7

2 (terminator II)

7-1



(alternating current generator alternator) 7-1

7-1

 (rad/s)
2 f f (Hz)
v = Vm sin t

(7-1)
Vm Voltage Amplitude
1
7-2

7-2 1

vR

iR

7-3

7-3 R in phase

R
Vm
sin 2 ft
R
= I m sin 2 ft

i =

I m = Vm / R

(7-2)

-2

Vm I m
sine 1

R i 2 R i

(effective current)

(, )

7-4
dt dW
dW

= i 2 Rdt

1 T = 2 /
T

= R I m2 sin 2 2 ftdt
0

sin 2 x =

(1 cos 2 x)
2

I m2 R T
2

I m2 R
2

(1 cos 4 ft )dt
0

= 1

-3
1 s I m2 R / 2
I eff R 1 s

I m2 R

I eff2 R =

Im

I eff

I eff

= 0.707 I m

(7-3)

(root mean square current, I rms )

P
V
P

P = I2 R/2

I
0

/2

3/2

7-5 P
Vm sin 2 ft

vrms

Vm

= 0.707Vm

(7-4)

2
I rms
R

v
i

Vm
Im

Vrms
I rms

= R

220 V
200 2 = 311.08 V

-4

7-1
)
)

v = 310 sin(377t + 45o )

v = 50 cos(106 t 30o )

) (7-1)
v = Vm sin 2 ft

310 V
)

377

50

2
50

10

= 60

Hz

Hz

2
159.15

kHz

7-2 30 V 50 Hz
10

v = 30 sin 100 t
Vm
30
Vrms =
=
2

= 21.21

= 2.12

= 3

I rms
I rms

Im

Vrms
R
Vm
=
R
=

=
=

21.21
10
30
10

7- 2
7-2-1

7-6

-5
L
vL

= L

di
dt

= Vm sin t

(7-5)

i
iL
iL

Vm
sin tdt
L
Vm
=
( cos t )
L

I m = Vm / L

cos A = sin( A 90o )

Vm

sin(t )
iL =
2
L
iL

(7-6)

= I m sin(t )
2

(7-5)
(7-6) [t (t / 2)] / 2

1/ 4 1 sine
90
(7-6) X L L X L
(Inductive reactance)
X L

7-7 90

U () I ()

. .
107

(Galvanometer)



windows media 4 MB

 7-3 7-6

L = 25.0 mH, v = 150 2 sin 120 t

iL

= 120 rad/s
XL

Vm

sin(t )
2
L

= L = (120 )(25 103 )

= 9.43

iL

150 2
9.43

sin(t )
2

= 15.9 2 sin(t )
2

rms

Im

= 15.9

7-2-2

vC
vC

= Vm sin t
q
=
= Vm sin t
C

(7-7)

7-8

iC

iC

dq
= Vm (C ) cos t
dt
Vm

sin(t + )
2
(1 / C )

(7-8)

(7-7) (7-8)
90

-2
7-9 vC
(-y) ic

7-9 90
X C (capacitive reactance) 1/ C

iC

Vm

sin(t + )
2
XC

Im =

Vm
XC

7-4 7-8 1 F
vC

= 30 sin 400t

XC

Im

= 2500
Vm
=
=
XC
= 0.012

[(400)(1 106 )]

30
2500

90
iC

= 0.012 sin( 400t + )

2

-3

7-2-3

RLC

v = Vm sin t 7-10

7-10 RLC


( R )
vR = iR
= ( I m sin t ) R = I m R sin t
= VR sin t

( L )

vL

= iX L

= [ I m sin(t + )] X L
2

= I m X L sin(t + )

= VL sin(t + )
2

( C )

vC

= iX C

= [ I m sin(t )] X C
2

= I m X C sin(t )

= VC sin(t )
2

-4
VR , VL VC (voltage amplitude)

7-11 R, L C

7-12 VL > VC

-5

7-12

(7-9)

V m = V R2 + (V L VC ) 2
V m = (I m R ) 2 + (I m X L I m X C ) 2
Vm
=
Im

R 2 + ( X L X C )2 =

Vrms
I rms

(7-10)

