GT Voco1 2014 PDF

NGUYEN HU KHANH HNG
HUYNH TH KIEU XUAN
HOA HOC VO C
Tap 1
-2014-
Muc luc
Muc luc
Muc luc ....................................................................................................................................i
Chng 1 Gii thiu................................................................................................................ 1
1.1
i cng v Ha v c .......................................................................................... 1
1.1.1
Ha hc l g? ..................................................................................................... 1
1.1.2
Ha V c l g? ................................................................................................. 2
1.1.3
Cc giai on pht trin ca Ha hc................................................................... 2
1.1.4
Xu hng hin i............................................................................................... 2
1.2
Phng php hc tp v Ni dung c bn mn hc.................................................. 3
1.2.1
Cc thut ng c bn.......................................................................................... 3
1.2.2
Phng php hc tp.......................................................................................... 4
1.2.3
Ni dung c bn ca Ha V c .......................................................................... 5
Chng 2 Lin kt trong ha hc............................................................................................. 7

2.1
Khi nim v tiu phn............................................................................................. 7
2.2
Lin kt ha hc ...................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1
Bn cht lin kt ha hc..................................................................................... 8
2.2.2
Lin kt theo quan im nhit ng lc ha hc ................................................... 8
2.2.3
Cc thng s c trng cho lin kt ................................................................... 10
2.3
Lin kt ion............................................................................................................ 10
2.3.1
M hnh ca lin kt ion ..................................................................................... 10
2.3.2
iu kin hnh thnh lin kt ion ........................................................................ 11
2.3.3
Cc tnh cht ca lin kt ion ............................................................................. 11
2.3.4
Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt ion trong tinh th ........................ 11
2.4
Lin kt cng ha tr............................................................................................... 13
2.4.1
M hnh ca lin kt cng ha tr........................................................................ 13
2.4.2
iu kin hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr ........................................................... 13
2.4.3
Cc tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr ................................................................ 13
2.4.4
Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt cng ha tr ................................ 14
2.4.5
Lin kt cng ha tr , v ............................................................................ 14
2.5
Lin kt kim loi..................................................................................................... 19
Muc luc
ii
2.5.1
M hnh ca lin kt kim loi theo quan im phi c hc lng t ....................... 19
2.5.2
M hnh ca lin kt kim loi theo l thuyt c hc lng t................................ 19
2.5.3
Cc tnh cht ca lin kt kim loi....................................................................... 21
2.5.4
Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt kim loi....................................... 21
2.6
Lin kt van der Waals ........................................................................................... 22
2.6.1
M hnh v iu kin hnh thnh lin kt van der Waals ...................................... 22
2.6.2
Cc tnh cht v bn ca lin kt van der Waals ............................................ 22
2.6.3
Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt van der Waals ............................ 22
2.7
Lin kt hydro ........................................................................................................ 23
2.7.1
M hnh v iu kin hnh thnh lin kt hydro.................................................... 23
2.7.2
Cc tnh cht v bn ca lin kt hydro.......................................................... 23
2.7.3
Cc loi lin kt hydro v nh hng n tnh cht ca phn t.......................... 24
2.8
Tc dng phn cc v tc dng b phn cc ........................................................... 25
2.8.1
Tc dng phn cc ............................................................................................ 25
2.8.2
Tc dng b phn cc ........................................................................................ 27
2.8.3
Phn bit tc dng phn cc ca ion v phn cc ca lin kt ....................... 28
2.9
S khng phn nh ranh gii gia cc loi lin kt ha hc.................................... 29
2.9.1
S bin i gia cc loi lin kt ha hc........................................................... 29
2.9.2
nh hng ca s bin i gia cc loi lin kt ha hc n cc tnh cht v

bn ca lin kt ................................................................................................. 29
Chng 3 Phn ng ha hc................................................................................................. 31

3.1
Khi nim chung .................................................................................................... 31
3.1.1
Phn ng acid-baz ............................................................................................ 31
3.1.2
Phn ng oxi ha-kh ....................................................................................... 31
3.2
Kh nng phn ng................................................................................................ 32
3.2.1
Nhit ng lc hc ca phn ng....................................................................... 32
3.2.2
ng hc ca phn ng..................................................................................... 33
3.2.3
Mi lin h gia nhit ng lc hc v ng hc ca phn ng........................... 33
3.3
Quy c v iu kin phn ng.............................................................................. 34
Chng 4 Phn ng acid-baz................................................................................................ 35

