhng li ch ny ph
bin rng ri hn bnh thng.
Kennedy (u thuc i hc Harvard), v vit sch v tri nghim ca mnh, cun One
Bullet Away.
Anh k cho chng ti nghe Iraq v Afghanistan lnh thy nh b c th i pht go ti
mt dy nh, tun tra quanh mt dy nh khc v giao chin tng lc ti dy nh th ba. Tt
c trong cng mt khu dn c [15].
Ty vo tnh hnh ca ngy hm , cc ch huy cp trung trong nhng cuc chin hin i
ca M c th t mnh vo vai th trng ca mt th trn nh, chin lc gia ti thit kinh
t, nh ngoi giao, nh thng thuyt gia cc b lc, qun l cc ti sn tr gi hng triu
USD, ng thi l gim c an ninh.
Cng nh qun i Israel, cc ch huy cp trung hin nay c xu hng thch thc s quan
cp cao theo cch h, v c bn, cha tng lm trong qu kh. Mt phn l do trc tip
tham gia nhiu chin dch, chng kin ng i b thit mng m cc s quan cp di tin
rng l kt qu ca nhng quyt nh ti, thiu chin lc, hoc nhng thng tin m mt t
cp cao hn.
Nh nh phn tch qun s M, Fred Kargan gii thch, binh lnh M bt kp ngi Israel
trong suy ngh rng s quan cp di no tng tham gia nhiu nhim v s b qua s t
nh i vi ch huy ca h. C mt s tng quan gia kinh nghim chin trng v
khuynh hng thch thc cp trn ca binh lnh cp di.
Vi tt c kinh nghim qun tr trn chin trng, cc cu binh bc ra t cuc chin Iraq
v Afghanistan c chun b tt hn bao gi ht trong th gii kinh doanh, d l xy
dng cng ty khi nghip hay lnh o cc tp on ln vt qua giai on kh khn hin
ti.
Al Chase khuyn cc cu chin binh khng nn nhng k khc trong th trng vic lm,
nhng k vn trong th gii kinh doanh v hiu khi nim danh php, e da. Nhng
cu binh, ng ni, c th t ln bn nhng th m ng nghip trong th gii kinh doanh
ca h ch c th m n, bao gm c cm nhn v s cn bng l loi cm nhn ch thc
s c c trong mt tnh hung sng cn; khuyn khch lc lng nhn vin; kh nng t
c s ng thun khi b p buc; v mt nn tng o c vng chc vt qua th
thch ca chin trn.
Brian Tice, s quan b binh, tng l i y trong lc lng lnh thy nh b M khi anh
quyt nh chuyn sang lm kinh doanh. Khi anh 30 tui v hon tt nm t trin
khai qun bao gm cc nhim v ti Haiti v Afghanistan v ang thc hin nhim v
th su Iraq.
Anh vit bi lun cho n xin nhp hc chng trnh MBA ca i hc Stanford trn chic
laptop trong mt ta nh chy d ti Iraq, gn cn c khng qun Al Asad, trong tnh Al
Anbar y bo lc pha Ty Iraq. Anh phi hon thnh n xin hc trong nhng gi rnh
v cc nhim v lun din ra vo na m. L s quan ch huy hnh qun trong mt n v
c 120 lnh thy nh b, Tice phi xy dng mt mt chng trnh cho mi cuc hnh
qun chng li phin qun v Al Qaeda xc nh ha lc cn thit, bao nhiu lnh thy
nh b, v bao nhiu ym tr t khng qun khi cn thit. Nn ban ngy l lc duy nht
anh c th ngh ngi v ln k hoch cho cc cuc hnh qun tip theo [16].
Cch khu hc x trng Stanford n tm ngn dm, anh khng th p ng yu cu phng
vn trc tip ca nh trng. B phn tuyn sinh sp xp mt cuc phng vn qua in
thoi m Tice phi thc hin gia cc cuc bn ta v vy rp, trong khi ng gia hoang
mc.
Tice phi xin cn b tuyn sinh th li v ting n trc thng trn u, v phi ct ngn bui
phng vn khi n sng ci ri ngay bn cnh.
Ngy cng nhiu s quan qun s M xin hc chng trnh MBA, ging nh i y Tice,
phi n lc hn bnh thng thc hin nh. Nm 2008, trong s nhng ng vin MBA
sng gi lm bi kim tra GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test tm dch: Bi
kim tra tuyn sinh ngnh qun tr sau i hc), c 15.259 ng c vin (khong 6%) l
ngi c kinh nghim qun s. Ti trng Thng mi Darden thuc i hc Virginia, s
lng ng vin qun i tng 62% t nm 2007 n 2008. Nm nht ca nin kha 2008
c 333 sinh vin, 40 ngi trong xut thn t qun i, bao gm 38 ngi tng phc v
ti Afghanistan hoc Iraq.
T chc Graduate Management Admission Council, n v qun l v t chc k thi GMAT,
u tin vic sp t sao cho con ng t mt trn n trng kinh doanh phi thun
li hn.
T chc ny ra mt chng trnh MBA Operation, gip thnh vin cc lc lng v trang
tm c nhng trng kinh doanh min ph nhp hc, hoc cung cp nhng gi h tr ti
chnh ho phng v thm ch hon hc ph cho nhng cu binh gp kh khn v ti chnh.
Hi ng ny cn lp nhng trung tm thi GMAT ngay ti cc doanh tri qun i, mt
trong s c m ti Fort Hood, Texas vo nm 2008; mt trung tm khc d nh m
ti cn c khng qun Yokota Nht Bn.
Tuy nhin, nhng nh tuyn dng v lnh o cc tp on M li b hn ch trong vic tm
hiu v vn dng kinh nghim chin trng v gi tr ca n vo th gii thng mi. Nh
Jon Medved gii thch, n gin l hu ht gii doanh nhn M khng bit c mt l lch
qun s nh th no.
Al Chase k cho chng ti v nhiu cu binh ng tng lm vic cng, ni chuyn vi
ngi phng vn tuyn dng v tt c nhng kinh nghim lnh o trn chin trng, bao
gm nhng trng hp ra quyt nh mang tnh ri ro cao, v cui cng l v nng lc qun
l mt lng ln con ngi v trang thit b ti vng chin. Khi kt thc bui phng vn th
ngi phng vn li hi mt cu: Cu chuyn anh k rt th v, nhng anh bao gi c
mt cng vic tht s cha?
Israel th ngc li. Cc doanh nghip Israel vn tm kim ngi c kinh nghim trong
khi t nhn, vic phc v trong qun ng em li nhng thc o c tiu chun ha cao
cho nh tuyn dng l nhng ngi hiu rt r lm mt s quan tng phc v trong mt
n v tinh nhu c ngha th no.
CH THCH CA NHM TC GI:
[1] Phng vn David Amir (tn h cu) (thng 8 nm 2008).
[2] Phng vn nh u t Gil Kerbs (thng 1 nm 2009).
[3] Phng vn Gary Shainberg, Ph Gim c b phn cng ngh v ci tin ca British
Telecom (thng 8 nm 2008).
[4] IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook (nm 2005).
[5] Phng vn Mark Gerson, Ch tch Gerson Lehrman Group (thng 1 nm 2009).
[6] Phng vn Tal Keinan, ng sng lp KCPS (thng 5 nm 2008).
[7] Phng vn Yossi Vardi, thin thn u t (thng 5 nm 2008).
[8] Phng vn cc tuyn trch vin qun i M (thng 1 nm 2009).
[9] Sch Absolutely American: Four Years at West Point ca David Lipsky; v phng vn
Lipsky (thng 3 nm 2009).
[10] Thng tin trong on ny ch yu da trn cuc phng vn i t John Lowry, Tng
Gim c Harley-Davidson Motor Company (thng 11 nm 2008).
[11] Phng vn Jon Medved, CEO Vringo (thng 5 nm 2008).
[12] Tri nghim ny thc y gii lnh o qun i theo ui mt chin dch quan h
cng chng ch ng nhm bc nhp cu qua h ngn gia qun i v dn s, bao gm vic
mi tp ch Rolling Stone gh thm mt lp hc West Point. N lc ny t cao tro trong
sch Absolutely American ca David Lipsky. on ny cng da trn bui phng vn ca
tc gi vi i tng John Abizaid (thng 5 nm 2009).
[13] Phng vn Tom Brokaw, tc gi sch The Greatest Generation (thng 4 nm 2009).
[14] Phng vn Al Chase, lnh o tuyn trch kim sng lp White Rhino Partners (thng 2
nm 2009).
[15] Phng vn Nathaniel Fick, tc gi sch One Bullet Away (thng 3 nm 2008).
[16] Phng vn i y Brian Tice, binh chng thy qun lc chin M (thng 2 nm 2009).
Sau khi hi vi cc nhm chuyn gia NASA, Kranz yu cu cc phi hnh gia chuyn vo
mun thm him mt trng c kch c nh hn, vn c thit k tch khi Apollo cho
cc hnh trnh ngn ngoi khng gian. Mun ny c ngun cung oxy v in ring bit.
Kranz sau ny nh li rng ng phi tm ra cch ko ngun d tr ch cho hai ngi
trong ba ngy, h tr cho ba ngi trong bn ngy.
Ri Kranz cng nhiu nhm chuyn gia Houston t kha mnh trong phng cho n khi
chn on c vn ca ngun xy, v tm ra cch a nhm phi hnh gia tr li Apollo
ri quay v tri t.
y khng phi ln u nhng nhm ny gp nhau. Kranz tng tp hp h nhiu thng
trc thng qua v s hnh thc. Chng trnh luyn tp hng ngy gip h phn ng
nhanh nhy trc nhng tnh hung bt ng v khn cp, di mi hnh thc v quy m.
Kranz b m nh vi vic ti a ha s tng tc khng ch gia cc thnh vin trong mt
nhm m vi nhiu nhm khc nhau, cng nh vi cc nh thu bn ngoi ca NASA. ng
m bo h lun gn gi nhau trong qu trnh o to, cho d iu ph v cc quy tc
dch v dn s, cm nh thu lm vic ton thi gian trong NASA. Kranz khng mun c bt
k s xa l no gia nhng thnh vin m mt ngy no s phi cng nhau gii quyt
khng hong.
Cuc khng hong bc vo ngy th ba, Kranz cng cng s tm ra nhng cch sng to
a Apollo v tri t trong khi ch dng n mt phn nh ca ngun nng lng cn
thit. Nh bi x lun ca t Thi bo New York, cuc khng hong c th tr thnh tai
ha nu khng nh mng li NASA cng i ng chuyn gia to nn php mu ng
bin trong trng hp nguy cp [10].
l mt k tch ng kinh ngc v mt cu chuyn gy m hoc. Nhng, chng ti hi
Riensenfeld, mi lin h gia n v Israel l g?
Quay v ngy 1 thng 3 nm 2003, anh ni, vo ngy th 16 ca v phng phi thuyn con
thoi Columbia, con tu v tr n tung thnh tng mnh khi quay v bu kh quyn tri t.
Gi y chng ta bit mt ming bt cch in nng 1,67 pounds ca thng nhin liu bn
ngoi b v trong khi ct cnh. Ming bt va vo mp cnh tri ca con tu, to ra l
thng m sau kh siu nng t chy cc b phn bn trong cnh.
Hn hai tun k t khi ct cnh v ming bt dnh vo cnh tu, v tip theo l v n. Liu
ngi ta c th lm g sa tu Columbia trong sut khong thi gian ny?
Sau khi c nghin cu ca HBS, Riesenfeld ngh chc chn nh vy. ng ch ra vic mt
nhm k s bc trung NASA khng c ai oi hoi ti sau khi h bo co v v vic.
Nhng ngi ny coi li qu trnh phng tu trn mn hnh v pht hin ming bt cch
in b ri khi thn tu. Ngay lp tc h bo co ln cc nh qun l ca NASA.
Vic cht vn nhau cng quan trng nh luyn tp hay nh trn tht, anh cho bit. Mi
bi tp bay, bi tp m phng v hnh qun thc t u c xem nh mt hot ng th
nghim cn c kim tra v xem xt li nhiu ln, tip nhn thng tin mi v chu nhng
cuc tranh lun ny la. l cch chng ti c o to [12].
Cc bui tranh lun nhm khng ch khng kim ch, m cn vic t ph bnh thnh mt
phng tin gip mi ngi ng i, cp di v ch huy hc hi t nhng sai lm.
Bui cht vn thng ko di 90 pht. Ai cng tham gia. N rt c nhn. y l tri nghim
rt khc nghit, Keinan va ni va nh li nhng ln cht vn tot m hi nht trong s
nghip qun s ca mnh. i vi nhng ngi b tiu dit (trong nhng ln tp trn m
phng), l rt kh khn. Nhng, vi nhng ngi sng st sau trn chin thm ch
trong nhng bi tp hng ngy phn kh khn nht tip theo chnh l bui cht vn.
Keinan tng l ch huy i hnh my bay chin u F-16 trong lc lng khng qun Israel.
Cch bn giao tip v phn tch s bt ng gia nhng quan im khc nhau v mt s
kin hay quyt nh no l mt phn ln trong vn ha qun i Israel. n ni vic cht
vn nhau l loi hnh ngh thut m bn phi vt qua. Trong trng hun luyn bay v phi
i c nhiu cu hi xoay quanh kh nng t cht vn v cht vn ngi khc.
Thanh minh cho quyt nh sai lm l iu khng th chp nhn. Bin minh cho iu bn
lm l mt vic khng ph bin. Nu mc sai lm, vic ca bn l nu ra nhng g hc
c t chuyn . Khng ai hc c g t mt k bo th.
V mc ch ca bui cht vn cng khng n gin l tha nhn sai lm. Hiu ng ca h
thng cht vn l gip phi cng hiu sai lm l iu chp nhn c, v n l c hi
phi cng ci thin nng lc ca c i v ca tng c nhn. Vic ch trng vo nhng bi
hc hu ch, c tnh ng dng thay v to ra nhng hc thuyt my mc l iu c trng
trong qun i Israel.
Truyn thng t trc n nay ca qun i Israel l khng c truyn thng. Gii ch huy
v binh lnh khng qu gn b vi bt k tng hoc gii php no ch v chng tng hu
dng trong qu kh.
Ngun gc ca vn ha quyt lit ny khi ngun t th h lp quc ca Israel. Nm 1948,
qun i Israel khng c bt k truyn thng, nghi thc hay hc thuyt no ca ring mnh;
cng khng tip nhn th ch ca ngi Anh quc gia tng t qun i ti Palestine
trc khi Israel ginh c lp.
Theo nh s hc qun s Edward Luttwak, Israel khng ging vi cc qun i thi hu
thuc a. c lc lng dn qun ngm to ra gia chin tranh, rt nhiu ngi trong s
tng c o to trong cc hm ngm vi sng g, qun i Israel pht trin nhanh
chng di p lc lin tc ca nhng xung t gay gt v ko di. Thay v ngoan ngon chp
nhn cc hc thuyt v truyn thng, vn tr thnh ph bin trong gii qun s ca
nhiu nc khc, s ln mnh ca qun i Israel c nh du bng hng lot v ni
lon, sng to v tranh lun.
Hn na, sau mi cuc chin, qun i Israel li tin hnh ci cch qun i mt cch su
rng, da trn cng quy trnh ca nhng tranh lun gay gt va nu.
Trong khi qun i vn cn tnh trng gii ng sau cuc chin ginh c lp nm 1948,
Ben-Gurion ch nh vin s quan tng c ngi Anh o to, Haim Laskov, nh gi c
cu qun i ca Israel. Laskov c php ti c cu qun i t trn xung di. Vic ti
thm nh ny khng c g ngc nhin nu b thua cuc, nhng ngi Israel vn c th ci
cch ngay c khi thng trn. Ci mi khng phi lc no cng tt hn c, nhng t nht
dng chy ca nhng tng ti mi cng gip hn ch tin trnh lo ha trong t duy
ca gii qun i thng l ci gi t nht cho chin thng v l nguyn nhn tht bi
trong tng lai. [13]
Chin thng trong Cuc chin Su ngy nm 1967 c ngha quyt nh nht m Israel tng
t c. Trong nhng ngy trc khi m mn cuc chin, cc quc gia -rp cng khai
tuyn b rng h s chin thng, v vic thiu s vin tr quc t dnh cho Israel thuyt
phc nhiu ngi tin rng nh nc Do Thi s b dit vong. Israel pht ng cuc tn
cng ph u, tiu dit ton b lc lng khng qun Ai Cp ngay trn ng bng. Tuy
mang tn Cuc chin Su ngy, song ngi Israel thng ngay trong ngy u tin, ch
trong vi gi ng h.
Kt qu l lin qun cc nc -rp b y li trn mi mt trn.
V ngay c trong chin thng, mt iu tng t vn din ra: Mt t t kim im, theo
sau cuc i tu qun i Israel. Nhiu s quan cp cao b sa thi sau mt cuc chin thnh
cng. Do vy, khng c g ngc nhin khi sau nhng cuc chin gy tranh ci tip theo nh
cuc chin Yom Kippur nm 1973, cuc chin Lebanon nm 1982 v cuc chin Lebanon
nm 2006, m hu ht ngi Israel u cho rng n hon ton sai lm, Israel thnh lp
nhng y ban iu tra cng khai nhm nh gi li gii lnh o dn s ln qun s ca
nc ny.
Nh s gia qun s kim cu cn b cao cp B Ngoi giao M, ng Eliot Cohen cho bit:
Qun i M cng thc hin nhng bo co sau mi cuc chin trong ni b qun i.
Nhng chng u c xp vo dng thng tin ti mt; mt hot ng hon ton mang tnh
ni b v khp kn. Ti khuyn nhiu lnh o cp cao trong qun i M rng h s c
li t m hnh y ban iu tra quc gia ging Israel sau mi cuc chin, trong s quan
cp cao phi chu trch nhim v ton b t nc c th tham gia tranh lun [14].
Nhng iu ny s khng sm xy ra, nh s tht vng ca trung t Paul Yingling trong
qun i M khi ng ging bi ti cn c lnh thy Quantico, bang Virginia: Chng ta
hy sinh hng ngn sinh mng v tiu tn hng t USD trong by nm qua ch vi mong mun
mang li s n nh cho hai quc gia tm trung; trong tng lai, chng ta khng th p dng
bin php ny na. [15]
Vn ch mt binh nh mt sng trng phi chu hu qu nng n hn nhiu so vi
mt vin tng thua trn [16], ng vit trong bi x lun gy tranh ci nm 2007.
