Command Summary

By

. ..
.
][

..........................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
] ......................................................................................................................................... [ ls
] ..................................................................................................................................... [ pwd
] ........................................................................................................................................ [ cd
] ................................................................................................................................... [ touch
] ...................................................................................................................................[ mkdir
] ........................................................................................................................................ [ cp
] ....................................................................................................................................... [ mv
] ...................................................................................................................................... [ rm
] ................................................................................................................................. [ rmdir
] .......................................................................................................................................[ su
] ................................................................................................................................... [ man
] ............................................................................................................................. [ apropos
] ................................................................................................................................ [ whatis
] .................................................................................................................................... [ info
] .............................................................................................................................. [ whereis
] ................................................................................................................................ [ which
..............................................................................................................................................
] ..................................................................................................................................... [ cat
] .................................................................................................................................... [ less
] ................................................................................................................................ [ export
] ...................................................................................................................................[ head
] ..................................................................................................................................... [ tail
.......................................................................................................................................................
] ................................................................................................................................. [ lpstat
] ...................................................................................................................................... [ lpr
] ..................................................................................................................................... [ lpq
] ...................................................................................................................................[ lprm
......................................................................................................................................
] ................................................................................................................................. [ chgrp
] ............................................................................................................................... [ chown
] ............................................................................................................................... [ chmod
...........................................................................................................................................
] ..................................................................................................................................... [ zip
] ................................................................................................................................. [ unzip
] ................................................................................................................................... [ gzip
] ............................................................................................................................... [ gunzip
] ................................................................................................................................. [ bzip2
] ............................................................................................................................. [ bunzip2
] ...................................................................................................................................... [ tar
.........................................................................................................................................................
] .................................................................................................................................[ locate
] ................................................................................................................................... [ grep
] .................................................................................................................................... [ find
.............................................................................................................................................
] ............................................................................................................................... [ history
][
] ! !! [ .............................................................................................................................
] ........................................................................................................................................ [ alias
] ................................................................................................................... [ . .bash_aliases
] ............................................................................................................................... [ unalias
] .......................................................................................................................................[ ps
] .......................................................................................................................................... [ kill
] ..................................................................................................................................... [ top
] .................................................................................................................................... [ lsof
] .................................................................................................................................... [ free
] ....................................................................................................................................... [ df
] ...................................................................................................................................... [ du
.................................................................................................................................................
] .................................................................................................................................... [ rpm
] ................................................................................................................................... [ yum
] ....................................................................................................................................... [ dpkg
] .................................................................................................................................... [ apt-get
] ................................................................................................................................ [ apt-cache
..............................................................................................................................................
] .................................................................................................................................. [ ifconfig
] ................................................................................................................................. [ iwconfig
] ....................................................................................................................................... [ ping
] ............................................................................................................................... [ traceroute
] ........................................................................................................................................ [ host
] .................................................................................................................................. [ dhclient
] .........................................................................................................................................[ ifup
] .................................................................................................................................... [ ifdown
] ....................................................................................................................................... [ route
] .......................................................................................................................................... [ ssh
] .................................................................................................................................... [ sftp
] .......................................................................................................................................... [ scp
] ...................................................................................................................................... [ rsync
] .................................................................................................................................. [ wget
.......................................................................................................................................................
][

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GMajedli@Gmail.com
][

***
] [ ls
ls
/ #HB !UB 8 !UB . 8 #
***
ls video
/ #HB !UB \B !$ !U$ - .
***
ls ~/videos/*.wmv
/ #HB 4 .$ ) ."$ 2 !B #2 ( wmv
***
ls R
/ #HB !UB 8 !UB 8 # !UB . P /H
***
ls l
/ #@$ :$ !UB "!@! .$ T$ #H #6
. Y #B
***
ls m
/ #@$ H P H$ !UB .
***
ls a
/ \#@$ :B #O #B !UB . PHEB
][
***
ls F
. 4 3Q c$ P@#O4 P$ :Q :$ #@$ /
: #HB 4
)H2 c$ 82" (*)
(/)
X$ #)@(
FIFO (|)
Socket (=)
***
ls --color
4 @!8 #OH2 :$ !UB #@$ /
/$` k@/l . 2"$ Y/"$ Y2B@ . cB
dircolors --print-database
***
ls r
. ( 8% 8m#U 0/ ) /H < % :$ !UB #@$ /
***
ls X
. P;6 4 06 #/ :$ !UB #@$ /
***
ls t
. 1? o@# 06 #/ :$ !UB #@$ /
***
ls S
. U 06 #/ :$ !UB #@$ /
***
ls h
#UB 1@#% # #OBU6 3Q :$ !UB #@$ /
#UU
[]
***
[ pwd ]
pwd
.
# #6 !\! ) UB #$ /
***
[ cd ]
cd /video
. video !UB #;47 P # V) 8 /- !UB #;47
***
cd ~
. 8 # ! EB # #E " X2B ! "UB #;47
***
cd !U$ ? !\ 12 ) - k# ! UB #;47
. 8 #
***
[ touch ]
touch file
cB # . ."$ cB "!@ o@# 1? C@!
. !@!\ c$ #&4\ $ /Z
***
touch t
V !14 1? o@# cB "!@ o@# 1? C@!
.
***
[ mkdir ]
mkdir test
test # . !@!\ !U$ #&4
***
mkdir -p pictures/personal
. P / !U$! \!@! U$ #&4
***
[]
mkdir v test
." #B DE$ / :$ !@!\ !U$ #&4
***
[ cp ]
cp source target
. ( #O#@$ .% ! U$ )#H$ o4
***
cp ~/pix/pool*.jpg pics
pics !UB pool ! jpg 4 .$ #H$ o4
. #HB .$ 4 :$ !B < H4 k] .%B@
***
cp ~/floor[1-3].jpg pix
#?S 8O2 floor #Om#B ! jpg 4 .$ #H$ o4
pix !UB 3-1
***
cp v source target
. DE$ / :$ #H$ o4
***
cp -i ~/file.jpg pix
. cB P#% #6 8 /@) / :$ #H$ o4
***
cp R src_dir target_dir
. #@$ :BU !U$ o4
***
cp -a myfile myfile_bak
. Pl#6 PE2! U$ - #OHF #H$ P BU$ o4
***
[ mv ]
mv floor_04.jpg floor
. /-s !U$ .$ #H$ c$ ;4
***
[]
mv first/ second/
. !U$ c$ /J
***
[ rm ]
rm pool_01.jpg_bak
. #H$ )6
***
rm *
. 8 # ! UB 8 \B #HB :B\ )6
***
rm *_bak
. PBU2 "! #B #Om#B 8O2 8 #HB :B\ )6
***
rm v back
. DE$ / :$ #H$ )6
***
rm -i *
. c$ ) 6 ? /@) / :$ #HB P#) 6
***
rm rf unempty_dir
. PZ#H /Z !UB #HB ) 6
***
[]
rm -- -file.jpg
. "-" Pl/& # #Om#B ! 8 #HB )
***
rm ./-file.jpg
. k# /$` /uS <H4
***
[ rmdir ]
rmdir test_dir
. ( # %@ /F ) !U$ )6
***
[ su ]
su username
. /- !E$ # -! U
***
su l username
. P#E Pw /J$ :$ /- !E$ # -! U
***
su
root )U ! EB # -! U
***
su P#E Pw /J$ :$ root )U ! EB # -! U
.
***
[ man ]
man command
. - command .$ 7! /$` 0% ."$ /$` #B" PH /
[]
***
man k keyword
. "H@ #$ c PB 0% .% B /" 7 ."$ /$ . C
***
man f command
. /$` @; #$ /&@ /] .$ DE$ /
***
man u command
. /$ `#B" #4# !#? #2 #
***
man -t ls | lpr -P printer
P"#] # printer !."$ /$ #B" PH P #l
. Y@!
***
man -t ls > ls.ps && ps2pdf ls.ps && rm ls.ps
pdf c$ ."$ /$ #B" PH @
***
[ apropos ]
apropos keyword
. "H@ #$ c PB 0% .% B /" 7 ."$ /$ . C
***
[ whatis ]
whatis command
. /$` @; #$ /&@ /] .$ DE$ /
***
[ info ]
info command
. ."$ /$ . PH #$"$ /
***
[]
[ whereis ]
whereis command
/$` #B" ! B % ) H2 cB #%$ !@!
. ."$
***
whereis -b command
. ."$ /$` P@)H2 #HB #%$ !@!
***
whereis -m command
. ."$ /$` PB" #H #%$ !@!
***
whereis -s command
. ."$ /$` !B % #%$ !@!
***
[ which ]
which command
. #)H2 /$` .$ PE4 !@!
***
[]

