CHAPTER — 2 cow CEPT Basle PER UIT srs TEMSSINGLE ~LINE DIA GRAM = PURPOSE: The pur pose Y The single Loe eagram & & supply the signipieant inpormeahow abmt he syshn in boncise rr NOTE: The amount y cnpormah on crelnetet ov the aagram depenals ore he purpose fer which & ctagram 4S Intervetet EXAMPCE ? i The locator oF ekt brevker ant relay “Ss not smportant tor Lond FL00S STUDY. HEwEVER , this os vere much regen ar TRANSIENT erpaientr Sey Ruces FOR NsTRUCTING THE DIAGRAM? D Neutral is omitet 9 The Camponent parts are representa y shanslared mbols w) Ckr paramekrs are not shown y Trangmiesion Ane rs represenkt a a single ine berseen Here S143 ANGI é American Nahonral Standart Insh'Ate <) ane pare Clnstitck Y Electrica) ant Electronie Pop'n pu WS het & polnny Bnbels . _ ha O = i goes Methine ac Rokeicw ax =F * The exineling transformer = Thre tf fe erinveliing Aransfermesae —_—pe—— 7 Carrené Gans former 2D comets Power corevel breaker Te hee erent brerker a = 3h, 2-rre af 5 Bh, age Esnnecte d ,ne lel a connector tral UNgrne Ty v 3 , ge tenneckel, neutel aa —3 x BE--= Pokomel trans former voltmeker -@—. -D— bnmeby and rounds newkal Krough 7: = 34h aye ZY ” wounelet neutkal throng) y 2 ask -oye a rene tance wih greunctet neute/ = Bp wye : baron: allel resmant cht (GRD . ae NEUTRAENSERD PROBLEM : rm consishry $F xoro Praw a single Line hiagram a fenerators, one mesinstee gogh Mis M amet one Brengh on ASO Gite: cotraalel B aded one Heme Shp ap tomyfm~ = cee trans missron Bone , tothe, generate, grounded theong! i aa , is Connect! G4 bus ant thregs «skp Uf pransfermer oar noe end of Me dransmession Line. A level &S Gnnectel ©Bus @ ty, oe a % a” LOAD Seluwev IMPEDANCE DIAGRAM Impectance diag™™ = Ry phase ——— okt ce USE: To evaluat ite perpermance + tem ander lowel Carvolihions or UPm © ceurrence tte Ut hervolihions t NoTE : Impeatance okagram Current Lin impedanct © No current Hors un the g balancete “Corvd bi me © Nextkals he generators a 7 = nextel y it gehen. to atoes not inchde The is Because rounel uneler re at be poknhe oe eee eee ee + Teamapermer — Treasmitsin prem -B ey :REACTANCE PAGES @® USE: FaueT Calculator ovly Wer per Load Fiew Stralies ConstRuc TION PRINCIPLE. OMIT o All stake Loacs © A yesistances ° Magneh'ging branch fb trangzermer © Gpacitance 4 trans mission hoe LEncluele e Sor ence mote Inet (Qeneraka emp @ontibuk 6 he short cht current) 0 Tveluctor mote uf (4) Eurrent ealenlaben etceiiy Me for gees afr curren? (Y de nor crook of Sait cakulation ely 7 4 fart! ( Current contribuka br caduchior mote oles 4 Ike ivetuchon moter is ckka) NeuTRAt LinePER UNIT QUANTITIES PER ONIT QUANTITIES. Actual PER NIT T = *, nee Vase nanky deer AT Taek OF auy Quanity 16 pericks ae THe RAarIC oF THAT ASE VALVE EXPREESED AS 4 DECIMAL ADVANTAGES ° Manufackrer usually specify he impedance g- fe apparatus in per unt CRU) & Uuank © RY value yepresentahiov Yeseu/ts iv mom Meares ft and easly G@rre/akd elata oS 2201 PY, > 1 voltage aleop for Taked Conatitny © There will be less Chance FD mix up betieer Phase and Line ve leges, Single prose Onael ap eS Owd in case ¥ trangyrrmer , sehreen ‘Bitten’ anol $e conelary pretties Transiormer Cmnechon in 34 ¢ké @ oy) cloes not ct fhe pen PU pruory alhoyh the Selechomybases 75 afhickel , oe resistance + a me fs SBR. heb cloes cb Communicate ? Heucver, ve armakire resistance fs ol PU, ths s “P raks current i's passed th voltage 3 alrop across tte impaclance is % of Hx rake mye voldtaye, #0 The Py impedance Y mec of Ma same an daiolely hifferent vabicg UStally hee btthin & narrow range alkevgs he ohmic Values tiffer lat Lorgely . For Ris reason when tt. impectance 1S not known sefiackely ?# is’ generally possible % select fabulafed avg. hues ¢ PU Tmpeddince hoch anf reatorably cwpre Grrecé:© Both RY arch per cert metheats Caleulah'm are simpler than fhe actra/ amy. Foon weer oy ADVANTAGE oF RU OVER PERCENT VALUE 2 Product of Tao Re frawhes fs agen hu, But product op Tire PER CENT Frsnwnes as ler Per cené . EKAMPLE? Beka] FUSWY = 100 v, 1004 Base Frarwy = z00u, 2004- PU voltage s 12 . 9: wr voltage s LE os + PF PV current, 1 3 <9 7 12 PY Voir Amps -Sx.520°25 OUT 7 voer anes SDxSO taser % NOT CORRE? CORRECTED OE - 2506 _ af (PReever oF 749 area ke FART: tor ECS MOST BE Diviner By 100 70 oBTAIN THE RESULT ™ PERM SELECTION OF BASE VOLTAGE, CURRENT, VA AND IMPEDANCE ARE INTER-RELATED «£0. ThE _SEEECTIOW oe AES UALUES OF ay Tie DETERMINES THE BASE VALUES FoR THE REMAINING Tio VSUAL SELECTION OF BASE MuA/KVA, kv GAsE curren7 Cams) 2 BASE KYA, BASE VOLTAGE KY, ,, Base EMPE DANCE gn) - BASE VOLTAGE Uy BASE cuRRéw7r, A Vv, fens fro BASE veLTAGe Ken KbASE Ry ~ "Tl fevo\ * ee 3 iB (KVM 6) KYy if 3 = (BASE veLTAGE KVzy) */8 BASE KVA ryBase supernuce QE rerrase jrovetr son KY aS KVA WT SIDE > yuye ver = 0°44 KY asks ret WwW) Ke Base impeclane 4 erside = we = 48 " 3 Base impectance of 4-7 siete - WT RIO” _ ag. yy a as x, ; it referred B Her side - 06 x(t)" 0-96 a He Xin RYU eshen Veferet Eine = 06 gnaw he 4 BY Xin PV oshe : a referret wT = 1 souay Ru CHANGING THE BASE oF PER-UNIr QUANTITIES ne Oe eas ert Changing te value Of ae par-wnit impectance of any svebened GIVe™ ow parkeular base Z a new Ase Actual 2 Actial 2 a ee ge Gase Z (Base Ky)" X10 Base KVA = Acta! g BaseXv Base &Y”Ki0% Base kva eats ee Gase ay)” Pu2Z= 2. RU 2 ocRu 2,38 Base kVA new > Cate * neu) PU 2 given oc 8286 KYA Siem (Case KV ;cen)” FO Crew _ Base KV, CC Ki Ve —- =: fu 2 given Base KYA given lave (iV cy PE Ea 2 BY EZ, Base KVAneny ic KV given © : ve ———q—- Ky, Fen “Base KVA given Base KYnen EXAMPLE Z=02 pu Base: 13'2 KV, 30 MVA Find 2 in PU ay bases are 13°8 KY ancl SD -4V4- Sola so 13°2 r 7 a2) = 0306 FY. EXAMPLE =< &x es [312 ae ; : ; a e @*n7§- is of atiesns 2 Bon. jwatn 32 O-@) 9 y zl 4 _ rT, 6,720 NVA, 13¢ kv, x%>.2 Pu 3 / pent 10M 330 MUA, 1B KV, KID DRO > Ty? S29 ‘eu, x16) G,> 32 MYA, BOKY, nS2RO %, T, p ASMUA, 220 ¥/w64, x210/ 7 a Tg > BS MUA, 2BOX) 2zY x / Seer DRAW THE REACTANCE DIAGRAM 5 oF SY MUA, ger care!ae Ta > IRxBAS > 220g @ & (0X3 = vu 8,6 + 220Kkv 20 Mua D 22 Kv F : 1g kv ~» ¢e uw hn Ne ~ \9 » Syn : ¥PER. UNIT IMPEDANCES 9 E71 earatenaee NINDING & ae SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM Eauusncur chr ae ALD THREE WINDING TRANSFORMER A gowns TRANS Fo! 4 e3 om B-WINDING TRANSFORMER 15 USUALLY ~. SECOMDARY-¥, AND TERTIARY a (re PROIDE A PATH FORA BRD HARMONIC TO Feour) 0 Li BLINDING TRANSFORMER Att FR’ THREE wdiNDING MAY HAVE DIFFERENT KVA RATING - 0 conveRSIow To RU RE qui RES THE SAME KVA BASE FoR ALL 3- WINDINGS AND VOLTAGE BASES 4RE IN THE SAME RATIO AS THE RATED bb VOLTAGES F 3- WINdDINas- ° UsinG sTanpar? sHoRT CkT TEST MEASURE ps, Ape» ese ohere Je impeclance measured in primary anh ckkd secmadary and dehary open nee measured iv primary anh secon day per Zps = Leakey: short Zpe = Leckege ampeda reRtiaay shored and 2s¢ 2 Leakage impedance measured in Secomvedary wt fotary sharkd anol prmey openTp these impectances are referreel & ome PB annes: He Lmpeclance 4 each separate wriveling © hel game arinclig - 257 pres 0 where tps trp of Primacy envonh'y au alle 2p 1» Secreta pe 7 epee ape Terkay 254 2 2 42,-0) Subdueh'rg @) Fran 25-2, = 2p - Se 2G i : “= - ) fora) 2p 5 = 2p - ase - (9 Suter hey 2p - 2, 2 Zps- Pee ot AAD We® % = 2p - 2ps + 2st --© Subvshbhrg (6) in (2) 2pe = 2p 42 -2ps + 2st 2p a4 C2pst te 7 25¢) Similarly 26s + C2pst eee - Ze) 2, = ¢ C2se +2 - eps) @CHAPPER, 6 CURRENT Aud VOLTARE RELATIONS ON A TRANSMISSION LINEREPRESEN TATION OF 4¢NES DEPENDING ON THE MAMDLNG OF CAPACITANCE THE TRANSMISSION LINE is enasFFIED as D SHORT Li 4 BO KM 0) Medium. length » 80-240 km ") Long tine > Ho km SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE Ate FouR PARAMETERS R,t,¢ and G& Ghunt conductance) ARE UNIFORMLY pi stRiBu TED ALONG THE LINE, oft © SHUNT: couducTANCE G 1S wegee OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION aie ALL And wk$ Ten FoR 26 FED © shunr CAPACITANCE 1S SM © R@L consiDeRED as zumPED Z; Z. EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SHORT LIWE 22 RIX = Rejwe *3f Seri ji y oF Creo per uncl feng tne La lengh 4 hneIg-k =22Q' Use Vp tig? eo ly b-1%,./ R, Pe where | “a,mf = Magnitede of Receiving-ena voltage af ¢ doe IQele Pine om ak Fee bad IVs] = [emul Wel = | wef PHASOR DIAGRAM OF SweRr TRANSMISSION ENE Ms 9 ae GWEN L@AD 1S oF RfzZ0 e Sar ‘) = a coan wi7n PE G499'79) S = . H Reguireet aigue® |%| = te RR in Cate of Laggir9 In (¢-f) than Lend kK wn Pf CG keep the Same Val - k] “BR * Requires lave [Ke " woe » baby Ira @ |@ %* Voltage rep in series impeelance 42 és Same in all three above Cases. HesEVER, T,2 is adeted % Ya at bifferent ange, * Valtoruge regulation (3 Nghst wih Lagrg lana a ” 1s leasd Ceven negahve) anh tgs | Reex MEDIUM - LENGTH LINE MEDICOM ~ LENGTH LINE HK APACITWE CURRENT I CASE OF gue? LINE 13 700 SHAE 6 YRIEVER CAPACITIVE CURRENT 1S MO RREIAELE (CASE OF HEWUM~cEWwTa COE © TAUGH THE CAPACITANCE 6S DISTRIBR/TED OVER TWE Cie BUT THESE MAY BE ASSUMED FO BE LUNPED AT CME oR MeRE Polnrs ao TF THE TOTAL SHUNT ADMITTANCE (S$ DIVIDED /N7O PR EQUAL PARTS PLACED AT TUE SENDING AND RECEIVING Ends THE CK? tS CALLED NOMINAL A. Ys % % Big Les In? fee +l >\pAtiea --: 42 igs (veh tle)? = tN, Te +2g2 = Velie FI +4? --@Ts = Jest Tye Ut +iherla * Ya Lew I) + he 2k hele FT t RY IE + a RITA the ae +[B +R .. Ya (int lp fe? ---@ 22 wy (rn tt) LEE oa © ; FIRM et G) see Ge) adhere w 22 es my A= t 268. D sry EL y GENERAL Ka Ay rar Ls = ch + Pl asd A,B,C,D =p GENE RAUB EP CIRCUT COS STAMTS A,d —> Br ENston LESS Bin OS CRUGLong TRANSMISSION Atne © HE PARAMETERS FoR EXACT SOLUTION OF A LONG Lsné 7 ARE CONSIDERED 70 BE DISTRIBUTED uniFeRHLy THREVGHUT THE LENGTH. Tver, 3x z Ie olx—e] & * — Laquvacenr ecReuir oF rae ciwe Consioler a Differential element PF lenght ox in He Lene gh a histance * fom the g Receiving caw. V2 Uplage per phase ob Be end f iff element ole dosards recesvirg ana Vp olv = Vo tae per phase af te envel of dx foward seneig or Tears Current enhrirg & eheneat At Zs tarrat leavicg Mm chant Series impedance of Me afement At <5 ie een avs vellage olrep across tx = Ge av. an 78 Be nnthep Shunt admittance oF au = ga oz = Differenre of carrent enkrity Me of ole anol /een'y = Current drosm of dx =" Gasngewe Differentahry a *3 Sn & ee - 93 (mbshrbchrg fom@) - CY An” oe" E 2¢% 3 eC) drhasey Fem y +a - o Solving (a) ene gh veA, of o + Ag ce © eee Dipperendiokrg Ww av ro. a5 VS -vd3 x} eS from nake W es: B oe JB * 4 3 7 oR Are see a oor fuer Aare ---@ IN EQuations (Q ave! (v1) A, anced Az ARE UNKNOWA CONSTANTS « JHE VALVES OF A, # Ax Mar BE DERRMINEC BY APPLYING RECEIVING END CulDITIONS ,FRM Fig oF Page (6) Ar RECEWING EXD X=O AND vee 2T+ig APPLYING x2e, vel, , anet FaIg in @ et Wy ane W) we deen a tm egtcatins Yo = At Ar - ++ Wa ly 2 SW [A,-ax] ~~ oy Solving (yo) anal Gm) we get a 4 m+ /VG] ef [were] oP n= le-4V4] . al -Lg 2] —= 400) ohare LMCE DANCE, a= cuarne ERIsTIC Con adAT = = Y THEN subst'dety se gg = FRaPAGArien GSO he Vahret of Ar anat 4p from (re) avt «) Equartens (v) ancl (v) can be uritien aS V2 [rm ee] OP Hie BATE ey r2i(% +50] © t Dig Me ~ i] Ow) 2© cauarions (xp anc (KW Gwe rms Values @ Vare LT at any sperped porat along th Line wr krms fix olistante L prom recesving ent & he spenped poet y % FR ant & Pavamekes & Aine eve Kann: Born ? and Ze ARE comPelr Quantities Jarl ahere Q = atknuahion cornsdané Cnepert wit ny f= phase emstant Craolians fura't tang A) In deems a Attenuator an-k Phase Constants Bin EQUATIONS (x1) am Kn) Can be writen as welete ax jh® V-sea, -2%,-JP« y= BAR o e + Be oe Gen S INCIDENT VoLTASE + REFLECTED VOLTAGE INCIDENT VOLTAGE increases in cAnele arch aalvances in phase AS K CmeasuReD FRrmA RECEIING ND . s é — He) ancrens# REFLECTEP vee TAGE oliminishes i” magnimedle and rs retarted ire phase BYA LIE @® To A PURELY REesisTIVE Lean EQUAL 7 prs SURGE IMPEDANCE ms ¥Y STL = PousER TRANEMIMED = Me paws .