Ni cch khc, Israel hng chu thit hi do s thiu t chc v thiu ng bin. Eiland
cng ghi nhn vic binh s Israel khi khng c thm nhun tinh thn vn mnh
cuc chin nm trn vai chng ta. Cn gii ch huy th da dm qu mc vo cng ngh,
to ra n tng rng h c th tin hnh cc trn nh chin thut trn t lin m khng
cn phi trc tip c mt trn chin trng.
Cui cng, Eiland nng cao li ch trch mang m phong cch Israel v kh tng tng
c trong bt k b my qun s no khc: Mt trong nhng vn ca cuc chin
Lebanon ln hai l s gn b qu mc ca nhng ch huy cao cp vi cc quyt nh ca v
tham mu trng. nh rng mnh lnh cui cng l do tham mu trng a ra, v khi
quyt nh ny c a ra, tt c u phi cam kt thi hnh ton din. Tuy nhin, nhim
v ca cc ch huy cao cp l tranh ci vi tham mu trng khi h cm thy ng ta sai, v
iu ny cn c thc hin quyt on da trn c s thc tin v chuyn mn m h
nm r.
Nhng t chc ln, d l qun i hay tp on, cn thng xuyn cnh gic vi thi
khm nm v thi t duy by n, nu khng c b my c nguy c lao vo nhng sai lm
nghim trng. Tuy nhin, hu ht qun i v nhiu tp on c v sn sng hy sinh s linh
hot i ly k lut, hy sinh sng kin i ly t chc, v hy sinh ci cch c c
nhng iu c th on trc c.
iu ny, t nht v mt nguyn tc, khng phi l phong cch ca ngi Israel.
Eiland ngh qun i Israel nn xem xt cc bin php quyt lit cng c c tnh
khi nghip, tnh sng to v chng phn cp qun l c in. Vic cho php s quan cp
thp c ln k hoch v ch huy cc chin dch an ninh hin ti vi t kim sot t cp
trn, nhm chun b tt hn cho h tham gia mt cuc chin quy c c thc s l iu
ng n, thm ch l kh thi? [18], ng t cu hi.
Cuc chin 2006 l hi chung cnh tnh rt tn km cho qun i Israel ang b lo ha v
n mn t bn trong, hin tng vn rt ph bin nhng i qun lu cha ra trn.
Trong trng hp ca Israel, qun i nc ny chuyn trng tm sang phong cch
chin tranh bit kch, thch hp truy ui cc t chc khng b, song li lng qun nhng
k nng v kh nng cn thit cho nhng cuc chin thng thng.
Tuy nhin, phn ng ca cng lun Israel va cng c hng ng s quan, va ni lng
cho h: Lm vic chm ch hn ti cp bc quyn lc ca mnh v trch nhim c y thc
cho s quan cp thp, cng nh khch l nhm ny thch thc ch huy ca mnh. S thc y
hp l ny c xem l phc hi nhng gi tr ct li, thay v t do ha chng.
Vy tt c nhng iu trn c ngha g i vi Singapore, t nc khng ch c gng bt
chc c cu qun i ca Israel m cn b sung mt cht sng to ca Israel vo nn kinh
t? Nh chng ti trnh by phn trn, Singapore cc k khc bit so vi Israel c v s
trt t v bn cht cng quyt phc tng ca h.
Capitalism, Bad Capitalism, and the Economics of Growth and Prosperity. (New Haven: Yale
University Press, 2007); v Carl Schramm, Economic Fluidity: A Crucial Dimension of
Economic Freedom, (nm 2008). Index of Economic Freedom, bin tp bi Kim R. Holmes,
Edwin J. Feulner, v Mary Anastasia OGrady (nm 2008), trang 17.
Bt u t nhng nm 1920 v trong sut thp k , nng sut lao ng Yishuv cng
ng Do Thi tin nh nc Palestine tng 80%, to ra lng sn phm quc gia nhiu
gp bn ln cng dn s Do Thi tng gp i. n tng hn, trong sut cuc khng hong
kinh t th gii t nm 1931 n 1935, tng trng kinh t trung bnh hng nm ca ngi
Do Thi v -rp Palestine ln lt l 28% v 14%.
Nhng cng ng nh do nhng ngi khai hoang lp ra, nh Petach Tikva, khng bao gi
c th t mnh t c s tng trng bng n . H c b sung bng ln sng dn
nhp c mi, nhng ngi khng ch ng gp v mt s lng, m cn mang theo nhng
c tnh tin phong lt nn kinh t da trn lng thin nguyn.
Mt trong s nhng ngi nhp c l David Gruen, mt lut s n t Ba Lan vo nm
1906 khi 20 tui. Khi n ni, anh i sang tn Do Thi l Ben-Gurion tn mt v tng Do
Thi t thi ch La M, vo nm 70 sau Cng Nguyn v nhanh chng ni ln tr
thnh lnh o khng th chi b ca cng ng Yishuv. Tc gia ngi Israel Amos Oz
vit: Trong nhng nm u ca nh nc mi, nhiu ngi Israel xem ng nh s kt hp
ca Moses, George Washington, Garibaldi v Cha Ton Nng [4].
Ben-Gurion cn l doanh nhn quc gia u tin ca Israel. Theodore Herzl c th khi
nim ha tm nhn cho ch quyn ca ngi Do Thi v bt u khch ng cng ng Do
Thi tha hng bng khi nim lng mn ca mt nh nc ch quyn; song chnh BenGurion mi l ngi t chc tm nhn ny t mt tng tr thnh mt nh nc dn
tc c nng lc vn hnh. Sau Th chin II, Winston Churchill gi i tng M George
Marshall l ngi t chc s thng li ca lc lng ng Minh. Din gii theo cch ni
ca Churchill, Ben-Gurion l ngi t chc ch ngha Phc quc Do Thi; hoc theo thut
ng kinh doanh, Ben-Gurion l mt ngi vn hnh, ngi tht s xy dng t nc
Israel.
Thch thc Ben-Gurion phi i mt trong lnh vc qun l vn hnh v ln k hoch hu
cn l v cng phc tp. Xem xt ch ring mt vn : Lm th no tip nhn ln sng
dn nhp c. T nhng nm 1930 cho n khi kt thc nn thm st ngi Do Thi
(Holocaust), hng triu ngi chu u gc Do Thi b chuyn n cc tri tp trung, mt s
tm cch o tu n Palestine. Tuy nhin, nhng ngi trn thot li b nhiu nc t
chi cho t nn v buc phi sng chui li, thng l trong nhng iu kin khng khip.
Sau nm 1939, chnh ph Anh khi , vn l siu cng thuc a ph trch Palestine,
ban hnh lnh cm h khc ln ln sng nhp c vi mt chnh sch c bit n vi tn
gi Bch Th (White Paper). Nh cm quyn Anh t chi hu ht nhng ngi mun t
nn ti Palestine.
p li, Ben-Gurion pht ng hai chin dch tng chng tri ngc nhau. u tin, ng
thuyt phc v thu xp cho khong 18 nghn ngi Do Thi ang sng Palestine quay v
chu u gia nhp qun i Anh trong Tiu on Do Thi chng c Quc x. Cng lc
, ng to ra mt c quan ngm b mt vn chuyn ngi t nn Do Thi t chu u
sang Palestine, thch thc chnh sch nhp c ca Anh. Ben-Gurion, mt mt cng chin
tuyn vi ngi Anh chu u; mt khc chng li ngi Anh Palestine.
th gii v cc m hnh pht trin kinh t quc gia. Mi quc gia u c kh khn v hn
ch, ng ni vi chng ti, nhng iu gy kinh ngc ca Israel chnh l thin hng tip
nhn cc vn nh s thiu nc v bin chng thnh ti sn nh trong trng hp
ny l dn u trong cc lnh vc nng nghip vng hoang mc, ti nh git v kh mn.
M hnh nng trang lun v tr tin tuyn ca qu trnh ny t khi bt u. Nhng kh
khn v mt mi trng m cc nng trang phi i mt cui cng li v cng hiu qu,
ging nh nhng mi e da an ninh ca Israel. Ngn sch ln chi cho vic pht trin v
nghin cu gii quyt cc vn qun s thng qua cng ngh cao bao gm cng ngh
nhn din ging ni, thng tin lin lc, quang hc, phn cng, phn mm v nhiu lnh vc
khc gip Israel khi ng, o to v duy tr khi cng ngh dn s.
Bt li ca quc gia khi c mt phn lnh th b sa mc ha c chuyn ha thnh ca
ci. Nhn vo Israel hm nay, hu ht du cc khch s ngc nhin khi bit 95% din tch ca
t nc b xp vo nhm bn kh hn, kh hn hoc rt kh hn, da vo lng ma hng
nm. Tht vy, khi mi lp quc, sa mc Negev trn ln pha Bc, gia Jerusalem v Tel
Aviv. Vn l vng t ln nht Israel, nhng tin trnh xm thc ca sa mc Negev b o
ln khi vng t pha Bc ca n ph y cc cnh rng v cc cnh ng nng nghip
do con ngi trng. Phn ln iu ny t c l nh cc chnh sch thy li sng to t
thi ca Hatzerim. Israel ngy nay dn u th gii v ti ch nc thi: Hn 70% lng
nc c ti ch, gp ba ln t l ti Ty Ban Nha, quc gia ng v tr th hai [10].
Nng trang Mashabbe Sade, cng trong sa mc Negev cn i xa hn: Nhng thnh vin
nng trang tm ra cch s dng nc ti ch khng ch mt m nhng hai ln. H o
ging su bng chiu di mi sn bng gn na dm v pht hin ngun nc va
m va mn. iu ny khng c v g l tuyt vi, cho n khi h tham kho kin t Gio
s Samuel Appelbaum ca trng i hc Ben-Gurion ti Negev: ng y nhn ra y l
ngun nc hon ho nui c nc m.
Tht khng n gin khi phi thuyt phc mi ngi rng nui c trn sa mc l vic lm
c ngha, nh ng hc Appelbaum ni. Nhng vic p tan ngh rng t ai cn ci
ng ngha vi v dng l rt quan trng [11]. Cc nng trang vin bt u bm ngun
nc nng 37 vo trong cc b cha c r phi, c chm v c vc sn xut thng
mi. Sau khi c dng trong b c, ch nc cha cht thi ca c gi li l ngun phn
bn hon ho cho cc rng cy ch l v liu. Cc nng trang cng tm ra cch trng rau v
cy n tri c ti trc tip bng ngun nc ngm.
Mt th k trc, Israel c Mark Twain v nhiu du khch khc miu t l vng t a
phn cn ci. Gi y ni ny c khong 240 triu cy xanh do hng triu ngi cng trng.
Rng cy c trng trn khp t nc, nhng ln nht v c l cng l phi thng hn
c chnh l rng Yatir.
Nm 1932, Yosef Weitz tr thnh quan chc lm nghip hng u ti Qu quc gia Do Thi,
mt t chc tin nh nc chuyn mua t v trng cy trn mnh t m sau ny l Israel.
Weitz mt hn 30 nm thuyt phc chnh t chc v chnh ph ca mnh trng rng trn
khu i ra sa mc Negev. Hu ht u ngh vic ny l bt kh thi. Gi y c khong
chnh quyn bit trn trng v tm cch m ng cho cc sng kin dnh cho khi t nhn,
nn kinh t c th tng trng cn nhanh hn.
Tuy nhin, khi nhn li qu kh, r rng mn trnh din ca nn kinh t Israel mt phn l
nh s can thip ca chnh ph, thay v n t pht. Trong sut nhng giai on u ca
bt k nn kinh t s khai no, lun c nhiu c hi d nhn bit cho u t quy m ln:
ng x, h thng nc, nh my, cu cng, mng li in v xy dng nh ca. Nhng
khon u t khng l ca Israel dnh cho cc d n nh h thng dn nc quc gia
Israel, dn nc bin Galilee t pha Bc xung vng Negev kh hn pha Nam gip
kch thch tc tng trng cao. S pht trin thn tc ca nh ca cc nng trang
to ra tng trng trong xy dng v cc ngnh dch v. Nhng iu quan trng khi khng
khi qut ha chnh l: Nhiu nc ang pht trin khi trin khai cc d n c s h tng
ln lng ph lng ngn sch nh nc khng l v tham nhng v s thiu hiu qu ca
chnh ph. Israel cng khng phi l mt ngoi l.
Mc d cc d n c s h tng c l l yu t d nhn thy nht, song iu gy n tng
hn c l s hnh thnh mt cch thn trng ca cc ngnh cng nghip, chng hn cc d
n kinh doanh t bn trong nh nc. Shimon Peres v Al Schwimmer, mt ngi M tng
bun lu my bay v v kh vo Israel trong sut Cuc chin c lp nui gic m to
dng ngnh cng nghip hng khng ca Israel. Khi h trnh by tng vi Chnh ph
Israel vo nhng nm 1950, phn ng h nhn c i t s hoi nghi n giu ct. Vo
thi im , hng ha thit yu nh sa v trng vn cn khan him, v hng ngn ngi
t nn mi n vn phi sng trong lu, nn khng c g ngc nhin khi hu ht cc v b
trng u ngh rng Israel khng kh nng v cng kh thnh cng vi n lc .
Nhng Peres thuyt phc c David Ben-Gurion rng Israel c th bt u sa cha
cc my bay cn li t Th chin II. H thnh lp mt doanh nghip ln nht Israel khi
l Bedek. Ngy nay, Bedek tr thnh Israel Aircraft Industries, doanh nghip dn u th
gii trong lnh vc hng khng.
Trong sut giai on pht trin ny ca Israel, cc doanh nghip t nhn c th khng c
vai tr quan trng, do nhng nhu cu ln v cp bch nht ca nn kinh t l rt r rng.
Song h thng ny sp khi nn kinh t dn tr nn phc tp hn. Theo nh kinh t
hc ngi Israel, Yakir Plessner, mt khi chnh ph lm nn kinh t b bo ha vi ngn
sch ln dnh cho c s h tng, ch c th trng cy vo cc doanh nhn thc y tng
trng; ch h mi c th tm thy nhng ngch hp ca li th tng i [15].
Vic chuyn i t pht trin tp trung sang nn kinh t t nhn l ra phi xut hin vo
gia nhng nm 1960. Trong khong thi gian 20 nm t 1946 n 1966, nhiu khon u
t quy m ln vo c s h tng c thc hin. Nm 1966, khi khng cn mc tiu
ng k u t, Israel ln u tin nm tri mc tng trng kinh t gn nh bng
khng. iu ny l ra thuyt phc chnh ph Israel m ca nn kinh t cho cc
doanh nghip t nhn. Nhng thay vo , nhng s ci cch cp bch li b tr hon v
Cuc chin Su ngy. Ch trong mt tun k t ngy 6 thng 6 nm 1967, Israel chim B
Ty, Di Gaza, bn o Sinai v cao nguyn Golan. Tng din tch ca cc vng lnh th ny
gp ba ln t nc Israel.
Bng nhin, mt ln na, chnh ph Israel li bn rn vi cc d n c s h tng quy m
ln. V bi v qun i Israel cn thit lp v tr ti nhng vng lnh th mi, cc khon
ngn sch khng l c dnh cho cc cng trnh quc phng, an ninh bin gii v nhng
c s h tng tn km khc. y l mt chng trnh kch thch kinh t khng l.
Kt qu l t nm 1967 n 1968, u t cho thit b xy dng tng 725%. Thi im
xy ra cuc chin gip cng c bn nng sng cn ca nhng chuyn gia hoch nh k
hoch trung ng ca Israel.
THP K MT MT CA ISRAEL
Du vy, nn kinh t ca Israel lc vn ang sng trong mt thi k vay mn. Mt cuc
chin khc din ra su nm sau , cuc chin Yom Kippur nm 1973, khng khng
mang li s thc y kinh t tng t. Israel hng chu con s thng vong nng n (ba
ngn ngi cht v hng ngn ngi khc b thng) v thit hi to ln v c s h tng.
Trong tnh cnh buc phi huy ng s lng ln qun d b, qun i Israel ko hu ht
lc lng lao ng khi nn kinh t trong su thng. nh hng ca mt t tng ng
vin dai dng nh vy lm t lit cc cng ty v thm ch ton b cc ngnh cng nghip.
Hot ng kinh doanh cng b ngng tr.
Trong bt k mi trng kinh t bnh thng no, thu nhp c nhn ca gii lao ng trong
nc cng s b gim theo. Nhng Israel li khng th. Thay v cho tin lng ri t
do, chnh ph chng bng mt phng tin m kt qu l dn n mc n cng rt
cao.
c gng b p cho khon n mi ngy mt phnh to, mi mc thu bao gm c thu
nh vo vn u t u tng. Cc khon n ngn hn c li sut cao c s dng ti
tr cho cc khon thm ht ti chnh, v sau lm tng khon tr li.
Tt c nhng iu ny trng hp vi s suy gim s dn nhp c thun. Ngi nhp c mi
lun l ngun sinh lc ch yu cho nn kinh t ca Israel. tng c tng trng rng s
lng nhp c khi s ngi nhp c tng gn 100 nghn ngi vo gia nm 1972 v 1973.
Nhng con s ny gim xung cn 14 nghn ngi vo nm 1974 v gn nh bng khng
vo nm 1975.
iu khin s hi phc ca Israel tr nn kh khn nu khng mun ni bt kh thi
l s c quyn th trng vn ca chnh ph Israel. Nh chnh Ngn hng Trung ng
Israel miu t vo lc : S tham gia ca chnh ph vt qu nhng g tng c
bit ti nhng nc dn ch. Chnh quyn Israel thit lp cc iu khon v mc li
sut cho mi khon vay v cng c n dnh cho i tng khch hng c nhn v tn dng
doanh nghip. Nhng ngn hng thng mi v qu hu tr b buc phi dng tin gi
mua tri phiu khng c php chuyn nhng ca chnh ph, hoc phi ti tr cho cc
khon vay ca doanh nghip t nhn thc hin cc d n dnh ring cho chnh ph [16].
y l tnh trng ca nn kinh t Israel trong sut giai on thng c gii kinh t hc
m t l thp k mt mt ca Israel, ko di t gia nhng nm 1970 n gia nhng
nm 1980. Ngy nay, quyt nh ca Intel trong vic tm kim cc k s ti nng Israel c
v nh mt ng thi r rng. Th nhng mt Israel m Intel tm thy vo nm 1974 li
hon ton khng ging hin ti. Trong khi Israel c v khng cn ging nh mt vng t
y ct, m ly v bnh st rt, song du khch trong nhng nm 1970 vn c th tng
nh h va h cnh xung mt nc thuc th gii th ba.