***
[ cat ]
cat novel.txt
. #2$/ 8 c$ #@$ /
***
cat file1 file2

. #2$/ 8 0?#" # /T .H$ #@$ /
***
cat file1 file2 > file3

. /- c$ 8 0?#" # /T .H$ #@$ x$
***
cat -n file1 file2

. /]`? / :$ /T .H$ #@$ x$
***
[ less ]
less file1
. /$ ! 6 PH "!B 84 c$ #@$ /
***
less -N file1.txt
. /]`? / :$ k# /$`< H4
[]
***
[ export ]
export EDITOR=vim
.$ 84 c$ / !2 !m# #2$/ 8Q/7 /B /J
/@/
#m#; ;2 v / aJ less /$` "H$ 8O2 /$` ) .% 8Q/7 /B - cB
m /$ m#;R #2$/ .$ P # PU #O4! 2 /$`
bashrc. c$ 8 /$`< H4 P#Q Y
***
[ head ]
head file.txt
. 84 c$ .$ /] /& /
***
head file1 file2
. "!$ P4 #H$ .$ /] /& /
***
head -n 5 file.txt file2.txt
- #E "! #OQ/ /B /]` !@! ! :$ k# /$`< H4
n
***
head c 100 file.txt
head c 100k file.txt
head c 100m file.txt
U @ !@! /]` !@! ! .$ 7! .% k# /$`< H4
. 1@##UB 1@# % 1@# # Q/ /B
[]
***
[ tail ]
tail file.txt
tail file.txt file2.txt
. #H$ ! !6 84 c$ .$ /] /& /- /
***
tail -n 4 file.txt
. #OQ/ /B /]` !@! ! :$ k# /$`< H4
***
tail f file.log
/$` ) :H2@ 84 c$ .$
/-y$ Pu!B /-` /]` /
. #O /] 8 /J /T% logs #H$ :$
***
[]

***
[ lpstat ]
lpstat
. /T"B #O #B #O #l /52B #HB P# /
***
lpstat -p
. #O\ 8 P/"B #"#] P# /
***
lpstat -d
. PQ/7 P"#] /
***
lpstat -s
P$ P$ 8 . #OU #"#] P;@/l /
. o ... P%F P"#l /F#$
***
lpstat -t
. Y@! #"#] # P;"B #$"B :B\ /
***
[]
[ lpr ]
lpr File.txt
:] /$ `) O Y@! PQ /7 P" #] c $
postscript !B"B #HB P2 #HB P #l
]B %& # :]
. #HB .$ #/Z pdf. ps. #H$
.
***
lpr -P MyPrinter myfile.txt
. #OB !@! PQ/7 /Z /- P"#l P #]
***
lpr -# 2 -P bro file.txt
. ? ! PE4 100-2 .$ cB .$ PE4 .$ /T P #l
***
[ lpq ]
lpq
. PQ/7 P"#] #O #l /52
B #HB /
***
lpq -a
#" #] : B\ #H B : B\ / .% k# /$ `< H 4
. /B
***
[]
[ lprm ]
lprm
. PQ/7 P"#] P/B /-` P #] PB #J
#O;
***
lprm 490
#Om#J /B PB" !@! ? P #l PB )6
. #/Z PQ/7 P"#]
***
lprm . P"#l P #] #B :B\ #J

***
[]
DE
***
[ chgrp ]
chgrp GroupName file.txt
P BUB ! @! c B #O 8B 2@ 8 P BUB / J
.#OB?
***
chgrp -R family */*

@@ #$ :BU ."$ !U$ #O 8B2@ 8 P BUB /J
. P #H$ .$
***
chgrp v family *
H$ DE$ / :$ /- P BU$ ! U$ c$ P%$ /J
. ! " !
***
chgrp -c family *
. ? #H :$ .% a # k# /$`< H4
***
[]
[ chown ]
chown UserName file.jpg
#$ . B? B !@! /- !E$ c$ P%$ /J
. #2 k]2@ P BUB /J k]2@
***
chown UserName:GroupName file.jpg

!6 /$ 8 cB ! E$ P BU$ /J
***
chown :GroupName file.jpg
. a; cB P BU$ /J
***
[ chmod ]
chmod u+x file.sh
file.sh cB ! EB )H2 P6 32$
***
chmod 666 pic.jpg
. PB?/ P;@/] # #O #6 32$
***
chmod -R 660 *.jpg
4 .$ c$ `P BUB ! EB @!" /; P6 32$
. P /H ! UB 8 # ! UB 8 jpg
[]
***
chmod u+s file.sh
chmod 4754 file.sh
. 8` cB Y #$ Y4S J& 3B cB P6 P#Q
#HB k]@
/$` ( ) PB?/ P/ .;@/] #)
.
***
chmod u-s file.sh
chmod 0754 file.sh
. P;# P6 P
***
chmod g+s bin
P BUB 8B 2 Y4 #B J& 3B c B P6 P#Q
: B\ 3 ! U$ /$ ` k ]
# @ .% B@ . c B P% #$
. P6 V) B - !8 #HB
***
chmod g-s bin
chmod 0755 bin
. P;# P6 P
***
[]

***
[ zip ]
zip ZipFile.zip
UnzippedFile.txt
. zip PJ c$ aJQ PHF
***
zip ZipFile.zip File1.txt File2.txt File3.txt

. !6 J$ c$ 8 zip PJ #H$ !aJQ PHF
***
zip ZipFile.zip Dir
. zip PJ #@$ .$ #B $#! U$ aJQ
***
zip -9 ZipFile.zip file.txt
)!/H .$ / P\ !aJ !@! ? :$ zip PJ aJQ
% P\! ! !@! !2 (aJQ P\)? P" 6( aJQ
. (6) 8Q/7
***
zip -P password zipfile.zip file.txt
. / PB% 2$S :$ zip PJ c$ aJQ
***
zip -e zipfile.zip file.txt
./ PB% 2$S cB /H& :$ zip PJ aJQ
***
[]
[ unzip ]
unzip ZippedFile.zip
. zip PJ J$ c$ aJQ Y
***
unzip -v ZippedFile.zip
. DE$ / :$ zip #$ %
***
unzip -l ZippedFile.zip
. #O]JQ Y !JB cB -\ B #HB /
***
unzip -t ZippedFile.txt
. ]JQ Y ? JB cB #@$ #-
***
[ gzip ]
gzip file.txt
!x$ :] @ 7 @ ) ` /$ ` ) gz PJ c $ aJQ
. !6 J$ c$ 8 #H$
***
gzip -c file.txt > compressed.txt.gz
. ` #;R :$ k# /$`< H4
***
[]
gzip -r *
. P /H ! UB 8 # ! UB 8 #HB aJQ
***
gzip -9 file.txt
)!/H .$ / P\ !aJ !@! ? :$ gz PJ aJQ
% P\! ! !@! !2 (aJQ P\)? P" 6( aJQ
. (6) 8Q/7
***
gzip d Compressed.txt.gz
YH ) ` "! - JB cB Y
***
gzip -t Compresed.txt.gz
. ]JQ Y ? JB cB #@$ #-
***
[ gunzip ]
gunzip Compressed.txt.gz
YH ) ` "! - JB cB %
***
gunzip -c Compressed.txt.gz > UnCompressed.txt

. `# #H67 :$ JB cB Y
***
[]
[ bzip2 ]
bzip2 file.txt
/$` k]2 8 #E :B\ bz2 PJ #HB aJQ PHF
. &` V) k]2 gzip
***
bzip2 d file.txt.bz2
. `# #H67 :$ bz2 PJ JB cB aJQ Y
***
[ bunzip2 ]
bunzip2 -t ZippedFile.txt.gz
JB cB .$ !S ]JQ Y ? JB cB #-
. P]"$ #H$ @7
***
bunzip2 -c Compressed.txt.bz2 > Uncompresed.txt
. `# #H67 :$ bz2 PJ JB cB aJQ Y
***
bunzip2 Compressed.txt.bz2
. ` cB ) 6 :$ bzip2 &'! # #H$ aJQ YH
***
[]
[ tar ]
tar -cf Archive.tar *.txt
!6 c$ - #H$ !aJQ !PHF
***
tar -cf Archive.tar Dir/

. !6 c$ -! U$ #@$
- aJQ !PHF
***
tar -cf Archive.tar Dir/ | gzip -c > cmp.tar.gz
. gzip x$#4/ ]JQ u .$! 6 c$ -! U$ #@$ PHF
***
tar -zcvf File.tar.gz Dir/