(Impedance, Z )
RLC
(7-11)
Z = R 2 + ( X L X C )2

Vm

= ImZ

Vrms = I rms Z
(7-12)

7-12 I m
7-13

7-13
( x)
tan

X L XC
XR

(7-13)

X L X C
X L X C (
4) X L X C

(resonance frequency)

-6

7-5

v = 170 sin(120 t )

)
) R L

7-14 RL

Hz

f = 60
X L = L

= 120 0.4
= 150

2
2
=
120 + 150
= 192.1

v = 170 sin(120 t )
Vm = 170
V
170
Vrms =
= 120

I rms

Vrms
Z

= 0.62

120
192.1

V
A
A

7-15 RL

-7
7-15
= tan 1

XL
R

150
120

= 51.3

i = 0.62 2 sin(120 t 51.3)

R L

VR = IR = (0.62)(120)

VL

= 74.4
= IX L

= (0.62)(150)

= 93

7-6

V
V
V
V

RLC 7-16 0.1 A

1000 Hz

7-16 RLC

X L = L
= (1000)(0.2)
= 200

X C

(1000)(1 106 )
= 1000

-8

( R )
VR = I rms R = (0.1)(600)

= 60

( L )

VL

= I rms X L

= (0.1)(200)

= 20

( C )

VC

= I rms X C

= (0.1)(1000) = 100

V I

7-17

VR2 + (VC VL ) 2

2
2
=
60 + 80
= 100
V

tan

VC VL
VR

80
60

53

o
53

v = Vm sin 1000t

= 100 2 sin 1000t

i = I m sin(1000t + 53o )
= 0.1 2 sin(1000t + 53o )

-9

7-7

220 2 sin 500t

40

40 F 0.04 H

)
)
)

X L = L
= (500)(0.04)
= 20

XC =

C
1

(500)(40 106 )
= 50

Z
XC-XL
7-18

R 2 + ( X C X L )2

2
2
=
40 + 30
= 50

Vrms
220
=
I rms =
Z
50
= 4.4
A
XC X L
30
tan =
=
R
40
o
= 37

( R )
VR = I rms R = (4.4)(40) = 176 V
( L )
VL = I rms X L = (4.4)(20) = 88
V
( C )
VC = I rms X C = (4.4)(50) = 220 V

VR2 + (VC VL ) 2

= 220

-10

7-2-4

RLC

7-19 RLC



( )
( R )

IR

( L )

IL

( C

IC

V
R
V
XL
V
XC

I ( I C > I L )
I

I R2 + ( I C I L ) 2

V
V
V 2

( )2 + (
)
R
XC X L

= V ( )2 + (

)2
R
XC X L

I R , I L I C

RLC
1

+(

XC

XL

)2

V
Z

tan

IC I L
IR

90

90

-11

7-8 40

X L = 60 X C = 24

2 120 V

)
)
)

120 V

7-20 RLC
) ( R ) I R =
( L )

IL

( C ) I C

V
R

120
40

= 3
A
V
120
=
=
XL
60

= 2
V
=
XC

90

= 5

90

120
24

7-21

-12
) I I R , I L I C 7-21
I

I R2 + ( I C I L ) 2

3 + (5 2 )
2

= 3 2

)
tan

IC I L
IR

52
3

45

= 120 2 sin t

= 6 sin(t + 45o )

7-3

i = I m sin(t )

v = Vm sin t

7-22 I , V P
(instantaneous power, P )
P = iv
= Vm I m sin(t ) sin t

= t
2 sin x sin

y = cos( x y ) cos( x + y )
Vm I m
[cos cos( 2 )]
P =
2

Vm I m
2

= (

Vm

)(

Im

) = Vrms I rms

-13

(7-14)

P = Vrms I rms [cos cos(2 )]

(average power, Pav )

Pav

Pd

(7-15)

P (7-14) Vrms I rms VI

Pav

VI
2

[cos cos(2 )]d

0

= VI cos

(7-16)
Pav Active power
Pav VI (apparent power) cos
(power factor) 0 1
= 90o
cos = cos 0o = 1 Pav = VI
R, L C
(7-16) cos = VR / V