Nhng trng i hc v k s ti nng ca Israel trong thi k ny kh tin tin, nhng
hu ht c s h tng u li thi. Sn bay th nh, k d v ti tn. Mt ngi n Israel
v lm th tc nhp cnh s cm thy ngay phong v kiu X Vit. Khng c con ng
chnh no tiu chun ng cao tc. Tn hiu truyn hnh th chp chn, nhng cng
khng thnh vn v khi ch c duy nht mt i truyn hnh ca chnh ph bng ting
Hebrew, cng mt s knh truyn hnh -rp m mt ngten mnh c th bt c sng
t Jordan hoc Lebanon.
Khng phi ai cng c in thoi nh ring, khng phi v h u c in thoi di ng,
th ny cha tn ti khi . Nguyn nhn l vic ko ng dy in thoi c mt c
quan c thm quyn cp rt chm, v phi i rt lu mi n lt. Cc siu th, khng
ging nhng ch thc phm ph bin cc khu ph, l iu rt mi m v n khng c
nhiu hng ha quc t.
Cc chui ca hng bn l quc t cng cha xut hin. Nu cn th g t nc ngoi,
bn phi t n mua hoc nh ai mang v h. Thu hi quan cao nhiu ngi ng
h chnh sch c gng lm hi lng cc nh sn xut a phng khin hu ht hng ha
nhp khu ht sc t .
Xe hi trn ng l mt ng st di ng, mt s c sn xut ti Israel (chng tr
thnh i tng trong cc cu truyn ci, ging nh xe hi Nga sn xut Nga) v cc
mu xe r tin nht, ch yu ca Subaru v Citroen, hai cng ty dng cm hoc tuyt vng
ti mc dm thch thc lnh ty chay kinh t ca khi -rp. H thng ngn hng v cc
quy nh ti chnh ca chnh ph cng li thi nh ngnh cng nghip t. Vic i tin USD
l phm php bt k u, ngoi tr cc ngn hng, vn dng t gi hi oi do nh nc
thit lp. Thm ch c ti khon ngn hng nc ngoi cng l bt hp php.
Tm trng chung khi kh khc kh. S hng phn c c nh thng li chn ng nm
1967 c mt s ngi so snh nh l c n x t hnh ri thng x s nhanh chng
tiu tan sau cuc chin Yom Kippur 1973 v b th ch bng th cm gic mi ca s bt an,
b c lp, v c l t hn tt c l sai lm bi kch. Qun i Israel hng mnh hon ton b
bt ng v tn tht nng n. S an i him thy lc , theo thut ng qun s, l Israel
chin thng trong cuc chin. Nhng ngi Israel cm thy cc lnh o chnh tr v qun
i lm h tht vng hon ton.
Mt y ban thm tra cng khai c ch nh, dn n vic sa thi Tham mu trng qun
i Israel, Gim c tnh bo v nhiu quan chc an ninh cao cp khc. Tuy c y ban
min ti, nhng Th tng Golda Meir nhn trch nhim cho nhng g c xem l tht
c ph, v tt nhin l khng h c ly mt qun ru vang hay nh hng sushi tao nh no,
MacDonalds, Ikea, hay bt k ca hng thi trang ngoi quc no trn khp nc Israel.
Ca hng McDonalds u tin m ca Israel l vo nm 1993, ba nm sau khi chui ca
hng ln nht m ti Moscow, v 22 nm sau ca hng McDonalds u tin ti Sydney, c.
Gi y McDonalds c gn 150 ca hng ti Israel, nhiu gp i so vi Ty Ban Nha, hay
Hn Quc tnh theo bnh qun u ngi [19].
C chuyn mnh th hai bt u sau nm 1990. Cho n lc , nn kinh t Israel c nng
lc hn ch huy ng vn u t vo nhng ti nng khi nghip c nui dng bng
vn ha truyn thng v mi trng qun i. V vic tip tc bp nght khi t nhn
ko di thi k lm pht phi m, vn khng c gii quyt cho ti nm 1985, khi B
trng Ti chnh Shimon Peres trin khai mt k hoch bnh n do Ngoi trng M
George Shultz, nh kinh t hc thuc Qu tin t quc t (IMF), Stanley Fischer, v cu Ch
tch Hi ng c vn kinh t Herbert Stein ca nguyn Tng thng M Richard Nixon pht
trin. K hoch ny t ngt ct gim n cng, hn ch chi tiu chnh ph, bt u t hu
ha v ci cch vai tr ca chnh ph trong th trng vn. Nhng iu ny vn cha
to ra mt nn kinh t doanh nghip t nhn nng ng cho Israel.
nn kinh t c th tht s ct cnh i hi ba nhn t b sung: Mt ln sng ngi nhp
c mi, mt cuc chin mi v mt ngnh u t mo him mi.
CH THCH CA NHM TC GI:
[1] Cc Thng k trung ng Israel, Gross Domestic Product and Uses of Resources, in the
Years 1950 1995 trong Statistical Abstract of Israel 2008, s 59, bng 14.1,
http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st14_01x&CYear=
2008.
[2] Howard M.Sacher, sch A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, trang
30.
[3] Yishuv, trong Encyclopedia Judaica, cun 10, trang 489.
[4] Trch dn trong People of the Century: One Hundred Men and Women Who Shaped the
Last Hundred Years, Time/CBS News, trang 128.
[5] Leon Wieseltier, Brothers and Keepers: Black Jews and the Meaning of Zionism, New
Republic (11-02-1985).
[6] Trch dn trong Once Politicians Died Poor ca Meirav Arlosoroff, Haaretz (08-062008).
[7] Nng trang: Awakening from Utopia ca Daniel Gavron, trang 01.
[8] The Children of the Dream: Communal Child-Rearing and American Education ca
Bruno Bettlheim, trang 15-17.
[9] Poluttion in a Promised Land: An Environmental History of Israel ca Alon Tal, trang
219.
[10] National Report of Israel, Years 2003-2005 ca Alon Tal ti United Nations
Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) (thng 6 nm 2006),
http://www.unccd.int/cop/reports/otheraffected/national/2006/israel-eng.pdf.
[11] From Far Benerath the Israeli Desert, Water Sustains a Fertile Enterprise ca Dina
Kraft, New York Times (02-01-2007)
[12] Thng tin cho on ny ly t trang Web ca Hc vin Weizmann, Yatir Forest
Research Group, http://www.weizmann.ac.il/ESER. People/Yakir/YATIR/Yatir.htm, v
Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael/Jewish. National Fund,
http://www.kkl.org.il/kkl/english/main_subject/globalwarming/israeli%20research%20
has%20worldwide%20implications.
[13] Generating a Socio-economic Leapfrod ca Hc vin Reut (14-02-2008), http://reutinstitute.org/data/uploads/PDFVer/20080218%20%20%20Hausman%27s%20main%20issues-%20English.pdf
[14] Israel 15 Vision ca Hc vin Reut, http://www.reutinstitute.org/event.aspx?EventId=6
[15] Thng tin ca on ny ly t The Political Economy of Israel: From Ideology to
Stagnation ca Yakir Plessner, trang 11-31.
[16] Ibid, trang 288.
[17] Inflation the Rise and Fall David Rosenberg trn trang Web ca B Ngoi giao Israel
(thng 1 nm 2001), http://www.mfa.gov.il.
[18] Best Places to Do Business in the Wired World ca
CNNMoney.com,http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2007/biz2/0708/gallery.roadwarriorssp
ecial.biz2/11.html.
[19] McDonalds ca Orna Yefet, Yediot Ahronot (29-10-2006).
Chng 7. Nhp c
Thch thc t ng ch Google
Ngi nhp c khng s bt tay li t u.
H c nh ngha l nhng con ngi thch mo him.
Quc gia ca ngi nhp c l quc gia
ca nhng tay chi khi nghip.
GIDI GRINSTEIN
Nm 1984, Shlomo (Neguse) Molla ri ngi lng nh ca mnh pha Bc Ethiopia cng 17
ngi bn, quyt tm i b n Israel. Lc cu mi 16 tui. Macha, ngi lng ho lnh m
Molla ln ln, gn nh khng c lin h vi th gii hin i khng nc my, khng in
v khng ng dy in thoi. Ngoi nn i tn khc ang ba vy khp t nc, ngi
Do Thi Ethiopia cn phi sng di mt ch bi Do Thi h khc do chu nh hng ca
Lin X c.
Chng ti lun m c c n Israel, Molla ni. Cu c nui dng trong mt gia
nh Do Thi theo ch ngha Phc quc Do Thi. Cu v nhng ngi bn d tnh i b v
pha Bc t Ethiopia n Sudan, Sudan n Ai Cp, bng qua Sa mc Sinai, v t Sinai n
vi khu th pha Nam ca Israel l Beersheba; sau h s tip tc i n Jerusalem [1].
Cha ca Molla bn mt con b tr cho ngi dn dng 2 USD, nh ch ng cho l
tr chng u trong cuc hnh trnh. Chng i b c ngy ln m trn i chn trn, vi
vi im dng chn, bng qua sa mc v tin vo rng rm pha Bc Ethiopa. l tr
i mt vi h, rn ri b bn cp trn lt tin bc v thc n. Nhng Yella cng nhm bn
vn tip tc i b hng trm dm trong mt tun n bin gii pha bc ca Ethiopia.
Khi vo n Sudan, l tr b lnh bin phng Sudan truy ui. Bn thn nht ca Molla b
bn v b git cht, s cn li b tri, tra tn v tng vo t. Sau 91 ngy, bn tr c a
vo tri t nn Gedaref Sudan, ti y Molla gp mt ngi n ng da trng ni nng kh
hiu nhng r rng l ngi hiu bit: Ta bit chu l ai, v ta bit chu mun i u, ng
ni vi a tr Ta y gip chu. y mi l ln th hai trong i Molla nhn thy
mt ngi da trng. Ngy hm sau ng ta quay li, tng l tr ln trn mt xe ti v li bng
qua sa mc trong sut nm gi lin cho ti khi n mt bi h cnh ho lnh.
Ti y, m tr b y ln mt my bay cng vi hng trm ngi Ethiopia khc. y l
mt phn trong n lc b mt ca chnh ph Israel; s mnh khng vn nm 1984, cn gi
l Chin dch Moses, mang hn tm ngn ngi ngi Do Thi Ethiopia n Israel [2].
tui trung bnh ca nhng ngi ny l 14. Mt ngy sau khi t chn xung Israel, tt
c u c quyn cng dn. Leon Wieseltier ca t New Republic khi vit rng Chin dch
Gidi Grinstein tng l c vn cho cu Th tng Ehud Barak v l thnh vin ca nhm
m phn Israel ti hi ngh Tri David nm (2000) vi Bill Clinton v Yasir Arafat. ng
tch ra v thnh lp trung tm tng Reut Institute ca ring mnh, tp trung vo vic lm
th no Israel c th tr thnh mt trong s 15 nc giu nht th gii vo nm 2020.
ng nu lun im tng t: Mt hoc hai th h trc y, ai trong gia nh chng ti
gi ghm c rt nhanh v b i. Ngi nhp c khng ngi lm li t u. H l, theo
nh ngha, nhng ngi dm mo him. Mt quc gia ca ngi nhp c l mt quc gia
ca tay chi khi nghip.
Shai Agassi, ngi sng lp Better Place l con trai ca mt ngi nhp c Iraq. Cha ca
anh, ng Reuven Agassi b buc phi ri thnh ph Basra pha Nam Iraq cng vi gia
nh khi mi chn tui. Khi , chnh quyn Iraq sa thi ton b nhn vin Do Thi, tch thu
ti sn ca h v ty tin bt b ngi thuc cng ng Do Thi. Baghdad, chnh quyn
thm ch cn cng khai treo c t t. Cha ti (ng ni ca Shai) lm k ton cho ban qun l
cng Basra th b ui vic. Chng ti rt lo cho mng sng ca mnh, Reuven chia s vi
chng ti [9]. Khng cn ni no i, gia nh Agassi nhp vo dng l 150 nghn ngi t
nn Iraq n Israel vo nm 1950.
Ngoi s liu tuyt i ca ngi nhp c ti Israel, cn c mt nhn t khc khin vai tr
ca ln sng nhp c n Israel tr nn c o: Nhng chnh sch ca chnh ph Israel
c trin khai ng ha nhng ngi mi n.
C mt mi lin quan trc tip gia lch s ca nhng chnh sch nhp c ca cc nc
phng Ty vi cch tip cn c gii cng thn lp quc ca Israel p dng. Trong sut
th k 17, 18 v 19, s nhp c vo M c th t do; v c lc ngi nhp c cn c
thu n M gip nh c nhng khu vc km pht trin. Cho n nhng nm 1920,
khng h tn ti vic hn ch s lng ngi nhp c M, mc d b qun l bng nhng
quy nh sc khe v nhng bi kim tra vn ha.
Nhng khi cc l thuyt chng tc bt u nh hng n chnh sch nhp c ca M, vic
tip cn t do dn b sit cht. y ban T php ca Quc hi M tuyn mt nh t vn u
sinh, tin s Harry H. Laughlin, ngi qu quyt rng c mt s chng tc mang tnh thng
ng. Mt lnh o khc ca phong tro u sinh l tc gia Madison Grant th tranh lun
trong cun sch c pht hnh rng ri ca mnh rng ngi Do Thi, v mt s chng
tc khc l thng ng v s khc bit trong kch thc hp s.
o lut Nhp c nm 1924 thit lp cc gii hn mi v s lng ngi nhp c, cn c
vo ngun gc quc gia. C hiu lc t nm 1929, o lut p t hn ngch nhp c hng
nm c thit k c bit hn ch ngi nhp c gc ng v Nam u, chng hn
ngi Do Thi t , Hy Lp v Ba Lan. Nhn chung, khng qu 100 ngi thuc cc nc
nu trn c php nhp c vo M mi nm [10].
Khi Franklin Roosevelt ln lm Tng thng, ng khng lm g nhiu thay i chnh sch
ni trn. Nhn vo phn ng ca Roosevelt t nm 1938 n 1945, c th thy m hnh suy
gim s nhy cm i vi hon cnh ca ngi Do Thi chu u, nh s hc David Wyman
cho bit. Vo nm 1942, tuy bit nn dit chng ngi Do Thi ang din ra, Roosevelt
hon ton khng nhc n vn ny vi B Ngoi giao M. ng cng khng bao gi tht
s gii quyt n mt cch tch cc, d ng tha bit chnh sch ca B Ngoi giao khi
hoc l n trnh hoc l cn tr cng tc cu nn ngi Do Thi. [11]
Khi Th chin II bt u, nhng cnh ca ca M vn ng cht vi ngi Do Thi. Song vn
chnh m ngi Do Thi phi i mt khi tm ni t nn vo nhng nm 1930 v u
nhng nm 1940 l M khng phi nc duy nht hn ch ngi Do Thi, m ngay c nhiu
nc M Latin cng m ca rt gii hn, trong khi nhng nc chu u, vo thi im tt
nht cng ch chp nhn cho hng ngn ngi t nn c qu cnh tm thi nh mt
phn nhng k hoch m h nh c ni khc [12].
Thm ch sau khi Th chin II kt thc, v nn dit chng ngi Do Thi c bit n
nhiu hn, cc nc phng Ty vn khng sn lng cho n nhng ngi Do Thi sng
st. Chnh ph Canada bt ng cm ngh ca nhiu nc khi mt quan chc Canada
pht biu: Khng mt ai cng l qu nhiu! Hn ngch ca Anh dnh cho ngi nhp
c n Palestine cng b tht cht hn rt nhiu. Vi nhiu ngi Do Thi lc , h tht s
khng cn chn dung thn, theo ng ngha en [13].
Nhn thc su sc lch s ny, khi ch thuc a ca Anh Palestine ht hiu lc; vo
ngy 14 thng 5 nm 1948, Bn Tuyn ngn Lp quc ca Nh nc Israel c Hi
ng nhn dn Do Thi ban hnh. Trong nu r: Thm ha gn y p ln s phn
ngi Do Thi v thm st hng triu ngi Do Thi chu u l mt minh chng r
rng v s cp bch trong vic gii quyt tnh trng vong quc ca chng ta NH NC
ISRAEL s m ca cho ngi nhp c Do Thi [14].
Israel tr thnh quc gia duy nht trong lch s dt khot nu trong vn kin lp quc s
cn thit ca mt chnh sch nhp c t do. Nm 1950, chnh ph mi ca Israel cng c
bn tuyn ngn bng Lut Hi quc, n tn ngy nay vn m bo mi ngi Do Thi u
c quyn n vi t nc ny, m khng c hn ngch s lng.
Lut ny cng nh ngha mt ngi Do Thi l mt ngi sinh ra t m l ngi Do Thi,
hoc ci o sang o Do Thi. Quyn cng dn Israel cng c cp cho c v hoc
chng khng phi ngi Do Thi, cho tr em khng phi ngi Do Thi v chu ca ngi
Do Thi cng nh v hoc chng ca h.
M, mt c nhn phi ch nm nm trc khi np n xin nhp tch (ba nm nu c v
hoc chng l cng dn M). Lut Hoa K cng yu cu ngi nhp c mun tr thnh cng
dn phi chng t nng lc ting Anh v vt qua k thi v quyn cng dn. Quyn cng
dn Israel c hiu lc ngay trong ngy u tin ngi nhp c n, bt k h s dng ngn
ng g, v khng phi tri qua bi kim tra no c.
Nh David McWilliams miu t, hu ht ngi Israel u ni ting Hebrew cng vi mt
ngn ng khc, chnh l th ting duy nht h bit khi n Israel. Ti vi th trn Israel,
ng cho bit, c mt t bo hng ngy bng ting Ty Ban Nha Ladino, th ting Ty Ban
Nha c c s dng bi ngi Do Thi Sephardi tc ngi vn b Ferdinand v Isabella
trc xut khi vng Andalucia vo nm 1492. Cn ti Ph Dizengoff no nhit Tel Aviv,
Vic ny khin mt nghn ngi Do Thi Ethiopia b kt li cho n khi Chin dch Joshua
do M thc hin mang h n Israel vi thng sau .
