300 / Chemistry-12 Unit-15 BIO-MOLECULES Aims In this study we will leam - Carbohydrate and protein = Amino acid - Enzyme - Vitamin - Nucleic acid Introduction All living bodies are composed of several nonliving (lifeless) substance which ate present in their cell in a very complex but highly organised form. These are called biomolecules. Thus, biomolecules are the complex lifeless organic substance which build up living organism and are required for their growth and maintenance. These from the basis of life, Some common example are Carbohydrates, Proteins, Enzymes, nucleic acids, lipids, amino acid, fats etc. The branch of science which deals with the study of bio molecules and their role in living systems is called biochemistry. 15.0 Bio molecules are related to living organ- ism in the following sequences, Living organism —> organs — tissues > cell + organelles —> Biomolecules Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are a class of naturally or- ganic compounds. They provides us other basic necessities of life. Such as power or energy the main Carbohydrates include glucose fructose, cellulose, sucrose, starch etc, Carbohydrates are formed by Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen is 2:1 that is similar to water in another words they are known as hydrates of Carbon and there molecular for- mula Cx (HO)y example Glucose (C,H,,0,), Fructose (C,H,,0,), Sucrose (C,,H,,0,,), Starch (CHO). The above definition could not hold good by source other Carbohydrate such as Rhamnose(C,H,,0,), deoxyribose (C,H,,0,) There ate many other compound also found which do not behave like carbohydrate but have the formula of Cx(H,O)y for example - Formaldehyde (CH,O), acetic acid CH,COOH ot C,H,O,, lactic acid CH,CHOHCOOH ot C,H,O, on the basis of above fact the defination of Carbohydrate is corrected. According to the Modern defination of Carbohydrate is "Optically active polyhydroxy aldehyde ot polyhydroxy ketones or compound which give such compound on hydrolysis.” Nomenclature Carbohydrate contain aldehyde group they are named as aldoses and if they have ketonic group, they ate commonly called group ketoses. The number carbon atom in carbohydrate is represented by Greek prefix. for example the carbohydrate four carbon atom Tetrose, Five carbon atom Pentose and six carbon atom carbohydrate is known as Hexose. Classification Carbohydrate in general, may be classified into two classes. (1) Sugar (2) (1) Sugar - These are crystalline sub- stance which are sweet and soluble in water and have definite molecular masses. On hydrolysis they give simple sugar molecules on the basis of these sugar molecules they are classified into two classes. Non Sugar (a) Monsaccharides - These are the simplest carbohydrate, which cannot be hydrolysed into simple compound. They are commonly contain 4-6 carbon atom. The commonly known Monsaccharide are Glucose and Fructose (b) Oligosaccharide -These are the carbohydrate which give monosaccharide molecules on hydrolysis. These are further classified depending upon the number two to ten