. /T% a P;@/] .% k# /$`*)(
***
tar -jcvf File.tar.bz2 Dir/

. #$ +*& bzip2 x$#4/ !E .% k# /$`< H4
***
tar -zvtf Compressed.tar.gz

!#@$ / gzip /$`# JB cFyB cB #-
. ]JQ Y
***
[]
tar -jvtf Compressed.tar.bz2

#@$ / bzip2 /$`# JB cFyB cB #-
. ]JQ Y !
***
tar -zxvf Compressed.tar.gz
gz PJ J$ cF #@$ /E
***
tar -jxvf Compressed.tar.bz2

bz2 PJ J$ cF #@$ /E
***
[]

***
[ locate ]
locate keyword
." $ ! U$ c $ . #H B #B #4 # !#? 8 C
!\@ h . cE@ H 2"B /6` P # #6 /$`)
/$ /$
slocate
***
locate -i keyword
. /6` P#6 #U :$ .% k# /$`< H4
***
locate keyword | less

.$ 7! #H 8 xm# 2 / @ .% k# C /$ < H 4
PH #O ~R P# B aJ Y !6 P" #OQ /
. P #
***
locate -n 3 keyword
!:Q xm# 2 ! @! ! .% k# C /$ < H 4
- .- /& %$ ! . n # E "! # #O~ /B xm# 2
. +01* 3 /O5 .
***
[]
sudo updatedb
#H $ P#Q ! UB #H B #4 # !#? C@!
!E
#@ .%B@
/-y$ 1HQ ! #; !U$
#O\
: PH~ < H4 P@S 8 # /$`
slocate u
***
time updatedb
6 /$`? /J ) 1? / :$ .% k# /$`) H2
. O4
***
[ grep ]
grep keyword file.txt
P # # 6 /$ ` ) 6 7 c $ - P2 "$ PB . C
. /
***
grep keyword *
. !UB < H4 8 #H$ !- PB . C
***
grep -R keyword *
!UB 8 # ! UB 8 #H$ !- PB . C
. P /H
***
[]
grep -i keyword DIR/*

#U :$ 8 # ! UB 8 #H $ !- PB . C
. /6` P#6
***
grep -w keyword *
! H$ . C PB % $ #% # P; #]B #B % . C
. C #]4 k
***
grep -n keyword *
)/] ? #O~ :$ #H$ !c$ - PB . C
. PB% /O~
***
ls | grep keyword
#H B / /$ ) H2 Y ." $ ! U$ c $ . C
!
1 grep /$` x#2 /@/B u .$ ls !UB
8 # ! UB 8 P `#HB P# / .$ 7! #!2 C
C PB k#] 8 ! UB #H B a; /
. /$ `.$ !@!" :$ Pu#B$ P;@/] grep /$`! E .%B@
***
grep -B 3 keyword file.txt

k 8 ] .$ !$ !/ :$ c $ 8 PB . C
/B /] ` ! D E Y C PB \ B /]
. . 3 /& Q/
***
grep A 3 keyword file.txt

\B /] 8 8 ] .% a # k# /$ `< H 4
. 23 PU4
***
[]
grep C 3 keyword file.txt

? % 8 ] .$ !$ !/"@ .% k# /$`< H4
/] PuT /"@ 2"B . C PU4 \B /] "!
. P;6 PuT P;#
***
grep -v keyword file.txt
2 "B ! B PB % 7 8 /] ` : B\ #O ~
. C PU4 <%
***
grep -l keyword DIR/*

/ :$ !U$ -\ B #HB - P2"$ PB . C
. C #B #O /O~ 8 #HB
***
grep keyword file.txt | grep keyword

C xm#4 - C u .$ c$ - P2"$ PB . C
. 84#T /$` ` /$` xm#4 /@/B k@/l . /- /$
***
[ find ]
find . -name keyword
. /" P];2 8 # ! UB - 7# c$ . C
$#% # k#]B 7 . C@ /$` ) 8 # ! UB
. C PB%
***
find . -name "*keyword*"

#Om#B 8 #H B . C .% k# /$ `< H 4
\$ PB % 14 # 6 . # k#] C PB
. xm#2 .$ #/" H4 cB 8 < cB #$ 8
[]
***
find / -name "*keyword*"
#HB #54 $# 8 C /$` ) .% k# /$`< H4
. a; 8 # ! UB 8 < Y@!
***
find . -user UserName
.$ 7! /B V) .% 8 # ! UB - #H B . C
: B\ . C 4 #O % #$ # C 2 c B # C
. C /$ 8 !B ! EB #O%B@ 8 #HB
***
find . ! -user UserName
8 # ! UB 8 #HB . C k# /$`< %
. C /$ 8 B %B ! EB #O%B@ 7 8
***
find . -group GroupName
P BU$ #O%B 8 8 # ! UB - #HB . C
. P2"$
***
find . ! -group GroupName
#O%B 7 8 #HB . C .% k# /$`< H4
. C /$ 8 !B P BUB
***
find . -size 10M
/$ 8 !B U #$ #OBU6 %@ 8 #HB . C
/3 ? ) ! / PHE$ k6! E Y2%B@ C
.
b 1@ ##UU G 1@ ##UB M 1@ # % k 1@ # c
/; 512 ?/ PB ? C 6 1@ # 512 / 3! 1
V) - P@/& PU2 14# #6 8 3 !/? PU2
. P;67 !E! ! 2 PQ/7 8 /-`
***
[]
find DIR/ -type d

C @ C /$ " U@ #2 d /6 2 0 6 #H B . C
/- / d / / J Y2 %B@ . P 4 .$ #H B .
: 8 cB 4 !
# c$ f
d
X$ # l
b block special file
c Character Special file
p FIFO first in first out
s Socket
***
find DIR/ -type d | sort

/ sort /$ xm# 2 /@ /B @ .% k# /$ `< H 4
. 7 06 xm#2
***
find . -name "keyword*" -a -type f

# #HB . C cB 4 7# ."$ c$ . C
k@/l . #HB 4 !@! u .$ name P;6 k@/l . ."$
0U @ .@# E 82 " and a P; 6 type # E
. xm#2 8 /
***
find . -name " keyword* " -a -type f | wc -l
/@ /B @ xm# 2 / .$ 7! .% a # k# /$ `< H 4
. a; xm#2 ! / wc l /$` xm#2
***
find . -size +10M -o -size 10M
/ a # 1@##U$ 10 #OBU6 %@ 8 #HB . C
#BO2 H@ size .@#- :Q k@/l . Y . 1@##U$ 10
!6 / .$ ! 7 4 82 "@ a ) or o a
. C PU4 8 ?` .@#E
***
[]
find . $ -size +10M -o -size 10M $ ! name "*keyword*"

/T 1@ ##U$ 10 #O BU6 % @ 8 #H B : B\ . C
!" \B PB % #OB @ 8 xm# 2 #"
name a
***
find . $ -name "*mp3*" -o -name "*.ogg*" $ -a -type f |

wc -l
# !/ mp3 ogg 4 .$ P #HB :B\ . C
xm# 2 /@ /B k@ /l . Y P $# xm# 2 / .$ 7!
wc l /$`
***
find . -name "* " | wc -l
. ."$ 8 \B #HB ! /"
***
find . ! $ -name "*mp3*" -o -name "*ogg" -o -type d $
#" .% ." $ 8 \B #H B P # /
. !UB #" ogg mp3 4 .$ P #HB
***
find . -name "* *m3u" -exec rename 's/\ /_/g' {}\;
xm# 4 /@ /B :] ] find /$ ` ? /O 5@
/$ `)
"!@B" Y exec a k@/l . /- /$ C
8 . C .$ PU#2 #HB ##E@! / /\
8 m3u 4 .$ #HB :B\ . C # #2B? /$`)
/$ ` C . PU #2 #H B /@ /B u .$ #Z/
#H B #B 8 \B #Z /H ! 7 Y rename
_ PH Pl/& #
***
find . -name keyword -fprint file.txt
k@ /l . 8 4 8H $ xm# 2 @ u .$ #H $ . C
fprint a
***
[]

***
] [ history
history
"/ 500 /-)H2 /$ 8 # & . "/ ` /$
#H ! #OQ/ .$ 7" P!6 @ /@/B .%B` /$ `less /$
k@/l . more4 |
***
! !!
[
!!
/- )H2 .$ 7! V)H2 /$/$ # /- .