--4x1%) - 2 vy ee nBove ex PRESSION 1WVESA ease g QIMIT Of MAX. PactER. TRAWE MISSION cant BE (INCREASE? ey y eweREASING, Va CReceiving end ystox?) DECREASING Fe : can be neatuced). Car using, SERIES capaci? Long EINES By PERBELIE PRN OF TH ‘ ENT FORM FoR Comput (NG Line CAN more conven! vol Tage 4n> cyRREN? OF a eR BE opTAINED BY ysing mr PERBELIE FUNCTIONS - ExpanadinS ond re arrarngid enpressiont & (x1) ane (xn) “e get Sah va &) Ve Ug cook ge + EaZe z= Tash? + He sink px -- kv)SENDING END QUANTITIES @ 1s SEND ‘ND is mala VOLTAGE Ve Ane! Current Ip can 6 a} Subs Athy 2 ca Cav) respeckvely. reting Kel in eguatins Ge an? Vez cosh Ph + teh, Sink Dh ---- Gevy 4 = de ck Pt te Sind eh --- uw) NOTE THAT 71 = V43 2 = Jyh 3! 2 er THe “ive 1 ADMITTANCE O ohere y= Tove Ze" Equarrews (xvi) AND Gv) chen €* krns of V,42%, Vf get = yy tosh VTE + tat snk V¥e OY Ve sink V¥2 ox) 2c IMPEDANCE presser on a 5s = InGst VYa + COMPARING THE GE AL FERN OF vec TAGE Axe CURREN? EQvarienN OF Mgt @ ts 2 bie + 8p $=ClatDig -- wo) h2eD=osk Jy2 [weve : Ais ceypreentel fe 3 2 sink JT2 weet te in eT C2 3, SHA TR@ of NOMINAL necuRATELY CRT DOES OT QEPRESENT LONG L/NE Ae PARAMETERS ARE wor CNS/PERED UMFORMLY DISTRIBUTED ALONG THE Cre a HOEVER. FOR. THE MEASUREMENT! AT THE EWP CRP WTR LUMI PED TRE LINE ONLY &e paeamerees may BE pEvErPe> Ler W® cKT SiMiLae EO. Ck&T OF 70 MEDIUM cine At THE A Cone LIne oF 4 cone iM - rac VALENT CAT ating eavl om Ee 6Er Feb Sha ATH stl Se page CD a eb te™ CF-

5 : apy dtance 4 ep te cc lowe anal a shunt ad Ter delivers ys HN fend te VO Hage Shoct= Sune approniaw © the log line we sow Tew 217s me Z2asrjHe = 144 ¥ = 930x0Ze F ak 220 KY, oh tol PF fa, (y . at the Senet Ena @) the “ dew (6) fe nawanel -% e gy las 96 “Ips as ooo — = 1166 Ls 3 A Bx 220% @ fa sherk fae, usid gp @) “a= “e +Ipg 2% 16°6 ps 6 ll = 220,00 L* ot a 1a g,0le 10788 pla, Ue 2 138, #8 LE 3 vote Chine 4 23 (38 yet) yg tact) aental } (Uf = Ane vet = 239°73 *Y asi9 ognk 5? () Fer nemiral A appresi mah | pT + a t4p 2 Ve 2 poate tage c le 2 222% [14 agonctce fags e7679 ve 2 +e oe Leas by Ag 3 10)Ve j= 129,019 (4354 Jer ates) 40,988 25 12/7! = 130,42 Zee° (4) = 8 130,12 = 2as-6s KY (©) Te lrg eee [xo a ee Jt sink (20P) (ere a MJ Sinko = (-9993 05 3PRF 8TY aor =0° O4ren jo asbS Using posi Gig peek Ve 4 3e2e ek MRVy = (a3, 013 C2354 t)0-016) + 166 Lary? 443494 L-7-02" (ow geje 3565) = 130,153 265° vole Chine & nantel) [4] = V3 x 136, 'S3 = agasty KY GK 6-13. Dekrmine th. vole agent Coo dine — in 6-10. Assur eral’ e vols rene ae kf ae Consi Aerig long line Us = bine & nentel 2 130-153 KV Ue = taper? Kv Foe no Leet i2-4g Vs 2 Up Cash VTE 20 Fan (xix) be comes 1e. Vp at ro lm Wt ash Wve 1301S 3137? KV [4354 ty olsl 199.2 -122°2!7 x00 7 Reg ohm 2 capeal? S 9°S3 ZLoad Lew STUDY Znfrerveckiow 0 bl aint 1 Vottege mveagnitacle lu) LE of Exch bus A a PEA Use? 1 Nehrrk expansion plarnity 2. Bast eperatio gy exiabig Stee Data i Singk Line at'agran 2 Yous Zaus 3. Pingel from @ Bus classification: 1 Suing bis (8 ne 2 Py Bisfgen I), P eS PQ uficad PB ly £8 enera te @) Inkremnes fin 3. ER Canst 10 Ge sower Plat — Sele ) eal s Ee Ve are & tk, : Gaus Secale! Method ie SsEBS be Foem Neus a. Assume: ) Gan Bus 2) bent Bus 3B. Calentae Qa. 4 Weald vy = |.) 25.0 Ply y) Set Vice Weta AO Recatetae vy = [Vie| Lee UM 5 ga oF eM, L8e% 5° Repack @ find ax, 7 Mew f 2a, 25.4 6+ Repest skpZu es fw all seats ke 3,77 FO kalette ye lyg t OLaleaticte Yea (ed +5,., MR ‘ i cealealae Vaay *| Margi) 4 Seer Cee Pent Mine actinan 2 Mee | 4 Maas > 225,,. Te Repent Shep Fyn jee Ke StES io. aS 2 wttan £4 KesLoad FLOW STUDY oon Opevatiorn he Shaky Stat ae bipce ior stuoly 18° Callcehe - papete Use : D fichere expansion o a ing and. D Fisch ow op psaser syftte eee) ") Beal ppevaker 9 ex ishing Soplthem- Se aEELGeeee eed Z wv Obsatnecl prom Cia D Magnitude of voltage ot each bus 9 Phase Angle of ” ed iy ) Real nck Reachie power ploutig tn each bre Tero ine DATA_ PER Lenn Fogo Q One Line Aiagran < 4 a / oe af Tk / ! De Go By ley cs Ona ghanl Nf admittance. 9. xomessier Line Cire Zus) i Generators groom Necessary ¢ & é ies ot a LLP Conn « Ion PeGs NOE: AT EACH BUS TWO OF ve Quant TEs $, Jv], P ana Qare specipree arrat Ma rem oing Tete ARE CALCULATED Bus type Known variables Unknow Varsialle a Swing [stack hapaonie v, s Pa bus (S$ =e ) | pV [Generater/rolleg ed ie | Controlleet BUS | PQ [toa Buses PG 4s ort ow ~ Generator cannecha © Mbl general nme Vel ideale “ a P eage wre gn! ocean aS sajuatigy enwtenk, ae nerate bus. P# Golraan prem Me - Leap Bu: ne nan Ty Preteen neemedarpaea peesralt™ am. only one os 0 Comacafertan! ale Shek Joey ous in a give power Spstem « She neat J seb « fy 6 pad Mee net compfe poner fot ane he nehrork, if nol know nm actvanca , He Sbtem POver bess & becng unkpenrv “hill Me loreal flees Stuy “Gm plete ZL Manu puce ee? Be ees dad av a Siaek, Oo agp i eaeked - Me OE 2 Guphies Te Gfifoime. tn fe Poh Ske 2 / plus Jesses amet Arum 9%) hem airing buses ¢ 6 Ste af Slack... ous mel Se generator Se 2] abe volta ae nen periers Speedpiert 26 Ae ao sen in@) Value fg vk voltagc arbihany ee ts: Jeno beans 7 pout pew olher Boltagen p he Gmmeciec Za ie weleckA ay (ke LARGEST GEVERATIAG usually PowéR RELATIONS I=¥-y1vV tee fue Toe Yow > (2) ETL he tlemanl f gus Are GeY Ty = Yh ye Mee a cs Cx -ec- Pameye a kz Velie?” T= ple! “7 ve ae = frye? Sev eM & 8 (6-4-4) = [lz/ (se Wy Sin8) = P+) & Vy =(vit 2 VIE = P-JQGg Usirg gw DO nglac Hy fe @) 9 ( bees a 2 2e s ‘ w = = Ver Gr Zz Tew Ne «AY ket Vv. / Pe -J Qa Ce ~ Lenk Ne L ve Ke @” Fp uak™ @) Co fe yritew a a N Aoiee s | 2 ye Sos fee gos) i “Dnaoe 4p DEVELOPMENT OF ‘Y ‘BUS Cs) oe (2) eI re ® FIz+iatlhy é,- Ea) gia t & - e3)4.3 o &,-F4) guy (ta + dist de, - Ya €e - tha ®a- ha ®y u Yu €, + Yin Ep + Vig Es + Yew Ee where ia a dig*distdig Yiaz- gia T3* “Jig TWH de Similarly Ey = Vyg Ft Yaa Erte + Tay Eu I Yu Yin -- 7° Yew e, ae ee vf oy DEVE & yd Tove Be Le Yar Yugo Yond | SINGLE LIne DIAGRAM OF 4 Bus 2YsTEM } 5Fee REACTANCE DIAGRAM Nove: @ as THE pererencé Bus ADMITTANCE DIAGRAM* Becanae ie mor hneans ca Gh mln yp ferwms G) 8G) Te Soluhvorn Mohlacine of De Thenel piper On gkrakve D Gonss- S intel 2) Newser - ~ Raph sony GAUSs TSEVEL Kernen ee The metiivot waa inbeeluceat ale jn fe 19505 Assume D Bus 4 > Serirg bus 2) ¢ Rem aing, generator buses are Gore cechiely numbereet as 2,3 & 3) the Ime buses Gre numbered as G+L G@ta- ov Bus _-Ype oS Un ken ear 4ee. Knoons ees ving Bus v2 4 ee Pras 4 Generate Bus > en) c we, Pe Ax, Si Lona wy : Pe Mg Na Ka gu, 62,-0MPROCEDURE peoca— 4. Form ps %, Be Aesume tte fr Generate -buses S, =o Ress oie of Lon k= Gt, Gra--~-ny @ Glouiat i Bagpipe re Bu) Colealat % = be egeahin (A) ) S © Set Vi y adhere vy, Chaos) geners [2 jer. Vee angle is adjushe Keeapng the ma pradracte Comat ] () Subste tele ten new value of yf Ww ts puccated te % = Vay £80! Cnet ’ at bol s5¢ Se Wobiain Qn anal AS) tml Shore the legar oe am aig W Replace 1 meee ol value oP ty coi the newly ealculehen net lev recleel a6. Rep eat Skps 3 Mhregh = fue a re Fe) Caleatate Vern Contig, of beret tus.) eoeg gguntin (4) Dhan Aube dihele He mew vale of Vea, A indo sytahen (A) et eeated a. ) Oblain 4 y, toe 45, Se DY Cmpenw AV, on ant a bg, Od cat meplice Me. ach Ian gen chape )) Redince y, by Ser RA - caf aclndet Velue 9. Repeats Steps 2 ay s f* ke Gt, Gre, a oe my, One of first wteraben, WW check tke Convergence Of Hh Goh he, <%nax af UE eee hice Bre within he Ihrance Speer feet Men shes Sudedepin, lees fron peach eet Olkinsy se, nyek shops 3 Mrorgh 10 anhl he tolachran Aemchee Wy Coleulate PB. ange Gz a a = k oe . ae CY Bag Me te Sen 1M Gm Ye 8 55, ) Kel Needed — r¢ Fring « Bin Me Ge Ae OY By Mg S Sux)hoa Yej a? ia, ny ou) é) J 8a, Corwvew gence WO GS hufrer “tan Ke oben oel Ih - 4 Ccelera lel oy using. an Kecelerntin fachor Ing pag The peaclances ane gine fn Pl ev 2 leo MYA bare (generale Vy Syece Ae Vy sho pe f, = 60 4W Py = - 6 O HW &, = -~6° MAR Ca} 2-8 pv = -96 pu U seny Sanss- Secolel gkyahin , obtain fle excl flow Sofukron m— Hes Spe wikin @ Alerence 0-0) poaes. ascltthiow. ia Cfjos + jos) -'/ieas “Vioar (for + Vso 25) ae aie 9 D (Vier + Yin) Tous” -'Yios ~[jo2 =. #52 eae So) ae a ad Sa=0 , Vio= @ Thrabin 4s Ce = - Im pee ea | 6430 L ae SVL Set % Y4 ps3 [ Ca tg, Yt v4) ye j wood 6 ~U 60 2 oR, { [ GQ Cd + (a2) (42) + G4) calles} ya) 23%) (ote -o9.00] 21 a) = dee Sep)ae) Set oe wy = 0'9978 2995 4°74 Va =i LF74 Pv “77 OSH) 0-0 9T5 F95 th 01 “8 aod bees ww “(45 )e) - (+) (5)] PBIB M me SOM MMe tl FB LPG 7 Ora aul tI 0: O4ky — oun £8313 ae = S884) 9+ O3aR LoryRepeat "y= 0-9798 aj o-oygy ~ WIN 28313 °° 9322 Lamy 2 O°4Q1E =) 0°04 FY 709230L2% Check ae rd ae 4%. = C445 to ide C30) = 7 OCs p 5.) aN a ee a) : . Bod OOH C= 0) Sarge Sills, The rahin 2 Derakon 2. Manse fl airalecig ge > [vies dat fH (0) afi) Ge a 4) +7218 -d 0-474) | bags y “i} 2 tal Sry ay OL F195 4.3 8 re Fae 69-64 (resins FO F4IG ej ang 667 ~ 00/2] = 0:36 py pp LSE LST 04 : 1 AS-y = 1600 2 Ly ay 54 Vy = L zray ere . l CFS soe 739Repent Va = 4479 — jo see 5 © — jo 0316 oe tT EPs = 103 #jOoFasx = 19903 LEIS 42 (Zan = "9974 4) 0253 y- ett |- 0-84) 06 (is) c és) ig) 6 PIexjozs 37 9 LV az30Ze% Cie / = O'775R +y0- 082 - HH es | OI9R30L2 5 7 O9al) = 5 0 obey T'9F232 C87 * Repent HW LZ S313 Va = - fad as ae C0774 49 0723) — Copy 1000) J &oarg 2 oron2dy — oo ° 3 Vy (F205 ~J 0°08) ) Bs end °F 218 = Jo-ayr,y) 4)Cr the thiret tlerahon | “yf the dan preceetar teenth oan fe pellowring. Solution ert thas 9M ARC ake fessreaapinty eee: UY) = po Zor 3 = 0° 923 7-46%@D NEWTON- RAPHSON METHOD MEWRN RA THIS ETHD ConvéRTs wen- LrrxeaR SET Of EQNS. sél oF EQNS ENTO A Linea ° Tag lors series 4 exPansion is Uset G = % 44% +b ws bye ti gf ; Let Solution of 3O ise wom He 4 hale here 4% 2 20-2° A ccorating & Tay lor’s Series 3 ge fo f+ EFC) + = fy. & here lon = 2£2 Wan zed ie os . 4x 4 If) wf G+ ZX f'Q/, * due fe) = wm f'C)), ] 2 fr] «n ax a La] Yon s& ten 202 pe yex cheranse tontnue ite rahion assuming eee Nae Cthat is neo vee of x i= Revlon valer + Dufferne) = GIG = 01 wtrgdn ” = Win Ue = = DUT Yee Ve 7 er speatig ved! & imaginary AMS i Vp =]Ulel$ = 2 aiR. Pe = Fee Gg Doe Pk Btn Fe ~FiBe ime " + Fie Zien Fa) Thee Idi ‘ We = [Yes a Pe Ae $0.8) 9-4?)