4.1
nh ngha acid-baz ............................................................................................... 35
4.1.1
nh ngha acid-baz theo Arrhenius .................................................................... 35
4.1.2
nh ngha acid-baz theo Bronsted..................................................................... 35
4.1.3
nh ngha acid-baz theo Lewis.......................................................................... 36
4.1.4
nh ngha acid-baz theo Ubanovish .................................................................. 36
4.1.5
nh ngha acid-baz cng-mm.......................................................................... 36
4.1.6
Tm lc cc nh ngha acid-baz...................................................................... 37
4.2
Cng ca acid-baz .......................................................................................... 38
4.3
Phn loi acid-baz v c theo bn cht ha hc...................................................... 38
Muc luc
iii
4.3.1
Cc hydracid, cc dn xut th v mui ca chng............................................. 39
4.3.2
Cc oxihydroxid, cc dn xut th v mui ca chng ........................................ 39
4.3.3
Tm lc v cc hydracid, oxihydroxid v cc dn xut ca chng ..................... 39
4.4
Cc hydracid ......................................................................................................... 40
4.4.1
Cng acid-baz ca cc hydracid ................................................................. 40
4.4.2
Cng acid-baz ca cc dn xut v mui t cc hydracid............................ 41
4.5
Cc oxihydroxid ..................................................................................................... 41
4.5.1
Cng acid-baz ca cc oxihydroxid............................................................. 41
4.5.2
V d in hnh .................................................................................................. 42
4.5.3
Cng acid-baz ca cc dn xut v mui t cc oxihydroxid ....................... 44
4.6
Phn ng trung ha ............................................................................................... 45
4.6.1
Gin pKa....................................................................................................... 45
4.6.2
Phn ng trung ha gia cc acid-baz mnh ..................................................... 46
4.6.3
Phn ng trung ha gia cc acid-baz yu ........................................................ 46
4.7
Phn ng thy phn .............................................................................................. 48
4.7.1
S thy phn ca cc cation.............................................................................. 48
4.7.2
S thy phn ca cc anion .............................................................................. 48
4.7.3
S thy phn ca cc hp cht cng ha tr....................................................... 49
4.8
Phn ng trao i .................................................................................................. 50
4.9
Phn ng to phc ................................................................................................ 51
Chng 5 Phan ng oxi hoa-kh ......................................................................................... 53

5.1
So oxi hoa ............................................................................................................ 53
5.1.1
nh ngha........................................................................................................ 53
5.1.2
Y ngha va ng dung........................................................................................ 53
5.1.3
Hieu ng co d va co f ....................................................................................... 54
5.1.4
S bien oi so oxi hoa ..................................................................................... 56
5.1.5
Nhan xet .......................................................................................................... 58
5.2
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh .......................................................................................... 59
5.3
Can bang phng trnh phan ng oxi hoa kh ..................................................... 59
5.4
Chieu cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh ......................................................................... 61
5.5
Gian o E0 ............................................................................................................ 62
5.6
Gian o Latimer.................................................................................................... 62
5.7
Hang so can bang cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh ...................................................... 63
5.7.1
Trng hp 1: n1 n2 ....................................................................................... 63
5.7.2
Trng hp 2: n1 = n2 ....................................................................................... 64
5.8
Anh hng cua pH en phan ng oxi hoa-kh..................................................... 65
5.9
Anh hng cua phan ng ket tua en phan ng oxi hoa-kh............................... 66
5.10
Anh hng cua phan ng tao phc en phan ng oxi hoa-kh ............................ 67
5.11
Tom lc anh hng cua cac phan ng ket tua, tao phc va bay hi en phan ng
oxi hoa-kh ........................................................................................................... 68
Muc luc
iv
5.12
Kha nang ton tai cua cac chat oxi hoa-kh trong moi trng nc ....................... 69
5.13
Mot so van e trong phan ng oxi hoa-kh .......................................................... 70
5.13.1
Cac oxihydroxid co tnh oxi hoa manh hn trong moi trng acid.................... 70
5.13.2
Bien thien cua tnh oxi hoa cua mot nguyen to theo so oxi hoa ....................... 71
5.13.3
Kha nang d phan cua mot nguyen to .............................................................. 71
Chng 6 Cac trang thai tap hp va tnh chat ac trng cua chung .................................... 73
6.1
Trang thai cua vat chat ......................................................................................... 73
6.2
Trang thai ran ....................................................................................................... 73
6.2.1
Trang thai tinh the ............................................................................................ 74
6.2.2
Trang thai vo nh hnh..................................................................................... 74
6.3
Trang thai long...................................................................................................... 75
6.4
Trang thai kh........................................................................................................ 75
6.4.1
Phng trnh trang thai kh ly tng.................................................................. 76
6.4.2
Hon hp kh ly tng ........................................................................................ 76
6.4.3
Kh that ............................................................................................................. 77
6.5
Trang thai tap hp va phan ng hoa hoc .............................................................. 77
Chng 7 Cau truc cua cac tieu phan cong hoa tr............................................................. 78
7.1
nh ngha tieu phan cong hoa tr ......................................................................... 78
7.2
Cach viet cong thc cau truc theo Lewis .............................................................. 78
7.2.1
Cach viet th nhat ............................................................................................ 79
7.2.2
Cach viet th hai .............................................................................................. 80
7.3
Cau truc cua tieu phan theo mo hnh VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair
Repulsion Theory Ly thuyet ay oi ien t) ..................................................... 80
7.4
Cau truc cua tieu phan theo s lai hoa ................................................................. 82
7.4.1
Thuyet lai hoa va cau truc cua tieu phan ......................................................... 82
7.4.2
Cach viet cong thc cau truc theo thuyet lai hoa ............................................. 84
7.5
Lien ket va trong tieu phan ............................................................................. 85
Chng 8 Tinh the hoc ai cng ........................................................................................ 87