***
!499
) H2 ; @/l . V) H2 k /$? B 8@ Y2 %B @P
` ?# P /$ k@ /l . P;#` history /$
P$ - " ?/ P $ 0U` /$ /$ V)H2 /- .
***
!cat
/- )H2 V)H2 cat /$@ Y2%B!E ) V ]:$ P;@/
C6 /- /$ \/ history PBm#? 8 cE
)H2 k#]@ #;@ /$ D2 ) P$ !" - "0U
/- !@ / .% ? #$ ) H2 !@ / T$ cat /$
` /- Y" ? #$ P# .$ !@XB #$"B "/ @O
@#E cat /etc 0% T$; /- )H2 /$ )V
#B% .
***
][
[ alias ]
alias lsd='ls -d */'
ls d /$ #"$ #4S&4 #2O /- /$` #"$ #&4R
0 a; /* ls
d @] /$` P# .$ 7! lsd /45! /*
/$ `# -7 P; @/] V) $# /$ ` ) H2 lsd /$ `
67 . #O /E$ #B #&4 8& " P@l % 8
"U #2 $/ P # P U .$ !" @! 7 /$ ` )
bash_aliases. cB /$` ) P#Q Y @!$
***
alias
.Y@! P/"B #"B #B` P# /"
***
alias lsd
. ."$ #"$ c- \B /$` /"
***
[ . .bash_aliases ]
. .bash_aliases
.$ 6 #$ #B bash_aliases. c $ B # `
PU #O4 .$ 7! Y P # #2$/ P\ /J
. /- /$ #OJ& #
***
[]
[ unalias ]
unalias lsd
@)/$` ) 67
#;$ V#&4 /$` #"$ )
P
U P
EB 1
?y$ %
&S
&2B #"
B #B
`
bash_aliases. cB 8 \B /$ `.% P #
/E PU B # /UB .% P # PU )6 Y m %& #O m#J R /- /$ B" P U "
. ; " # /$ `! ? 4 # P$ :Q c B .$ /$ `
. k" P 6 B"@
***
[ ps ]
ps aux
DE 8 #O \ 8 B " 8 x$/ # B" P # /
P B % P; "B #$ "B .$ / T% .$!E B : B\
: #B" 7#6 .$ PB P #6
. R = Running S = Sleeping T = Stopped Z = Zombie
***
ps axjf
. #B" /UF /
***
ps U username
. ."$ !EB k" 8 #B" /
***
[]
[ kill ]
kill pid
c@/" ? :4 #O #E c@/" ? k@/l . PB #O4
: PBO$ /J$ Puu /$`) O pid 5!
. PB" # % = 1# B" P # #O 4 :$ P $#54 P; @/] P B" #O 4 = 15# E ) . #O] P6 HB #H B #O P; "B
. ."$ #- !@! ! !2 8Q/7
V) / #$ # 14# P;@/l S #Om#O4 PB" = ? 9 # B #H $ T $ P ;B P B" #H E$ P; @/]
. P6H$ 1 7 )#2$
***
[ top ]
top
#O~! $ 8 #H %& #OU PJ&B #B" /
q aJQ /$` .$ /E #O !/J
***
[ lsof ]
lsof
. /$` B" root % Y P6HB #HB /"
***
lsof -u username
. ."$ !E$ ? .$ P6HB #HB /"
***
[]
lsof /usr/sbin/sshd
/
J Y
.@2%B
"$ c
$
)@ .
.$!E
/ B
"
S usr/sbin/sshd/ V!@/ c$
***
lsof -c program-name
/ \ :B #HB . ."$ x$#4/ ? .$ P6HB
***
] [ free
free
/ #$ "$ . )/ U )/ )/ P$!E B
#
1E
# @#% #
) VÙ6
/
P@O5
)/ ;B

/ 8Q /J Y: cQ
) . 1@##UB : m ` . (O. 1@# : b***
] [ df
df
/ #$ "$ #6# $ . ` ?/ #O \ 8 P #O BU6 T $
!E B #O 2$ #O BU6 .$ 8; B@ /O 5`#U 6 / #Q
1@ #% # / J .% O Y ;/ Y #
h a ) /O5/6 !" P#-`#U6 /? O #O8
:
. 1@#% : K
. 1@##UB : M
. 1@##UU : G
***
][
] [ du
du
/ P6# B ." $ ! U$ ? .$ P$!E B ! UB - 8 #
\ :B !UB \B <H4` /$ /"@ k# +01
1@ #% #@ Y2 %B !E O h a ;/ 6 7
/& P] ;2 ! UB 8 # #$ P6# $
! UB 8 #! $# / #$ "$ . ! UB P /H
S k s a
***
][

***
] [ rpm
rpm
@!E ) `/ /$ 0 P / x$ rpm. P;6 # PO2B
.$ /OF @"# !E 8 ) ` /$Red Hat Fedora 8
Suse/ #4 0 !" nmap x$#4/ ;4 @X2
:?$ .$ rpm. P$X )H24 x$#4/) `: /$
# rpm -ihv nmap-4.01-1.i386.rpm
67 #24 Puu #2HQ]# ihv 8 install 82"@ i

!; Y /O5@ h PB / 0/6 #$ ) #$ Y /O5 v
@; . a # x$#4/
@ H ! /6 / i %& # % U : 8 #
# rpm -Uhv nmap-4.01-1.i386.rpm
/6 P?/ ) upgrade and install 82"@ U/ ( 0

14# #O\ 8 PT$ P$X .$ k# ! .% ?! ;
;
` #O ?/ /$ #$ /$ .% # m#O4 Y@! P
/ # 0!E Y4S / . i
/ !@/ 12 0 Y #$ % P$X6 .$ /T / 8 #/$
##B P H$ !6 : 8 # #
# rpm -Uhv nmap-4.01-1.i386.rpm nmap-frontend-4.01- 1.i386.rpm
/H2 !@ !U$ Y software B "!@! .$ X !@/

#OT /$S #O!2 !6 Y #!E ` /$ : 8 #
# rpm -Uhv software/*.rpm
: i U U
i
.
R .$ x$#4 / P #5 2 k / !6 S` /$ P;#

Y nmap +*&! .!E `: /$
# rpm -e nmap
***
][
] [ yum
yum
#2 /"$ P%&$ 8 P` ) dependency hell 6 rpm
\ #B R @# ( 8/" # &/ ) V E P%& B !@ / Y4
/ 0 ) P$X( ) V # P$X /0
) P$ X( ) P$ X( !2 Y #/ 7 0 ) .$X(
)( S\#H ) P$X( # ) P$X( ) P$X(
!2/ .$ ! 7 #/ @ 6 #B O 0 ) P$ X( !
/ #BO S\#H .% ) P$X( # X6 /-
/ !2 #O/ Y # / ? #O 0 ) P$ X( ?! @ %
#2@ " 8 7# ; / . 0 P$X
)( 8 8! Y`) ... 8# !! /%H #B . E
) P$ X( &/ (Y )O ~ /O /- " !B
` rpm) V %&B #O2$` ; 8O yum /0
:$ P$ X P # / x$ #O \# 8 P$ X !Y2 $ -
P /x$
; P ?/ /! R x$ !6 @ #
@ #
P P # / x$ 8 .% @ #$ #O \# 14 # #2 /x$
/- . #O\#
/H2 / !@/ Y4 0 !2 xmms x$#4/ Y # P#`/$
: 8 #
# yum install xmms
!2 #` B yum .$ x$#4/ 14/4RB

P# / x$`/- #O !B"@ 8 u .$ ;# /#O
.
R P Pl# % Y" Y$#54 .$ x$#4/ P#`/$
: 1
# yum remove xmms
#2 .$ O / Y install 0 %4 0 0 %4 P
#$ ) remove\ B # 2 :$< ( .
.$ "B /# x$ !@#T # Y$#54
.$ / T% /#T@! P" #$ Y " x$ !6 x$#4 /
. .% :$` /] . yum /$S Y !6
; ` : B\ : / x$ #O ;@/l . P TB /
# ` ; C@! x$#4/ ]B # 8 Y #$ P#
`: /$
# yum update
][
c #O ; c x$/ 0 / ;c 1B " s

Y Y " H x$/ . C c ? ) .% #Ou!
: 8 # /$`! E
$ yum search gimp
c X #B 8 gimp PB% . C@ k# /$` 67

gimp PB% xm#4 @"! P$X . DE$ P$X
. #O V
\!P@l PBm#? Y@! x2 #B$ X\` Y 8
8 7 PB% P;#]$ #O @ 7 P;@/l #2 .%
X #E$ 8 /B X P# / k@/l . Y P$X
]B x$/ . C grep /$ xm#2 /@/B u .$
: P # P;@/] # Y
$ yum list available | grep gimp
[ dpkg ]
dpkg
#" @ debian P" @ 8 X R !E `V)
x$/ 0 / @ #O ;@/l ." K/Ubuntu T $ #O !B "B
!" #O\ 8 skype x$#4/ 0/ !@/ Y4 /H2 #O
Y x$#4 / :? $ .$ deb. 4 .$ P$ X B ;
: 8 # /$` P#
# dpkg -i skype_1.2.0.18-1_i386.deb
: 8 # /$` 0 Y$#54 .$ x$#4/ P R