[3] Sch Brothers and Keepers: Black Jews and the Meaning of Zionism ca Leon
Wieseltier.
[4] Sch Ethiopian Jews and Israelis Exult as Airlift Is Completed ca Joel Brinkley, Thi
bo New York (26-05-1991).
[5] Sch The Google Story ca David A.Vise v Mark Malseed, trang 15.
[6] Phng vn Natan Sharansky, Ch tch kim thnh vin u t ca cc t chc Adelson
Institute for Strategic Studies, Shalem Center v l nh sng lp ca Yisrael BAliya (thng
05-2008).
[7] Phng vn David McWilliams, nh kinh t hc ngi Ailen v l tc gi cun The Popes
Children (thng 05-2009).
[8] Phng vn Erel Margalit, ngi sng lp qu u t Jerusalem Venture Partners (JVP)
(thng 05-2008).
[9] Phng vn Reuven Agassi (thng 12-2008).
[10] Trong khi iu lut mi tr nn cng nhc, B Ngoi giao M ch o cc quan
chc lnh s nc ngoi phi kht khe hn i vi nhng h s ca nhng ai b xp loi
public charge trong lut nhp c. Mt public charge l mt ngi khng kh nng
nui sng bn thn hay gia nh. Vo lc bt u ca cuc i Suy thoi, nhm p li li
khn cu ca dn chng trong vic sit cht lut nhp c, cc lnh s vin nc ngoi
c ch o phi m rng mc din dch khi nim public charge nhm loi b h s
ca nhng ngi cha tht s ng b xp loi public charge. Quy nh ny tr thnh
mt quy trnh hon ton cm tnh.
[11] Sch Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis, 1938 1941 ca David Wyman.
[12] Vi hc gi hin nay tin rng vic thiu vng ni tr n cho ngi Do Thi ang tm
cch o tu khi c v cc vng lnh th sp sa b qun c chim ng tr thnh
mt nhn t quan trng trong k hoch tiu dit ngi Do Thi chu u ca Pht-xt c.
Bc tranh ton cu r rng cho thy chnh sch [Quc x] khi l ch buc ngi Do Thi
ri chu u, David Wyman cho bit. Vic chuyn sang hnh ng tiu dit ch xy ra sau
khi bin php trc xut tht bi, mt tht bi ch yu do cc nc khc khng chu m
ca cho ngi t nn. Theo sch Paper Walls: America and the Refugee Crisis. 1938-1941
ca David Wyman.
[13] Nm 1939, chnh quyn Anh gii hn mc 10 nghn ngi nhp c Do Thi c vo
Palestine mi nm, cng 25 nghn sut b sung d phng. ng l vo nm 1945, Tng
thng Harry Truman yu cu mt cuc iu tra hnh vi i x vi ngi t nn Do Thi
ca chnh ph M, vn c nhiu ngi lm vic trong nhng cng xng qun l bi qun
i M. Kt qu ca bn bo co ghi li s i x tn t gy sc vi nhng ngi t nn
mt ln b hnh h, ng thi ku gi cnh ca vo Palestine cn c m ra, Leonard
Dinnerstein vit trong America and the Suvivors of the Holocaust. Sau nhiu n lc thuyt
phc nc Anh cho php ngi Do Thi vo Palestine khng thnh cng, Truman yu cu
Quc hi M thng qua mt o lut cho php chuyn mt s lng ngi ny vo M.
Khi d tho ca Truman c thng qua vo nm 1948, nm khai sinh nc Israel; mt
nhm cc nh lm lut, dn u bi thng ngh s bang Nevada Pat McCarran thao tng
vic phc tho t ng trong bn d lut, khin n ha ra li k th ngi Do Thi gc
ng u. Cui cng, s gia Leonard Dinnerstein c tnh ch c 16% s th thc t nn gia
thng 7 nm 1948 v thng 6 nm 1952 l ca ngi Do Thi. V th nhng mnh khe v
th on ca McCarran thnh cng, Dinnerstein ghi ch. Nhng ngi Do Thi l ra
chn M lm ni ti to cuc sng n Israel.
[14] Ti liu ny c th tm thy ti:
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Dec_of_Indep.html.
[15] Phng vn David McWilliams, nh kinh t hc Ailen v tc gi cun The Popes
Children (thng 3 nm 2009).
[16] iu ny khng phi m ch rng cng thng sc tc khng tn ti trong quc gia rt
b phn ha ny. Mu thun su sc bng pht gia nhng ngi o tu khi nn dit
chng ngi Do Thi chu u vi ngi Do Thi t th gii -rp thuc thi im lp
quc ca Israel. Sammy Smooha, ngy nay l mt nh sinh hc ni danh ti i hc Haifa,
cng nh Agassi, tng l mt ngi nhp c Do Thi gc Iraq phi tri qua tui th trong
lu tm. Chng ti b yu cu khng c ni ting -rp, nhng ti no bit ting Hebrew.
Mi th u l lm. Cha ti t mt quan chc ng st Baghdad tr thnh mt k v
dng. Chng ti phi chu s mt mt nhn dng ti t. Gi nhn li, ti gi l s n p
vn ha. ng sau l tng cao p v mt dn tc thng nht, th h (ngi Do Thi gc
chu u) lun c x trch thng v p t, trch dn trong cun The Israelis: Ordinary
People in an Extraordinary Land ca Donna Rosenthal, trang 116.
Peres lin b thu ht bi tng ca Schwimmer v vic to dng mt ngnh cng nghip
my bay ca Israel, s phc v mt mc ch xa hn c chin lc qun s ngn hn. y l
mt phn ca tham vng to dng cc ngnh cng nghip Israel ca Peres.
Schwimmer khng nh trong mt th gii ang d tha my bay t Th chin II, th chng
c l do g Israel khng mua my bay vi gi r, ri sa cha, nng cp v bn li cho
qun i v hng hng khng ca cc nc khc, trong khi vn xy dng ngnh sn xut
my bay thng mi ca ring Israel. Khng lu sau khi quay v M, Peres dn Schwimmer
n gp Ben-Gurion, ngi ang c chuyn cng du u tin n M trn cng v Th
tng Israel.
Anh ang hc ting Hebrew ? l cu hi u tin ca Ben-Gurion khi Schwimmer gi tay
cho ng; c hai tng gp nhau nhiu ln trong Cuc chin c lp. Schwimmer ci ln v
chuyn ch : C nhiu c gi p California, ng c ngh vy khng ngi Th tng?
Ben-Gurion mun bit Schwimmer ang lp k hoch g. Schwimmer k v cng cuc ci
cch m mnh ang thc hin.
Ci g? Vi ch ngn ny my mc m anh nh ci tin my bay sao? Ben-Gurion hi,
Schwimmer gt u.
Chng ta cn nhng iu nh th ny Israel. V cn cn hn th. Chng ta cn mt ngnh
hng khng thc th. Chng ta cn phi t ch, Ben-Gurion ni. y chnh xc l iu
Schwimmer tho lun cng Peres khi bay qua vng bng tuyt. Vy ng ngh sao?
iu Schwimmer khng bit l trc Ben-Gurion gi Technion xy dng ban k
thut hng khng. Khi giao nhim v, ng ni: Mt tiu chun sng cao cp, mt nn vn
ha phong ph; s t ch v tinh thn, chnh tr v kinh t, v.v s khng th t c nu
thiu ngnh hng khng.
Chc chn ri, ti ngh ng ni ng, Schwimmer p li, ri ngay vo ci by ging sn
ca v Th tng.
Ti vui v anh ni th. Chng ti mong anh quay v Israel xy dng ngnh hng khng
cho chng ti, Ben-Gurion ni. Schwimmer lin lng ngi nhn Peres.
C lm i, Al, Peres ni. Schwimmer phn i. ng lp tc ngh n nhng bt ng s
vp phi vi gii ch huy khng qun Israel cng nhng c s qun s nh nhng quyn
lc ca Israel; cha k ng cn khng bit ni ting Hebrew. Schwimmer cng khng thuc
ng phi no, ng ght chnh tr v thi quan liu. S kt hp ca Israel gia ch kinh t
tp trung x hi ch ngha v nn chnh tr ch ngha thn hu c th lm bt k ai nght
th, hung h mt ngi ang c hoi bo xy dng mt ngnh hng khng.
ng ni vi Ben-Gurion rng ng ch bt tay thc hin vi iu kin cng ty ny khng b
thi tin c con ng chu cha lm hi, khng c c chuyn dng nh hng chnh tr
[8] The New Argonauts: An Interview with AnnaLee Saxenian ca Jenny Johnston (thng
07-2006), GBN Global Business Network,
http://thenewargonauts.com/GBNinterview.pdf?aid=37652.
[9] Thng tin trong on ny ly t Anthony David, sch The Sky Is The Limit: Al
Schwimmer, the Founder of the Israeli Aircraft Industry bng ting Hebrew; v cuc phng
vn Shimon Peres. V chuyn bay qua Bc cc ca Peres v Schwimmer v cuc gp g ca
Schwimmer vi Ben-Gurion ti M, xem thm Shimon Peres, Davids Sling (1970).
Ti thm ebook: http://www.taisachhay.com
Trc tung y trong trang ny c ghi ch u t nc ngoi vo ngnh cng ngh cao
Israel. Tht n tng, khi trong cng giai on , c mt s gia tng u t vo Israel
cng thi gian vi s gia tng s ln b tn cng bng tn la.
Thc t, khi nghin cu cc s liu kinh t khc, chng ti tm thy vi b d liu tng
i tng ng vi c cu biu chung ny. V d, vn u t trc tip nc ngoi (FDI)
mt s liu kinh t vi m dng o lng tng lng u t trc tip t nc ngoi di
bt k hnh thc no vo mt quc gia. Trong sut giai on t nm 2000 n 2005, FDI
ca Israel tng gp ba, cn th phn ng USD quc t dnh cho u t mo him vo
Israel tng gp i.
Medved khng gi rng c s tng quan gia bo lc ti Israel vi s thu ht cc nh
u t. Thay vo , ng tin rng Israel tm ra cch loi b cc mi e da an ninh khi
nhng c hi tng trng cho nn kinh t. Ni cch khc, ngi Israel t tin rng cc doanh
nghip mi thnh lp ca h s sng st qua chin tranh v hn lon. V gii doanh nhn
Israel cng c gng thuyt phc nh u t tin vo iu ny.
Alice Schroeder, tc gi cun The Snowball (tm dch: Qu cu tuyt), l ngi duy nht
c y quyn vit tiu s cho Warren Buffett. Chng ti hi b v ri ro c nhn nhn
ca vic u t vo Israel. Warren trong ngnh kinh doanh bo him t rt lu, v
nhn vo mi quyt nh u t thng qua lng knh , b ni vi chng ti. Tt c l vic
xc nh mc ri ro nh cch bn lm vi mt hp ng bo him. Nhng th bn tht
s lo ngi l kh nng xy ra ng t v cung phong. Warren hi: C nhng loi ri ro
thm ha g, v liu ti c th sng chung vi n? [5]
Iscar, cng ty Israel c Buffett mua li, c nh my chnh v cc c s nghin cu v pht
trin t ti pha Bc Israel, v tng hai ln b e da trc nhng cuc tn cng tn la
nm 1991, khi c nc lt vo tm ngm ca Saddam Hussein trong cuc chin vng Vnh
v trong cuc chin Lebanon nm 2006, khi Hezbollah bn hng ngn tn la vo cc th
trn pha Bc Israel. iu ny khng c tnh l ri ro thm ha sao?, chng ti hi b.
Quan im ca Buffett, b ni vi chng ti, rng nu cc cng xng ca Iscar b trng
bom, h s xy mt nh my khc. Nh my khng i din cho gi tr ca cng ty. Chnh ti
nng ca nhn vin v ban qun l, nn tng quc t ca cc khch hng trung thnh v
thng hiu mi to ra gi tr ca Iscar. Nn d tn la c th ph hy cc nh my, th
trong mt Buffett, chng vn khng i din cho ri ro thm ha.
Trong sut cuc chin Lebanon nm 2006, ch hai thng sau khi Buffett mua li Iscar, 4.228
qu tn la trt xung min Bc Israel [6]. Ta lc cch bin gii Lebanon cha n 8
dm, Iscar l mc tiu chnh ca tn la.
Eitan Wertheimer, Ch tch hng Iscar, ngi bn cng ty cho Buffett, cho chng ti bit
ng gi cho sp mi ca mnh trong ngy u tin ca cuc chin. Quan tm duy nht
ca chng ti l phc li cho nhn vin ca mnh, v my mc h hng v ca s v nt lun
c th thay th, Wertheimer nh li bui ni chuyn vi Buffett. Nhng ti khng r ng
c hiu tm trng ca chng ti khng, ti ni vi ng ta nh th. Chng ti s tip tc vi
na s nhn vin cn li, nhng chng ti m bo mi khch hng s c giao hng ng
hn hoc thm ch sm hn [7].
Mt qu tn la ri trng Cng vin cng nghip Tefen, vn c gia nh Wertheimer
thnh lp v xy xung quanh Iscar, v nhiu tn la ri gn . V mc d trong sut cuc
chin, nhiu cng nhn tm thi chuyn ch cng gia nh xung pha nam t nc,
cc khch hng ca Iscar vn khng hay bit. Chng ti c mt cht thi gian iu
chnh, nhng chng ti khng l mt chuyn giao hng no, Wertheimer ni. Vi
khch hng ca chng ti trn th gii, th khng c cuc chin no c.
Bng cch p tr s e da theo cch ny, Wertheimer v nhiu ngi khc bin nhng
mi nguy him c th khin Israel trng c v ri ro thnh minh chng cho ti sn bt kh
xm phm ca Israel th ti sn hp dn Buffett, Google, Microsoft v nhiu tp on
khc ngay t ban u.
t ai minh ha cho s gan gc ca ngi Israel hay hn Dov Frohman, ngi tng sinh ra ti
Amsterdam ch vi thng trc khi xy ra Th chin II. Khi vng vy ca Pht xt c ln H
Lan ngy cng tht cht, cha m b mt gi ng cho gia nh Van Tilborgh, nhng nng
dn Thin cha gio m o h gp. Gia nh ny lun lch qua cc ng cng ngm H
Lan chy trn. Dov mi ch ba tui khi ng n trang tri ca h vng nng thn H
Lan, nhng ng vn nh vic phi i m che giu mi tc en, v gia nh nhn nui ng
u tc vng. Khi lnh c sot nh nh k, ng thng trn xung di ging, chui
xung hm hoc trn vo rng cng anh em mnh. Nhiu nm sau, Dov bit tin cha mnh
cht ti tri Auschwitz; ng khng bao gi bit r ni m mnh b git hi [8].
Sau cuc chin, d ca Frohman, ngi trn n Palestine trong nhng nm 1930, truy
tm gia nh H Lan ca Frohman v thuyt phc h mang ng n mt tri m ci Do Thi
ng c th di c n Palestine. Nm 1949, cu b Dov mi tui t chn n t nc
Israel va mi thnh lp.
Nm 1963, khi Dov Frohman chun b tt nghip Technion (Vin cng ngh Israel), ng
quyt nh theo ui chng trnh thc s M nhm mang mt lnh vc chuyn mn
Tc ng ca chng trnh BIRD vt xa doanh thu thun ty: N gip cc cng ty cng
ngh ang pht trin ca Israel nm c cch thc kinh doanh ti M. Nhng cng ty
ny lm vic cht ch vi cc i tc M. Nhiu cng ty thu vn phng ti M v gi nhn
vin ra nc ngoi, ni h c th hc hi v th trng v khch hng ca mnh.
Trong lc thiu thn ngun vn ch s hu, BIRD to ra mt li tt dn n th trng M.
Ngay c khi lin doanh tht bi, vn cn bi hc to ln v vic lm sao to ra sn
phm ring cho tng th trng, thay v ch n thun pht trin cng ngh.
Nm 1992, gn 60% s cng ty Israel nim yt trn sn chng khon New York v 75% s
cng ty c tn trn sn chng khon NASDAQ c BIRD h tr [8].
Cc nh u t mo him v gii u t M bt u ch n iu ny. Tuy th, 74% hng
cng ngh cao xut khu ra ngoi Israel c to ra ch bi 4% cc cng ty cng ngh cao
[9]. Li nhun khng c phn tn rng ri. Nu nhng doanh nghip cng ngh mi
khng th xin c tr cp t BIRD hay chnh ph, h phi thnh thc ngh thut t lc
cnh sinh: S dng cc ngun lc c nhn, cc mi quan h hay bt c cng c no khc
thu thp vn u t.
Jon Medved t lc cnh sinh khi ng i g ca tng nh cho bn nhng b thu pht
quang ca cha mnh vo nm 1982. Khi , cng ty ca ng ch c 10 nhn vin, lm vic
bn trong mt nh xe ch to thit b thu v bt sng quang. Medved tha nhn ng
khng hc qua mt lp ton hay vt l no i hc, v khng bit g v bn cht ca
doanh nghip m cha ng gy dng. ng cng khng bit ting Hebrew.
Ti ni chuyn vi mt nhm k s Israel khng bit g v cp quang, v ging cho h v
si quang. Nu h t ra nhng cu hi k thut kh nhn, ti s trn ng sau ting
Hebrew ca h Ti khng hiu anh ni g, xin li! [10] Medved vit mt k hoch
kinh doanh cho cng ty v pht trin nhng d bo doanh thu bng phin bn phn mm
bng tnh u tin trn chic my tnh to bng ci va li ca mnh; nhng cng nh Orna
Berry, ng thy vic huy ng vn l khng kh thi.
Nh lnh o trong mng khoa hc, Erlich, tr nn gn b vi nhng bin php vt qua
thch thc m cc doanh nhn ang phi i mt. Nhng c mt s phn i: ng ph
thi gian v tin bc vo nhng cng ty mi v nh. H l nhng d n tht bi, nhng k
dm pha ni vi ng [11]. Thay v th, cc nh kinh t ca chnh ph ku gi tng cng
vn v s hp tc gia Israel vi nhng cng ty a quc gia ln, thi im ny ang tuyn
dng hng ngn ngi Israel.