8.1
Cac trang thai c ban cua vat chat ....................................................................... 87
8.2
Cac yeu to oi xng.............................................................................................. 88
8.3
Suy oan 32 lp oi xng ..................................................................................... 90
8.4
Ky hieu cua lp oi xng ...................................................................................... 92
8.4.1
Ky hieu quoc te (ky hieu HermanMaughin) .................................................... 92
8.4.2
Ky hieu Schoenflies.......................................................................................... 92
8.5
Mang li tinh the ................................................................................................. 94
8.6
O mang c s 14 mang Bravais ........................................................................ 94
8.6.1
O mang c s ................................................................................................... 94
8.6.2
14 mang Bravais .............................................................................................. 95
Chng 9 Hoa hoc tinh the .................................................................................................. 99
Muc luc
9.1
ai cng ............................................................................................................. 99
9.2
Cau truc cua mot so tinh the n kim loai .......................................................... 100
9.2.1
Cau truc xep chat........................................................................................... 100
9.2.2
Cau truc cua cac qua cau xep chat ............................................................... 100
9.2.3
Anh hng cua cau truc en ban knh nguyen t .......................................... 103
9.2.4
Lo trong trong tinh the xep chat ..................................................................... 103
9.3
Cau truc cua mot so tinh the ion ........................................................................ 104
9.3.1
Cac cau truc tinh the ion n gian ien hnh.................................................. 105
9.3.2
Anh hng cua t so ban knh r+ / r en so phoi tr........................................ 106
9.4
Cau truc cua tinh the cong hoa tr ...................................................................... 107
9.5
Cau truc cua tinh the van der Waals .................................................................. 108
9.6
Cau truc cua tinh the co lien ket hon tap ............................................................ 108
9.6.1
Cau truc lp-mach vi lien ket cong hoa tr-van der Waals ........................... 109
9.6.2
Cau truc lp-mach vi lien ket cong hoa tr hay ion va van der Waals .......... 113
9.6.3
Cau truc lpmach vi lien ket hydro va van der Waals................................ 114
Chng 10 Hoa hoc chat ran ............................................................................................. 115