# dpkg -r skype
***
[ apt-get ]
apt-get
8 rpm #O 2$ 84#" 8 P%& B < H 4 .$ dpkg `84#"
/B x$#4 / 1 T ;7 8O #@ #B 7 P%& $
TB . #O !B " x$/ 1 T ;. a; T
x$#4/ #@ A x$#4/ .% A x$#4/ 1T
B"@ 8% C x$#4/ #@ B x$#4/ B"@ 8% B
%@ !? A x$#4/ 0/ @ . C B x$/ 1T ;
. 7# " 8 @ #2

B P
BOB
;#
O#;$ :
B\ apt ! `
) \

!B "@ x$/ 1 T #O #O ?/ #O T x$/
[]
1T `V/ k# A x$#4/ #T$ 8H #O

. 12J Y4 #2Q / Y2 P #4 C B x$#4 /
B x$/ P ; ` #!2 A x$#4 /
. #O !B" /- x$/ #2 .% #$ Y2 P#4 C
P"@ dpkg P$#$ PO\! E apt `l
T$ #@! B"B #"@ 8 !E s 8 debian
. k/ubuntu Linspire Xandros :
P # Y #$ firefox x$#4 / 0 / !@ / Y4 / H2
: /$`
# apt-get install firefox
!B"@ 8 x$/ P# x$#4/ @ X2 /$` O #!2

) apt ; `#O \ 8 #O "B\ 3 "! #O
( P
BOB V)
dpkg `
P
5 V)
.
$ P
;;
. Y2$ -! #O/
: x$#4/ `Y/ ? 8 # /$`) H2
#Bm H@
# apt-get update
PB m#; @ X2 k@ /l . x$/ PB m#? C@! @ ;/$ ` )

8 #O 2@#2 \B x$/ #E B /" apt // .$
B
/ /
$`)
)
H2 !
" etc/apt/sources.list/ c
1@ P # ! PB #O ? .@#2 %F #\ /E$
#O 2$X$ @ #T@! #2 4 82 " get PB 2 " ?
2 "B Ign 8 PB % # #$ #O \ 8 PB m#; :$
XEB 8 \$ #$ :$ P;#]$ Pu!$ /B 8 PBm#;
.B @ x$#4 / 0 / P B ? /$ `) O )H2 .
!/- 8 # # Pu!$ /B 8 PBm#;
. x$/
# 7 Y4 BU .B x$#4/ .$ /T 0/ !@/ Y4 /H2
#B P # Y #$ ! 6 x$#4 / 0 /
: # # /-s
!6 x$/
# apt-get install sshfs shfs-utils
: 8 # /$` 0 a; #O\ .$ ."$ x$#4/ )6

# apt-get remove firefox
#H $ T $ V#u P # @ X 7 :? 8 x$#4 / P

P; "B #H B P # x$#4 / P !R
: P # P;@/] # /$`) H2 Y
# apt-get purge firefox
[]
. 6 .$ #T@! # ?/ # x$/ YF 7

Y #$ % a; !6 /$S PB OB V) @ apt-get /$ `
: /$` ) P#
# apt-get upgrade
#E B 8 \B x$/ P4 #;$ /$ ` ) PB O$

#!2 /O5 # - \! #O \ 8 \B x$/
y #- P; $ !" #T@! # 8 X PB m#?
!UB 8!@! U X P#@ X2 #!2
;#O\ 8 #O"B\ 3 "! var/cache/apt/archives/
.#O/ PBOB #"!
P B ? x$/ m?
C@! /$ ) H2
#B m . @
.P?/
: P # P;@/] # !6 /$ P#% .@/$`) H2 Y2%B@

# apt-get update && apt-get upgrade
!8O2@ 6 C@! /$) H2 @ 82"@ k# /$`

. P?/ /$) H2 u .$ #]-
[ apt-cache ]
! 2 8 /- #2 #EB 8 x$/ . C
&' 0 #O$!E7 x$/ . C !# apt /$`
: 8 #
$ apt-cache search totem
PB . C 4 ` P @l PB m#? Y /E /$ ` ) 6 7

c 8 x$/ #B 8 C@ #O PO#&B #B% C
:$ 1; #] 8 x$/ P # Y /O 5@ 4 6 7 x$#4 /
Y /O5 #B Y ) 7 #O \ 8 P T$ 14 # C
. #O\ 8 PT$ % !? x$/
!6 . #$ "$ P@ @! / #B ." $ x$#4 / . C "!
: /$`# Y @ T@ X2 x$/
$ apt-cache show totem
[]
x$#4 / . c ! R ? x$#4 / /$ ` ) /" @

!H$ % !? /- #$"$ #O !B"@ 8 /-` x$/
.7
#H$ @X2 @ apt `k@/l . x$/ Y/ !2
: !UB 8 #O5H6 @ deb. PJ x$/
/var/cache/apt/archives/
P6#$ #HB V)) -S #B x$/ .$ !@!" Y/ !"
#HB V) .$ DE Y@! 0 /; P6#$ .$ /
x$#4/ 0/ !" #O # !" #HB V)
#: 8 # /$` - a; x$#4/ 1T c$ . # #O4`
#
apt-get clean
: !UB 8
/var/cache/apt/archives/partial/
!UB ) 8 # \8 0 PB%$ /Z deb. #H$ !U
#mX\ 2@XE @ B #2u" l#;$ x$#4/ 1T !2

P T$ Y@! x$/ : B\ ! S$ 12 ! UB ) 8
. !UB ) #@$ )6 Y2%B #&$ \! %& B"
***
[]

***
] [ ifconfig
ifconfig
) ` !E @ /$ "/ #$ "B #? #] P; "B &8 P%
"!@ 8 ! &. Y@! P%
\#O @#

"/ #?#] P# & P% \B #O\ 8 J . /52
B" #O4 7!E ` /$ : 8 #
$ ifconfig -a
) `/"@ /$ .$ /T% #$"B !HB #?#] . &P%

4 T$ #7 "2 P?#] 8m#@XH 2 8@s
/Z # .$ /T% #$"B !HB .
: Linux ath
eth wlan eth
lo loopback IP
127.0.0.1 localhost .

"/ ]#?# & P% a; B" 8a; P2"$ P%& P$
-` /$ #B ! ]# %& # : 8 #
$ ifconfig
ip
]2 / J : &/ H2 P% 2 / J !@ / Y4 IP

eth0 "2 192.168.0.125 0` /$ : 8 #
# ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.125
][

!m # :Q aE B \ " ] P? # & a; P% P # /
#B 8 & P% #O PO\$ 14# 7 67 . Y
@; k 7 14# & P $ P%] hub P ; k )H4 Y
` /$ : 8 #
# ifconfig eth0 promisc
#J R " 8 B :Q )H4 aEB` /$ : 8 #

# ifconfig eth0 -promisc
MAC
# !E @ #$ ) ` 2 c @X /$ P? #] MAC &P%
#H ; /HBX$ " ? .$ PQ P$!- 14/4R
; k )H4 Y` /$ : 8 #
# ifconfig eth0 hw ether 00:14:CC:00:1A:00
2 : MAC !EB 8` /$ 2 k# 3 /Z

#&$ .$ Y @ !? #B $!E .

s "! 16! R P#2B & 8; P%
; P?#] "H & B" P% /$`# Y : 8 #
# ifconfig eth0 up

@ P? #] ]" Y2 %B & . P% " ` B 0# k@ /l .` /$
: 8 #
# ifconfig eth0 down
***
][
] [ iwconfig
iwconfig
@!E ) `/" /$ #$"$ #?#] P;"$ & P% P%
"!@ 8 ! ifconfig /$`# #O )B #;#

@#
@ "/ #$ "$ #? #] P # & P% / :] @ 7 .% P #
#$"B #?#] # P;"B P% ) .$ ! 7!E
`. iwconfig /$
$ iwconfig

.$`$ #OQ/"@ 8) ` /$ & essid P%4 &P%
802.11g 802.11b/Z .$ #`$ #OBOH@ 8
8 ."]B &#% . P%

.$ /" B ]#? # & P% ! 8 B " P% #Q
:#O2$
!$( #7# P?#] 3B@ :Q #%& # .
) : Managed
#;4 k@/l ) (Access point :Q/R. 8Q
3B @ :) # # :Q 7 #BO " :$ .@/ B
Ad-Hoc
P];4 @ #B4 #OU@. /F#$ %& .
#%
8 :) P? #] B " :Q & P% P%P] ;2
Master
). (Access point
8 : Repeater) :Q ] P? #/% B #F ;
@ / ] P% 7 P?#/- .
#2 ! #Q /- .%) V #O B` 3B @ iwconfig /$
& J ] 8 P? # !6) V` #Q / H2 J& !@ / Y4
] 8 P?# Ad-Hoc :Q "H Y!E ` /$ : 8 #
# iwconfig ath0 mode ad-hoc

P%7 P%F % ) (essid # P%& # ! 7 P%
B
:] 6 /"$ .$ #O # & P% 7 P%
Y linuxNET#- ` %& # /$ : 8 #
# iwconfig ath0 essid linuxNET
][

% #B & P% /B #7 /H&$ #O # .$ !7 #O
X@! #HB 0#2B &/H2 P% !@/ Y4
#7 &/H&$ P% & WEP /H "H Y#2 .;@/l#$
X@! #HB /& 1 k2 # D4 k2 #
/& 1 # % %& # : 8 #
# iwconfig ath0 enc 646c64586278742a6229742f4c
#$ !@/ 12#- #HB ]# D4 P;@/ %& # 8 #

:
# iwconfig ath0 enc s:dldXbxt*b)t/L
67 4 ? :s :Q #HB .

