to identify products and materials. Those products and materials contain special information about, for example, what should happen with them. This means that they can communicate with production or material flow systems and tell them what the next step in the manufacturing process should be. The technology thus removes any need for human involvement. Cyber-physical systems are when the mechanical and electrical systems (e.g. sens ors and communication tools) embedded in products and materials are networked us ing software components. The result is a complete merging of the virtual and physical worlds.