10.1
S phan bo cac chat ket tinh theo he tinh the .................................................... 115
10.2
Hien tng a hnh ............................................................................................. 116
10.3
Hien tng ong hnh ......................................................................................... 117
10.4
Tinh the that ....................................................................................................... 118
10.4.1
Hnh thai tinh the ............................................................................................ 118
10.4.2
Khuyet tat trong tinh the................................................................................. 119
10.5
Phan ng pha ran ............................................................................................... 121
10.5.1
Nhiet ong lc hoc cua phan ng pha ran ..................................................... 121
10.5.2
ong hoc cua phan ng pha ran.................................................................... 122
Chng 11 Moi lien he gia cau truc va tnh chat cua cac chat ........................................ 123
11.1
Moi lien he gia cau truc va tnh chat vat ly cua chat ......................................... 123
11.1.1
Nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi................................................................ 123
11.1.2
Nhiet o phan huy.......................................................................................... 125
11.1.3
Tnh chat c hoc ............................................................................................ 125
11.1.4
Tnh dan ien ................................................................................................. 126
11.1.5
Tnh tan .......................................................................................................... 127
11.2
Moi lien he gia cau truc va tnh chat hoa hoc cua cac chat .............................. 129
11.3
Nhan xet chung ve moi lien he gia cau truc va tnh chat cua chat ................... 130
Chng 12 ai cng ve hoa hoc cua cac nguyen to s va p............................................. 131

12.1
Cau truc nguyen t va ac iem lien ket ............................................................ 131
12.2
Quy luat bien oi tnh chat .................................................................................. 133
12.2.1
Quy luat bien oi tnh chat trong mot phan nhom chnh................................. 133
12.2.2
Quy luat bien oi tnh chat trong mot chu ky .................................................. 133
Muc luc
vi
12.2.3
Quy luat bien oi tnh chat tren ng cheo................................................... 134
Chng 13 Hydrogen ......................................................................................................... 135

13.1
Cau truc ien t va ac iem lien ket ................................................................. 135
13.2
Trang thai t nhien.............................................................................................. 136
13.3
n chat ............................................................................................................. 136
13.3.1
Cau truc va ly tnh .......................................................................................... 136
13.3.2
Hoa tnh.......................................................................................................... 136
13.3.3
ieu che ......................................................................................................... 137
13.3.4
ng dung........................................................................................................ 137
13.4
Cac hp chat bac hai cua hydrogen HnX............................................................ 138
13.4.1
Cac hp chat hydracid HnX cua hydrogen (+1) .............................................. 139
13.4.2
Cac hp chat hydrur cong hoa tr AHn ............................................................ 140
13.4.3
Cac hp chat hydrur ion XHn .......................................................................... 140
13.4.4
Cac hp chat hydrur kim loai.......................................................................... 141
13.4.5
Cac hp chat hydrur khong ben ..................................................................... 141
Chng 14 Oxygen ............................................................................................................ 142

14.1
14.2
14.3
n chat ............................................................................................................. 143
14.3.1
Oxygen ........................................................................................................... 143
14.3.2
Ozon............................................................................................................... 145
14.4
Cac hp chat cua oxygen (2)............................................................................ 146
14.4.1
Cac oxihydroxid.............................................................................................. 146
14.4.2
Nc ............................................................................................................... 148
14.4.3
Cac hp chat peroxyd .................................................................................... 150
Chng 15 Phan nhom 7A: Halogen ................................................................................. 153

15.1
15.2
15.3
n chat ............................................................................................................. 154
15.3.1
Cau truc va ly tnh .......................................................................................... 154
15.3.2
Hoa tnh.......................................................................................................... 155
15.3.3
ieu che ......................................................................................................... 156
15.3.4
ng dung........................................................................................................ 156
15.4
Cac hp chat cua cac halogen ........................................................................... 156
15.4.1
Cac hydracid HX va cac dan xuat cua chung ................................................ 156
15.4.2
Cac oxihydroxid HXOn va cac dan xuat cua chung ........................................ 158
Chng 16 Phan nhom 6A: Chalcogen.............................................................................. 162

16.1
Muc luc
vii
16.2
Trang thai t nhien ............................................................................................. 163
16.3
n chat ............................................................................................................. 163
16.3.1
Cau truc va ly tnh .......................................................................................... 163
16.3.2
Hoa tnh ......................................................................................................... 164
16.3.3
ieu che......................................................................................................... 164
16.3.4
ng dung ....................................................................................................... 164
16.4
Cac hp chat cua cac chalcogen ....................................................................... 165
16.4.1
Cac hydracid H2E va cac dan xuat cua chung............................................... 165
16.4.2
Cac oxihydroxid H2EOn va cac dan xuat cua chung ...................................... 166
16.4.3
S tao mach EE ........................................................................................... 168
Chng 17 Phan nhom 5A ................................................................................................ 169