/ . wey NEON - RAPHSON METHOD Thea meTheo Corverli nontinvcar del of itis. vy | abner pt of “2 uokione i a 7 Let xs pavied tha procecture for non hinanw Sl deat ome pote Sohubiore Gwircelr fh Tey lorrs err yO ae 2 ers nae'on t : Cy 2 PAPA f fen ch ew of a Qengle varcablea R, FC) _erouna f® - ae "a fi £0 9G] +e ten Om af R nl “Gur + f a 4 Gee “e4 £69 & 6% t(-9° Fy, SL e,t.---4) «gh 2% a, mv itnear rChvarnte,Sgnahion s DP fi GH, DH Tp we appre gruhiad Values X2 ancl ome Gacrechite EMy. cohtch ahem allen) bi Hye ae fe Ke oolution we ebvovs fe r (xreen) , (ef eam): o> Cen 14%) = hes Ke = he F4%. ° ak = ROK peeks 2 xesmrell Fe x _ ane close B_ Sint he oe Expanciing iz Teng lots Series |} i a3 fle Sic Gu, *23%0) = fe Gay, xf a) a - } + 4%, | pee ge dt, ER ax |g cae “dxDw matrix fer ieee ogc a a # Gre, ge > de a, - Led > [a]E-] ek es, [5] cow be Caberladkel by Ses a te. cutest: SA Sh dition Bi lkr the ¢ He vari ables . Note poet ea Ge be polvect f= changus 4%! ¢ . Gel. @Te3 rho s Gre + that C Ss 4x a Ge RK The Phocess +5 pepenkd nh! 6% 2 & si-- z Ci-5 Fe) Coad Bin) Cerf) Rpfantnig teat # inemginmy pave (terms) Nw ea Cy F Bay 2a Ga, Fe) Tk =} w ‘ —= AE. : a i= > 9) N f D, = a) oe zt mal g Q od f SF ZI GR Ri RoR Baty) me)fe 2h weap be Cal elate of rer Ihe values ‘ks ama Q, enrol Phot Let the values Fe ant Q! are ty eal vy Phen p- $0 =f OP, sei) LH) EY 3 | oie 7 on ta fl Spree fect (05 --Pns Foo) aDy Py » IrSen ce Spec: reat Gaseesie DD ak Seltegt Gotollect huge, tn Avach've @ | vk | ya Dye ao Ra eae ie KORN Fg | Wo = SesrRy | power is bt aelage mageitete 4 : f Peeeea. (Be eeen S ‘ \ Gbtend bea stayte den x . ‘ Vat Tiant Bani Saat at 2 Sa ea at F Ja vat Sone a . - oP x ee ape . ‘ ; ! AQ = Jy Jy i ay 7 6 aiQhere as) A = Ben Pe Sh tA Fi Ki 7 Sigs Ie Gai feds weyfe Guiry bvs kaa ke Gt ks 2 We een -- esis Yee,Ge) | Q@ cnlewlat ff O siete ‘| bob. z | a oe age-< (Fer 4 Se? Dukes) | si Figo ® _ : 2 01 teat 2) = Bs7 % gegen «Ou he wee wee y > 6 fv = uy —-ey! Ka 23 k = Mes K (aaly fo Gen- Bases) | Ohne Re Ogg Snel Uy dre seherhwlel (Cron J | Grek hes ead | | or e ' Veo = (>, ae i Seb r an warts Eg Qi og en Chace elton 4) largal : 7 d alewlak Bie bus carter’ ysony Lppehiles : : Fe. Ae 3G, ed decw | {Cof cil. the Jacobian matrix Cone) Pease 63 et AEM | 2. Oblain by MORER javersim Be Conveah'n ; t a ec al ata Fe ener ap ode , «FR kz 2,3 a (Fe all g Ma And Lene} bus) 8. Cabelas ite pen bug wolhges eS _ollgcs i | | (4) af Porter bus Cmlts. Contellest 8s = PY BUS) | Ver ti Me ee 4, : $7 nea, s & j ae Yi. Sin S, K ks K ly eon wt 5B gage IAS) ay Mh Rémetatsn Suseg Aeaat Bs.52,°) | ane rt : DQ = Dee 4D; Ue Ke 6H, G2 a, | Fe = Yv ey at v4, q- Replace Do amet by Dy | net EU do nay fo has 4 Mh emsk Of he erarvcn€ Phratin, Check te | Foden Coningence *f th, AG, Zz €. De Ff an Coretthios are tnt the tole rey ce peal 'Then fie Sort on ; sper’ —slps Bo ata the echent, Bthrinse es) ye Calenlate B ome Py seg: 1 “ Pr Ve BO ey TH GAS S., ) Sie aS, -S Exanple —_—_—— Do one Complete Nestor ~ byphoron eae fr Me porter elon pore flix palm fallowsing mehr. | + a Weloe Vo (ro Pragonw P. na Py 2-80 Qxy = -corae |) bet BY = yo 5 by aio F, Chedat P ancl Q ep | Mw = 20,5, D. 21 (9) 1@@. Cla] 20 te U Srey +D,, Fen = A Br 2, ThEAS, fn FF St Be (Bag Became ture ¢ nob Rent compat of’ ee 7U =o() : g = am ZO Gg. Ds BG, = Bede EGF) 6 o + B92 + 2553) e@ Sence : Pane free Qa nak knew CO Snot Pay A VR Cam fe Calentalent) = F (385, De Ge kh ey G, +P. ers SES ViaiGaghe re *%) = pe a ae = Py (83, d° +B, ve 3 ‘327 Bay >») 3 CF LT ty, HUC'G <6 trea gaa . 3 # p 4220.~2' 2 oe 4ha-$-0 = -~°s < 4 of 5 ii ee %s- OG, 2-6-0 = -06 mye 2 woe i zn = Ke (4°) ° Kinace =O'5 = ye ° Bus Vaue > fe oe ae fg 3 Pe SE le Ly peg [3 “ifs =o ‘4 jo P &@ | AG a2 tH Ga & = I@)roro Fine Mae re shat Branch)3 ‘ 6 a @ 4 o eeepc a o “684 \ (4. Fa 0 | 2 wg 0 i oo } . o o st 1236s ‘0820 "los 70594 ’ 4d2 oe 1 i = |4P3 Ay sa i 4F,! 4Q3 | 1 » ent La Va * its "O°6666 o OS75 OO 3I 8. vey Oo test eae —# s 4d Ss) ras -33" a of oe 2 F Gos = 19985 L t ae yoy hele : Sy hy Zou is ° ° os +2222 ° } or ai} aig zo te ° B's Sw aay 20-05%One I= 0666.2 +9334 G& = O-'063( = ~v:663) _ "Tees! Di 1783 pb, 17 33 3 > ra ‘OS 25 _P a! = "OE 3) Teen the eect: of Pest Cerakta No hak F's ave nod nengerw ,LOAD FLOW CONTROL @ Reachive fraser % Is properkenal 6 he a A voltage otrep oV tw hn Line | She Vo ec of te CvSumer hominele must be Cstant eilery presrrebeet limids , he merintennqee of tmstant valtage 'S & Complitakel problem dune t the Gort Mak Ke system is suppliea prom many sources amet ad ‘hrs plies aang leads ak weveral voltage levels, Tn order & moirtain th. voltages ab thedr Prescribe values af oll Ames, ut is necessary & Irveintacw nee of neachve he iter . het is fe vreache patie generakiov Acute! Se. Ly & th prachve pawn cmSumeet . CS A bus v6 gaan 7 _ — Voltage at Ke ence of SHORT LINE is Maintained eenstant 4 octjushing ea 1 FIELD EXCITATION ak the pereling ent. © ror lowg Lines vo lbage Cie) 8 mecsin tein - On- lowel cha hansfer mers. Beaster ne ed = — Induchionw voltage negulator Moving coil volege pens Shunt yeactors Synckrnsus phase morifiers + Shunt capauters Series caters | Stoke vor System Pee ile, oe DAW aQNTROL OF POWER INTO & NETOORK @ Real pecser How alepends arr porter angle & Eg . S - 4 ms 6 a pevier tnprah ba generator is increaser 4y Langer gpening aa valves throwgh whieh sham or water enhvs ty te turbine, Me RoTh SPEED asl SharE & increase —» Increase Zi sed S exill incrensexI awd F ncerea on ner. e eae ins june Gscrce Sxecta hoy is not changed) Te Uelyce Fy= (Glee ot Eo e Ig. [e125 — WJ )% we P+HIQ = Aviso) 2S = Me sere = Xg = lnlés) [es (10-5) +3 Sin 0-8) JW ress : Xg % sy Sea' Fg tating p = Wily «8 Q = [1@Joss -Jer) © IF lEg/4 lyf ave wnstant » The depencence of Pend is clear oe rf lE5/ incveasek 4 Pomel [We] constant > S must clecrease (By increasing exci tahion) »G@ mus! increase© ExeRciSE $2 Gnsiader a generater onhoa nchromnus Yeactance 4 ro per unit sannecte & a Large Spskm . Yp the bus voltage is 10L0° per unié ane the generat is supplying th fe bus @ Current oF 08 per unt at of power factr logger, fet tts no lemol voltage amit P awel Q supplier GR Sus. Then fumed S anc a 4 te power out put a tha generate remain Constant bul he exQctateon + tha generate 1S ole onared So that /Eg/ és Sf, smaller. theb 1s the percentage” in Q a Selukon Ks am NO LoAD VOLTAGE = Fg Es Ye y fg at ZaXs are + 8 L@s"s (jre) Fro +8CE-j 0) Gre) = 148+ Joby = 612 223-4° Fas 8C8-J9) rey joys PriQ= 4 Td =1roCEey 4 °4Q) = 0°64 no 4s P2064 RU Aa ong PuFor a decrease sh [£9]* asf of (1-6/2) 2 13702 Ps Mol lés/ a sen § Xs “64 = 10 (3D gn, § re Sen § = 0462 5 = arsus? Qe ~ (£5 Gs 5 - %) = 2 (3902 as (ar84sD - 10) SoQns pv. % chamge in Qs i eK a wa 10 = 55°92? (Decrease)Corncrwe Bank An impatant me fort a eontrolliwg a vo Hage is by shunt eqpaciter = a buses ab beh bansmission amd alist! a Capacetrs are applied ak @ ne node, "Hy increase in ve tage at he node AehveninesL by Thevenin’S Kacrem - Xx Ra, + eee w eal le Fn, 2th he c ctor Current Drawn by te capac’ - 4%. "By -d Xe I, iz js LX, th reRip ye f sie The increase in k by actoeng the capac . sume is very nearly equa! & |fa]%, if “© . oe theL Ey remains Gnsdant Since &* y before the partch i$ closed214 ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS ‘The voltage drops on the lines from buses 3 and 5 to bus 4 are reduced by supplying reactive power at bus 4 because the reactive power flowing in these fines is reduced. The inercase of voltage at Dus 4 obtained by applying capacitors at the bus results in causing the reactive power reaching bus 4 over the two transmission lines to be apportioned between the lines to accomplish the required v age drop in cach 8.10 CONZROL BY TRANSFORMERS Transforme's >rovide an additional means of control of the flow of both real and reactive power. Our usual concept of the function of transformers ina power system js that of changing from one voltage level to another, as when a Mransformer converts the voltage of a generator 10 the trangmission-line voltage. However, transformers which provide a sm Tl adjustment of voltage magnitude, usually in the range of + 10%, and others w ich shift the phase angle of the line voltages are important components of a power system, Some transformers regu- fate both the magnitude and phase angle. Almost all transformers provide taps on windings to adjust the ratio of transformation by changing taps when the transformer is deenergized. A change in tap can be made while the transformer is energized, and such transformers are called load-tap-changing LTC) transformers or ta p-changing-under-load (TCUL) transformers. The tay_chany ings automatic and o) erated by which respond to rela tage at the prescribed. Tevel. Special circuits fllow the change to be made without interrupting the current. VA type of transformer designed for small adjustments of voltage rather than for changing voltage levels is called a regulating transformer. Tigure S10 shows & wl vent O¥ee Series transformers Figure 8:10 Regulating transformer for control of voltage magnitude. Figure 8 mer for Windings other are regulatit regulatir helps to taps are is 90° o center 0 by acor shows I change i «The ing a re transfor! base vol shall no Iw line-to-li Figure 8.12 mer shown@ LOAD-FLOW SOLUTIONS AND CONTROL 215 by 1ese tors two the real na na Figure 8.11 Regulating transfor- 7 mepfor control of phase angle. ee eee c other are on the same iron core. line gu- of regulating transformer for control of voltage magnitude, and Fig. 8.11 shows a nge ‘egulating transformer for phase-angle control, The phasor diagram of Fig, 8.12 are helps to explain the shift in phase angle. Each of the three windings to which IL) taps are made is on the same magnetic core as the phase wirding whose voltage ich ji is 90° out of phase with the voltage from neutral to the point connected to the nits center of the tapped winding. For instance, the voltage to neutral Vis increased bya component AY,, which is in phase or 180° out of phase with ¥j_. Figure 8.12 van shows how the three line voltages are shifted in phase ang’e with very littl sa change in magnitude. @ . The procedure to determine Y,,, and Z,,, in per unit for ¢ network ec atain: ing a regulating traasformer is the same as the procedur to account for an * Von 4 transforme: whose turns ratio is other than the ratio used t select the ratio of base voltages on the two sides of the transformer. Such a trans. rer, whic shall new’ investigate, is sa‘d to have an off-nominal turns ratio. : q If we have two buses connected by a transformer/and if the ratio of «ie line-to-line voltages of the transformer is the same as the ratio of the base BMen Shifted Van Ro orainel Ve Figure 8.12 Phasor diagram for the regulating transfor- e met shown in Fig. 8.11 nM,216 ELEMENTS OF POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS : Un | a bP ® @ vi Ya =" Ideal Vt transformer, 6 Figure 8.13 “ransformers with differing turns ratios connected in parallel; (a) the one-line diagram; (b) the reacts “> diagram in per unit, The tums ratio I/a is equal to m voltages of the two buses, the equivalent circuit (with the magnetizing current neglected) is simply the transformer impedance in per unit on the chosen base connected between the buses. Figure 8.13¢. ‘s « one-line diagram of two transfor- mers in pardllel. Let us assume that one of (em has tle voltage ratio I/n, which is also the ratio of base voltages on the tw- sides of the transformer, and that the voltage ratio of the other is I/n’. The equivalent circuit is then that of Fig. 8.13b, We need the ideal (110 impedance) transformer with the ratio 1/a in the per-unit reactance diagram to take care of the off-nominal turns ratio of the second transformer because base voltages were determined by the turns ratio of the first transformer. If we have & regulcting transformer (raiher than the LTC, which changes voltage level as well as providing the tap-changing feature), Fig. 8.13 may be interpreted as two transmission lines in parallel with a regulating transformer in one line. Evidently our problem is to find the node admittances of Fig. 8.14, which is a more detailed representation of the LC with a turns ratio of 1/n’ or of the regulating transformer with the transforhation ratio Ia. The admittance Y in the figur> is the reciprocal of the per-unit impedance of the transformer. Since the admittance Y is shown on the side of the ideal transformer nearest node |, the tap-changing side (or the side corresponding to 1’) is nearest node 2. This designation is important in using the equations which are to be derived. If we are considering a transformer with off-nominal turns ratio, a is the ratio n'/n. If we have a regulating transformer, a may be real or imaginary, such as 1.02 for a 2% boost in magnitude or o"®° for a 3° shift per phase. Ideal ® 5 eae @ Ta = ‘ V;/a Figure 4.14 More detaites per-unit reactance dia- —_ } . gram of the transformer of Fig. 8.13b, whose turns ratio is 1/a node comp node and i Sinew pow trans and The or Subs Com adm: 1 foun: t de, reali the « magt tionsver in ich is of the Yi Since ade 1, This ve are Ifwe a2% LOAD-FLOW SOLUTIONS AND CONTROL 217 Figure 8.14 has been“labeled to show currents , and I, entering the two nodes, and the voltages are V, and V, referred to the reference node. The complex expression fo. power into the ideal transformer in the direction from node 1 is V, Si an If (8.32) and into the trans’s;mer froin node 2 S,= VI (8.33) Since we cre assuming that we have an ideal transformer with no losses, the power into the ideal transformer from node 1 must equal the power out of the transformer from node 2, and so V; a Ip=-VWlt (8.34) and I, =-a*l, 8.35) The current 1, can be expressed by Vy n=(y-2 é : ( : | iY (8.36) or ; VY Y . hanya : (8.37) Substituting —a*l, for I, and solving for 1, yields Y ¥ i eee > Hs Mi ae ie aa* (628) Comparing Eqs. (8.37) and (8.38), we have, since aa* 2) the node admittances Yue¥ Ya i (8.39) ¥ Ya=- Yar a The equivalent x corresponding to these values of node admittances can be found only if a is real, so that Ya, = Yi2. If the transformer is changing magni- tude, not phase shifting, the cit uit is that of Fig. 8.15. This circuit cannot be realized if Y has a real component, which would require a negativ> resistance in the circuit. The important factor, however, is that we can now account for magnitude, phase shifting, and off-nominal-turns-ratio transformers in caleula- tions to obtain Yyyy and Zius La @SYMMETRICAL FAULTS @ y @ Mosr pmrenr. ON TRANSMISSION LINES ARE easste BY wits igeeacscn) seered: W VoL rage SEMEN A cow Duero LOMICH PROVIDES A a Teeléke CAUSES LON PATIO, 78 GRUN® FORTH Rge INDUCED By THE &IGUINING Sreune. RHE CHARGE © SpEniNg, CKT BREAKER srERPUPTS THE pees OF CURRED IN THE 1outzeo PATH @ AFTER AN ZNTERVAL OF pact 20 ercees vention, DE IONIZATION, BREAKERS CAN ysvaer BE wecse see bSITHOUT RE ESTABLISHING qe ARS: O 70 7 F0% TRANSMISSION nine Ave ARE SINGLE Au eauers LIE 70 GRIND FAULTS « prigner Sh OF wiveeveEe Ae rere PHASES: @ SYMMETRICAL THREE PHASE Favers: youve ate me puases UNE T METRICAL FACTS & cause A ae SINGLE uIné 7é garund Farge Liné-70- © eDUBLE LINE -7~ geuee CAVLIS. nu pA cavee aenong OUA5es We Ravers awe VRREN? UNDER gas persnDe @ ¢ CURRENT Fleet © sesecriew oF CKT GREAK Manian NORMAL OPERATING ConDdITIENS Ww MOMEN?ARICY) (i) InpreQRVET INE CURRENT TRANSIENTS IN Re sERIés eRe? In order & praer 4 calcula he airiat CWRRENT dering : a arcucté consicler @ dhet Kappens when = x voltage 1s applich & 2 ere emtataly esisdance anal iwductance ‘aew + Ptso ewpeu gregh) » ‘ de), Vp Sin (agra) e RIO +t ae ae 4 : pc & é t@-= AB [sin (wire Q-e + sin @-9)] 2 helt) + BO) adhere Oo -lbellt ae 3 eS [si (ot+a-0)] ; Re rte Os te et E Sin a-&) 2 Jacopo" (B) TIME constant: */@ ; we a eck? | Se mena y At Gaal A Nex at @-d =Mfe Ab Ite time of aapphing voltage, tiye=~ te ener sfeetitide 24Curren ofue B Shoréacircwrl at te terminals Y Spn- Generater A HORE COMPLEX pHENOMENEN CeCURS GIHEN sweRT CIRtoIT APPEARS Su doeNtYr AeRess THE TERMINME ora SINCHRON DUS lev coMPARED 7% ‘smorr ciRcuIT Ws ARAL SERIES CIREWIT. REASONS < () Carvents iv Me DAMPER, wivelings WW Zmpact ¥ armakre reach'on ow me. retaking Blt Osis llogram of th Current in pre phase may. be a tres - phase shor? used B analyge te ofpect Y cérewt - fs exchroled since (443 only (tt tifferent phases) Z we ok ferent in The magnitvele 4 tm an each Phase can be expressed oS: 4 ht. -t\—-e fis lr 200 fey tad gape + 16 Cg 9) Tey = Time Gnstenl oS tL % where 2,2 Va l&sJos ot NOWE: our of THREE ComPonEn7Ss or CURRENT THO D AT DIFFERENT RATE Chg Ave afferent) ECAa F Ky LX 4 Rot ” Ka 2 DIRECT AXIS sug TRAE (EN? REACTANCE. ’ lias * tRavel E07 enc rans se os a grncnRenes pencrance NO: As THE ARMATIRE pesisTAnce 'S auast 106 QUAvere or SIG PLCANTEY ArrEe? Axis REAC TANCE 20 THE SHORT CKT cuRREN fel, O28 waging ne va Arman Resistart, Subtransient Current -/2]* re pest FY gels fe current is kavin es TRANSIENT aye cpRRENT, z' Resistance) ~) ve Resis™ neo) o-b (be; e fnih= ae El (Meg kehd fenertire giak) shert okt current, Z* ze Sastained Csteacly S Armee pete. Wee i |= Va = ea (reg he® Tima enstants ” 1s Ket, Net, Xt ant fact REF. NOTE? Machine rveactanc? “ fai Tl, Teo wats) are provides! by MANY. These vg ebdacned expre mentally Crab a7 oscieeRy - de alee7 Coun. S/DER AN ALTERMATOR SUPHLYING 4 BALANCED THRE PHASE LOAD ae a@) [3] * nyAtENT car OF A yING 39 Bacanck: NOTE 2 A short cht from 6" do nercteal ire Be above kt face nov ohh fy te Condos en Lar teansiot — e caleulatg fe Submansient curr | att Careent 2! To cALcu LATE zw’ x owd £a & &: - ~~ a O. fy"= Voliage Behinvel subtansten = Subansient ankrre! voltage jas SINGLE pease FQv' sea ACTERNATIR, GvPM oe muct be charged z XG é reaclance 3 Similarly, Fg' = Up + Clem * Ye) 7% For See moter Vo behind ox tdnsien) reactance Em! or Em’ can b€ as. gubtransiernt reactant ex “pressedea Zita s Mefor coe © im = Veo Xotm at ‘ ‘ Se ee cohere \, = Termirval voltage y mw Spoetirmens Mar, Ge 9X a = fusteansient, hansien’ reactence G he Sp Mawr. FAULT CURRENTS tN_SYSTECSS CONTAINING GENERATORS hs UNDER Lead Aur MoT? SOLu Tons CD Evther Caleularkrg Subtansient [Transite! inkrval voltage @ or USING Thevenias theorem () Cac eve ATM yor TAGE (Zakreval subtransienl Qnsicer & eyneh rence generate emnecte & & Synchrenn mole ag a bane of empeclance Zeng: THE mow *S framing « Leact Current DB, ahile « 3h fort cecurs QL moter &rminal, ” Klay INGE PHASE EQ: CAT + DURING FAUET ar NEUTRAL t= Load CURREN7 BEFORE FAULT ye > FAULT VOLTAGE® @ VOLTAGES IMMEDIATELY BEFORE Fauir NAY BE EXPRESSED AS fel = % + Ctexe tity 4% a” ty 4 En" = 5 db Xotm Z, © SUBTRANS EN? cURRENTS FRIA gEeNEeRATOR AND MOTOR DURING FAULT ARE, 4” wig _ Ue + Cex 1) XagMi . mF Zot th Nig Zee W Xdy yy —— ~ Zoey td Kedy Z 4 : ” Ju : = i % J Kam In J Xetm i a = 1% = How EVER, THE FAULT SUB TRANSIENT GURREWT = z since a” Stl, 7 (C) Using The vanin’s theorem at P @ Apply Thevenin's theorem af fault pet | J «Replace gn reactance bf Subbeans® Kol: rn.5 kan, exe +3 ty) © Zext +) (Xgn+ X4y) FAULT CALCULATIONS USING Spy, Gnsicler a simple FoUR-BUS peter Spskm Ibs single Sine olieagram is Sshren selec): @® SINGLE LINE © @ 214gRAN oF 4-8us ® wae PalER SYSTEM } } @TO carcuca® FAULT cuRRENT Cec duchange soe nous 6 subtransient reactancé, ve. Xdg & — + he altnratr (w Change voltage ‘3 bee" Csubtransient inkrewal veltage) i a (Nee? Nag 20S BO Katy! = 0°2 CY)@ AtaREE - PHASE FAULT CAN BE SI ADDING ol 2 IG A VOLTAGE -& IN SERIES ie dt e@ LT cavsés 4 CURRENT x,” is Gms causes a current 4 3 é a ¥ THREE PHASE FaueT AT BUS: is siMueaTed By Ve and-Yy in SERIES - E oF SUPERPOSITION © TO AppLY THE PRINCIPL ReuiTED ie, Ee, Ye are spoRT el pr ALONE AND af only euRRENT ENTERY o -Vy 1s Lé NerwoRk - yore [2 v= Eyl J ay, ‘a, Zu @n a3 ay ° avn |. [-% = Za, 222 223 aay a8 AVv3 45 25). Pea csseeeyls| o 4Vy avy 2a 2y2 Zy3 Zyu\ | 2 where “ valdage @ ous +o -Tf av, = Chenge in Bus MAY BE 8B TMNED BY VANE Bye OUICOINE Noe - Zpus ~ ALGSRITAA oR FROM Yeus ° | 2 J= [ ] ' 6 Bus (gueoT -% Is swerr cincuited ano Eq! 6", Up are ALLOWED TO ACT THE VOLTAGE AT EACH Bus ts THE PRE FAULT VOLTAGE. THAT KS BY SUPER Posy riot PRINCIPLE V = OV 4 Yeerauer © THE PAULTED NETWORK 15 USUALLY, NOT ALWAYS, ASSUMED 7 BE ssITHRT LoAd BEFORE HAULT. THAT /S ae =& For Qil buses as Vpae raver” ¢ ase) ~ 2a /2,.