Cn mt thch thc khc ang nu chn Israel khi : Lm th no gii quyt c gn mt
triu ngi nhp c Do Thi Lin X ang bt u trn ngp khp t nc. Chnh quyn
tin rng hp th s ngi nhp c ny, nn kinh t Israel s phi to ra na triu vic
lm mi. C ba ngi nhp c Lin X li c mt nh khoa hc, k s hoc mt chuyn vin
k thut; nn ngnh cng ngh cao ca Israel c v l gii php tt nht. Nhng ch cc
trung tm nghin cu v pht trin hin c th khng tip nhn nhiu nhn vin mi
n th.
Trong khi cng ty ang ngp ngh bn b vc ph sn sau khi lng ph t u t ti chnh
ln u tin, Yossi Sela t Gemini m ng v tr quyn CEO i lm t Ramat
Hasharon n Karmiel vi hai gi li xe, bn ngy mt tun. Mt 6 thng vi lng kin nh
theo ui mt mc ch duy nht t c Gemini cho n nhm thnh lp Ornet, tm cch bn
cng ty v gi cho i ng qun l khng b r m cha k nhiu gi li xe t Ramat
Hasharon n Karmiel m ti khng nh ni nhng chng ti thnh cng [14].
Mt nhn t quan trng khc a n thnh cng cho cng ty l Gemini c kh nng ku gi
u t Walden Venture Capital. Walden, mt cng ty thnh lp ti Thung lng Sillicon, c
kinh nghim vi loi hnh cng ngh Ornet pht trin. Vic sinh li gp ba s tin u t
ch trong khong hai nm khin Ornet tr thnh cu chuyn thnh cng u tin ca
Gemini.
Mi qu Yozma c to ra trong khong thi gian t nm 1992 n 1997 ch huy ng
c hn 200 triu USD vi s gip t qu ca chnh ph. Nhng qu ny c mua
li hoc t nhn ha trong vng nm nm, v ngy nay chng qun l gn ba t USD tin vn
v h tr hng trm cng ty Israel mi. Kt qu r rng. Ni nh Erel Margalit, u t
mo him l que dim thi bng ngn la. [15]
Mt vi qu Yozma c thnh cng ni bt t sm vi cc khon u t dnh cho nhng
cng ty nh ESC Medical, chuyn thit k v xy dng gii php y hc s dng nh sng nh
tia laser; hng bn dn cao cp Galileo; nh cung cp dch v nhn tin v e-mail cho doanh
nghip Commontouch; v Jacada, hng xy dng khng gian lm vic trc tuyn cho nhn
vin phc v khch hng ti nhng cng ty hng u.
Trong sut hnh trnh ny, nhiu hng khc cng nhy vo th gii u t mo him thm
ch khng c s tr gip ca Yozma thuc chnh ph. Jon Medved va l c hi c
Yozma u t. Nhiu nm sau khi bn cng ty do ng v cha mnh gy dng, ng nghe ni
c mt sut u t 5 triu USD ca Yozma dnh cho cc cng ty mi thnh lp. c bit
n nh tin ht ging, loi vn u t ny c xem l ri ro nht, nn Yozma xut t
l 1:1, theo nh u t phi em 2,5 triu USD t ln bn c c 2,5 triu USD t
chnh ph.
Medved tm n Yigal Erlich vi nhng nh u t sn sng vit chi phiu xin nhn
khon vn h tr. Khng may l qu tr. Nhng iu khng quan trng. Chng trnh
Yozma ang to ra ting vang ti cng ng u t M h vt qua s e ngi v vic kinh
doanh ti Israel. Israel kch thch nh u t chng ti a vo 2,5 triu USD v
thnh lp Israel Seed Partners trong nm 1994 m khng cn khon h tr tng ng t
pha chnh ph, Medved ni. Qu nhanh chng tng ln 6 triu USD, v Israel Seed tip tc
gy qu c 40 triu USD vo nm 1999 v 200 triu USD nm 2000.
Theo Hip hi u t Israel, hin ang c 45 qu u t mo him ca ngi Israel. Ed
Mlavsky cho bit trong khong thi gian t 1992 n u 2009 c khong 240 qu u t
mo him ti Israel, l nhng qu c nh ngha nh nhng cng ty nc ngoi v trong
nc u t cho cc doanh nghip mi thnh lp ca Israel.
Nhng khi tri phiu chnh ph bt u n hn thanh ton v khng th gia hn, h chi
khong 300 triu USD hng thng u t vo ni khc. Nn bng nhin, bm, bn c
mt h cha y vn ni a kch hot mt ngnh u t, Keinan ni, khi chng ti ngi
nhn ra bin a Trung Hi, trong vn phng tng 13 ca ng ti Tel Aviv, l ni qu u
t mi ca ng t tr s chnh. Kt qu l, him c nh qun l tin t quc t ln no
khng c t nht mt khon u t ti Israel lc ny, hoc trong c phn hoc trn th
trng tri phiu cng ty mi xut hin mt th trng cha tng tn ti cch y ba
nm, hoc u t vo ng shekel.
Do nhng ci cch khu vc ti chnh ca Netanyahu, vic gii qun l u t thu ph li
nhun u t gi y hp php. Keinan khng lng ph thi gian; ng thnh lp KCPS,
hng qun l ti sn ti chnh ton din u tin ca Israel, ti Tel Aviv v New York.
Khonh khc ti c bn d lut cho chng trnh ci cch ca Bibi, nhng bnh xe bt
u ln. R rng, iu ny s gii phng nn kinh t phi-cng-ngh-cao ca chng ta,
Keinan ni.
Keinan lp lun rng c rt nhiu ti nng a phng khng c s dng. Nu bn ngh
v nhng g ngi Israel tr hc c trong cc n v ca qun i, chng hn nh tnh
bo thng l nhng k nng phn tch nh lng rt tinh xo nh gii thut ton,
chy m hnh cho cc xu hng kinh t v m. Nu h mun tham gia ngnh cng ngh cao,
s c rt nhiu doanh nghip mi thnh lp tip nhn h sau khi kt thc ngha v qun s.
Nhng nu h mun lm trong ngnh ti chnh, h s phi b x. iu ny gi thay i.
Hy ngh v iu , ng tip tc. C nhng ngi Israel lm vic trn Ph Fleet Lun
n v y khng c ch cho h. Cn by gi, k t nm 2003, Israel c ch cho h.
CH THCH CA NHM TC GI:
[1] Bi vit Woman on a mission ca tc gi Jennifer Friedlin, bo Jerusalem Post (20-041997).
[2] Phng vn Orna Berry, c ng ti Gemini Israel Funds, v Ch tch ca mt s cng ty
thuc Gemini (thng 1 nm 2009).
[3] Phng vn Jon Medved, CEO v thnh vin ban lnh o ca Vringo (thng 5 nm 2008).
[4] Phng vn Yigal Erlich, nh sng lp, Ch tch kim CEO ca Yozma Group (thng 5 nm
2008).
[5] Ti liu nghin cu Venture Capital Policy in Israel: A Comparative Analysis and
Lessons for Other Countries ca cc tc gi Gil Avnimelech v Morris Tuebal, khoa kinh t
v qun tr kinh doanh ti i hc Hebrew, trang 17 (thng 10 nm 2002).
[6] Thng tin v s thnh lp ca BIRD c ly t mt cuc phng vn cng Ed Mlavsky,
Ch tch v nh ng sng lp Gemini Israel Funds (thng 12 nm 2008).
Nhng ch quyt nh ca De Gaulle th cha tho ngi mt cuc chin Trung ng.
Nhiu tnh hung mi i hi phi c nhng lin minh mi vi Php. Nm 1967, Php rt
khi Algeria. li ng sau cuc chin Bc Phi dai dng v cay ng, u tin ca De Gaulle
gi l ni li quan h vi th gii -rp. Php khng cn hng th st cnh cng Israel.
Php di thi De Gaulle khng c bn, m ch c li ch, tun bo Le Nouvel Observateur
ca Php thi im nhn mnh [5].
Ngi k nhim De Gaulle, Georges Pompidou, tip ni chnh sch ny sau khi nhm chc
nm 1969. 200 xe tng AMX lc u c Php cam kt giao cho Israel li c chuyn n
Libya, v Php thm ch cn chuyn 50 chin u c Mirage m Israel tr tin cho Syria,
mt trong nhng k th hung hng nht ca Israel.
Ngi Israel nhanh chng tm kim cc bin php thay th. Nh sng lp khng qun Israel,
Al Schwimmer t chiu m mt k s Thy S c cm tnh vi Israel k s ny a cho
ng bn thit k ng c Mirage v Israel c th sao chp mu chin u c. Israel cng
quay v vi chin lc bun lu c t trc ngy lp quc. Trong mt nhim v nm 1969,
nm tu chin do ngi Israel iu khin vt chng ng di 3 nghn dm trn
chy t Php v Israel. Tr gi hng triu USD, nhng tu tun dng ny c ha giao
cho Israel trc t cm vn mi. Nh tp ch Time miu t sinh ng vo nm 1970: T
thi Bismarck cha tng c cuc truy lng trn bin no nh th nhiu v tr, ngi
Israel b my bay do thm Php, mt tu R.A.F Canberra ca Malta, tu ch du Lin X,
rng radar ca hm i 6 ca M, my quay truyn hnh v c ng dn pht hin [6].
Tuy nhin, nhng tr lun lch ny khng th b p cho s tht nghit ng: Cuc chy ua
v trang Trung ng ang leo thang ng vo lc Israel mt hu ht ngun cung my bay
v v kh vn khng th thiu. Lnh cm vn nm 1967 ca Php t Israel vo th v
cng ngt ngho.
Trc cuc chin nm 1967, M bt u bn cc h thng v kh cho Israel, bt u vi tn
la t i khng Hawk di thi Kennedy vo nm 1962. Khi , la chn s mt ca
Israel l M th ch Php lm nh cung cp v kh chnh cho Israel. Nhng s phn bi
ca Php khin Israel tin rng h khng th tip tc l thuc qu nhiu vo cc nh cung
cp v kh nc ngoi. Israel quyt nh phi hnh ng nhanh chng nhm sn xut cc h
thng v kh ln nh xe tng hay my bay chin u, mc d cha c nc nh no thnh
cng trong vic ny.
Nhu cu t ch to ra xe tng Merkava, c ra mt ln u nm 1978 v gi sn
xut n th h th t. Nhu cu ny dn n vic to ra Nesher phin bn Israel ca chin
u c Mirage ri sau n Kfir, bay ln u nm 1973 [7].
Tuy nhin, d n tham vng hn c l vic sn xut chin u c Lavi, dng ng c do M
sn xut. Chng trnh c gp vn chung gia Israel v M. Lavi c thit k khng ch
thay th Kfir m cn tr thnh mt trong nhng chin u c hng u th gii.
Lavi c pht trin ton din vo nm 1982; vo cui nm 1986 chic u tin c
cng b v a vo hot ng. Nhng vo thng 8 nm 1987, sau khi hng t USD c
c nh gip kch thch nn cng ngh ca Israel. Tuy nhin bng vic thuyt phc ngi
Israel rng h khng th l thuc vo cc h thng v kh nc ngoi, quyt nh ca De
Gaulle to nn s ng gp ch cht cho nn kinh t Israel.
S gia tng u t nghin cu v pht trin khoa hc qun s sau khi b Php cm vn
to ra mt th h k s Israel giu kinh nghim. Nhng iu ny khng xc tc cho gii
doanh nghip khi nghip ca Israel nu nh khng c kt hp vi mt th khc: Mt
phng php tip cn a lnh vc su sc, v s sn lng th nghim bt c iu g, d c
gy bt n n u cho cc hnh thi x hi.
CH THCH CA NHM TC GI:
Li t u chng, trch dn trong bi vit Israels Booming Hi-Tech Industry, BBC
News (06-10-2008), http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7654780.stm; truy xut vo
thng 1 nm 2009.
[1] John Kao, sch Innovation Nation (2007).
[2] Michael Bar-Zohar, sch Shimon Peres: The Biography (2007), trang 223. Bi vit Peres
Biography: Israel, France Had Secret Pact to Produce Nuclear Weapons, Reuters (30-052007).
[3] Michael M.Laskier, bi vit Israel and Algeria amid French Colonialism and the ArabIsraeli Conflict, 19541978 trn tp ch Israel Studies (02-06-2001), trang 1-32.
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/israel_studies/v006/6.2laskier.html; truy xut vo thng 9
nm 2008.
[4] De Gualle theo nh trch dn trong bi vit De Gaulles Lonely Predictions ca Alexis
Berg v Dominique Vidal, bo Le Monde Diplomatique (thng 6 nm 2007),
http://mondediplo.com/2007/06/10degaulle; truy xut vo thng 9 nm 2008.
[5] c trch dn trong bi vit De Gaulles Lonely Predictions ca Berg v Vidal.
[6] Bi vit Israels Fugitive Flotilla, tp ch Time (ngy 12 thng 1 nm 1970),
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,942140,00.html.
[7] Sch Combat Aircraft Since 1945 ca Stewart Wilson (2000), trang 77.
[8] Ruud Deurenberg, bi vit Israel Aircraft Industries and Lavi trn trang web Jewish
Vir-tual Library (26-01-2009),
http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/lavi.html.
[9] James P.DeLoughry, bi vit The United States and the Lavi trn tp ch Airpower
Journal, tp 4, s 3 (1990), trang 34-44, http://www.fas.org/man/dod101/sys/ac/row/3fal90.htm.
Khng qun Israel, bn s i d ngoi off-road ngay ngy u tin... Chic xe ua s khng
th vn hnh trong mi trng ca chng ta. [2]
S khc bit gia chin lc Cng thc 1 v chin lc xe jeep khng ch s lng; mi
loi u ko theo cc chin thut v cch t duy khc hn nhau. iu ny c th thy trong
cc phi i tn cng khc nhau m mi lc lng khng qun xy dng cho cc chin dch
ca mnh. Vi hu ht cc lc lng khng qun phng Ty, mi phi i tn cng u
c xy dng da trn mt lot cc lp i hnh (cn c gi l ln sng) my bay vi
mc ch sau cng l di bom ln cc mc tiu.
Khng lc Hoa K thng dng bn ln sng phi c c nhim hon thnh mt nhim v
c th: Chng hn, mt my bay tun tra c thit k dn hnh lang cc my bay ch;
ln th hai h gc bt c h thng phng khng no ca ch ang nh tn la; ln th ba l
cc my bay tc chin in t, my bay tip du tip nhin liu v my bay ra-a lun
dng c mt bc tranh chin u ton cnh; v sau cng l my bay chin u: Cc my
bay th bom. Chng c h tng bi cc my bay cng kch tr th bay xung quanh
bo m khng c g xy ra, Keinan gii thch.
Rt p o, rt hip ng tc chin, Keinan ni v h thng kiu M. Nh th to ra kh
khn v hu cn. Anh phi gp my bay tip du ng im. Anh phi phi hp vi h thng
tc chin in t ch cn mt ngi bay tr my giy l mi th r m. Khng qun Israel
khng th dng mt h thng nh th ngay c nu h c ngun lc, n s ch l mt ng
ln xn. Chng ti khng c k lut.
Trong h thng qun s ca Israel, hu ht mi my bay u phi thc hin nhiu loi
nhim v tc chin khc nhau v lc no cng ch theo tn la khng i khng nh loi
tim kch. Anh khng th bc vo trn chin m khng c tn la khng i khng, bt k
nhim v l g, Keinan ni. Anh c th h c mt mc tiu min Nam Lebanon m
khng ng mt my bay no khc, v d c chng na, cn c ca anh cng ch cch
hai pht bay v ai c th n h tr. Song, vn khng c chuyn bay n mt lnh th
th ch m khng c tn la khng i khng.
Tng t, gn nh mi my bay trong Khng qun Israel u c h thng tc chin in t
trong bung li. Khng ging Khng qun Hoa k, Khng qun Israel khng gi n mt i
hnh c bit trit tiu h thng ra-a ca k th. Anh t lm ly, Keinan ni thm.
Tuy khng hiu qu bng, nhng nh th linh ng hn rt nhiu. Rt cuc, trong phi i
tn cng thng thy ca Israel, khong 90% my bay mang theo bom v c phn cng
mc tiu. Trong phi c tn cng ca Hoa K, ch c cc my bay chin u c sau cng mang
bom.
Trong h thng Israel, mi phi cng u phi nm vng khng ch mc tiu ca mnh m c
nhng mc tiu khc trong cc i hnh ring bit. Chng hn, nu mt my bay b bn h,
v hai my bay tch ra tm kim phi cng b ri hay tham gia vo trn nh khng i
khng... nhng phi cng cn li phi gnh cc mc tiu cn st, Keinan gii thch. Nhim
v ca anh l nh th l h qu tt yu. Gn mt na thi gian anh phi tn cng vo
cc mc tiu m trc c giao cho ngi khc.
S khc bit r rt nht gia h thng ca hai nc bc l khi qun Israel v M bay cng
nhau trong nhng cuc tp trn chung. Trong mt ln tp trn, Keinan bt ng khi thy
nhng phi cng M c a cho mt cm nang b ti minh ha nhng hnh thao din
m phi cng dng khi bay. Chng ti nhn thy v ni: Ci qui g th ny? Lm sao anh bit
ngi khc s lm g? Vi Keinan, hin l mt nh u t, h thng ca M c v ging nh
bn n sn chng khon v ni: Bt k th trng c ra sao, ti vn mua vo.
T duy a nhim to ra mt mi trng m trong cc chc danh v s phn chia
nhim v c th cng vi n khng c nhiu ngha. l iu m Doug Wood nhn thy
khi quyt nh chuyn t Hollywood sang Jerusalem: y tht thch, v cc hng phim
Hollywood thng bo rng bn cn mt gim c d n v mt iu phi vin sn xut
hoc mt chuyn vin ph trch lay-out. Cn Israel cc chc danh thc s ch l th tru
tng, bi chng c th hon i cho nhau theo nhiu cch v mt ngi thng lm nhiu
hn mt vic.