! /J #- & P% /J Y2%B@ P%#
8 #O /$ !6 /J !@/ 12 & essid P%?
#H$ &!2 /H " Y2%B@ # /$S Y %& # !6 : 8 #
646c64586278742a6229742f4c
# iwconfig ath0 essid linuxNET enc

s "! ? B" 1B! R P#2B & 8; P%
; P?#] a&2 & B" P% /$`# Y : 8 #
# iwconfig eth0 up

@ P?#] ]" Y2%B & . P% "` B 0# k@/l .`/$
: 8 #
# iwconfig eth0 down
***
][
[ ping ]
ping
$ B"@ /B% ! 6 .$ !S 8 /$` ! ) #@
. P%& #] @; P%& #
: 8 # /$`! E\ U :?$ /$` ) 0@/U TB
$ ping www.google.com
6 # 61 " ICMP # l # . c? @ . /$ ` ) 6 7

#O # /B # ] ! @! ! :$ /$ ` .% B@ Ctrl+C
!E # /$ ` c? @ u .$ a; # l P B- #4 TB
: /$`
$ ping -c 5 www.google.com
***
[ traceroute ]
traceroute
#OU 6 #O\ .$ # / :@ /$`@; )
. P$/ #O /$ 8 ( routers) #O\B :B\
# /-
."$ :?B .$ Y"2B P%&$ : 8 !H$
:?$ Y #] ! 1567 TB P%&
\$ .$ /O5 k# /$`! E! 2" www.google.com
: 8 # /$`# Y P%&B .B%
$ traceroute www.google.com
XH; XH? 30 ! $ /$` ) 8 XH; ! 67

.$ /T V#- /B :?B . Y2 # #O\B 8
.uu . "!#@X .uT "! #$ /E@ . \$ .uu
: 8 # /$`! E
$ traceroute m 40 www.google.com
***
[]
[ host ]
host
<% " ." $ :? $ 2 " k "B IP 2 /O 5@ /$ `)
. 8@s 2 m#] :?B 2 #O~ /$` :]@ 3
: 88 9 ip 2 /"
host www.google.com
: ip 2" :?$ 2 /"

host 72.14.203.99
***
[ dhclient ]
dhclient
// .$ /- ` P%& ! ip ? 0 ] /$ `@ ; )
. Y4
#B
#@ @!P%& ! :Q #2 Y /@ dhcp
# m#; Y C 6 #" @ 5 "$ 8 /$ ` ) #

:] 7 !? #` .$ 0 .% . #52 J& #2u
/$ ` P # #!2 Y " J& P@ !:$
# m#; # 7
: 8 # %& # Y ! R
#
dhclient eth0
#O /B P%& P? #] #2"Q /$ ` "! 4 6 7

. eth0 k# #TB 8 8 P%& #
: # /$` B" P%& .$ /E ip ? /@/
# dhclient -r eth0
***
[]
] [ ifup
ifup
@; ) ` a&2 /$#7 & P% 8 ? :!E 14
) `l /$ ? 1 &"! !2" / & J @ 0#
!2 P? #] % &P%
) H2) ` # m#; /$
.$ 0 .%`# # #B
@ )H2) `#m#; /$
) H2 Y Y #$ P #
) H2) ` !@ /$@#
P?#] # & P% /B a&2: #O #
`# $ /$
ifup eth0
67 ) ` !"@ . /$ #\/E$ \/ `$ /@ #$

/ . #\/E$ !6 P #6 8 7 #]- .
P?#] a&2 & k@/l . P% !6ìfconfig .@/$
@ Y2%B@#
iwconfig #B . #BOB? 8
***
] [ ifdown
ifdown
@ !E ) ` P? #] ]" /$ & P%@; . #O # " B
!E @ #$ ) ` !@ / #$!2 /$ "!@ 8 !
# #Z
] P? # &; ifconfig &'! % ) H2) ` /$ u .$
; 8 @!" # ! #O; u .$ ifup /$`# #O]&2
@ )H2) ` %& # /$ : 8 #
# ifdown eth0
67 ) ` !"@ 7 /$ #\/E$ ) #U4 `/$

! #]- ~/O #]- 2"B Y 4#2 < ":-
.
"] ] P?# & k@/l . P% !6ìfconfig .@/$
@ Y2%B@#
iwconfig #B . #BOB? 8
***
][
[ route ]
route
/$` ) OH \ "!@ \! /" /$`! ) E@
/ \ Pl# % \ 7 \ O .$ ! 7
XO \`! 6 S #$!2 " 3 ## B #O \ .$ #
#O\ /"@ c ftp k@/l . PB Y%F 8 \B
< PB P%& 8 #7 /B 8@s ?
#@ # 14/4R /"$ 3H #$!2
#@ 14/4R P%F
/ / \ #O\ /"@ c www.ubuntu.com 9
PB P%& < 14/4R u .$ router \B
\ \! B @
< \!2 4 U
. $` V) T$ : ) @;

! /$ ` P # a; Y #O \ 8 \ \! /"
: 8 # %& # P#Q #$ route
: 8 # .$ P@/? % #B #\/E$ /O5

Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway
Genmask
Flags Metric
Use Iface
192.168.0.0 *
255.255.255.0 U
0
0 eth0
default
192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0
UG
0
0 eth0
Ref
0
0
#B # ip ? P4#;$ @ #O\ .$ P$ /E #$!2

B \ \! .$ Destination B " 8 \$
! @! Destination B " :$ 02 \
# 2\ B "@ Genmask
3 P$/ V#U P/"B V#- 0U@ ip X\ .$ X\
.
ping
192.168.0.124 /$`) H4 Y4 /H2 #TB
.$ /-` XU # #B7 a; #2 #4/E@ Genmask B"
124. ?/ /- 2 "B /H # T$ )2 "
3 ##B P$/ \ OB 192.168.0.124 2"
192.168.0.1 .$ .@#2" ! 6S k "P$
.@B " :$ k#] #O 4` P; @/] < H2 $#"
192.168.0.255
[]
P 2U$ P B P%& #O O\ @ Destination Genmask

P4 #- 8 * PB U2 :Q ) @ O ( router ) \ B
\ P\ #6 7 4 2 "B 192.168.0.0 2 " 04 #U gateway
. P$ #O4` Gateway PQ/7 P P$/
/
#m#; #OO\ @ PB P%& 8B2 7 /- P$
2" 8 \$ V #TB 8 ( ) router ) \B
8 ( Gateway ) PQ /7 P B :3 192.168.0.1
82 "@ )#H ! U Genmask B " 1 c < H 4
#]4 8 8 #4/ #B 8 PB P%& 8B2@ 7 ip 2
/ # 0U @ 192.168.0.255 192.168.0.1 .$ .@#2 "
) PQ /7 # " 2 ) 192.168.0.1 2 "
. /- P%F 14/4R V/@/B ( Gateway
Flags B " \! \ 8
# @ ! HB #F ` .$
8 /6 /6 ` /OF .$ \ P #6 3Q /6 !U 8
4 82"@ G /6 a&4 \ 82"@ U / [U , G]
. Gateway PQ/7 P! E 0U@

Y"2B@ !? S]- ! \ ` U Y@!" !2 )0U@
P%& # @ #O \ / H2 P%F .$
\ ! U / !2 14/47# #7 Y2%B@ 7 .% PB
Y #!2 14/4R / \ c !\@ 7 4 1H&
: 8 # /$`#
#@ @!-!B V) P#Q
# route add -net default gw 192.168.0.1 dev eth0
8 PQ/7 P ip ? 06 ? Y@! /$` cE@ !?