\% ry a fav -%+yK Vay 4 - Fes 22% +4 242/222 Yr Y wesY 1+ 2@a/222 Y> i % =e] te Mn Jen Vy t= By, /2ae © That is, %y 3¢ feult eecurs on bus Kk ina NEWORK 5,"= 2K r ae at ary Jk Bus Y, Ugo Rye Eg eee Zk zy, am _ Fete V-= Y _ ie. y 4 #0 a YprerFanr xx ° 10 caleulak current from bus@ % @ Er its cy : where 1." = Submansient current Haig Hr" J ous Bm bus Zo- Ache im nce of he impedance ee "oiagea (wo7 from 2gus mabix) oR Ly r _&- 2K ne) = (4 - Fn w) 2an y «2. Ra ty 4 (78S) a- til use rr ¢ 2 ) ti Noe: zz ie ach D ed “ t Pais fraction of Ly" w poriy pom@ EXERCISE 2 10.7. The dus impeciance madkit + «~" bus neduek in RU IS iss eee oy 0-07 2 - |o-os olf O66 0°69 “us = 4 | voy 0°06 613 oes 0:07 00 0S ole Generates fre Connect & buses @) and © have ere Subbvan sient reactanees inch deot in Sys ] pre fax Currenf is neglecka, ‘wal gubseansiend eurrend én Ro > “ bus came tha voltage fautt fra 3% a ulé on @. Ass } ak the forts js vole! 00 beyere Be ——— also tle By current yer Gen. 2, ohese Xay *S ° G Solutier Y, Vy 10 ag 33 FY 4," = aed, eT jon J 8 Sc 66 tee = fg,- "a roGs , js Current from Gen 2 = Tay - 2F a 2 = lo- 24 yy NOvE: S aes g 293 9aExERCISE 0.8 &® Fer The netoserk Shown 2) , : Seeman curvené cn panic. goon: and tw hint O-© ave M voltages at Buse Dexu@ no a aa > aaa fouls ow us@®. Assume Thek vent ii flowing prior B tte fault aot Ke pre faust voltage ah bus@® is 1.0 Le" Per wal. wae Me bus impeslance mevkix vw the calerlakins. ADMIT TANCES MARKED IN PER UNIT ee rte < aeeser eee ee a V3 = - gig = C529) 2 j2e _ a oS 2 ae J ( Sas 28 As Delerminant (velo) Bas 2 25-88 a-P[ia(esxes 25129 455008 NoTS? : = axa's)-2 §-s@9- Can rh] 23397 'S ay by Si 2 ba 62] _ by ca, ages |, afl cffen El Sfenf [2 2]} 3 53 4:&») For the forte at bus@) Kea impedances repmsirent are: Gfacke 4 eleotent 2,1 22 = a a = jonas _ 422 hte F seul to fe Baa =e ng SE Gi99- J 2C2) «jg anes v 392-5 Zz. - 423 <3 ; se fj 3g = Shh = 2 Gas-is G2) = jolees vy 3397'S 7 lV, i aes vy = HO 2 jy asd FY Zen 230 tjo2ryss voliage aA Bus®,. y, ry - Zin ly, 2ro- Bra (re) Sn 42 sho- deat ross 6 J aves ho Va = i 3 F Vy - — oro Le ng oye = orsta Au 22 Jays " short oh? ips Mee - “Ys _ oris-o 2, 2, J ORM fem Singte bine F-JjQss po wi Eg'-Y 10-515 i igi = 3 = OSs - jawsTHE SELECTION OF CiRSvIT BREAKERS @ : . i R ——— 39 s zg Ss. 2 ff zh zu ert 3 ze oe 2% 5 z = = ez z 34a BY das as 5 2h «* Ae wo + tL ’ TINE ui waereuPTINE TANG de FU TIME OPENING, ARCING >| é TIM TIME® Memewraky GuRRENTs I r. FoR om ¢@ CAews 5 kv) Vrettnry PORE" Cd0RING THE AIRET Yo cree MomenTARY ARENT Frews) z INTER OY PTING é Zasnenrary INTERRUPTING RATING = V3 XKV x Tr KV=> Voldag e - the Sus BH Which CB i's CONN EcTED TD currenr wuiew <8 mMusrT BE CApAace SF INTERRUPTING WHEN ITS Conracrs PART AT THE POINT CONNECTION OF 4 Con sumMER UTIeITY INFORMS THE SWORT-ExKT MUA SHORT CKT MUA = US (veNINAL ky) Be.)ae BASE MVA = U3 (BASE Ku) fr.) xi? If Base kv = Nomina) kv SHORT Ck1 MVA (Ay) = (2.0) Cru)PARTING OF PRIMARY Gonrats PRIMARY Con TACTS INITIATION OF SHERIF CKT ENERGIBATION OF TRIP CK? EXTINCTION OF ARC ON ————_ | —> TIME TRIPPING eoPenINE & ARCING > i DeLay Teme Time eccontacr PARTING on le ure aRuPTine TINE Tuo FACTORS Te BE GNSIDSRED IN SELECTS cB CFReEM CURRENT VIEW Pernt) © MAXIMUM INSTANTANEOUS CURRENT WHICH cea NuST CARRY © TOTAL CURRENT CHEN CB contacts PART TO INTERRUPT THE CKTBREAKERS ARE ToENTiFliéd BY: © NOMINAL VOLTAGE css © RATED MAXIMUM vouTAgt FACTOR carey) cuRRENT yRRENT AT eaTeD maxim KV © VOLTAGE RANGE © RATED GNTINUSUS © RATED sheRT eiReuir © @ RATED MAXIMUM yor Tage * ThE rvexi mum rms Lene t Line operat voltage. The breaker shoulel be Useot in Systems sovkk ar aperating velinge kas han or eg! this rat : 0 EBB VOLTAGE RANGE facvoR EK): ae Rated MAXIMUM vot 7ASE * ase LIMIT oF THE RANGE OF OPERATING V0L rage o K oletnsmenes the RANGE OF voLTAgE over Which Raka I. x Operak'ng Vo lage = CousTadsT © RATED CONTINUWS CURRENT © The maximum SOH2 current thak he hrecker can cory, Continummsly while 2b is iv be closect posik'un onthert overkeaking . © RAD sweRT cer cyRREN? Ap RATED Maxim KY” The weet maximum rms symmefica! current Kab be drenker CAN pthed Spey inkrrupe f rake! Iwaximum voltage ‘Inks rephineg Ranrg = V3 xkv x Ty, where kus The kilovelte Hn bus 40 ohich te breaker 1S Conneckel The current ehich Kha dreeker must be capable enkervapay when vts contacts pert. Tse = Zankrraphicg = I, és Zz Deperrata are He tnkerruphng ‘mementary ¢ ieee ge te brester) Lnemensery 22's Fale =6 I" for OCB above SKY RE FOR CALCULATING E/x Herod (SIHPLIFIED PROCERY : C «7 cuRRENT) SYMMETRICAL SHORT © © Disvegara all resistances, Sake Lendl ond pre fanle current nevater anet Koy xs for sgnchronms © Use Ky fo & motor (closed 4 xi) ant OC Neglect civeluc Aim moter befres SO &p Use oi fferent mulbplpeng packer to multiply Xo. + darge jneluchonw motr elepenel'ey 7 size- 6 af ne woke is present Fon aExereisé 10.15: @® A cireweé breaker having & nominal rating % 34'S kv awed @ Gntnuows curren! rak: Y (S204 tear a voltage range fechr k es. Kak waximum voltage 1s 38 KY ane kk rake Short crc? current at heh voltage 's 22 KM. Ana @) fhe voltage below eshich rakel shart crv cure Current does nol increase as operating woldege decreases anal the value oy Kak current () vakd Short ecrcrct curren? af BY:5 KY Selub'on @ Ge Rakel Maximum voltage grate eel The loxser limit Y Be range of qperahig wolleze vs Lewer Jimi oY = Rikd Maximum ve e Zimié K 38 és ae A303 KV “RATED swear exr cuRRENT x OpsRrring veemge 4S CONSTANT On THE RANGE Anueee 2 Max Yo/s fd poe HE and Upitage yf Lewertimit . “ Vide, = Ise, OR Racket Max ve lage x Rekal short chi current of Kak vehege = x Tse, darser Noid ~* Eecy = BER280F aT “7303 7 36304 3 © Rateet shoes Cirewmd current of 3y'Skv 2 2EX2240 345 24,2324 aGo) SYMMETRICAL CoM PONEMS, fev gis Of- un symmelial pharers from fkecr poe Gor ponents Fe haceeeee acre Aris he a asers Hem of ~ eo © Av unbalance ge Caw fe puschic ene nv fem of Holancec ph Cllr the prone Gompomen® 4 ha, ont gernh \ phasors » Oe Ke Ee _ re phaors of enck asl (f cmporent ) Gre egunal '~ hkengh Paice oe adjacent pine 7 Eek are Spue/. gies: orem Threr © Actoroting Forks cues Sen, Can joe reselvey unbalanced pharos va a 3¢ ink tere balanced soften ~ praaws, ne he bolanceect sats are: J ioe Weguence wpenals? M ouna'sts £ re phatos pial in magnitude, cl placeat wom each olin “by sre? un phere awet Kooy he Man phar pe ao The wi7erak Phoens - LE arr'st B 3 phere 1)” Wlegitire ates oe in ache anit hapiacet fore tack oe po? un pwr aw of having phace dephence appee ts to tk G- the originak phawors@) Sere Agee Jt Gna sts thee phasors rk ih Arce ont a Phare ote splacement ar Exch QR te oxi nol unbalanced phasors *s YO um Ve ate Gmpments, Te oi gon phasors Oly Phares Ow aie be 0b6AALn Te es Yeo.# say Ya), Va, are ag are Known. voter Soe ph z Qo " Fin ol Gmpenents 4) Y= a” Vax Vv 4 tee Yo = My RICae F ORIGINAL PHAGERS ARE cure, Syne) po AS aa i. CoM PONENTS 7 as ea7an alkene enaee fie Ay mmetiol ae plone tree page 73 Cem Joc tri them 9 Ya atthe Re = Vag t Va, tM Vy = Oley +2 Yay Meo = be 1G PAM Ve = a Tn mabix fy Va : ) Yeo 4 > tela Ve Ve : pte tan Vay % ‘ao =[4} | uw, Y, ach ae 8 G@here ® 1 { J Ae PEN eae / a av”poh Geto f anben @ of ) gets Syma bick Components if phacevé <¥e Phat I Yen = + lme%e%) © % ave ) wet Cee ‘ Sinilarly ik Carver ; a Ri id : -} (haere gee far ie pa av] and 7, id (s<+ Ztte 2 anor 08 ) \ Se Za, = 4 (4 ratty tw te) 4g, e 5 (La +o Ly +t) Lchews Mek a ome povst Sa, € @) =4 (Me +h a) Cndatate ope Msn of (he _Unbalancect Phacers is te Boe, hy = 8 ————— Sen “ : @ 2, in phra. phares =O Coy) Viz Line & dine viltat ies », Wigg 2S _—_— C Bb Bi, rey ne be eynnl & pre SH NY Bre Vine Cn ae pere D we in a2 o¢@ hem Lee a 3 a Zyohtte =F In» Goethe’ naebgaos ¢ >) 576 = Current ty, ae Tine Currents - First 4 Sth ear @) mes 4-8 Lapis £¢ Ch +f f, +Z2) 24 fe CTa0 oe +2) t ast Fact Fe Hath Fa = gee . n= 3Lae 53) Bl 2,50 if texte pom 5 not ava/able pw Sia Sin TOO rfa Conbeacm Bre %. “mpone04 4- Gnnecket fmt pravicles no pak +o newtal anc the Line Currents Hovey % 24- Connected fon Com tmtaiw ne- Zero = ae Components Grercise 3 Crp 393) La, = 60 L-7° Fa, = 2% 27 Geo £70 +20 LH 439 270 -0 apasor ass =e 4, Joga Fa, tia, i = =J 60 = lao 3 30lFo Zoo , 2 a” La, 2 boo Lqotave 26 L! 4, parla. hep pisemetenelae! = Gob Lays’ Siyroe gee boo Lise + ° qo gid ame Gro £70 t120 = oD oe Fer hala, > - 250 £33" a qo 4240 = ey 2 A Sa, = ak 340° ¢ BSP LTE = PHS Li0s%q tr santiago Tal nett te otraSYMMETRICAL Y AND 2 ciRcuits FROM FI@: Tq = Lab -Tea I, = Toc — Tan Te =lea- tee Jatt. 42,9 But Tao = 4 (Za+ ty +te) 400 eo @ LINE CURRENTS INA -CONNECTED CKT HAVE NO ZERO SEQUENCE CoM PONENT .RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SYMMETRICAL Com PeNENTS OF PHASE AND LINE QUANTITIES (evRREATS) INA 2 CONNECTED CRT LTa= las - Tee Jao + Ig,+F, 2 = Gas, + Zap, +Tax) Gat at 7eai* Ke) Bo toy 452, ie * Gan Feg) w(eus ay) © [Sime neg are egnat} T,, +3,, = Gav,~Fea,) + Geng Zean) Je, Tea Tea, = Fas, 4, Fab, Tee, 4 “ Tea, =e” Fass Ta, +32, = (Jan, -0 Zay,) + (a4,- e” Lav.) Z Q-9 Lav, + C-a%) Tao, Simi larly Lu, 425, 21-9 Foe, +0-4) Toes > OY La, +a Le, =C-a)e" Lay, + (ra%) % Tao, -@ Mutripey ING (1) by @ SuBTRYVCT (3) FREMG@)ey ale, +0la, = (a-c)Zay, + (4-2) Tas, awh, +al., = @-<3) Lan; + G@-<3) Jan, Za, (a-a”) = Igy, (a-<"-a"ea?) + Tao, («-<-a+4) Za, (a- 4) = Fas, [(a-2) - 2G- Iya ae z 7 arp ger Jo» te las? #1 ae dt Seaton é Ten =i 4 YQ, =a, 2 ve uence Current pa wane phe ve mT ebook ZERo SEQUENCE CURRENT PATH ANd NETNO RIK [nnn «facet cl ln A st =e = Rep. Bue ta i oo | 5 1p - Cer@ Sy. nebo. Current” pelts Veo = Te Gar2s) Veg = Vo lnge for pote aR grout @) Ke = aygt Verte na iS # (24, + eo +5) Br Bye Tao 3 Ig, @n + 2g Fe C Sree Jeo* yor Te) 465 03 ent i) Fe Te above re bro Vay a & -Iy,,% 1 " Vag. awa, 2.— Meg ¥ = Fag (Ege 22n)Tmpadances nee oe Posi hve Sey, negate ae Sy, Rotahing 2 ao e w/t ' as 2, eae 2 2: pe : . (27%) c ne 2 z 2 gas Trane jperrmer f CsHigntly (4 = Be 2) Cae ve sq.) I. i ZERO sequence NETH ORES Oe gw peguence currents erill How onfy yh a peter per prists throngh which = Gmpbkot eiewlt o> panded , Ppa Wo current plows an the primary op a trans fv unless Current plows in the ‘Seconelavy (Negleening magnet ging current) Zow - se nee espesvalent cercushk 2 three-phase. franspemer bank Symbols GAWECTION DIAGRINS Zero dg usnce Fe eed P Q@ ; ‘ 2 —3 a : aan aS ss Is ee i in ; : ~~, ( Referene £3 fos Hs | on? nn ar a Reference@, eS. 4 Ze ae DE . ~ 2.0 tap > ao P a7 pf ee eat A ae Aaa ease i Ap ages net gies De absence of 4 pats thremgh one esinding Te ofttnn » trv open. esrenit teence current bateew the fae exist a StS -ffor Ofna Ve pee heal ag Re Transformer, parts a fe Bo LEASE ey A path theongl the deanaferme existe fro Gee AY eee prevents Current iv Gee Tee Zero Acgpeence Cyrede Lave a pakVO baaieal hecmagh he Y becann frre spent a Gnautek Currents Con ecreuele in tt a. of degree Current cor enlackog in ted & faints ara pe in YY Cee not blow Se ee nimi & te # Can 4 4 1-6 ane op cce eae Current com not Hoy 4 on ae Siance a& & che provieles no refurn path for zene ne Bier Sa en ‘aneaat ae current con flor inh @ a-d bank, Zeno Con erode tin the A antgZs,Ps. we —>r - i c= Jet Te,4Te, +e, GONNECTION DIAGRAM OF Y.Y TRANS FERMER WITH NEOTRAL GROUNDED >=, thtty, >= a, t2o,-1l, Lise? ava oetg A pak OF MAGNE TICACLY ee REF ZeRo sEa.