Chng hn, anh ni, chng ti c mt g trong i CG, mt i dng my tnh to ra hnh
nh, nhng anh chng cng lm cc mu nhn vt 3D bng t st. V ri khi chng ti ang
quay mt cnh, th anh ta tht ra mt cu rt hi hc cho on kt ca cnh ba mi giy
m chng ti ang lm. V ti thch dng n ni ti vit li kch bn v cho n vo.
Th l g CG y vt qua bc tng k lut v mo him bc chn vo ngh dng m
hnh v vit kch bn.
M, ngi ta gi kiu ln sn ny bng thut ng mashup, tc l hn hp. Bn thn thut
ng ny bin i nhanh chng v tip thu thm nhiu ngha mi. Ban u n ch vic gp
hai hay nhiu bi ht thnh mt bi, ri n hm c vic kt hp trong mng dng video v
k thut s, hay mt ng dng Web thu thp d liu t cc trang khc chng hn
HousingMap.com, hin th bng ha cc qung co cho thu nh trn Google Maps. Theo
cch nhn ca chng ti, mt mashup c th quyn nng hn rt nhiu khi s sng to
c sinh ra t s kt hp cc cng ngh khc bit v k lut.
Nhng cng ty p dng phng php mashup ph bin nht Israel thng tp trung
trong ngnh thit b y t v cng ngh sinh hc, ni bn thy cc k s hm gi v cc bc s
hp tc vi nhau lm ra mt thit b c kch c bng th tn dng c th khin ng tc
tim tr thnh d vng. Hoc bn thy mt cng ty (ni sng ch ra t bo beta, si quang
hc, v to t Cng vin quc gia Yellowstone) to ra mt l lch nhn to cy ghp c
iu tr bnh tiu ng. Ri c mt d n mi khi ng, xoay quanh vin thuc c th
truyn ti hnh nh t bn trong rut ca bn bng cng ngh quang hc vn ch c dng
cho mi dn ng ca tn la.
Gavriel tng l nh nghin cu tn la cho Rafael, mt trong nhng nh sn xut v kh
chnh cho qun i Israel. Anh ta chuyn v cc thit b in quang tinh vi cho php tn la
nhn thy mc tiu. Tn la c th khng phi l ni u tin ngi ta tm kim cng
ngh y hc, nhng Iddan c mt tng mi l: Anh ta tch hp cng ngh thu nh mi
nht dng trong tn la pht trin mt loi my nh gi gn trong vin thuc c th
truyn ti hnh nh t bn trong c th ngi.
Nhiu ngi bo vi anh l khng th nht mt my ghi hnh, my pht, cc ngun pht
sng hay nng lng vo trong mt vin thuc m bt c ai cng c th nut. Iddan vn
kin quyt, c lc cn n siu th mua g v nh kim chng xem mu thuc y c th
truyn qua m t bo loi vt hay khng. Anh gy dng mt cng ty sn xut loi my nh
to bng vin thuc, tc PillCams, v t tn cng ty l Given Imaging.
Nm 2001, Given Imaging tr thnh cng ty u tin trn th gii c c phn ha Ph
Wall sau v tn cng ngy 11 thng 9. n nm 2004, su nm sau khi thnh lp, Given
Imaging bn 100 nghn vin PillCams. u nm 2007, cng ty t mc 500 nghn vin
PillCams, v cui nm 2007 bn c gn 700 nghn vin.
n hm nay, th h mi nht ca PillCams c th truyn ti m khng gy au n 18 hnh
chp mt giy, sut hng gi, t su trong rut ca ngi bnh. Bc s c th theo di hnh
nh c quay trong thi gian thc, ngay trong phng hay pha bn kia a cu. Th
trng vn cn rt rng ln v thu ht cc i th cnh tranh kh nhn; ngi khng l
Olympus cng ang ch to my nh ca h trong mt vin thuc. Cc cng ty khc nhy
vo th trng ny cng l chuyn bnh thng, v ch tnh ring M cc bnh v ng
rut l nguyn nhn ca hn 30 triu lt ngi n cc phng khm.
Cu chuyn ca Given Imaging khng ch l chuyn giao cng ngh t qun s sang lnh vc
dn s, hay v mt doanh nhn xut thn t mt cng ty ln v cng ngh quc phng. N
l mt v d ca mashup trong cng ngh, v ngi kt hp khng ch cc lnh vc ring l
ca tn la v y hc, m cn ang hp nht mt chui cc cng ngh t quang hc, in
t, pin, truyn ti d liu khng dy, n phn mm, h tr cc bc s phn tch nhng
hnh nh h nhn thy. Nhng kiu mashup ny l chn thnh ca sng to cng ngh.
Tht ra, mt nghin cu mi y ca i hc Tel Aviv cho thy cc bng sng ch ca
Israel khc vi bng sng ch khc trn ton cu v h vin dn s lng nhiu nht v tp
hp a dng nht cc bng sng ch trc y.
Mt trong nhng mashup nh vy l Compugen, mt cng ty lm cu ni gia qun s
v y hc. Ba nh ng sng lp Ch tch Eli Mintz, Gim c cng ngh Simchon Faigler, v
Gim c phn mm Amir Natan gp nhau trong chng trnh Talpiot danh ting ca
qun i Israel. Mt cu hc vin Talpiot khc Compugen, Lior Maayan, ni rng 25
trong s 60 nh ton hc gia nhp cng ty nh vo cc mi quan h t trong qun i
ca h.
qun i Israel, Mintz to ra thut ton gip sng lc qua hng tp d liu tnh bo
tm ra nhng m vng rt quan trng cho nhng thnh cng ca Israel trong vic truy tm
cc mng li khng b. Khi v anh, mt nh di truyn hc, m t cc vn m gii
chuyn mn ca c gp phi trong vic sng lc qua ng d liu di truyn khng l, Mintz
ngh l anh c th tm c cch lm tt hn.
Mintz v cc cng s ca mnh tin hnh mt cuc cch mng ha quy trnh sp xp chui
gen. Tp on Marck mua b sp xp dy u tin ca Compugen nm 1994, mt nm sau
khi cng ty c thnh lp v rt lu trc khi b gen ngi c gii m thnh cng. Song
y mi ch l khi u. Nm 2005, Compugen chuyn i m hnh kinh doanh v chuyn
sang lnh vc nghin cu v pht trin thuc, h s dng cc k thut khc nhau t cc
hng ang chi phi ngnh cng nghip dc phm.
Kt hp ton hc, sinh hc, khoa hc my tnh v ha hu c, Compugen i tin phong
trong vic pht trin thuc d bo. Thay v kim tra hng nghn hp cht, hy vng tm
c ci g c th dng c, chin lc ca Compugen l bt u cp gen v
pht trin thuc da trn vic cc gen biu hin th no qua vic sn xut protein.
Mt quan trng trong cch tip cn ca Compugen l s kt hp l lng gia cc phng th
nghim kh (mang tnh l thuyt) v t (v mt sinh hc). Th tng tng lm vic
vi Big Pharma nc ngoi hay mt khu vc khc ca t nc, Alon Amit, Ph Ch tch
ph trch lnh vc cng ngh ca Compugen, gii thch. S lin lc m anh mong i s
chm hn nhiu nu nh anh khng c cc nh sinh hc v ton hc lm vic vi nhau trn
cng tng lu, theo ng ngha en, bn bc xem nn th nghim ci g, th nghim th
no, v a ra cc m hnh. [4]
Cng ty ln nht Israel, Teva, nm trong ngnh dc, tng t nh Compugen v mt s
cng ty mi Israel (ngy cng nhiu cng ty khi nghip Israel tham gia vo thit b y
t) cng lin quan n vic a thuc vo c th. Lnh vc ny dng nh ph hp vi
thin hng t duy a ngnh ngh ca ngi Israel, cng nh tnh cch thiu kin nhn ca
h bi vic pht trin thuc mt rt nhiu
thi gian.
Mt cng ty cng da vo phng php mashup nh vy l Aespironics. H pht trin
mt ng ht thuc c kch thc v hnh dng nh mt th tn dng bao gm c tua-bin gi
chy nh hi th. Vn vi rt nhiu ng ht nm ch vic ch to chng rt kh khn
v tn km. Phi tm ra cch xt thuc hiu qu qua mt li kim loi. Thm na, qu
trnh ny phi c tnh ton thi gian chun xc vi hi th ngi bnh ti a ha v
iu tit lng thuc hp th vo phi.
Dng nh Aespironics gii quyt c tt c vn ny cng mt lc. Bn trong chic
th tn dng l mt chn vt ging nh cnh qut, hot ng nh lung khng kh khi bnh
nhn ht vo t gc th. Khi chn vt quay, n ri thuc ln mt li, t thi thuc ra khi
li v bay vo khng kh theo cch thc c tnh ton trc. V cnh qut ch hot ng
khi ngi dng ht vo, nn n t ng y thuc vo phi bnh nhn.
Sp xp chng li vi nhau i hi s kt hp phi chnh thng ca nhiu k nng v k
thut. Bn cnh cc chuyn gia v ng ht, i ng ca Aespironics cn bao gm Dan Adler,
chuyn v thit k tua-bin kh v ng c my bay. ng l gio s Technion, Trng Cao
hc Hi qun M, v l nh t vn cho cc cng ty nh General Dynamics, Pratt & Whitney,
v Mcdonnell Douglas.
Vic phi trn tn la v thuc, my bay v ng ht nghe l lng ri, nhng kin
tng mashup thc s phi l Yossi Gross. Sinh ra Israel v c o to v k thut
hng khng Technion, Gross lm vic cho hng Israel Aircraft Industries by nm trc
khi xin ngh theo ui nhng n lc kinh doanh ring.
Ruti Alon ca hng u t mo him Pitango, u t vo su trong mi by cng ty
khi nghip ca Gross, l gii rng cch tip cn a ngnh ca anh y l cha kha ca thnh
cng. Anh c o to v k s hng khng v in t. Anh y cng hiu bit nhiu v vt
l, dng chy v huyt p, v nhng kin thc ny rt hu ch khi ta suy ngh v cc thit b
cn c cy vo c th ngi. Thm na, Alon nhc, anh y quen bit rt nhiu bc s
[5].
Mt s cng ty ca Gross kt hp cc cng ngh cc k a dng n ni h tin gn n
ranh gii ca khoa hc vin tng. Chng hn, Beta-O2 l mt cng ty khi nghip lm v
b lc sinh hc c th c cy thay th tuyn ty b khim khuyt ca cc bnh nhn
tiu ng. Nhng bnh nhn ny mc phi chng ri lon khin cho cc t bo beta ca h
ngng sn sinh insulin. Cy ghp t bo beta c th nh la iu ny, nhng ngay c khi c
th khng o thi chng, chng cng khng th sng st nu khng c ngun cung cp xy.
Gii php ca Gross l to ra mt mi trng vi m khp kn v c lp, cha loi to sn
sinh -xy t nhng mch nc phun Cng vin cng ngh Yellowstone. Bi loi to ny
cn nh sng sng, mt ngun sng bng si quang hc c gn trong thit b nh bng
chic my iu ha nhp tim ny. Cc t bo beta hp th -xy v sn sinh ra carbon
dioxide; cn to th ngc li, to ra mt h sinh thi thu nh khp kn. Ton b b lc sinh
hc ny c thit k cy di da trong vng mi lm pht, iu tr ngoi tr v c
thay th mi nm mt ln.
Kt hp to a nhit, si quang hc, v t bo beta cha bnh tiu ng l tiu biu
cho phng php tip cn a cng ngh ca Gross. Mt trong nhng cng ty khi nghip
khc ca ng, TransPharma Medical, kt hp hai sng kin khc nhau: Dng xung ng
sng v tuyn (RF) to ra cc knh siu nh tm thi xuyn qua da, v pht trin ming
p thuc bt u tin trn th gii. N l mt thit b nh, Gross gii thch, ging nh
mt in thoi di ng, bn p vo da trong mt giy. N bo mn t bo bng sng v
tuyn, to ra hng trm knh siu nh trong da. Ri chng ti p ming p bt ln, khng
phi ming p thng thng. Hu ht ming p u dng gel hoc cht dnh. Chng ti in
thuc ln ming p, v lm kh. Khi chng ti p ming p ln da, mt cht dch lng t
t chy ra t k cc knh siu nh v ko cht bt kh li (c lm ro v lm lnh) t
ming p di da.
Gross cho rng thit b ny gii quyt c mt trong nhng vn nan gii nht ca vic
tim thuc: Lm sao a nhng phn t ln, nh protein, qua lp biu b m khng cn
phi tim. Nhng sn phm u tin s a hc-mn tng trng v mt loi thuc tr
long xng vo c th ngi; cc ming p cung cp insulin v cc loi thuc khc,
hc-mn v phn t hu ht chng c a vo bng cch tim ang c thc hin.
Thin hng ca ngi Israel trong nhng mashup v cng ngh khng ch l tnh ham
hiu bit; n l mt c im vn ha nm trong ct tu khin Israel c nhiu cch tn nh
thng v y tr thnh ngun gc ca lng kiu hnh quc gia, ging nh ginh c huy
chng vng trong Th vn hi cng ngh ca th gii. Mt nhan ng trn t bo a
phng tuyn b Israel tr thnh mt cng quc Internet [5].
Vardi u t vo nhng cng ty Internet khi nghip v ng tin tng h. Song vic ng tp
trung vo mng Internet, trong khi hu ht ngi khc hoc yn v trong cc khu vc
truyn thng ca ngi Israel, nh truyn thng v bo mt, hoc tham gia nhng mng
mi nng st, nh cng ngh lm sch v cng ngh sinh hc, khng ch n thun da trn
nhng tnh ton li nhun. Th nht, Israel l mt cm ca ng, v ng thc c a v
ca mnh l ngi trong ni b ca cng ng ny mt cng ng m ng mun thnh
cng. Vi s gn kt , ng cng thc c vai tr ca mnh trong vic duy tr khu vc
ny trong giai on kh cn. u t vi mc ch c nhn cng nh vi mc tiu cho t
nc c gi l lng yu nc c li nhun gn y mi c nhiu ngi ch n.
Hn mt th k trc, trm ngn hng ni ting J. P. Morgan gn nh mt tay n nh li
nn kinh t M trong cuc khng hong 1907. Vo thi cha c Cc D tr Lin bang,
Morgan khng ch dnh mt phn tin ca mnh m cn huy ng ton b th trng ti
chnh tham gia cuc gii cu, nh s hc kinh t v ngi vit tiu s Ron Chernow cho
bit.
Khi cuc khng hong 2008 n ra, Warren Buffett c v cng ng mt vai tr tng t khi
bm 8 t USD vo Goldman Sachs v General Electric ch trong hai tun. Khi cn khng
hong ngy cng su, Buffett bit rng nhng quyt nh thc hin nhng mn u t
khng l c th l tn hiu bo cho th trng rng ng, nh u t c n trng nht ca
nc M, khng ch c phiu rt gi thm na v tin rng nn kinh t s khng sp .
Nhng can thip ca Vardi tt nhin c quy m nh hn, nhng ng tc ng ln nhm
nhng cng ty khi nghip ca Israel bng cch ng vai tr lnh o trong vic gi cho
phn khc Internet khng b chm. S hin din v kin nh ca ng trong khu vc m ai
cng rt lui em n s hi sinh cho ni ny.
Ti TechCrunch nm 2008, mt hi tho c nh hng ln quy t 51 cng ty mi khi
nghip tim nng nht trn th gii, c by cng ty ca Israel v phn nhiu trong s huy
ng vn t Yossi Vardi. Michael Arrington, nh sng lp TechCrunch, l ngi ng h
mnh m cc cng ty ca Vardi: Cc bn [Israel] nn dng tng Yossi Vardi Tel Aviv,
ng ni [7].
Trong cun sch bn chy nht Built to Last (tm dch: Xy dng trng tn), bc thy
kinh doanh James Collins nhn nh mt s thnh cng trng tn trong kinh doanh u c
mt im chung: Mc tiu ct li c th gi gn trong mt hay hai cu. Mc tiu ct li,
Collins vit, chnh l l do c bn cc t chc, doanh nghip tn ti. N phn nh tm
quan trng gn vi cng trnh ca cng ty... bn ngoi vic kim tin thun tu. ng lit k
mi lm v d v cc mc tiu ct li. Tt c u l cng ty bao gm Wal-Mart, McKinsey,
Disney, v Sony ch tr mt ngoi l: Israel. Collins m t mc tiu ct li ca Israel l
cung cp mt ni an ton trn tri t cho ngi Do Thi. Vic xy dng nn kinh t ca
Israel, tham gia vo cm hai vic ny c th hon i cho nhau v vic qung b ra
Song thm ch vi tt c khc bit , thch thc chung v kinh t i vi th gii -rp Hi
gio vn l qu bom hn gi v nhn khu hc: Khong 70% dn s di 25 tui. nhn
ht s ngi ny vo lm, phi to ra c 80 triu vic lm mi n nm 2020, nh alAllawi ni vi chng ti [10]. t c mc tiu ny ng ngha vi vic to ra mc vic
lm nhiu gp hai ln mc tng trng vic lm M trong sut thp nin bng n ca
nhng nm 1990. Khu vc cng s khng to ra ngn y vic lm; cc cng ty ln cng
vy, doanh nhn thnh t ngi Jordan Fadi Ghandour ni. S n nh v tng lai ca
vng s ph thuc vo vic chng ta dy ngi tr lm sao chng bc vo i v to
dng cng ty.[11]
Song gii ch ch ng vai tr khng ng k trong nn kinh t ca cc nc -rp. Ngay c
trc khi nn kinh t khu vc ny bng n, ch cha y 4% dn s trng thnh UAE l
c vic lm trong cc doanh nghip mi thnh lp hoc doanh nghip quy m nh. Vy iu
g l ro cn cho mt quc gia -rp khi nghip? Cu tr li l du m, cc hn ch quyn
t do chnh tr, v th ca ngi ph n, v cht lng gio dc.
Phn ln hot ng kinh t trong vng xut pht t vic sn xut v tinh ch kh
hydrocarbon. GDP xut khu phi du m ca ton b th gii -rp vi s dn khong
250 triu ngi cn t hn Phn Lan, vi dn s 5 triu ngi. Ngoi du, cn c mt s
tp on a quc gia thnh cng, chng hn nh UAE da vo Emirates Airlines, Orascom
Telecom ca Ai Cp, Aramex ca Jordan mt nh cung cp dch v hu cn. (Orascom v
Aramex do cc doanh nhn khn kho thnh lp.) Cc hng dch v do gia nh lm ch
cng ng ch trong cc quc gia nh Ai Cp th c c cc hng dt may v cng ty hot
ng trong lnh vc nng nghip. Song, cho n nay nn cng nghip du m vn ng gp
ln nht vo GDP ca khu vc. N sn xut gn 1/3 tng lng du v 15% tng lng ga
ton th gii.