. Y@! P%& P?#] Y%F
82 "@ net- # E !@ !\ \ P#Q 82 "@ add # E
PO\ #2 #6 8 P%F
#B !@! U \
/B PQ /7 # " 2 !gw #$ PQ /7
dev
/ - 192.168.0.1 8 #2 #6 8 # / / \
. eth0 8) \ O #O$!E /B P%& P?#] !
= P?#] Y@! !\@ eth0 P%& P?#] P#QR# 4 /H2
P%& P? #] V) .$ !@ / ath0 # /- P% 7
P? #] V) .$ !@ / 7 10.1.xx.xx .@#2 " ! E P $
: /& V) :$ k#] -!$ P#QR
#m#O4 14/4R#
# route add -net 10.1.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 dev
ath0
!add 7!$ /$`< H4 P# Y a; \ V) P R

: 8 # %& # del
# route del -net 10.1.0.0 netmask 255.255.0.0 dev
[]
eth0
] [ ssh
ssh
@ 3B) ` # /$ #$S !" /B% !" . %
) ` / "@ /$ !@ C 6 telnet /$ .$ s#
# 3B @ telnet ! " / B% 8 P%& $ .$ 84#" @ .%
` : B\ /@ C 6 .$ #$ "B . #O #B .@/ B%
!EB PB /B ! &` 3B@ #B$ /H 12@ DEF
/ P/"$ .$ P# #$"B PBOB /]E .
" \ #B $ ] B@] @ . ssh x$#4 / @ ; ; @ #$ %
telnet /T@ ; & /H P # #4 # #B .
#OU@. .
/H2 !@/ Y4#7 .$/B BB ) @2 B
( ip ( 192.168.1.115 /B 8%B ) @2 B
( ip ( 192.168.1.125 !EB /B 8%B
% salem /$#7 P;@/] # : P #
$ ssh salem@192.168.1.125
ip ) ( majed.webname.com
"! /$ Y #- V"! @ #7 PB% Y #]$

/B "! #O#? Y2%B@ #O#- /$<U Y4S
#$ Y . /B%
/H2 ! !" /B% Y4 /$ "U@ #B$#- PB
/B /$ B $ /$ m# #B #% $ ` ssh /$
#B -! # /B% "! P# PB /B
U "4 Y .%\/ 6 ? .]- Y: 8
Y#&4 #H$ #- #H$ # @ k@/l . Y`: /$
$ ssh-keygen -t dsa
" Y S`#%$ T$ Pw H6 3#HB? \ :B #E

/7 PQ #H$ aJ # Y enter #- 8F .
"! Y ## #HB "# /B% "! k@/l .
` /$ : 8 #
$ ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub salem@192.168.1.125
/B% "! Y]@ .

s Y !- #;# 1B" #B
/$ PB %& # . : 8 #
$ ssh salem@192.168.1.125
][
# #B ) V ] P2 $ P; @/ U )V
] P; @/ P; @/l #O H4 8 - /$ PB % # HB # #E
\ B / B% / "@ 8 B /B PB % /B
]# DEF / B% 8 B ]#
/ B% " ! :] @ . 2 % / B%
"! .$ . /- /B
***
] [ sftp
sftp
@" B) ` ;2 /$ #HB .#$S .@/B @"/
!@ ; @ C 6 ftp /$ .$ s ` /H& sftp /$ #4 #
#B . #OU@ . k@/l . Y` ssh /$ ) Y /B

@ Y2%B@#
"! ] : k@/l .` ssh /$
k@/l .` sftp /$ / P\# 0 / x$. P#Q
ip
/H2 !@/ Y4#7 B@ /B%? 192.168.1.125
!E$ a; saleh 0` %& # /$ : 8 #
$ sftp saleh@192.168.1.125
: ssh
.
` Y
!E 12 `%@ . ftp /$ `#" sftp /$
Y` /$` /T!E: #$
`#@/; #OH4 /$
:
cd
: exit
: get
: help
: lcd
: lls
:
ls
: put
:
rm
/J . !UB
Z #7 .
c$ o4 /B% . 8B
! #B .
/J 8 !UB /B% . 8B
/ #HB !UB 8 /B% . 8B
/ #HB !UB 8 /B% "! .
c$ o4 /B% "! .
)6 .$ c$ /B% "! .
***
][
[ scp ]
scp
/ "@ P2 $ P; @/] .@/ B . #H B /$ ` ) o 2@
. U"$ % #$!2 c$ o2
#4#6! H$ /$`)
P%& /- / B 8 B / B .$ c $ o 2
: P # P;@/] # /$` 0%@
$ scp ~/bin/backup.sh majed@192.168.1.125:/home/majed/bin
8 B / B% .$ backup.sh c B ; 4 V /$ ` 8

2"
/
- /
B

!
UB
192.168.1.125
home/majed/bin/
!E a; Y" jpeg #H$ #H$ !o2
: 8 # %& # wildcard
$ scp *.jpg majed@192.168.1.125:/home/majed/album_covers
/- s V#U 7 .$ #H $ !c $ o 4 !@ / Y4 s / H2
/ B% " ! / B% .$ c $ o 4 !@ / Y4 2 "B
: 8 # %& # P;@/] 8B
$ scp abdullah@192.168.1.126:/home/abdullah/pictures/abdullah* ~/pix/abdullah
ssh scp :
. ssh
***
[]
[ rsync ]
rsync
!$ #O$!E @ !? 8 /$ `:H 4 .$ /$ `)
!HB #$!E7 .$ !@!" <2 #54 PB54`
P B ? S 8l# 67 o 2 8 #$!E :H 4 .$ !6 .%
# $@ 8l# 6 o 4 P B" ;Y4 / H2 #4 # ; 4

2
;4 Y
%
rsync !
1
@##U\ 2 / U #
HB
; 4 # . rsync /$ ` :$ .%
# $@ 1@ ##U\
. /J #O 6 8 #4#
# ) 8B /B% 8 V)H2 @ /$! U V#4

documents !
UB 8l#
6 o
4 /
\
source-pc
/$ ` # - 0%2 #2 4 6 7 backup-pc /4 ! &- / B
u .$ 82 "@ #$ # - O H /$ P @] P; @/] #
:
#- /T /- /] %2
$ rsync --verbose --progress --stats --recursive --times --perms --links compress
--rsh=ssh --delete /home/abd/documents/ majed@backup-pc:/media/backup/documents
: P # P;@/] # /$` P# .%B@

$ rsync -v --progress --stats -r -t -p -l -z -e ssh --delete /home/abd/documents/
majed@backup-pc:/media/backup/documents
: 8 # %& # #O"BU Y2%B@ #E k@/H .$ 7!

$ rsync -vrtplze ssh --progress --stats --delete /home/abd/documents/ majed@backuppc:/media/backup/documents
: 1! rsync /$` ; V ! E /$ `.$ S

.
#l#6 #OE4 /B #HB $#% PBm#? #&4 -
!UB 8 \$ !" !O ! UB 8 #H$ ) 6 -
. !B
. a; /J #O 6 8 #HB ; 2 @!u -
[]
; ` /" /$ .$ P 6/$ % DE $ /B 6 T /" u

P B% DE $ #4 # P /B P B #4 # #; B .$
" PB/Z. #
s /$ /5 24 #2#- &8 .$ ! H @ P` /$
@#O4 ;! !@ O P$OH$ #O4 #- u rsync /$`# u
! UB ! B ) !@ / /home/abd/documents/ 2 $ o 2
) / B% u source-pc 8 B ! UB !O
) !@ / o 2 media/backup/documents/ )
/B% "! backup-pc
: /documents

.
E# ) -v ( --verbose E# ) " ( --progress/

#$ "$ ] - .$ B @ #$ % P H \/ #2 u
) H2` /$ )H 2 12` k@ /l . P P; @/] rsync /$
!$ 1/% ? ."$ 1 !E7 8 )@ . #E@. .
#E )/"@ ( --stats #$"$ ! . #HB #O;4 8
PB #4# P#QR# #O;4 8 #$"$ /- !H$
.
( @ /E`S rsync /$ @;
--recursive r
#E )
#@$ o2 !UB !UB . P /H
( @ /E` rsync /$ @ o2 cB
--time t
#E )
P#Q R# #@ 8 3B @ #B $ @!" o /B ;# P$
" PB o2 V/J #$ P/"B 8l#67V/J @ #$
@ ;2 # /J #$@ E 7 ` ;2 /$ $# #HB
) V!@/4 7 #$ Y 2 7 :) #E 8 /$
)H2`. /$
#E ) --perms ;@ ( p !@#6 C .$!EB
cB#2u E4 PB "U Y o2?; P. &T
( @; # #&4 #H$ #-7
#E ) --link l
8 soft link !UB !O ! ;4 .$ 7 cB`. 8
( @; aJ #HB gzip /$`#
#E ) --compress z
#2u ;@ #B$ #O;4 PB #4# - P ;2B &. P%
#E ) --rsh=ssh /E@ ( e ssh`S /$ @/B #4#
#2 u / #O ;4` /H& ssh /$ # u .$ @# ` #$
#2u . ;2
][