€Q. CKTONE LINE DIAGRAM "aj tn o 4 th Zeno se@. NETHORE R Tt M N a 4 32n one LINE DIAGRan 2 _n ge +3 %Fresca tens TAS newteal ig ad Bee phoat voll ‘ stems. TAS ne ean vc, balance CIS? aw alenntekd Lead be: . boos ‘nol gromred ed» the Pestadan inf phar eh 12 105, tn 6 PA A genet in phooe Cis 30 « Seleat Yau 00 mperf ini oma Von 20. sng Wevetal 70 pasos and daha we a ioe In & Yan Vr 19 volte PT so e300 Vab a as veferena using sy. corr v ce an F@- Vea! = Vay - Yay? ——@ [se = Vea'] Vv Vv Voy =p are tVe Sep Bre Sen, GON 1 °bN > ‘a gon pene lance zp valteges only heve Vow => Ca-wonle Zow Sew sop component Van? = Yous = neg =P Tyg 20) Sn Mane Mone rental Comnreckn, Fron eyoke A Vaa = _ (9 so 4° "Vay -¥, = oe 70 Fee v a aM” en ee Ung oe j Fi aan = any Van, 7 Venz- 9 = 0-o 204 Cet 2, +22) zt 10 120 +3) = 2 oLe # (19 #20 Lee + 30 2240) = gape 3 4 (a, +4 ey raved) = 57> £210 a 3 ot 20L2y0 +30 Liae) 2 SF? ZIP 2 Ca + eat 2) =3¢ Vaal, = 3 Ta, (2at Met2y)4 dGar oereMagt $5, Gare’, ES a fzete Zo, + 9:93 case 2a, } Oa Yoo, = 5 Ja,(tare % +07 2+ $24) bu ca “4 Vaal = ae pp 2210 Ta, + Ta, 204 rie 20 <0 SR Lise La, o - 5 = : . PR 2020 eT Far ) zoeo ~S°F7 L150] lop a => Srp Bo 420-679) Loa =sPpgzie 20d | Jy 7 + > a (S:77 42) = B14? the tre “i Bu? Tete St ARVO) = gaps eJatnc shp 36671 Tye! = Ja, +e, t+Ta, = som = 3 lyp ajo b PEE HI HSY £0 3-933 Fy 4SY = 3-959 LOSE timp Pm Vain ae, = 3:9 Se Less () 2 3g:SF LZESE Vout . Wu Sole 2-3 (ape 299) cam 18 Ling (age neborks Gre ofraum. Here only. Zao Age 4 se odin |g te Bs bO° e z 2S st Thay: A a 1g kv % dee ae + S2z0tw Ky Sees gia. ae ae Base: So MWA, D 13-5 ky fn te eke 3 Gens. Vazestne Gen 4 5 20 MVA IBGE ky ot Bo MUA 1& kv gen Gent:( F° MvA 2° kv 7 as MA, are ¥/13 eK Kor pv “ exct wt 1 MUA “ Fe Fotegl< pee apek 123)ie kv Kel Ty BSMYA , azer/ex y xy oe 12. & KY (in Me =~ Seleck Qese : SD MUA a C Fpetiey = 22psgnnl +104 Gent %, Bjoes Kae = See oy ~ AP ea 4 oe jen 2 = poes x = * ee Se = 5 30 Gorpre 0533 . r eS ee : - = jo°0s x J = 3 Gens 2, = - , (= Pere - af pees TAH FP SrSt feG,: 32, = pe penpegnnett sxsesx Sad 2D ; 2 os x = BaF 30 32,2 hr : y = jeuqeas 3} 206 Fa 6, aie - = KY, zee ea See gon, 7 a Base 6 ans vA sD Zz 210 = => = 216 us x 46 q #- 2 20 sd d = as P. ce gee % a 7 = = — 2p = Ol x se are p.u Sr, = (ele $ pee rjly2e 40Re feresee SusSINGLE LINE 70 GROUND FAULT Ol Gnacritvorn af fe Inlt ares I-20, T=? Va2 0 Ma, = E- 24a, Vay eee ely Me, suo = ayaa m Fay CFs:Tag | Log . Bae | ae > lov eal | ae . é ' es —4 a: aoe Us: thins, vor Ix wotim (4) we get Va. : A eae Za, Ve ; ae e Z, ° ta, Z V, : : Ay o f : : “Ne sf eae & -— I4,2 1 oer syay Vag + Va, + Va, = Ege + Go de tia te aa Ya = “Mg Aer titiee Fz Ia, (#4 2/72) But Vaso oe f - 7, ,Cer2 923) =e é Da Bott 7 e, Ta + fae +a, 02, “2 = 3 Ie, UY hi @ three fonneckd ar Seview ie a peduwks are above > gales S sakshes Va = Vo, +Va, +U, (Bq: tae 6 %,%) +649) net growrdesNok: Se pane pigulls can fe Neen anhent Tis use % ae Gomponenl3 Supe 47 Tnapechin . LINE TO LINE FAULT on An UNLOADED ? gene RaroR—Sine Ino 20 2 0, ° oO zo Vey a ier w shee = bs o Var oO +o = [ @: $5) O+7, 2, 0 tig ° (i ais Ua, : [i 1-1] ee Vax, otha Va =a > Eee 2% 2,2,AS Dy: Iyy+ 4a de, FA e4"Je, 04 To, 20 +a Je,7 4844, = Fe, (24) ; a eacsaee fF 108) 2 he, (ja sed)124 DovBlLé Live-70- GKound Fault en AW UNLOADED GENERATOR Aang ‘333 Jo ydeq PDH 8 Yold POH jnujy * ae an BAUR (opsaupasA) 6002 ‘Z Aipmung: ajoq C! - esque persis TAHIGOUOY Jo 6 sn Aisonjun 2G 8proou_y oindupo Ye Oe Sess ons dua | WI OF:LL-00:1L 1opi6ojouadr | Yao ye sioudyouipuny 40 sal ecole p99 ua “spud PurdsipyejouL spoltpn ul 8}38y2 UONPIPpPY -08:01 een 0:0 [eae i out | ou :91NPAUES BUIMO}IOj J8d sp s1ajUase1d BuIMO}IOJ OY} Aq PAIBA\JaP Aq III SH}D1 Be = i ay Ya, = Ya, = 3) Va SOON IDU]Was J v, Afogguysa,, pur Sundaeeiva so be eo ae eo o ep Hulheply both Syetes of 4) ay 2” ex ee E £62 hk, oe = Ze eet 6 -1k, 2, oh, ° & Je ; 3 Oe A et &-Ja, ( oo Ue e o | | 7. yo © oie a — fe eter | | a ° 2) e ! . 2,€, - Jy, 21 Bote 2,20 € ghee E, =e Cert) a 2/2, + 2% + 270 21 oat. 126Ge dearreek ob ta Vag = Ve, = @As we Aove Fe: Dhak & Soprens nebrorks a parallel @ nd From a hon mm oy 8 de a 4 @ . hak 2,02 ov aye pavallel he im, ae : pvewlal Com nee hy ¥ fhe oe nehrvk «gi eles. ~ CON cLUSIONS. SINGEE: LINE 70 GROUND Faucr ( Te ots Ta, 2 Saye %e i ark a Dey? Ae UNLOADED GEN Geouno FaAuer Con a povB.& eine Te 70 LINE FAULT. GBH) Line. YarsNe a a0 Wt Nas Fd. Yar % 2 y+ Pie a re Ja? F502, Ea dey = Fa Tae -ka, Vinisivay Vag.Be & J “joes? Deilene = y pis +f ay aye te gio (Fe Bylo Lome oy i z G+ 574%) 23%, Gromnt at Tyrhe -3 (-j 287) > -j gs?! Pe een Adjushe velage = + 2o7get PY. Ea * aj 27763 RY tye £2 = Bt ee 2,"Fo jc2+D La, = - Gast Za5) ase" -+ lap =da,s- (92-163) E = Ea Dy = Tp0+,, +4,= Fo ear Te, 7 4 7ea" , 2F Zoo gt) # lr 82 8L9° =Q:963 £-90 4 a4e) el wars Loerie) [ay = 4044 BY Laz dlag s3Gry sisaS vou Pe:33 Art 12-4 UN SYMMETRICH, FaueTS ON payee SYSTEM In Mw Care, eack The. ck nea be replaced by vs Thevenin’S. alent, beteee,, Te fed ey rina composer! f cts REFERENCE Sus are He peiot of app liom of Far. Uys Line te Nenkal ve Je f pha af Sankt - Example eo oe on yO TN “alte134OS F SOD Par IN Powe syszey @ Single line + grand te ele 242, te, @ Dovble ling - Uy ia ote O Deable Vive: bi vg creel ial we tine grmnet Fomlt ee 2 %/ (air) 2 12.10 le line und i, BPry Tap Ta2 Tay Ta = Tar 2a tao = 3 Ia,FROM pars! Cat (eR SINGLE AINE 7 UD FAULT THRIVGH eto! 135, I,2? ° ie 2,2 Favet epenanc® Va : Jatt $ rt oe Oo - ne : aaa ae |: ws Le, ? Te,* Fay * 2 Za» (atl Vao : Zz 2° re Var | = Ea lo | z, 0 Ia, Vas ° ao ee Le, J o 0 ae of 2M ° 2@o - 2 Vp o 2) Oo. i ° oe & 2 lav Mabe’ poteplying bot sides by ci 1] tax No: SEE Fi 1G OF THE SEQUENCE NETHRK Connection OF PAGE IGE 13SEvd GEST caw BE sive Ame “ae ane hogeinas sBauenes 1a ao tee Va v, ee at aes ) 4 oY % %, 1 gta oq 2h : (ay la + & i ag 40 V, G ae v - serading aie Ge) 0 eo 3 (y, . la, — V, 2 ae |g : 7 a) @ «)é, f sj 3 a, 2 A I 13 FOS 6 = Setter L . ave "0 WE bo FB Me, tG4;z, Since Ig,r0[32 —— Zs . : Fa, 6), = IB Ta, (Since top -d Km x @ 3 (um ~ Ya) = 1% @ 8) 5 £8, MyM & Vas fie Ras ~~ Bice the ektm nedvor ks Se coms Bke aco @ Fim Rp x we cm ot oe 4Ba Row Physicel_inapeeteer Tare “oe Yes +2-)2¢ tao = + CR +2) 3 lag: 6 #72) » Vee = 3loe *¢ Vero te Mig ih Va Vv ~L{ 1 @a™ 4, ar )~ 3 | ava Ve Vey ae Ya ‘ao 1 )iae av [% Va, \= 3], a%4 %, Ve, DM} aie va sh [ver Gr? oe ay Van [sore We= 2%au%s) Vaw = % (Yao +%ay + va) + 3G 1,25) 2 Ven = 2 Va; +2 (3 Facze) v) Vay = Vag — 3 LaeCoN CLUSION S ('383) B SINGLE LIn€ To GRRIND THROVGH % y, i Fay = Fr byt 207? *% Tq, = Ja, = ce, Ling zo tI E CAULT THREUGH 2, “g Ja, a sagt a a a, fc * " ; = Ja, © - Ja, + Fa, 7k, Ya, - Vas. Double line_& greunel feulé Arough %13g 1.@. Vay 2 Vax Vay = Vap- 314, 2% . Feem thege two oF > CoRRES Pr me ic ~~ ae gous an gore # sev KY Ling 20 bY Go) ° boven ar xv Ging) gen o 5 l Xy 107 Gn 27 x ex, = 1S KE a gas y, ee x2 sw pe Ty x 2S tae ae loov aE Ks EXE aay a -is xfes a) al = Xp scx Es 267 pdPeefenlt Voltage Ys caine? Ro le oes ‘ EF), 2, sol & iG), (37) TH 2 hod Jes jy 38Ar Sy 26) ec 2, (1D = 2 Cin) = j2el Jer oe > Ces 4 26% 2yy = J CIFS+ ») aj 44d © Three phase fartt F, Bi eth ss 2 Rege 3387S ie. at FoF & 2 Oise FE ea — Tes 2z308Le ru, *a M40 — . ‘i z y, : = th, = f = acai ey 2,2) 2 (5:26) J 973 Pu fa = - Te, CF eas) ty: Bette +H maa) ta kL, = a Ip, eT + ae --) 6923 —J V3 2 Ja, (a9) = 7308 ( ) =0 3-4/7 Le po B - Se (ee uss AE Current of .- Ang Dy s 3417 KUNST FBTR pep | “4p Pe ee ta, 2r224 20 od 03 = J '%G¢ = na bl) + 4FE a0 d nj OGEI, =a rey (068 x3 z-j 32 oS pv da = 2 OS ENS Ss = 370223 trpECONOMIC gpefaT/oW BE pewER srszMs Aw engineer & alwegff Cmveerneet wth A ca GO Predaccls” anh Yervices . Zy util. Lowdk Corvretihion the—errcitberttom, Mie fr_ony Cori bution from each plant ant prom each unt dvikin @ pant must Ye clermentet So Kat 7h cost | Ts a menemume How Me | hem ae dv early metiret ¥ st op delivEet power calle for Spey b unkl Me pork Power yeon one of gecdent plant myatimnun —effeccentg Fr i. Plant war in trac recent plant prided Slat & I bene owe « Jur A plont ard | a port of maexinan | peachests Shaw next most 4 power te te mol be calleol wg & Db mere tappon taretel fi Pe Comat plant gaso Aaa, ' fo“ Bo morose ask - i I Q.) Distibuhiow Lonet Bebseen Unik air a plat fel tat is poop fect in foxsil~ feel plant Prints! * fd tab =f akpe > Gest f Cpa + "Th ate inflhuctes tat fuel peck ee ae . ae delvyert peever_18 cncer hon ck camel Colveck, Tine Problem — | i atkmphng SH menage Ae |) 4 ‘ i iDespuT ~ ovTPuT — CuRVE SHO TNG_ Pues rupur (2) SS ey BAO grr e Fuel HEAT RATE (wary i] * a op SUL aP > Me —e Power Apt Cun) She ; crpuk - ontant eye of & Generating Shakin. “a generaly Oopprre xi mack t oy We Deaost ginekins. Curve > Fy = Input to vnc » maw/rr C #4) Pros Oulput of aenie ny Weal effiaeny = CPs ae | it hel ffitnya L ire ar =P Ferien sffitien g wp Slope <8. wdetaacm aes Soe Ct/x) <— F715. FueL cosT us. Fe 4 PO@ER ourTPuT —> PF Cm) outpué Jar tosh omtput curve (Rad sl in gle tg eulcbnuy san genet, Can fre writfew ar@ ag & bi sr explainent lasers @ = Momsen Ip generate buses in Ra fthim es = = Neo-lenel tess of generate é (assuming Be : thal 1S ow Nie fine bul etelivering. no jr ene set) machine tes CRITERION OF DISTRIBUTION af lone iad befiyeern oF: 18 bascot upor whelkine emcnenreng Tee fonct low: neds ow one untk io decrwamer on Te Ofer Qinth by Me an Pn ENO AN Or clecmam fr | Oem mente peoulls in aw dor se. Thus The ZNCREMENTAL 3 OST fs fl. mat Nervi me 4 - Sha. bransper of Lend from ent eeu no comhinued wifi a total Cost ab aseee “iT AYA saat ween Gohere ancvementl tk fe Unik co, (E fue) 4st Gerve of unk y Slepe of incremental Infer cept +f incremental si curve oP Aas = bs. - generater 2 fee genaralect Poner oe A is tinearly relatet Dhar in Ry pelos (be con fee tin in Rex Eqneis 2) THE ¢Rt Ai DIVistsN OF LOA. A PLANT I$ THAT Ale Ar THE SAME (INCREMENTAL FUEL cosr. Ue THE PLANT OUTPUT 1S TO BEM CREAR, THE INCREMENTAL CosT AT GQoHICH EACH nee RISE BOF Nus7 t Cen) be amen UNIT OPERATES (aa) REMAIN THE SANE FOR Ade a egg THE CRITERION DEVELOPED? INTUTIVELE CAN hE Found MATHEMATICALLY78 To clevel: a evke ov fice Le fi babe @ lrmcts aunond, tte Uncls # a place Mah oe” Commit where + Tete Fig =p FuSt Costs oF subividUaL UNITS = Total power recervest by fhe plank Gus and dransiptredt te the paver fh. Pe =D OUTPUTS OF INDIVIDUAL UNITS To wake Rove minimum opt olF =0 Since F, hepents ow forBe £ (PR. Po Fe as ort pre of each uate EF 5 is) | perer F, Shell be wainionetm ath ar & cone heuat Fe = Gnstent (Given) aig =o : © AP +AB+ -- + IR =0 ® 7 <= WG muttely epeokon G2 ra AP + AAR + > +#AAdheze ---@ ahs eas Subtackng frm © Ser cons 2Fra- gar) +(2, pe) a. +PFrap-a dP) = Gir aan Bea ates) + + (Ete 2 dt) =0 Qi ayat Geyan e+ C-dalhee we Ihe pgnts s Gaksred Uf rch tam PARTIAL DERIVATIVE BEQSMES A Futt DERIVATIVE sie THE Bin, cAcH UNIT WILE VARY (F OMLY THE POWER OUTPUT CF THAT UNIT 6 Foe as EasesNowe are . 2fi a Fg 4 no tint a aie 2 OF x i gut? % wy on > \P y Iv > 40% ] alek Ta Ig ny “7 @) oe —pr, aa =o: Ta R - “Max Lovet fu ar, ACh ents 2 = 62s F = 0-0/2 Py, +86 a ti Saeet Min = 100 Hy tet 8 of, a Malet ice Mu e 5 AS. 1 = ‘ole (1) tno = 12, $/ath~ ae, Je AFs : i = dy = : Mihy oe PsP = 200 Mw an inovare in lene atl we wt 2 a ane > oan = ass apeite #/nube : ase +8 210-4] sotz Pat gros oe ‘ oo Pe = dere 33333 Ma Saa ol PF, rile = 74 ae, 1 Ake on fe tS Fe IY Ror swe A Y uv RP, = 62S ‘ Ay 2 ole (asp+ 3 Iss sd then A, = is’ a pip. fire = R= 49 May 1 —— Ane postin increare ia fre Are fel be taken bf veh 4d For pS oe 2 PO 62QS — aa Ay = ‘el 2sBo +8 = les eit Aa sts # [Wo ak Py = SRN ds unt stakes tn evemental lon A ho : 2. 