Nhu cu v du m lin tc tng, trong , Trung Quc v n l hai minh chng ni bt
nht ca cc quc gia kht du. T nm 1998, s kt hp nhu cu v du ca n v
Trung Quc tng hn 1/3 trong cha y mt thp nin. V vy, bt k gi du dao ng
th no, nhu cu v nhin liu ny vn tri qua mt s bin i quy m ton cu.
Tuy nhin, chnh nn kinh t du m th gii -rp cn tr tinh thn khi nghip ang
ln cao. Vic phn phi ho phng ti nguyn du cho ngi dn cch ly cc chnh ph
vng Vnh khi p lc ci cch v chnh tr v kinh t. Ti nguyn du tht cht quyn lc
ca cc chnh ph chuyn quyn, vn khng phi thu thu t ngi dn v bi vy khng
cn phi au u p ng nhng li phn nn t h. Nh nhng s gia ca th gii Hi gio
ni, cc nc -rp s o ngc ca mt cu chm ngn quen thuc vn ng:
Khng c s i din no m khng nh thu.[12]
Nhng ci cch rt cn thit m gii tinh hoa coi l mt mi nguy quyn t do by t
chnh kin, chp nhn th nghim v tht bi, tip cn cc d liu kinh t c bn ca chnh
ph cn thit cho mt nn vn ho m doanh nhn v nh pht minh c th pht trin.
Cng nh cc l do m gii doanh nhn gip nn kinh t pht trin v tin b x hi n ghi
nhn nng lc, s ci tin v kt qu hn l a v cc chnh ph vng Vnh bp nght
Nn kinh t Israel v nhiu nc -rp khc l nhng phng th nghim sng ng cho
thuyt kinh t cm, v ni rng hn, cho nhng g m cc quc gia cn c to ra, hoc
ngn tr, s sng to. S tng phn gia hai m hnh ny cho thy mt quan im n
gin v cm tc l quan im cho rng mt tp hp cc hc vin c th gom li v to nn
mt thung lng Silicon l sai lm. Hn na, n nh mt th tin cc ca t nc hay
l ng lc ca Tuchman, a ra cht keo dnh cn thit khuyn khch cc doanh nhn
to dng v chp nhn ri ro.
CH THCH CA NHM TC GI
[1]. Phng vn Michael Porter, gio s kinh t, trng Kinh doanh Harvard, thng 3-2009.
[2]. Rhoula Khalaf, Dubais Ruler Has Big Ideas for His Little City-State, Financial Times, 35-2007.
[3]. Michael Matley v Laura Dillon, Dubai Strategy: Past, Present, Future, trng Kinh
doanh Harvard, 27-2-2007, tr. 3.
[4]. Trch t Assaf Gilad, Silicon Wadi: Who Will Internet Entrepreneurs Turn to in Crisis?
Cataclist, 19-9-1998.
[5]. Saul Singer, Superpower in Silicon Wadi, Jerusalem Post, 19-6-1998.
[6]. Trch t Steve Lohr, Like J. P. Morgan, Warren Buffett Braves a Crisis, New York
Times, 5-10-2008.
[7]. Quoted in Eyal Marcus, Israeli Start-ups Impress at TechCrunch50, Globes Online, 149-2008.
[8]. James C. Collins v Jerry I. Porras, Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary
Companies (New York: HarperCollins, 1997), tr. xix, 224.
[9]. Barbara W. Tuchman, Practicing History: Selected Essays (New York: Ballantine Books,
1982), trch t Collins v Porras, Built to Last, tr. xix.
[10]. Phng vn Riad al-Allawi, doanh nhn Jordan, thng 3-2009.
[11]. Fadi Ghandour, trch t Stefan Theil, Teaching Entrepreneurship in the Arab World,
Newsweek International, 14-8-2007; truy cp ti
http://www.gmfus.org/publications/article.cfm?id=332 vo thng 3-2009.
[12]. Bernard Lewis, Free at Last? The Arab World in the Twenty-first Century, Foreign
Affairs, thng 3, thng 4-2009. Samuel Huntington cng a ra nhn xt tng t.
[13]. Trch t Christopher M. Davidson, Dubai: The Vulnerability of Success (New York:
Columbia University Press, 2008), tr. 166.
[14]. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), The Arab Human Development
Report, 2005: Towards the Rise of Women in the Arab World (New York: United Nations
Publications, 2006).
[15]. Phng vn Christopher M. Davidson, tc gi ca Dubai: The Vulnerability of Success,
thng 3-2009.
[16]. Trch t Fannie F. Andrews, The Holy Land Under Mandate, vol. 2 (Boston: Houghton
and Miffl in, 1931), tr. 4.
[17]. Hagit Messer-Yaron, Capitalism and the Ivory Tower (Tel Aviv: Ministry of Defence
Publishing, 2008), tr. 82.
[18]. America-Israel Friendship League, Facts About Israel and the U.S., http://www.aifl
.org/html/web/resource_facts.html.
[19]. McKinsey & Company, Perspective on the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia
(MENASA) region, thng 7-2008. Ton b d liu trong phn ny u ly t nghin cu
trn.
[20]. David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations (New York: Norton, 1999), tr. 412
13.
Ti thm ebook: http://www.taisachhay.com
Chng 14. Cc mi e da i vi s
thn k ca nn kinh t
Chng ti ang dng ngy cng t xi lanh a c my ny tin v pha trc.
DAN BEN-DAVID
Khi nn kinh t Israel vn cn trong giai on trng nc, cng ng cc cng ty khi
nghip vng vng hin nay c sinh ra gn nh cng lc vi nn kinh t Internet, ch hn
mt thp nin trc . Giai on bng n cng ngh Israel khng ch trng hp vi s
tng trng cng ngh thng tin ton cu m cn vi bong bng chng khon cng ngh
M; s khi ng ngnh u t mo him ca Israel qua chng trnh Yozma; ln sng
nhp c khng l t Lin X c; v Hip c Ho bnh Oslo nm 1993, mang li nhng g c
v l trin vng ho bnh v n nh. Nu nn kinh t thn k ca Israel ch n gin l c
xy dng da trn s trng hp may mn ca cc s kin th liu n c bin mt trong hon
cnh km may mn hn? Ngay c nu nn kinh t non tr ca Israel khng phi l kt qu
ca s ngu nhin, th u l cc mi e da ch thc cho thnh cng kinh t lu di ca
h?
Ngi ta khng cn suy on v iu g s xy ra nu cc nhn t tch cc to nn cuc
bng n cng ngh ca Israel vo cui thp nin 1990 bin mt. Hu ht trong s bin
mt.
Nm 2000, bong bng cng ngh v. Nm 2001, tin trnh ho bnh Oslo sp , khi mt
ln sng nh bom t st cc thnh ph Israel tm thi xa s ngnh cng nghip du lch
ti y v gp phn vo cuc suy thoi kinh t. Mt ln sng dn nhp c khng l t Lin
X c lm dn s Do Thi Israel tng ln 1/5 v t trit tiu vo cui thp nin 1990.
Nhng din tin tiu cc ny xy ra nhanh chng v ng thi cng nh nhng tin trin
tch cc ch vi nm trc . Tuy vy, tnh hnh mi cha mang n kt cc cho cn bng
pht mi ch nm nm tui. T nm 1996 n 2000, xut khu cng ngh ca Israel tng
hn gp i, t 5.5 t USD n 13 t USD. Khi bong bng cng ngh v, kim ngch xut khu
gim nh, cn gn 11 t USD vo nm 2002 v 2003, nhng ri tng vt tr li, t con s
gn 18 t USD vo nm 2008. Ni cch khc, c my cng ngh ca Israel chm li khng
ng k d b tc ng bi nhiu bin c lin tip t nm 2000 n 2004, v n khng ch
hi phc m n nm 2008, cn bt ng vt mc xut khu nm 2000 gn 40%.
C th thy bc tranh tng t trong lnh vc u t mo him. Khi bong bng u t mo
him v nm 2000, cc khon u t vo Israel gim ng k. Nhng th phn ca Israel
trong dng chy vn u t mo him ton cu t 15% tng ln 30% ch trong vng ba
nm, ngay c khi nn kinh t ca h i mt vi p lc ngy mt tng.
Tuy vy, Israel c th khng gi c phong nh th trong cuc suy thoi kinh t ton
cu hin nay, vn khng ging nh nm 2000, khng ch gii hn cc c phiu cng ngh
xut sc, cc nh khoa hc my tnh ca chng ti cn xut sc hn, lin quan n lnh vc
ca h. Gn y chng ti c hai gii Nobel v kinh t, v mt hay hai gii v ho hc.[5]
Nhng bt chp nhng thnh cng ny, Ben-David vn lo lng. ng ni vi chng ti rng v
tr dn u trong lnh vc hc thut ca Israel suy yu trong vi nm gn y, v s suy
gim hn na khi cc ging vin cao tui v hu v nhiu ngi sao mi ni ra nc ngoi
ging dy. Trong lnh vc kinh t ca ng, Ben-David nu ra mt nghin cu cho thy, trong
hng nghn nh kinh t hng u th gii, c xt da trn s trch dn bi bo ca h t
nm 1990 n 2000, c hai mi lm ngi Israel, v mi ba ngi trong s thc s
nc ny. T khi nghin cu ny ra i, ch c bn ngi trong s h Israel ton thi
gian. Khng c ai trong s mi hai ngi Israel lm vic nc ngoi nm 2000 quay tr
v qu hng. Tng cng, c tnh c khong ba nghn gio s ngi Israel chuyn sang
cc trng i hc nc ngoi.
Ben-David l mt trong bn nh kinh t hng u vn bm tr Israel. ng ang rung mt
hi chung cnh bo v mc tng trng kinh t khng ngng ca nc ny. T nm
2005 n 2008, Israel tng trng nhanh hn hu ht cc quc gia pht trin. Tuy tri
qua cuc suy thoi vi nm trc, Ben-David l gii, nhng g chng ti lm l quay tr li
con ng mc tiu di hn. Chng ti khng trong vng lnh th v danh trn bn ;
chng ti ni l ra mnh s nu khng c cuc suy thoi.
Theo Ben-David, vn ch, trong khi khu vc cng ngh tng trng vi tc phi m
v c nng sut ngy cng tng, phn cn li ca nn kinh t vn khng theo kp. N ging
mt c my, ng ni. Anh c tt c xi-lanh trong c my. Anh c ton b dn s trong t
nc mnh. Song chng ti ang s dng ngy cng t xi-lanh a c my tin v pha
trc. V thc cht, cc ngnh cng ngh cao ang ti tr vn cho phn cn li ca t
nc, nhng ni khng c c cng c hay iu kin lm vic trong mt nn kinh t hin
i.
Vic tn dng cng sut di mc khin chng ti tin rng him ho ln nht cho s tng
trng kinh t lin tc ca Israel l s tham gia t i vo nn kinh t. Ch hn na s lao
ng Israel l c ng gp vo nn kinh t mt cch hiu qu, so vi 65% M. T l lao
ng tham gia thp tp trung ch yu hai cng ng: Haredim, tc ngi Do Thi chnh
thng cc oan, v ngi Do Thi gc -rp [6].
Trong s c dn Do Thi Israel tui t 25 64, 84% nam gii v 75% n c vic lm.
Trong s nhng ph n -rp v n ng haredim, t l ny gn nh ngc li: Ln lt
79% v 73% khng c vic lm [7].
Dn Do Thi chnh thng cc oan, hay haredim, thng khng phc v trong qun i.
iu kin min ch ngha v qun s, haredim phi chng t rng h i hc ton thi
gian trong cc chng vin ca ngi Do Thi (yeshivot). Tiu chun ny c David BenGurion ra, nhm nhn c s h tr v chnh tr ca haredi vo thi im lp quc ca
Israel. Song trong khi s min tr yeshiva ban u ch p dng cho 400 sinh vin, k t
n tng n mc hng chc nghn sinh vin chn yeshiva thay v qun i.
Trong qu trnh din ra chin dch ti tranh c chc v th tng, Bibi Netanyahu mong
mun a Israel vo mi nn kinh t ln nht th gii (tnh theo u ngi) v coi l
vn trng tm trong ngh trnh ca mnh. Mt nhm chuyn gia c vn c lp, Hc vin
Reut, theo ui mt chin dch tng t gi l Israel 15. Gidi Grinstein, nh sng lp
kim Ch tch Reut, l c vn ca nguyn Th tng v B trng Quc phng ng
nhim Ehud Barak, ngi tng l i th chnh tr ca Netanyahu. Tuy Grinstein ng vi
Netanyahu rng mc tiu ca Israel khng ch l theo ui cc quc gia pht trin m cn
vn ln v tr cc quc gia hng u tnh theo bnh qun GDP/ u ngi.
Nh Grinstein nhn nhn, Thch thc ny khng phi l s xa x, m l iu cn thit. ng
tin rng Israel phi tng trng t nht 4% bnh qun theo u ngi trong mt thp nin;
khong cch hin ti trong mc sng gia Israel v cc quc gia pht trin khc kh mong
manh. ng ni, Khu vc kinh doanh ca chng ti thuc hng tt nht th gii, v dn s
chng ti c tay ngh v nn tng gio dc cao. Cng lc , cht lng cuc sng v cht
lng dch v cng Israel li thp, v vi nhiu ngi, di c l c hi i i.[11]
iu ny c th l cng iu, v s lng k lc nhng ngi Israel lm vic nc ngoi
M v cc quc gia khc gn y quay v, mt phn v lut min thu mi nm mi
ban hnh i vi ngun thu nhp t nc ngoi ca nhng ngi hi hng ny. Tt nhin,
nhiu yu t khc bn cnh thu nhp cng can d vo quyt nh lin quan n cht lng
cuc sng ny.
Song, vic Israel c th, nn, v buc phi tng trng nn kinh t nhanh hn na l rt
quan trng. Trong s nhng mi e da v thch thc m Israel ang phi i mt, ng k
nht chnh l vic khng th gi cho nn kinh t tng trng, v iu ny lin quan n
nhng cn tr v chnh tr v quan tm n cc vn b b st. Israel c mt nn tng vn
ha v th ch him hoi, c nht, thun cht, gip sn sinh ra s sng to v mi trng
kinh doanh; iu cn thiu l chnh sch khuch i hn na v tri rng th ti sn
trong x hi Israel. iu may mn vi h l vic thay i chnh sch c l d dng hn thay
i nn vn ho, nh trng hp ca Singapore. Nh nh bo Thomas Friedman ca Thi
bo New York ni, Ti th gnh chu nhng vn ca Israel, phn ln l v ti chnh, v
thit ch, v c s h tng, hn l cc vn ca Singapore bi vn ca Singapore l gii
hn vn ha.[12]
CH THCH CA NHM TC GI
[1]. Trch t Joanna Chen, The Chosen Stocks Rally, Newsweek, 14-3-2009,
http://www.newsweek.com/id/189283.
[2]. Amiram Cohen, Kibbutz Industries Also Adopt Four-Day Workweek, Haaretz, 12-32009, http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1070086.html.
[3]. Phng vn Benjamin Netanyahu, th tng Israel, thng 12-2008.
[4]. Jennifer Evans, Best Places to Work for Postdocs 2009, The Scientist. com, vol. 23, no.
3, tr. 47, http://www.the-scientist.com/bptw.
[5]. Phng vn Dan Ben-David, Khoa Kinh t, i hc Tel Aviv, thng 6-2008.
[6]. T l tham gia lao ng ca Israel l 55% ngi trng thnh, thuc hng thp nht
phng Ty. Con s bnh qun ny b ko thp xung ch yu do t l qu thp ca hai
nhm thiu s: ngi Do Thi chnh thng gio cc oan (40%) v ph n -rp (19%).
Cc s liu ny c ly trong bo co Israel 2028. Bo co ny xut phng n gia tng
t l tham gia lao ng ca hai nhm thiu s ny ln ln lt 55% v 50% vo nm 2028.
Qu Khoa hc v Cng ngh M-Israel, Israel 2028: Vision and Strategy for Economy and
Society in a Global World, David Brodet bin tp (n.p.: Qu Khoa hc v Cng ngh MIsrael, thng 3-2008).
[7]. Dan Ben-David, The Moment of Truth, Haaretz , 6-2-2007. c in li vi biu trn
trang web ca Dan Ben-David: http://tau.ac.il/~danib/articles/MomentOfTruthEng.htm.
[8]. Helmi Kittani v Hanoch Marmari, The Glass Wall, Trung tm pht trin kinh t Do
Thi - -rp, 15-6-2006,
http://www.cjaed.org.il/Index.asp?ArticleID=269&CategoryID=147&Page=1.
[9]. Trch t Yoav Stern, Study: Israeli Arab Attitudes Toward Women Undergoing
Change, Haaretz, 14-3-2009, http://www.haaretz .com/hasen/spages/1008797.html.
[10]. Qu Khoa hc v Cng ngh M-Israel, Israel 2028 , tr. 39.
[11]. Reut Institute, Last Chance to Become an Economic Superpower, 5-32009,
http://reut-institute.org/en/Publication.aspx?PublicationId=3573.
[12]. Bi tham lun ca Thomas Friedman ti hi tho ca vin Reut, Tel Aviv, thng 62008.
KT LUN
Cc nng dn ca cng ngh cao
iu cn trng nht l c dm lm hay khng.
-SHIMON PERES Khi ngi i ti mt trong nhng phng ch ca Ph Tng thng, chng ti khng chc
mnh s c bao nhiu thi gian vi Tng thng Shimon Peres. tui 85, Peres l thnh vin
cui cng ca th h lp quc cn ti v vn phng cp cao. Peres bt u s nghip nm
hai mi lm tui nh mt ngi ng nghip vong nin ca David Ben-Gurion v tip tc
phng s gn nh mi v tr b trng, bao gm c hai ln lm th tng. ng cng c
trao gii Nobel ho bnh cho s nghip ca mnh.
nc ngoi, ng l mt trong nhng ngi Israel c ngng m nht. qu nh, danh
ting ca ng gy nhiu tranh ci hn. Ch yu Peres c bit n nh l cha ca Hip
c Oslo, ni ting nh to nn ci bt tay gia Yitzhak Rabin v Yasir Arafat trc s hin
din ca Bill Clinton trong khu vn Nh Trng, nhng vi nhiu ngi Israel, ng li l
biu trng ca hy vng gi to, ch ngha khng b v chin tranh.