17.1
17.2
17.3
n chat ............................................................................................................. 170
17.3.1
Cau truc va ly tnh .......................................................................................... 170
17.3.2
Hoa tnh ......................................................................................................... 171
17.3.3
ieu che......................................................................................................... 172
17.3.4
ng dung ....................................................................................................... 172
17.4
Cac hp chat cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A ............................................... 172
17.4.1
Cac hydracid H3E va cac dan xuat cua chung............................................... 172
17.4.2
Cac oxihydroxid HxEOn va cac dan xuat cua chung ...................................... 174
Chng 18 Phan nhom 4A ................................................................................................ 176

18.1
18.2
18.3
n chat ............................................................................................................. 178
18.3.1
Cau truc va ly tnh .......................................................................................... 178
18.3.2
Hoa tnh ......................................................................................................... 178
18.3.3
ieu che......................................................................................................... 180
18.3.4
ng dung ....................................................................................................... 180
18.4
Cac hp chat cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 4A ............................................... 180
18.4.1
Cac hp chat H4E va cac dan xuat cua chung............................................... 180
18.4.2
Cac oxihydroxid HxEOn va cac dan xuat cua chung ...................................... 183
Chng 19 Danh phap cac chat vo c............................................................................... 185

19.1
ai cng ........................................................................................................... 185
19.1.1
M au ........................................................................................................... 185
19.1.2
Nguyen tac c ban ......................................................................................... 186
19.2
Danh phap cua cac nguyen to............................................................................ 186
19.3
Danh phap cua cac cation.................................................................................. 186
19.3.1
Cation n gian (mot nguyen t) ................................................................... 186
Muc luc
viii
19.3.2
19.4
Cation phc tap (nhieu nguyen t) ................................................................. 187
Danh phap cua cac anion ................................................................................... 187
19.4.1
Anion n gian (mot nguyen t) ..................................................................... 187
19.4.2
Anion phc tap (nhieu nguyen t) .................................................................. 187
19.5
Danh phap cua cac nhom chc (goc)................................................................. 188
19.6
Danh phap cua cac hp chat .............................................................................. 188
19.6.1
Quy tac goi ten ............................................................................................... 188
19.6.2
Ten cua cac oxihydroxid ................................................................................ 189
19.6.3
Ten cua cac acid dan xuat t oxihydroxid ...................................................... 190
19.6.4
Ten cua cac acid polimer ............................................................................... 190
19.6.5
Tiep au ng ch so lng .............................................................................. 190
19.7
Danh phap bang tieng Anh ................................................................................. 191
19.7.1
Danh phap cua cac nguyen to hoa hoc bang tieng Anh................................. 191
19.7.2
Danh phap anion cua cac oxihydroxid bang tieng Anh .................................. 193
Tai lieu tham khao .............................................................................................................. 194
Chng 1
Gii thieu
Chng 1
Gii thiu
1.1
i cng v Ha v c
1.1.1
Ha hc l g?
1. Ha hc l ngnh khoa hc nghin cu cc cht v cc qu trnh phn ng ca cc cht

theo quan im ha hc.
V d:
HH
FF
Tc cht
2HF
Qu trnh phn ng
Sn phm
2. Ha hc cn nghin cu cc i tng v qu trnh thuc cc lnh vc lin quan.

3. iu c ngha l:
a. Ha hc nghin cu cc cht ha hc bao gm:
Thnh phn nguyn t
ca cht
S lng nguyn t
ca mi nguyn t trong cht
Cu trc ca cht
cch sp xp cc nguyn t trong cht
Tnh cht ca cht
tnh cht ha hc v mt s tnh cht vt l cn thit
V d: Hydro peroxid H2O2 c:
Thnh phn nguyn t
H v O
S lng nguyn t
2H v 2O
Cu trc ca cht
zc zc nh hnh bn
Tnh cht ca cht
cht lng khng mu c tnh oxi ha mnh,
b. Ha hc nghin cu cc qu trnh phn ng bao gm:
Ct t cc lin kt c
trong qu trnh phn hy cc tc cht
Hnh thnh cc lin kt mi
trong qu trnh to thnh cc sn phm
Chiu v cn bng phn ng
yu t nhit ng lc hc
Vn tc v c ch phn ng
yu t ng hc
V d:
c.
HH + II 2HI
G0298 = 2 kJ/mol
v = kCH2CI2
Ha hc cn nghin cu cc qu trnh v cc lnh vc lin quan n ha hc nh vt l,