490 4.628 = loFs heim A ent). be sameas A, te AHA, SIS, ee Fe PZ = 1250 teens 2 Pa cag OC X62S +1 Ar = i: =F QS Ae Roel52 EXANPLE 4 i+& = FS? NW SB TeTAL ouTPuT Fox epaly stance Pah = 375 My Py, = T- FY That is 2. Fee ‘ 5 Econom’ e _operahin— eae a = AK ~= “Ol PR fH © ool (72 -h)t& oR P,>272°2 MW 477-3 MW ol Fi ap Fon en i > Enetementnt A tetit onal cot SHEE olant 4 skein Generaleays ane “ fro 272-2 +o 375 Mw , BIT Fading ~ gee = (Cae ade, (Gest Saved) 2327 sto = [ees PY eu ®, | 2727 k Fase 4 hy C wostsaveet) Cane f Mott 2 tak ateneanes for ctecuanty genni fim F 2F 378 BG Hats [coun pa ai ae 4773 i cS 37> = [eve BY +e P| = ius. gf 477 CAvtatttrore) coor Rapats)13) s) As veel scant) = (1456-6 = ans] $f = LS ca ple riCansmrSSl0N Loss AS *, puncre Ms JO PLANT SEMERATION tee ineremental mee! Coste ab ome plank Atthous mus be lower thar thank F anole plank for Ge vew cuski budieny f lowe behvee Ma plarl cab Cosh abe . plant a Hee tome ere’ Dhe _Josses Paton ne Se ie Sees i ore : fee (owed pa tend, awed, fez plant ith oaks fansmiseiev oe alas a perch ike tel cost. To coor din ie acon opcling » The (es Th A fe be enpren™ /o jane (om aang 4% Pt Plant 4 i Plané 9 Sie t6 *, 4+ Gt) 7 ® - Lox. Munf, bent 7 re he Tranancsein tess Shale be rea Lek Pre sSen Aeea) fant Iga ee “uit agp me sada ih too generating pli = ho= 3 fh [fe +3 [2.)" 5 #3 (ara) Re -© Re Ryr Re ave Me re Sr Etrnens ¢ Linen 4, 4,99 = hepectively , eto af Z, 2 L, are in phere - al [2,+ *2J = [+] } + [Fx [piney #palt | 3 [2] (® +Re) +3 Yo [> be a +3) ey -© +f Pov, Ph ave the paver , vellge @ PF at ab Ines bus of plant 4 . ee : ae ee yes ie = on Bypenton ge Perea aoa tRe a7 — *50h 1g am [u] Crh) [4] Can) * fey oe =F By +260 B, +P gos By | are Ie lose Cosffireente be BO Geffrecets B22Ee matte form P_=PBP ahers a Bis Pe Pr ' fo 7 4 Po |p Be pis ae .as ey gistRiBUTION OF LOAD BETMBEN PLATS [nw foo Case fre Bearniise on fess vtl/ a Coro trent be gnclucead ob Jhon tout pot toh fe ome Fur cost OF ENDEVIDUAL PLANT Total inpul & fhe nedarorh prom ad _— the plans [B= RtBt te ZR -@ nt be. 7, Pan Pye > Indiviclual plant inpul - Fi, Faye prinimum Using Fhe Cmstanining relaciow om Me op RFs @® Pe + it : == alee ob here 2 . pik Bansmis pov Loss in BS Sp. Cpmier tn pus, loss Gefpaimrs) BR es Toml peer fracever At as lexA ops the often = Gnstant al iFor Ke minima CeSh AF, 20 2 afr 4g AoE ate or G@ i em value of a — ee see le yer ae 4 chy Laping be ele a p dfn OFT aw at Pa Pp wobn ‘ehere fhe femal teres Mor obfarrot b 8 a EB C12) for wach plant of & fe m Can fe solve 6 an bung A vahie Yue QR. Econ lonchivg. fer ack Plank (8 fren for lke omprumet A. by Solving. he es re Avoval ya lies yA lala are pone for plothy genraton ab cach Plant against 4e4l generak'mAP, 60 ot Fa poh ay = OO R_# 7° ae of APy di A, AP, /- 2h etn brs : 227 fp Kt 36 ef, aA Fa. i as 3 at Ps. /- 2 oP, / xe IB PST Bee X SoD in Joona er -] res or RCoN TTS Sener the pars umes are gperei etipatch i A, Sires Da le7S5 = ate L, t af, ee = [-o0s (se) +50] uy seg by FFat — fe a) 4) The penally factor J generator ome 75 / rary ae i ip Oe. ae, 2 ah, SS eaae Zi Om Bi ar, eo FR [abv + Of] [ss pt Phe gn, +29 ” By + 286 Bat fy > we al werk x15?) + as (01x82) ae, 2 aad Dd a- Ar A, = Ra ce Fe ee Ae NO ae ®. = er Lr 1d = ae (290?) ak qa Ft hich is Ltonitimed, ee eI" ow Ai gaat og84g 4-3 pat the penally facter % generator ane 15 / Ay we oR ar, me o = Bun ae a =a [Abt 8 Fa] AB, + 20K Brat A Far [ae im @ = Pre 3A 2 2anant* Fa Ora. », Pes a[mexeine> 4 2s (01x) 7 2 023 LS ) =r 1e Seah ago? D Deir g Moke Ar A, = Rg ah P= 140, p19 Me F, Ar = ey iy 2 LLL (29-0 a= AE (79 ?) hich 1S the adetihioved cost te increese [bu ar B, a Dukput a unl soe #Gy) ALMOST ALL GENERATING COMPANIES HAVE UA TER OAM EST TO NEIGHBORING VTlLiT! és AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROE OBJECTIVES OF ZNTER CONNECTIONS: () SHARING OF SENERATION RESURCES IN EMPRGENCIES () sconomigs OF PewER PRedUCTION YNDER NORMAL CestaiTion O NET INTERCHANGE = (AREA genenarion\~ (Aen gaan reeesal © ENERGY ConTROL CENTRE 3 MoAnToRS 1) SYSTEM FREQUENCY w) POWER FLOW rHRoUG, TIE LINS @ FREQUENCY CHANGE occvRs DUETO © IMBALANCE BETWEEN POsER GENERATHEW par DEMAND (+ L055 Es) > CAUSING KINETIC ENERGY OF ROTATION Te OF EITHER ADDED OR TAKEN FROM UNITS ee LIN’AREA CONTROL ERROR=ACE s DEVIATION FRem DESIRE FREQUENEY ComsBING@O wiITH THe be se VIATION FROM SCHEDULED NET INTERCHANGE Feee METERING | ENERGY Gon7Re CENTRE MONITORING, Coe R DINATED proce ss/NG AND GNTREL FUNCTIONS ARE WITHin THE pacDivi DVAL AREA BY GamPutER BASED AvTen~ ATIC GENERATION Con FRee (ABE) « SPEED GevERMERS: oST STEAM TURBOGENERATORS AND AYDROTURBINES ARE EauiPped with SPEED GovERNoRs - xs FUNCTION 18 79 MeMITPR GATINUOESLY SpGEd AND To CONTREL THROTTLE VALVES C(warcw ADSUST STEAM FLEW (X THE TURBINE eR Gee Position (W #YDRe TURBINES ) PER UNIT DROOP eR SPEED REGULATION OF A GENERTING yam The MAGNITUDE OF CHANGE (NM STEARY- STATE- SPEED, EXPRESSED IN PER UNIT OF RATED SPEED, WHEN qTHEe gurPuT OF THE UNIT 1S GRADUALLY REDUCED FREM V0 peER UNI? RATED PRIER T? Z2ERO- That is, per unit regulakev is simply Mh nihwele of Mn slope + he Speeet versus“ Pmner charackrishe when oy any ane power owkpul axes OMe expressed in par *™ Ry - Grin 4x Pu. (fer-2) /R where : Ru =o Per Unt renter (spect) fy = FReavency ar we 408? ca) C= AT RaTed Cure el Be) a fas RATED FREQUENCY c42) Sas MéqgAwarT BASEa- F/$e_ gy @3) ne tin : “fs (eo toad) Re tag = ae wefan --G) fa aR Nn Slope = -R Se 3 & Rated output 7 2 fy SF ioe naan ae ee t a _ ! 0 — Power output, MW Pzr = (a) Fr Speed ch: mote fter supplementary control (“ie sia oer lph Fe the fegulah on chavacheish: = +0 new positive) x Eina)_, py at fo e Cad—-4 +4 § rn a / ® c P,o + AP, 0 —> Power output, MW Par Stoves -R, AF (6) oR if “Fe Ra. : ~ Fe fe) 2%, Cusirg yr 2) ---G)i Consicey ; grchromusly operating unck 2k 46AD CHANGE = oP mtu Becaus Unite Gre inkreonneckel they are reget t aperak at same en ee | Apher ae Skacty - sink all units Al Lave change of wert. From “pn @ 0 output Sr, \s5 Pr = fa: © ppg Bi se [oR — )— _ ‘ (% RJ $e +--@ Frem (4) ” ap = ues - mu...) Ry weep Shu _ = "ThE Adletition output for Th urnct Gh) cn be expressed a Crettieg snbshtedieg (6) cnte am-b) ap, Se; (Pu, aP 9} (sme rie Sen | Sen Ru, on:COMPUTER - ONTROLLED OPERATION OF A PARTICULAR AREA [As) Tie-line monitoring B-Coefficients 4 : Nonconforming loads ace = (B)-106, Cfo $2) Mw ohere . Py = Actual net sinker Fixed-plant generation (@) Actual net interchange Tie-line loading data penalty factors | change Frequency Scheduled : bias setting frequency OB = Scheduleel net 3 Pnkrehange faa Aches freguenér f5= Schetulet fregueny @™ frequency Area contro, error &- F & ACE a rapeeny ; © Sethng factr Chr Compute “) assigned generation SCE = Acha/ SEMA m : ca ei GY aree plants ~ Desiveet are Plank gen. * ERROR SIQNAL= ACE -SCE Control signals to plants : gs + & £ = Gst Punch , , ‘. t12Penalty forte 2 —— Me = Transmission [08s 7-2 = Bu PZ, +282 % ,%t°°EXAMPLE 13-6 TOE Or ka urn fae ee ner | tre ae ree 6 L0AD OF 200 MeO. UNIT 4 WITH A RATED TUTPUT oF 600 MW AND Y/ SPEED DROP CWARACHRSTIC SUPPLIES YOO MH AD UNIT, HIcH HAS A RATED OUTPUT OF Soo MU AND Sf speen DROP, gurPLles REUAING 30 Hot. OF LOAD. TF THE TOThL Abe 1s $00 MW (AFR tA CREASE) DETER NING NEW LeAQING oF EACH UNIT AND THE COMM rn FREAVENY CHANGE BéroRE Ady SUPPLINENTARY cOA7RO gas Occ URS. NEGLTF LOSSES: SOLUTION, a $a ’ 7 auantly a? 2 Jeo Bo0 2-100 MN, Ri ® When [cay Rays 0 jase -4£ = ee 0004 per unvl a re sco fe s+ ceo tf ene =-0°24 42 a ww 1 $F new > $n t<5 = fo gra rE Ee aé@. 6oo/ 2% = Se [Ri oi [04 100 sée ma "(SR Se boo, S00 Ry Raw oy os oh o Se f0s xy eye MY boo, SrO Oty ‘os Bos fn, = Bah = yoothe =4be MW fa, = 900 440 3yeMN-Frequency, Hz Frequpndy, Hz = 300 Mn [ Supplementary Cente! applica & unct 1 only]—— Gs ExercisE 13:12 8) ‘TAREE GENERATING UNITS OPERATING IN PARALLEL AT EOHT WAVE RATING, OF 360,560 AND 600 MW. AND SPLED Spee CWACTERISTIC OF 5, y and 3/ RESPECTIVELY. QUE 7° ewAange 7a) LOAD 0-3H2 FREQUENCY MwCREASE S$ EXPERIENCED BEFORE SUPPLEMENTARY Conran. . DETERMINE AMCINT OF CHANGE Lead asrd ALSO CWANGE 'N GEN oF GACN UNIT. Sonu rion, eee ACCORDING TERN. w Se, Se, San) of — . z 2 iz Jr z soo, gor o:3 0S ry) +03 60 2 -194'S MW Accoveling EQN & <4, as ee 300 3 e Ru da : os be 736 M4y 4 * rr = bat Me (3.13 Tote! generation increase ofne ZB sacreased Ae Ging flew = €31~-400 = 231 mw. L than (SS w. See. ¢ C08 BE “as ~ Oy “63/) Co AG, = ~ 2e. oe > & ce ie 2 Se ate Pas Fs Mw 4 Re 20m ACE =(&-P,) -10 & Ge~fs) = (6 31-4or)-10 C58) C0'36) = 22:2 Mw OR Sf 5-6:36 42UNIT Commit MENT AS TOTAL LOAD OF A PEMER SYSTEM VARIES Gerace urieity BAS TO THRIIT THE Day, THE EF DECIDE iw apvance Waicn GENER AroRS To START THE NETWORK UP sud 70 LONNEeT THEM 70 AND THE SEQUENCE IN WHICR THE OPE RATING AND FOR tow LONG UNITS SHOULD BE SHUT DEIN RE FoR MAKING THE COMPUTATIONAL pROCEDY. such peci sions 1S CALLED UNIT COMMIT MENT, THE COST AESOC(ATED WITH ASV STAGE OF LOAD 18 $j eR +7, Ck) pce) 2 Min Roeuch'on Cob of Gmbinah'oy 2) ty Ce) = Gst oF Feansitin ie Comb % Ck) & Comb- es (eed bebicen intervals KO Kes Min Cumulative Gsl of sige & Recursive fermuiy E,() ein $2.09 +70) (e+) Ca5 cued) 1800 4 H T eisai a 1800 H H g iscrete Levels of sstea load for an example daily loadBlocen ]oon-c te : Bl -c0e Blonne B] one t]--ce 2 2 = Slane B]a--2 Unit 1 a . «alto mar are ton kt spines etter sme 32TABLE 135 Loading limits and coefficients of Equation (13.1) for ‘the generating units of Examples 13.8 and 13.9 ‘Loading its Fal cost parameters vit sow)? Ma, Ma, [84 be ss eee. oe 1 CS ‘o0e0 ‘ ‘a0 z wm 0.096 sa 0 3 73 0100 79 % ‘ 50 otto 75 Co fo. FS LL TARLE D6 Economic dispatch outputs and production costs for the unit combinations and system load levels of Examples 13.8 and 13.9 —— Comb Sytem Py Pa Ps Pa hz fy fa PU = AES om) x (8/MW) ‘s/n 6) = Se Fp = 1100 30P = 10g 261-384-219 28S 286I 3565 257 2455 AE toes 35 a9 200 — 80 44 SID SB Ho tom 7 56ST aT a ee a P= 1400 MW n 1804 351 459-290-300 380L asso 3312 IAS 5.28 HM oe 556 — So sg aT 59356, Ho mh 46 553 3B SoS S407 5826 % infeasible. 7 = 160 MV n 1128 $10 S08 558 344 452 sos 3041 3631 70,908 234 Sal GIT AD — 5999 6176 509 — 68.975. 