2 1@ /! % PE26 7#$ #B P; #]$ Pl#
PE2` !2 Y #!E #E --delete) #E
@; ) #H$ \$ 8 !UB !O "! \$ 8
!UB !B . #B Y ] k# # . . .E2
: --delete
) ( --dry-run or n[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [
.
.$ "# ! U #O$!E @ 8 / T% :$) ` /$

P B P B o 2 k@ /l . 8l# 67` ; cron /$ "P B
o 2 8 8 %& 8l# 67 ?! $ 1 ! Y2 $ - " H
Y : ]E : P #
? :Q .$` /$ P$!EB 06 E :$ VY\#6
14 c$ - backup.sh T$ B u .$ ] P6
/J :$ )H2 !EB #B6 majed \$ !@: Y
$ chmod 744 /home/majed/bin/backup.sh
u 8 cronfile # c$ S&4 #%$ !; 8 P2 # ) V!@/

8 HQ ( bin/~ !UB cQ ] .@/ : P #
# backup documents every morning at 3:05 am
05 03 * * * /home/majed/bin/backup.sh
] /` "/&@ k /J .$ o2? ] / 84#T
@ /E`S cron /$ @ )H2 home/majed/bin/backup.sh/ cB
.
@#$
#B 8 " 3:05 P #
s Q c PBOB ?#O$ PBm# k@/l . cron`/$
: 8 #
$ crontab /home/majed/bin/cronfile
s < Y ; S& k \/ o 2Y a; 8l# 67

S! .$ - B"@ /B% /H !B /\R o2
7 @ c o2 . H;$ /B%
***
][
[ wget ]
wget
;!$ 2 % #H $ @ X2 x$#4 / Pl# % / "@ /$ `)
X/2 #2 2% cm#~ .$ !@ !" # @ ;P@ #J
cB a/
# $ /$` P# V a 8 #$!E
: 8 # %& # @X2 /B
$ wget http://www.islamway.com/quran/01.mp3

/ T% !; @ X2 # B /\ :] @ /$ ` ) .%
@ :? $ !\ 14 /4R 8 YT - .$ 4 / H2
1 !U$ 8 \$ 8 mp3 P #H B .$ / T%
: 1 %& # :?B 8m/ ! UB
http://www.website.com/sound/first/01.mp3
. . .
http://www.website.com/sound/second/01.mp3
. . .
http://www.website.com/sound/third/01.mp3
. . .
!U$ 8m/ :?B ! U V a/ 6
1 ( . . . first, second, third ) !U$ !sound
1 #6 !@!P #H$ !\@ !UB V) .$ !6
@l 1?) -S PB$ PB" % !6 !6@ X2
% #B 3HB k@/l . 14#

#OUB # ! @;6 /$S Y@ #$ .% #O PB" 8J
: m#- !4 u /$` :2 #H % Y2 $#
$ wget -r -l2 -np -w 5 -A.mp3 -R.html,.gif,.jpg http://www.website.com/sound/
[]
/B /$ ` wget @ !P /"$ @#O4 /$ ` P@ !

2 $ #H B @ X2 /B 14 /4R 2 @#O4 V) H2
: H .$ 8& #)-S2 @X2 #- #BO2
V#U wget /$`( @\
--recursive -r
) #E
. #H$ .$ #O #$ @X2 P /H ! UB
kB !B wget /$` /E@ ( -level=[2] -r
l2
) #E
level 82 "@ l / #O V#U 7 /B P /H ! UB
a; .6/B kB " % @ @! /4 #2 4 82 "@ 2 ? P 6/B
/- TB . /- P / !U$ `X2 . c?@ #"!
)sound ! UB @ "! . 4 ` 8F @ X2 @ . l1
#HB #O !U$ @#B4 #H$ @ 7 !UB
. @X2 !@/4 #$ 8
@X2 PB :@/ !\ (
-no-parent -np
) #E
/- sound ! UB 7 \ /$ ` ; # E ! )
B first ! UB X2 u #O @X2 #H $ . C
# C sound cB "u .$ #H$ .$ #$
#$ @ X2 second ! UB U @ u @ X2 # #H $
sound ! ` UB " u .$ #H $ .$
)% third ! UB U @ u - !#H $ . C
8 #H$ . C@ /$ 8 #4 ! # #4 ! # /$`@;
# - 6 . 4 1? ) - S@ YF Y 8 m/ ! UB
#H $ < sound 8 m/ ! UB /" 4 #2 4
: 4 !O ) :2 B . 1? ! O 4 #B @ X2 #
` ! UB " .$ /$ ` :2 B@ C 6 -np # E
6 )% /- 8 / ! U$ V#U 7 8 / ! U$ .$ /E
.#O #HB @ X2
# .$ !E@ .% /Q < ( -wait=[5] -w 5 ) #E
. - 14 V !1? " /52@ /$`" U@ O a; c]
1? #E aJ c HE Y /- ` @ X2 P B
! m :Q Y " km#?! # "\ 7 84T # % @
. #@ d # # h ? /
!@/ Y4S wget /$` /E@ ( -accept.mp3 -A.mp3 ) #E
/- #H $ @ X2 !@ / 7 a; mp3 4 .$ #H B @ X2
Y " /- #H $ 4 @ X2 !@ / Y4 #2Q /
. ( -A.mp3,.wma) T$ P#H #O;6
@X2 !/ wget /$` /E (
reject -R ) #E
html, 4 .$ #HB V /$` 8 P2"$ #H$ 4
#B P#H #O k@/l . k6 P#Q Y2%B@ gif,
jpg
./$` 8
[]
#` .$ 0 `#O #B ? 1H? @X2 PB /H2

-- -c #E # :$ /$`) H2 # Y #!2
. V!2 c? )#%B < H4 .$ !#!2 continue
: 1 dog /- /$S .% V /$`< H4 )H2 Y2%B@
$ dog --links http://www.site.com/sound/ | grep mp3 > mp3 ; wget -i mp3
:
2% - #HB #@$ /" @;- cat /$ #&$ dog /$`
# --links # E # ! 2 /$ `) O /T ] $
\B #H B a : B\ E # /$ ` @ ; :? $ 2 "
) grep /$ ` dog /$ ` #\ /E$ /B 4 u :? B 8
mp3 # c $ 8 a/ H 4 u .$ mp3 7 a
cB # " 4 -i # E " $ k /4 wget /$ `) H 24 Y "!
cB 8 #O]\ B #HB P#@ X2 ;C6 mp3
. mp3
:
mp3.

@X2 .$ Y2%B
#@ /$`) O P"m/ #$!E7 .$
1 U Y4 /H2 #O\ :?B .$ X\ $#% # :?$
? 1 6 /http://www.linuxjournal.com 9
a/ 7#;B
)YU http://www.linuxjournal.com/articles/index.html
u .$@ X2 /$ :2 #O\ @ X2 ;
: #- /&2
$ wget -E -r -k -p -w 5 -np http://www.linuxjournal.com/articles/index.htm
: 8 # %& # #E :BU Y2%B@

$ wget -Erkp -w 5 -np http://www.linuxjournal.com/articles/index.htm
/;H .$ #O6/F ( -np) ( -w 5) ( -r) #E

. !@!U #E /54 8;4 #2 .% P;#
" PB5 !m# (
--html-extension -E
) #E
#/Z .asp .cfm .php #O #H k6 % :?B
#E ) PBO$ http #- \7 B" 7 8 k6 .$
.htm .html k6 V) @
[]
8 a/ ( @ ; "!@ --convert-links -k ) # E

- .$ 8$ %& B" C BB :?B #H . a/
PE 2 YO \ #" a aJ # 1B ? #B 7 / B
PE 2 < 8 ` :? B 14 /4R \ B PH
. #HB P2 # 8& < H4 - #O\ \B
BB :?B k2 "U@ ( --page-requisites -p ) #E
1 14 /4R #H 0 ZS 0@ :? B k 2 <H 4
[CSS] #B4` #H T$ PHE$ k2 #H$ #/O5$ k2
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[]

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