sinh hc, a cht, y hc, vt liu,
Cc qu trnh ha l:
nng chy, bay hi, thng hoa, ha tan, kt tinh,
Cc qu trnh ha sinh:
ha sinh tng hp, hot tnh ha sinh hc,
Cc qu trnh a ha:
phong ha, trm tch, ct kt,
Chng 1
Gii thieu
4. Cc chuyn ngnh ca Ha hc:
Ha V c
Ha K thut
Ha Y
Ha Hu c
Ha Phng x
Ha Sinh
Ha Phn tch
Ha Mi trng
Ha Nng hc
Ha L
Ha Thc phm
Ha Vt liu,
1.1.2
Ha V c l g?
1. Ha V c l chuyn ngnh ha hc ch yu nghin cu cc cht v cc qu trnh phn

ng xy ra i vi cc cht nm ngoi cc chu trnh chuyn ha ca hp cht sinh hc.
V d: Vic hnh thnh dioxid carbon CO2
Khi t chy than
l i tng ca Ha V c
Khi h hp
khng l i tng ca Ha V c
2. Cc chuyn ngnh hp ca Ha V c:
Ha Cht rn
Tng hp V c
Ha Nc
Phc cht
Vt liu V c
Ha Phng x
Dung dch
Xc tc V c
Sinh hc V c,
1.1.3
Cc giai on pht trin ca Ha hc
1. Cc giai on pht trin chnh ca Ha hc c trnh by tm tt trong Bng 1.1.

Bng 1.1
Cc giai on pht trin chnh ca Ha hc
Giai on
1. M t th s v
Minh trit
Thi i
C i
n ht th k (tk) 3
Yu t c trng
Thuyt nguyn t c i:
Nc, khng kh, t, la
Kim, mc, thy, ha, th
Trung c
u tk 4 u tk 16
Hn trit hc, v
Thuc trng sinh bt t
3. Ha y hc
v k thut
Phc hng
u tk 16 gia tk 17
Thuc cha bnh, v
Cc ha cht k thut
4. Khoa hc ha
Cn hin i
Gia tk 17 cui tk 18
Cc quan im khoa hc
Thuyt nguyn t hin i
Hin i
Th k 19
Cc nh lut l thuyt khoa hc
Nguyn t ha hc
u tk 20 n nay
Cc nh lut l thuyt hin i
2. Gi kim thut
5. Hin i ha
1.1.4
Xu hng hin i
1. T thp k 70 ca th k 20, cc ngnh khoa hc chuyn mnh sang hng nghin cu c

bn kt hp vi trin khai ng dng v cng ngh.
2. Ba ni dung chnh trong vic ng dng ha hc, cng nh khoa hc, vo cuc sng l:
a. Tng nng sut v gim gi thnh sn phm bng cch thay i nguyn liu, quy trnh
v thit b trn c s cc hiu bit v khoa hc v cng ngh.
Chng 1
Gii thieu
V d nh thay v s dng thit b gin on thng thng v khng c xc tc, c th:
S dng thit b lin tc gim chi ph sn xut.
S dng cht xc tc tng vn tc phn ng.
b. Tng gi tr sn phm bng cch tng cht lng v m rng phm vi s dng ca cc
sn phm vo nhiu lnh vc khc nhau.
V d nh i vi bt mu, c th:
c.
Tng cht lng ca bt mu bng cch tng n nh ca tinh th tng cng

mu v gim kch thc ht tng ph ca bt mu.
M rng phm vi s dng bng cch bin tnh phn cc ca b mt bt mu

c th phn tn ht bt mu trong dung mi phn cc nh nc cng nh trong
dung mi khng phn cc nh cc dung mi hu c.
Tng kin thc v con ngi v t nhin c cuc sng tt p v mi trng bn

vng.
Bng 1.2
Gi tr sn phm theo trnh cng ngh
Cng ngh
Gi sn phm
V d:
1.2
USD/kg
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
Rt cao
0,011
110
10100
100100.000
Cht V c
Mui n
Bt mu
Xc tc
Bn dn
Cht Hu c
Nha
Verni
Hng liu
Bit dc
Phng php hc tp v Ni dung c bn mn hc
1.2.1
Cc thut ng c bn
1. Mt s thut ng c bn sau y cn phi c hiu mt cch chnh xc.