12332 GIB — 440 OL 618s — 46S ——7,856 Ps infeasible P= 1900 s 11786 469598386387 S152 S465 GSE 4125816472 E1300 62St GIS} S50 — 7063 6275 HST injeasle Tinfeasble {rDagners denote loud its.Example 13.8. The system load of Fig, 13.11 is to be supplied by combinations of the four generating units of Table 13.5. Treating Units 1 and 2 as must-ran units, determine ihe power supplied by the generators of each combination and the corresponding production cost in economically loading the units when the system load level is 1100 MW. Solution. Because Units 1 and 2 must operate at all times, the four combinations of units to be considered at each stage of the daily cyle are x, r,s, and 1, a8 indicated above. Since losses are neglected, economic dispatch of each of these combinations is determined directly from Eq. (13.6), provided no tnit is operating at « maxiqvum or minimum loading limit. We consider each combination separately Combination x», Units 1 and 2 have incremental fuel costs identical to those of Example 13.1. Acvordingly, with only Units 1 and 2 operating, Table 13.1 applies and the economic dispatch outputs at the 1100-MW load level are P,, = 509 MW. and ,, = 591 MW. The corresponding hourly production costs of the two units are calculated from Eq. (13.1) using the given parameters as follows: fy = 0.004P3, + 8.0P,, + 5009p ~ $5608 per hour fr = O0O8P2 + 6.47.2 + 400), oan $5859 per hour Hence, at stage 1 of Fig. 13.11 the production cost of combination x, amounts to Py(1) = $45,868, which is the accumulation of ($5608 + $5859) for teach hour of the 4-h interval Combination xy. With Units 1, 2, and $ operating, we follow Eq, (13.7) to caleulate the coefficients ap (ar! + az? baz!) = (0.008? + 0.0096~" + 0.011~")~' = 3.1243 x 10-9 eee & 64 75), brea + <) (ase * aes * ar) “735 ‘The incremental fuel cost for the three units atthe load level of 1100 MW is then. siven by Eg, (13.6) as Am apPyy + by = 3.1243 x 10°*(L100) + 7.3574 = 10.74 MWh, and the corresponding economic dispatch outputs of Units 1, 2, and 4 have thec= 1. PoweR system STABILITY. @ STABILITY _ foals 4 & & Gnethn anon Synehrorns anrach tw ajhich The angelar posh one Fr the reoboy 3- Gswotant cohen pemeay Covatanl orfe pelakve & cack shes cllsduy bawtf ' & yesent oy Se come no polring. aw aperiodic disturbance. Let tO Grvavclew SP ee bus fupinste fees B motor = Bo © Power buen &, 25 =. Pa Tt Sin 8 = Rap SS hoe aca) +X, — Sa fem, 53 ke 7 3p = Ty, Get curret’) Fs -Hechanicd bma G lent) = 0 Catage s y SEF paver Grthanly lore ch re J Sence Pos PB Cosgcas 4 » 4 vg. losses at ¢§ i z Gace Pay eB Pac at aadaiwendl prwer = This Pele must Come fren We in the insth's — fh. maby abeolg coll Bank® 5 (or mechane energy Sderet Conae site ain. Den mee Bb vercheane Ine Pe . then S=S2 sms % Sup py frat’. yok 1S pol? cannol ( catty stop decelerchg S belony(uw 4 Shability Tine She Stmbihity Meme the eX bervtem OW er zohech Can Ca “ int i ‘i flow poten LY ike Sflen. arth ouk canse: bss 6 ve SHOE Le "tT 7 Ay Steady — Slate Stal hist Lil > - Mz peter id Vaercaret GFractualy Transient stab lets Ain't SE rife fhe pees ble maxima porcer flo Bragk nw pert cm'thene Te ess 3 shabihily where Suddew olis kerbance _accurs eePepto THE SWING EQUATION ce { To Sh. Weonsienb 5 FS foveloj> Me de fare re Tl geatmanta lmrezlef So we mae ond Mie Porer eangle yee Ny ity/ wl apurelinw aan Flecko magenta Tague Develpecy= Shape ogress a4 Se Friatinn, enrvlege ang = Cove} ss) $F 7 HF re him Potrola ge Ome Gre) foes 6h “4 i = | Gp Priekm onnetage ms C,. Far a amell, le! Suhr mechancedl gone} elec! ’ Spelt Pu age hy'brt ame 9 BTUs feta of will ev lon accolembe | fsa toll bs oO alecelerate | Ta = decelerating “orate | Ta 2 Ty-Te fe Gomer gig | = tie | Ta = Te WT a = Te Ts fe M ! = +ve- f ea te ots Seaelanly A=h-ke Fo Gon Pos Accelerating Reese : | fs = Shape ue : j i Pe Eleckomapmhie | Derlijvent : | Porter. Tory x Ang wane Meloy, co i 4a aTaw Yo Am trgeton secelers Noy a a. To, =[7a] here I = moment of cherie. fas TRO 1 = ss as ae 2 Spach ak = Che Shun af Teo io Cingular morendien Bel picts al [iene ae iw M op Mimules- Se” Le sp t Zn sa, Tey: eet oleg yee ee ; oa oe “eats Sec” Cs Angular po sit'n as to al el’s placement tn eke. mfegrees from Se Sh- 8+ 50 =ayt +5) Shinn Oe saSph Spat in cleo rae Be SP 05 + a a= 42 . ge ale "AT Paamea a om Bhee | m7 = “WG dnglow, : Gf Ne S 7 bynck . | [n#5. em) Se Fer 4 fe Cranechict Ce infeintk lus S > is th tery angle ted mt Duffirnrke bebre~ He nln ag, go Henin Duff a tymctet, a fle oy, Wnts Speferne ante, | | : | Aro Sans pont of cack mie, ie ae * Gm Fux mf, Lf Aeonnng ah Condé +. Grea “dle pl webby eff proms Sym: queed by dg : Joe eplany retin fam mM fa mf G aw “tomel . Gae fie eyndane vel i chau i , Ant mag. he Givake a0 t ‘ HG! Goines fer paced of Ke mfe clues aD Ue ff wel fer af I pnet Tq less 1 Shobs is Coulk & cexceetect ppie eena nee GRIER ee THE PRINCIPLE BY cHrcH STABILITY UNDER TRANSIENT CDK DITIONS 18 DETERMIVED wlTaouT SOLVING, THE SWING EQUATION 1S CALLED EQUAL AREA CRITERION OF sTABICi7Y THIS APPROACH 1S APPLICABLE TO SYSTEM , "S qo eS | so BR 7 Mas AS ee) ---(8) S'S é ater dé tus [Ae]-CXE -@ Taso MACHINE [r# DERIVATION EQN (A) MAY BE OBIUNED As tet AS 4. a = 2a a pas]* aie. & [32] ra = 2%, 2% ay& Gus: peeinG, a Again ee a i? "de [487 Guat 4a)” Entegraking 5 As \ : ees So COHERE 5, = TORQUE ANGE AT GIKICH Machine 1S OPERATING ar SymcuRenevs SPER BEFORE DISTURBANCE i oe * e S@-9as So FOR STABLE Condi TION as 0 = THAT 1S; 3 J RCR-R : G 2 AS 20 Se ou oR S°G@-aas +0bs Boss \ -6) Seas = 0 Se mex ° (G-aa- Jeoarre z PoweR 'S ae Pca Sen$ P $ 8 85 Sade > TORQUEANGLE That is A, ~ 42 =? oR A,= Ar GEE Hy 2 RAs it ~Ss)~ (Towanda@ Smax Ap Ce Fe-R als 5s op geen Fae S515 ~ fe (naz Se) 8B y Sumpl fitahow A,-A,=0 Sincgh ee. GeS., = Os Estas, ts fs CRITICAL CLEAR IN, SEARING. ANGLE The ShadeA area A, i : 1 1S clepeneent upon the me taken to cleay the fo ie o. ull. Tp he Clearing am < 1S increasect A, increases ancl te equal area crifetion re quires thok A, alse increase t& restore te & rote t& sy Achre nous Speect . VALE “VAN & Se Smax Ty the faut clearing is prolengead se that S ae es Smnay + tee rotor Specot ot fat@ point ow the power-angle curve is above @ Spekrenens spser’ when tve acceleraking power is jam argrencle kal of this positive actelrakwg power § esill increase gost euk limit and instability results . There there is @ crikteal angle por clearing the fault in oreler & Sakspy tre Yequire me nls equal area criterion of stbrliny This angle is Calleel CRITICAL CLEARING ANGLE S) + The Corvespoveling dime or nemoving he fowl is Callest CRITICAL CLEARING TIME ter Bguating A, Grol Az Gs §,, - (foe) os o,.2 as [cn-28)or* - as 50] ve Aga-~v at he enstant + fork? clearing Ber = wi éy4+ So shone achine - Jn Jind be Sythe haw Mi fo Henn’ ng sJiasms reTs Xd RY be tat x aged ose sohe bony ee BNO PLL aed Ras pv. Obtain Spay for a Sudden loneting OF fo zta po Solwh ow Mares Pe Sin§= 19538 Sin S . So = So Cia, 23028 a-su7 rad $ $s ihef iil EEE T SEED vack sa CT :) SHG Faq ORF 221 4 F122 Weal and evver prolate Whe fo lowing” ‘wexallt Sima Samet 1163 Say qo es eee lov sy Te nsse a4 19555 Heee Sieg = 14?@ NUMERICAL SOLUTIONS OF SWING EQUATION 364 POWERSYSTEM SIABIIIY SREP. By STEP METHOD swing curve can be obtained under the following assumptions: 1. The velocity increments start at the beginning of the time interval 2. The acceleration increments start at the middle of the time interval 3. An average acceleration can be used where acceleration is discontinuous (e.g., where CB is opening or reclosing). 5,0, =f C4) Figure 11-25 illustrates these assumptions; the angle 8, velocity «, and accel eration « are all functions of time. fe eee re ALtime reference fy the initial angle is 59 and the initial velocity is «9. Dur the first time interval Ar, 59 remains unchanged. ALthe beginning of the time interval, ww changes into o;, whereas a, having the previous value a, changes into 2 ih the middle of the interya =P Angie w ae > Velocity > Acceleration e Time reference FIGURE 11-25 ‘Assumed incrementol changesNUMERICAL SOLUTIONS 987 AL the end of the first in 8 for the first interval, and si a. We thus have rval, 8, is the value of 8. 418 is the incremental larly, Ayw is the incremental velocity caused by 8, = By + AB -@ (ii-s7) dS ,as nk ae Mat =as ) By equation 11-19, A,’ = wi Ar where @1 = w + Aw By equation 11-20, (A= BE wajat =a) Avo = a,At and by the swing equation 11-38, a MoS = dP The acceleration is which can be written for a, as Pao _ Ps - P. M M a= Substituting these back into equation 11-57, we have 8 = by + ALB = Bo + wiAt , = Bo + (wo + Arw)Ar + an) = By + (wo + ANAL ~ = Bo + wot + ay(As)* st" = Kreis ait? Gs so that Sy By = bo + mods + PON?» -&/ (11-58) Geena ge ays 8 4 EAD fet. Sno = Sat @, 26 AED E Sit 408 +e 25 OCONCLUSIONS Pte at A © NEW VALUE OF S= Revious value of St Feviens tacrement 4 é (#45) a

CREE bo 7 ' Mie a ro Kus fn okt T, + SOOV/LSKV,9.6KVAX=5% — gerecrra Onses V7 RUT T, : L2KV/A20V,7.2KVA,X=4% cki A 1 'SEREE woo ve LOAD: 120 volt, 6KVAat 0.8 pf(Lagging) ki c : wag ret pe Base 2 jg ct) Bs GSM! 5 UE yy o : “4 tn inebne 5'Gip! fee! ek. Q2. caine a fala se eter MVA, 11 KV in the tertiary winding for a 3 6 phase winding transformer with the following ratings. Primary : 1SMVAILKV Zp = 5% on 10 MVA, 11 KY Secondry : 10 MVA, 220 KV * Zy=8%0n 20 MVA, 11 KV “mtiary «=: 2MVAI38KV Zn = 9%0n 15 MVA, 220 KV oY Base ‘pimarg i § MUA, aie pee RV Seema + SUA, gael oy gest M Tewary mvs, he . 3 ss Feeney = 08 CE) oe oe Zoek Cette St) ; moa BiG 0393 1907, 2etnes =°08 (5) Caries) - = 3142) Fst new 2-09 (2) [222 a 2 Jj oreasin he ) 98% 3) a ve O28 5 < 32 Line Bz etd? . THY teed Ow Breen Les” “exis 10\ (tS) pj oe8/BE, 27, 46-9 = OF ne =J6 - 2, & J i o ‘ sene peCF LOO? “6265 woo 343 Hj C28 GSH ae wed ee FP vaste)THE SELECTION OF eiReuit BREAKER TNE BASIC CONNECTIONS OF rue ce FsR THE OPENING oPERATEN TRIP Cole oF <8 <8 — axiliary pousitch Centoch*SYMMETRICAL Y BRD A Cnc tS 4 T= Tne Tah Je * eg The But 2M. 1 Carte) Adding, term apn 4 os E+t,tle 7 atte pies (ard tec ete ela Say. a ao * . it have ne gee | = Check ecru Bar Ores rote nenke: ora ere fron @ —— ; Ja= Tae - Fea Jago Fay + Sag = Fatt Taty + Faby, Coat Fey, ea.) ey Totes Cate Peas) + but, -Texy) + (4b, Xe) 3 Oana ay Teg 2 Sonllerh Dag a Tay = a) eels c#) wa, —O i POD yt = ED Ft CD Fay Phy tah, = Pah, 1-9 ata Cy Nathiphyry O ma Tay tats, 2 @-ohy, +(a-@ Inn eosin aioe , ae - =S MAK SYMMETRICAL TNTERRUPTING CAMBILITY =k (Rene tee)V; = Lee Su = ee RY Ps) -; —— wort cKr MVA Chu) By SPECF YIN | peur si ae Cer MUA arTHE €USsTeMen’s —s 4. ok Y 1s EFFECTIVELY DESCRIBING - Se NOMINAL Kv AND THE RECIPRECH By we Me point of Connec#'™ . BREAKER ARES TOENTIFIED ér © NOMIAAL yorTAge class cuRREMT oLrTAge © RATED CONTINUOUS © RATED MAMINOM © RATED Ise at RATED MAX kv 2 yortage K p> PERMINES THE VOLTAge RAVES ovER sHicd RATED TepX OpERATING vorTAge 18 CONSTANT. k = RATED MAK vorrAee CONS) —____ eER CIMIT OF THE RANGE OF OPRAING VOLPNE3LADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING CTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINE] sLOGY ERING « EBE 431 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS NAME: | seat: [ Q.1A36 three winding transformer has the Following ratings Primary & 1S MVA, 11 KV Zpys = 6% on 20 MVA, IL KV Secondry : 10MVA,220 KV Zq = 9% on 10 MVA, 132K Tertiary 9: 2MVA,13.8KV Zy= 10% on 15 MVA, 13.8 K Caloulate 2; considering a base of S MVA, 11 KV in the secondry winding BASE? Primary: 5 MUA, UX 2 g.ssky Ne 226 Seconclary: 5 MA, 0 KY hiary “8X e a Tertvary 5 MA, 12801 2069 Ze ob Gan reer 2ps) in a =4 (20985 +6-48-6) PFenas = 0°06 Cm) i 2107 3aS PV lo 13a So Zsbyen 3 OF x (32) Age ete an Zeb ayy sO) ME =) = 26-995 (2 Draw the reactance diagram considering a base of 10 MVA, 13.8 KV in the generator circuit = : Single phase bank 15 MVA, 11/76.21 KV, Xi = 10% 10 MVA, 13.8 KV, o> 5a. ‘C X= 2% (10 Senet te KY base) ey F6aIXVEB TBR KV 5 110 MWA, 122 AU38 BASE: [6 MVA, (2 E kv pRawsmnscten cine 7/0 ——- 3 2 BUS | 138 Brase Cen eh) = KE 5 IEE pg oyu 2 neo * 1 2 -0lat RY k= <% oe