Pav

= VI

VR
V

= IVR

= I ( IR ) = I 2 R

Pav P

7-9 10 pF 200

12 V 50 MHz

= 12 2 sin(100 t )

X C

=
=
=

1
2

fC
1

2 50 10
318

2
2
=
200 + 318
= 376
V
I =
Z

=
=

10 1012

12
376
31.9

mA

-14

tan

XC
R

318
200

57.8

31.9 mA

o
57.8

7-23

P = IV cos
= 0.0319 12 cos 57.8o
= 0.204

P = VI = I R
2

= 0.03192 200
= 0.204

W
R

7-10 20
15

)
)
)
)

125 V 60 Hz
W
reactive VARS
VA

= 125

2
2
=
20 + 50
= 25

125
25

= 5

-15

7-24
tan

XL
R
36.86

15
20

36.86o
) P
= VI cos
= 125 5 cos 36.86o
= 500.06

= I R
= 52 20
= 500

) reactive

= I XL
2

= 5 15
= 375

VARS

= 125 5
= 625

VA

) = VI

= cos 36.86o
= 0.8

-16

7-25
7-25 RL RC

W 90o
reactive power Volt-Amperes-Reactive VARS
() reactive
1
wattless power
reactive I 2 X L
W reactive
VARS
(apparent power) VA

VA2
=
W2 + VARS2
(7-17)
(Power Factor, PF) (7-16)
cos 7-25
PF

= cos =

VR
V

R
Z

(7-18)

7-4

RLC

7-4-1

RLC

RLC X L X C
VL VC 180o
X L X C
(resonant)

RLC

 RLC
7-26

7-26 X L , X C , Z , I PF
7-26 ) X L = X C

fL =
f

1
2 fC
1
2

LC

(7-19) (natural frequency)

(7-19)

-2
7-26 )

7-26 ) I = V / Z

7-26 ) PF = R / Z PF
PF

PF

7-4-2

RLC

7-27 RLC
RLC


2

7-28

-3
7-28 ) RLC
I

I R2 + ( I C I L )2

() I C



180

I C


7-28 )
7-28 ) V / I RLC

20,000 V

-4

10 5 10

1.

(peak value)
) 155.54 sin (745 t + 25o) V [ 155.54 V, 120 Hz]
) -70 cos (400 t - 30o) V
[ 70 V, 63.66 Hz]

2.

Impedance 10 5 120 V 60 Hz
[ 5.367 A, 288 W]

3.

0.1 H 5 120 V
60 Hz
[ 3.755 A, 82.4 o ]

4.

6 3
[ 54 ]

5.

20 A 65o 2.5
kHz 3 V R L
10 mA [ 5,288 Hz]

-5
6.

Impedance

85
28 F

[ 127(-48.1)o , 0.94348.1o A]

120 V 60 Hz

7.

R C Impedance 86 , 86 W

R
[ 44.17 , 35.9 F ]

C
120 V 60 Hz

8.

10 A 240 V 60 Hz
1,500 W
) [ 0.625]
) [ 51.32 ]

9.

240 V 50 kVA
80% leading Impedance [ 1.152 ]

10. 30 60 W 120 V 6
240
A
150 V 60

-6
)
)
)
)
)
)
)

Impedance [ 50 ]
[ 3 A]
[ 0.08 H]
[ 120 V]
[ 90 V]
(W) [ 360 W]
reactive (VARS) [ 270 VARS]

11.

150 V 60 Hz
25 mH Impedance [ 9.42 , 15.9 A]
12. RLC R = 2 , X L = 3 X C = 4
1 A
) [ 5 -26.5o V]
) Impedance Impedance [ 5 -26.5o ]
13.

150 V 60 Hz
8 F Impedance [ 332 , 0.452 A]

-7
14.

240 V 60 Hz 20
24 24
) [ 12, 15, 10 A]
) [ 13 A]
) [ 2,880 W]
) reactive [ 3,600 VARS]
) reactive [ 2,400 VARS]
) [ 0.923 22.6o ]
) Impedance [ 18.48 ]

15. 100 H 200 pF

20 100 V
) [ 1,125 MHz]
) [ 50 A]


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