2. D liu thc nghim: L cc kt qu thu c t qu trnh thc nghim, tng ng vi s
tht, khng thay i theo thi gian v khng gian.
D liu thc nghim thu c ngy cng chnh xc do thit b o ngy cng tinh t.
Cn phn bit cc d liu trc tip c o bng cc i lng phn nh trc tip tnh cht
ca i tng nghin cu vi cc d liu gin tip c o bng cc i lng khng phn
nh trc tip tnh cht ca i tng m phi i km vi suy lun b sung. Vic suy lun
khng chnh xc hoc sai lm thng dn n kt qu d liu l sai.
V d nh xem xt tnh cht oxi ha-kh ca cc nguyn t trong ha hc, ngi ta
thng s dng thng s nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t. Thc t thng s ny l mt
thng s vt l c tin hnh o i vi cc nguyn t trng thi kh c lp (n nguyn
t) nn khng phn nh trc tip tnh cht ha hc ca cc cht ha hc phi nm mt
trng thi tp hp xc nh (rn, lng hay kh).
3. nh lut: L cc pht biu tng qut ha cc d liu thc nghim, thng c trnh by
di dng mt phng trnh ton hc, v d nh phng trnh kh l tng.
Do s tng qut ha nn cc nh lut thng l gn ng ch khng hon ton ng.
Th tch mol ca cc kh tht 00C and 1 atm
Bng 1.3
Kh
Th tch mol, L
Kh
Th tch mol, L
Carbon dioxid (CO2)
22,260
Nitrogen (N2)
22,402
Argon (Ar)
22,397
Hydrogen (H2)
22,433
Oxygen (O2)
22,397
Helium (He)
22,434
Chng 1
Gii thieu
4. Thuyt hay hc thuyt: L cc thut ng m h thiu chnh xc. Trong khoa hc thng s
dng hai thut ng l gi thuyt v l thuyt c trnh by tip sau.
5. Gi thuyt: L mt h thng lun l c a ra nhm gii thch cc d liu thc nghim
thu c v d on cc qu trnh trong tng lai nhng cha c a s cng nhn.
6. L thuyt: Cng l mt h thng lun l c a ra nhm gii thch cc d liu thc
nghim thu c v d on cc qu trnh trong tng lai c a s cng nhn.
L thuyt thng c tnh nh lng cao hn gi thuyt.
7. Lu l do bn cht l mt gi nh nn gi thuyt v l thuyt khng phi l chn l.
L thuyt
Gi thuyt
nh lut
D liu thc nghim
1.2.2
Phng php hc tp
1. Qu trnh hc phi c lp nhiu ln qua cc giai on sau:
Nghe ging v ghi bi
Hi tng nh li ni dung ca bi
Hc thuc nh ni dung chnh ca bi
Lm bi tp ng dng cc ni dung hc
So snh v suy lun cc vn c nu trong ni dung
H thng ha cc ni dung hc
n li cc ni dung ca bi
Tm tt ni dung
2. Cc giai on ny c th ni tip nhau hay chp ln nhau ty theo ni dung ca tng mn

hc cng nh tnh cch ca mi sinh vin.
Chng 1
Gii thieu
3. c kt qu tt, iu quan trng nht l phi tin hnh cc giai on sau:

a. Hc thuc kin thc c bn
Bao gm cc khi nim v qu trnh
b. Suy lun v tho lun
Thng qua cc v d v bi tp
c.
Cc kin thc c bn
Phn tch v tng hp
d. H thng ha kin thc
M trc ht l tm tt ni dung mn hc
4. Bn phng php suy lun chnh trong qu trnh hc l:

a. M t
Ch yu l hc thuc v phn tch tng hp cc kin thc c bn bao

gm cc khi nim, qu trnh v cc hin tng ph bin.
b. Quy np
Ch yu l rt ra nhng quy lut t nhng kin thc c bn bit.
c.
Ch yu l d on nhng iu cha bit t cc quy lut bit.
Suy din
d. H thng ha
1.2.3
Ch yu l phn loi v sp xp cc kin thc mt cch khoa hc c

th ng dng mt cch d dng cc quy lut bit.
Ni dung c bn ca Ha V c
1. Ni dung c bn ca Ha V c ni ring v Ha hc ni chung c th c tm tt bng

phng trnh phn ng sau:
aA
bB
cC
Phn ng
Tc cht l
cht acid-baz hay
cht oxi ha-kh
Acid-baz hay
Oxi ha-kh?
dD
Sn phm
l g?
Ta nhit
hay
Thu nhit
Cu trc, hnh thi v tnh cht ca cc cht?