Tht kh ni ht sc nh hng ca Peres i vi ng li ngoi giao ca Israel, nhng
y khng phi l mi quan tm chnh ca chng ti khi ni chuyn vi ng. c bit n
t hn nhng khng km phn quan trng, ng cn gi vai tr mt tay doanh nhn khi
nghip hng lot theo kiu rt c o - ngi sng lp ca hng lot cc ngnh cng
nghip. ng cha tng kinh doanh mt ngy no trong i. Trn thc t, ng ni vi chng
ti rng c ng ln Ben-Gurion u khng bit g v kinh t. Song cch tip cn ca Peres
n chnh ph l vai tr mt doanh nhn thnh lp nhng cng ty khi nghip.
Peres ln ln trong mt nng trang trc khi nh nc ny c thnh lp. iu mang tnh
cch tn khng ch v cu trc x hi v kinh t ca nh nc Israel mi thnh lp, n c
ngha nui dng mt s i khi hnh. Nng nghip mang tnh cch mng nhiu hn
cng nghip, Peres nhanh chng a ra nhn xt ny khi chng ti va yn v trong vn
phng cht y sch ca ng, bao quanh l nhng vt lu nim do Ben-Gurion v nhng
nh lnh o trn th gii tng.
Trong hai lm nm, sn lng nng nghip ca Israel tng hai mi by ln. Tht k diu,
ng ni vi chng ti. Ngi ta khng nhn ra iu ny, Peres ni, nhng nng nghip l
mt cng vic trong 95% khoa hc, 5% lao ng.
Dng nh Peres nhn thy cng ngh bt c u, t lu trc khi ngi Israel cng ngh
c nh th. y c th l mt trong nhng l do m Ben-Gurion ng h Peres mnh m;
v Cha Gi cng rt thch th vi cng ngh, ng bo chng ti. Ben-Gurion ngh rng
tng lai chnh l khoa hc. ng y lun ni rng qun i khng ch cn cp nht cng
ngh mi nht, m phi tin on c cng ngh ca ngy mai, Peres nh li.
Song lp bn ngoi ny khng gii thch c trn vn thnh cng ca Israel. Singapore c
mt h thng gio dc mnh. Hn Quc c ch ngha v qun s bt buc v i mt vi
mi e da ln v an ninh cho ton b s tn ti ca n. Phn Lan, Thy in, an Mch v
Ireland u l nhng nc tng i nh nhng c nn cng ngh tn tin v c s h tng
tuyt vi; h sn sinh ra nhiu bng sng ch v gt hi c s tng trng kinh t mnh
m. Nhng quc gia ny tng trng nhanh hn, lu hn Israel v tn hng mc sng
cao hn, nhng khng nc no sn sinh ra mt s lng cng ty mi khi nghip v thu
ht c lng vn u t mo him nhiu nh Israel.
Antti Vilpponen l mt doanh nhn ngi Phn Lan, gip lp ra mt phong tro khi
nghip gi l ArcticStartup. Phn Lan l qu hng ca mt trong nhng cng ty cng
ngh ln nht th gii, Nokia, nh sn xut in thoi di ng. Ngi Israel thng nhn
vo Phn Lan v t hi, Nokia ca chng ta u? H mun bit ti sao Israel cha sinh ra
mt cng ty cng ngh no ln v thnh cng nh Nokia. Nhng khi chng ti hi
Vilpponen v khung cnh khi nghip Phn Lan, ng than vn, Ngi Phn Lan c nhiu
bng sng ch cng ngh nhng chng ti tht bi trong vic tn dng chng vo cc
cng ty khi nghip. Vn u t ban u vo mt cng ty mi Phn Lan ngn khong ba
trm nghn euro, gp gn mi ln Israel. S cng ty mi khi nghip Israel gp 10 ln
Phn Lan v doanh thu ca cc cng ty khi nghip cng ngn hn v nhanh hn. Ti oan
chc, chng ti s chng kin s tng trng nhanh, nhng cho n gi chng ti vn i
sau Israel v M trong vic pht trin vn ha khi nghip.[2]
Trong khi tc quay vng vn cao ca cc cng ty khi nghip lm ngi Israel lo lng,
Vilpponen li coi chng nh l ti sn. R rng l Israel c th g m cc nc khc phi
sn n k c nhng nc c coi l i u trong cuc cnh tranh ton cu. Bn cnh cc
nhn t th ch to nn cc cm, m Phn Lan, Singapore v Hn Quc s hu, iu cn
thiu nhng quc gia ny l ct li vn ha c xy dng da trn s nng n v nh
hng lm vic nhm, s cch ly v gn kt vi nhau, v gi quy m nh nhng nhm vo
cc mc tiu ln.
Lng ha nhng phn vn ha n giu ca mt nn kinh t khng phi chuyn d, song
mt nghin cu t cc gio s so snh nn kinh t ca nm mi ba quc gia a ra
phn no cu tr li. Nghin cu ny tm cch phn loi cc nc da theo ba thng s nh
hng n mi trng lm vic. Liu chng s: phn cp nhiu hn hay bnh ng hn,
quyt on hn hay mm mng hn, c nhn ch ngha hn hay tp th ch ngha nhiu
hn? [3]
Nghin cu cho thy Israel c mt s kt hp tng i bt thng cc thuc tnh vn
ha. Ngi ta c th trng i mt quc gia nh Israel, ni ngi dn theo ch ngha c
nhn, s c khuynh hng t mm mng hn. Tham vng c nhn c th xung t vi tinh
thn ng i. V ngi ta cng s trng ch mt kiu x hi ly tham vng lm ng lc s
phn cp th bc nhiu hn. Tht ra, Israel c nh gi cao v ch ngha qun bnh, mm
mng v c nhn ch ngha. Nu nhng ngi Israel c tnh cnh tranh v hung hng, lm
sao h c th mm mng? Nu h qu c nhn, lm sao h dung ha vi vic thiu h
thng phn cp th bc v s co bng?
May mn thay, trong khi s sng to c th khan him, cng c nhng ngun ti nguyn
khc c th ti s dng. Khng ging nh ti nguyn thin nhin, nhng tng c th
c lan rng v mang li li ch cho bt c quc gia no c t vo v tr tt nht tn
dng chng, bt k chng c pht minh t u. George Bernard Shaw tng vit, Nu bn
c mt qu to, ti c mt qu to v chng ta trao i to, th bn v ti vn c mt qu
to. Nhng nu bn c mt tng, ti c mt tng v chng ta trao i chng th mi
ngi s c hai tng. [4]
Trong khi s sng to v nguyn tc l mt ti nguyn v hn, v mi ngi c th lan
truyn n, hu nh mi cng ty u mun thu c li ch ln nht t qu trnh ny. T lu
cc cng ty ln trn th gii hc cch n gin nht thu li t nhng sng to ca
ngi Israel l mua li mt cng ty Israel mi khi nghip, hoc thit lp mt trung tm
R&D Israel, hoc l c hai. Vi th gii ngy cng ton cu ha v s chuyn dch tin gn
n m ngun m, cc cng ty a quc gia khng c nhiu nhu cu cho vic tm cch sao
chp mi trng kinh doanh ca nhng nc c li th cnh tranh trong lnh vc sn xut,
sng to, hay tip cn th trng trong khu vc.
Hu ht cc cng ty ln u hiu rng trong mt th trng ton cu, ni s thay i l
hng s duy nht, th s sng to l mt trong nhng nn tng ca tnh cnh tranh di hn.
Hn na, trong khi cc quc gia v cng ty c th thu li nh s sng to bt ngun t mt
ni khc, vic tr thnh ci ngun ca s sng to cng l nhng li th ca tp th v quc
gia.
V mc ch ny, vic m phng mt mi trng Israel l hon ton c th. V d nh Dov
Frohman thuc Intel Israel, ng nhn thy iu l cn thit ngay trong bn thn Israel.
Cu khu hiu ban u ca ng cho Intel Israel ng l l nh my Intel cui cng ng ca
trong cn khng hong. Khi cc nhn vin ca ng thy li m t ny qu tiu cc, ng i
khu hiu ca mnh thnh sng st qua thnh cng - ni mc tiu l thnh cng nhng
ng lc l s sng cn, l iu khng th xem nh. Vi Frohman, cha kha thnh cng
ca mt cng ty ln l duy tr bu khng kh ca mt cng ty mi khi nghip ang bp
bnh. [5]
Hn na, trong khi cc nn dn ch khc khng c l g thit lp mt ch ngha v qun
s nh ca Israel, th mt chng trnh phng s bt buc hoc t nguyn tm quc gia
c y tnh thch thc c th mang li cho nhng ngi tr trc khi h vo i hc
mt iu g kiu nh kh nng lnh o, k nng lm vic nhm, cc k nng nh hng
gii quyt cng vic, v kinh nghim m ngi Israel c c nh thc hin ngha v qun
s. Mt chng trnh ngha v qun s nh vy cng s tng cng tnh on kt trong x
hi v gip ngi tr hiu c gi tr ca vic phc v iu g ln lao hn bn thn
mnh, bt k l gia nh, cng ng, cng ty hay t nc. V chng hn, khi nhng nam
n trong qun i M c phc vin, ngi ta cng khuyn h khng nn lm gim tm
quan trng ca kinh nghim qun i khi xin vic lm.
Qu thc, vi th gii cng nh bt k quc gia no, c hi gia tng tnh sng to l v cng
to ln. Paul Romer, ngi c xem l mt trong nhng nh kinh t ca l thuyt tng
LI BT
Sau hai nm k t khi cun sch ny c xut bn, nn kinh t ca Quc gia khi nghip
vn tin trin mnh m. chng 1, chng ti so snh s vn u t mo him tnh trn
u ngi m cc quc gia khi nghip nhn c. Theo s liu gn y (nm 2010), Israel
vn l quc gia dn u v lng gia tng vn u t mo him trn u ngi, gp 2,5
nc ng th nh l M.
Thnh cng ni tip khin cc nc ch nhiu hn n m hnh kinh t ca Israel, v
chng ti c mi i ni chuyn khp chu , u, Nam M, M v Canada v cc bi hc
c rt ra t Quc gia khi nghip. V c qu nhiu cu hi lp i lp li nn chng ti s
cp mt s vn chnh trong n bn ny.
Chng ti lun thoi mi cng nhn rng Israel c rt nhiu thch thc. Hn na, cng nh
bt k nn kinh t si ni no, Israel lun gp phi mi nguy l h c th tr nn t mn v
nh mt u th cnh tranh ca mnh. Tuy y l nhng vn thng c cht vn
nhiu nht, chng ti tin l Israel ch mi bt u khai thc tim nng ca mnh, v sn sng
tr thnh i th tm c hn trn u trng sng to ton cu, nu so vi hm nay. Qua
nhng cu hi v cu tr li bn di, chng ti cn nhc tim nng ny v nhng g tip
theo cho Quc gia khi nghip.
Thng 5-2011
DAN SENOR v SAUL SINGER
1. Quc gia khi nghip ra mt lm dy ln cuc tranh lun g?
Cun sch v ang c dch sang ting Trung ( Trung Quc v i Loan), ting Hn
Quc, Nga, B o Nha ( Brazil), c, Php, , Bulgaria, Sc, Do Thi, Th Nh K, Ty Ban
Nha, v -rp. N cng l cun sch bn chy Singapore v n . S quan tm ca c
gi quc t i vi m hnh kinh t ca Israel cho thy rng tm quan trng ca s sng to
v tinh thn khi nghip khng ch rt ln, m cn ang tng ln.
Trong quyn sch ny, chng ti gii thch l do ti sao mt chng trnh chnh ph c
thai nghn Israel mang tn Yozma, gip xy dng khu vc u t mo him v tip
nhin liu cho hng nghn cng ty khi nghip y tim nng. Chng trnh Yozma hot
ng c l do n xc tc cho mt thc t ang din ra. N khng to ra thc t , nhng
n to lc y. Chng ti ng rng cun sch ny thnh cng d nhin mc nh hn
theo mt cch tng t. Chng ti khng to ra th g m ch k li cu chuyn. ng l
Israel mang tn Quc gia khi nghip t lu, nhng phng din ni bt ny ca Israel
b b st v nh gi thp.
Vi cc quc gia v ang pht trin, mt trong nhng cch tt nht thay th s cng
vic b mt v duy tr tng trng l thng qua s sng to, v phn ln sng to s n t
cc cng ty khi nghip. Qu thc, Tng thng M Barack Obama v Th tng Anh David
cng ngh cao l mt na ngun lc xut khu ca Israel. Cc cng ty cng ngh khi
nghip tuy nh, nhng l cht xc tc trung tm mt h sinh thi ang mnh m.
Israel gy dng mt c tnh khc thng: kh nng khng ch ng u m cn tn
dng mi nghch cnh t vic thiu th trng ni a v khu vc, s kham him ti
nguyn thin nhin, cho n mt lot s ty chay v cc cuc tn cng. Ct li trong cu
chuyn Quc gia khi nghip chnh l kh nng ca mt quc gia bin nghch cnh thnh
mt ngun nng lng sng to c th ti ch c phn ln trong s ny i vo lnh vc
cng ngh cao, nhng cng c th thy trong tinh thn khi nghip mang tnh x hi, trong
y hc, khoa hc v ngh thut.
5. Liu Israel c th xy dng nhng cng ty ln hn, khng ch l cc cng ty khi
nghip?
y l cu hi khin nhiu ngi Israel lm vic trong khu vc cng ngh v trong chnh
ph bn tm. Nhiu nm nay, c nhiu ngi hi y nui tic, Nokia ca chng ta
u? - h nhn vo Phn Lan nh mt nc nh b nhng sinh ra v thng tr mt
thng hiu cng ngh danh ting v nh my sn xut in, ch khng ch l cc cng ty
khi nghip loi nh. iu lo lng nm ch Israel khng tip tc sn sinh ra cc cng ty
ln k t sau Checkpoint, Converse, Amdocs v nhng cng ty khc, y l cha k mt cng
ty ln ch thc ton cu l Teva, mt g khng l v dc phm gc. (Ngu nhin, c th
ni Nokia l Teva ca Phn Lan. Th trng ca Teva gp 1,5 ln th trng ca Nokia.)
iu m nhng ngi ny cha hon ton nhn thc c l nhiu ngi cc quc gia
khc nhau nh Brazil, Phn Lan, Trung Quc, Hn Quc, v Singapore n Israel tm
li gii p cho cu hi ca chnh h: Cng ty khi nghip ca chng ta u?
N ch ra rng Israel tnh c pht trin mt s trng l vic sn sinh ra cc yu t kh
khn nht, cn thit nht cho h sinh thi cng ngh ton cu. Hu ht cng ty khi nghip
thc hin iu trong hon cnh khng thun li v doanh thu, nhn lc, hay khch
hng; iu h lm c l tp trung sng to. Giai on chuyn bin ny kh khn hn bn
tng, mt phn bi v n lng mn ha (nhiu cng ty khi nghip c m t nh l vi
thnh vin my m lm vic trong mt ga-ra), v cng v ci bn cht ca s sng to ny b
hiu sai.
Nu tra t sng to Google Images, s cho ra ti tp nhng bng n in. iu ny cho
thy cch hiu ph bin l s i mi ch n thun l cc tng sng chi. Tuy vy,
nghin cu ca chng ti v m hnh Israel cho thy cc tng ch l khi u ca s sng
to, ch khng phi phn ct yu nht.
Nu nh cc tng l bn cht ca s sng to, chng ta c th mong ch cc quc gia dn
u th gii v s bng sng ch tnh trn u ngi bao gm Hn Quc, Phn Lan v
Israel tt thy u c s lng cng ty khi nghip ngang nhau.
Th th ti sao Israel, mt quc gia nh b nh th, li c nhiu cng ty khi nghip hn cc
quc gia, tnh trn cc bng sng ch, li sn sinh ra nhiu tng v i? C v nh Israel
LI TA CA I S ISRAEL TI VIT
NAM
(Bn dch)
Sng to cng ngh tr thnh nn tng cho thnh cng ca ngnh cng nghip cng ngh
cao ca Israel trong hn mt thp k qua. Cc cng ty cng ngh cao ca Israel tip tc c
c phiu c giao dch trn sn NASDAQ v l mt trong nhng quc gia khng thuc Hoa
K c nhiu cng ty c nim yt trn sn giao dch ny nht. Israel l nc lin tc dn
u trong lnh vc Nghin cu & Pht Trin (R & D).
Nhng cng ty khi nghip ca Israel tip tc thu ht phn ln ngun ti tr t cc nh u
t a phng v ton cu. Tht vy, Israel vn ang dn u v t l thu ht vn u t
mo him/ u ngi. Nhng cng ty xut sc trong pht trin cng ngh c nhn
bit trong nn cng nghip ton cu. Rt nhiu cng ty cng ngh cao hng u quc t
thnh lp cc trung tm R&D Israel.
Quc gia khi nghip l cu chuyn v s pht trin thn k ca nn kinh t Israel, n
em n cho ngi c Vit Nam c hi tm hiu cch thc m Israel mt quc gia ca
tm triu dn, c thnh lp ch mi 65 nm trong nhng iu kin a l chnh tr kh
khn v khng c ngun ti nguyn thin nhin no li sn sinh ra nhiu cng ty khi
nghip hn bt c quc gia no trn th gii.
Israel v Vit Nam thit lp quan h ngoi giao c hai mi nm. S hp tc gia hai
nc ang pht trin rt nhanh, bao gm kinh t v thng mi. Cun sch ny s gip cc
i tc ca chng ti Vit Nam hiu thm v Israel, v con ngi v ng c ca chng ti
trong ngnh cng nghip cng ngh cao; v s thu hiu ny s to tin cho cc chng
trnh hp tc tt hn trong tng lai.
To ebook: T Hi Triu
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