Chiu v cn bng ca phn ng?
Vn tc v c ch ca phn ng?
Qu trnh v thit b phn ng?
K thut tin hnh phn ng?
2. Ngoi tr i vi cc kh tr, trong tt c cc n cht v hp cht u tn ti cc lin kt

gia cc nguyn t nh:
a. Lin kt ion
trong cc tinh th ca NaCl, CaF2, MgSO4,
b. Lin kt cng ha tr
trong cc phn t ca O2, S8, C2H5OH, ng,
c.
trong cc tinh th kim loi ca st, ng, km,
Lin kt kim loi
d. Lin kt van der Waals
gia cc phn t trong tinh th ca N2, CO2, ng,
3. Vy, mun to thnh hp cht mi (sn phm) t cc n cht hay t cc hp cht c (tc
cht), nht thit phi xy ra qu trnh ct t lin kt c v hnh thnh lin kt mi.
V d:
2HH(k) + O=O(k) 2HOH(l)
G0 = 228,2 kJ/mol
4. V th, kin thc c s ca ha hc chnh l lin kt trong ha hc, m quan trng nht l
bn vn sau:
a. M hnh ca lin kt
b. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt
c.
Tnh cht ca lin kt
d. Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt
5. Tip theo, cn phi bit phn ng xy ra (1) Theo chiu no v (2) t cn bng ti u (yu
t nhit ng lc hc) cng nh phn ng xy ra (3) Vi vn tc l bao nhiu v (4) Theo c
Chng 1
Gii thieu
ch no (yu t ng hc) th mi c th xc nh c bin php y nhanh qu trnh

phn ng theo hng mong mun v to ra nhiu sn phm nht.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Hnh 1.1 Cc loi thit b phn ng: (a) Thit b gin on (BR)
(b) Thit b thng khuy lin tc (CSTR) (c) Thit b ng y (PFR)
6. Ngoi ra, cn phi trang b cc kin thc c bn v:

a. K thut tin hnh phn ng xc nh:
Loi thit b phn ng thch hp
Th tch thit b c sn lng mong mun
Cch sp xp thit b ti u
b. Cc qu trnh v thit b c hc cn s dng khi tin hnh phn ng nh:
Khuytrn
Bmnnqut
Nghinsng
Lnglcly tm
Truyn nhit
Truyn khi
Vt liu ch to thit b
Nng lng v ng lc
Hnh 1.2
My ly tm ng
7. Cui cng, trin khai kt qu nghin cu vo thc t sn xut, cn phi kt hp vi cc

b phn khc nh ti chnh, nhn s, thng mi, th trng,
8. Kin thc ha hc ni n gin l nhm to ra sn phm vi 6 tiu ch chnh:
NHANH NHIU TT BN R P
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
Chng 2
Lin kt trong ha hc
2.1
Khi nim v tiu phn
1. Cc cht c th tn ti cc trng thi rt khc nhau v quy m tp hp ca cc ht.

2. Cc kh tr nh He, Ne, Ar, Kr, tn ti trng thi nguyn t m gia cc nguyn t ny
ch xut hin lin kt van der Waals ch khng hnh thnh cc lin kt ha hc.
3. Cc cht phn t bao gm mt s lng hu hn cc nguyn t lin kt ha hc vi nhau
to thnh cu trc bn vng bo ha ha tr. V d nh CH4, CO2, SF6, B2Cl6,
4. Dung dch li cha cc cation v anion hay cc phn t ha tan trong dung mi, c gi l
cc ion hay phn t b solvat ha. V d nh dung dch NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, ng,
5. i vi cc cht c cu trc tinh th nh kim cng, NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, th phi m rng
khi nim phn t l ton b mt tinh th do khng th tch ring tng nguyn t C hay
phn t NaCl, (NH4)2SO4, trong tinh th.
Mt tinh th cng ln th s lng nguyn t c trong tinh th cng ln. Mt tinh th c
th cha t vi triu cho n hng t t nguyn t.
V vy, cng thc phn t ca cht tinh th ch biu th mt cch hnh thc t l s lng
nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong cht.
(a) Kh Xe
(b) Kh CO2
Hnh 2.1
Bng 2.1
(c) Dung dch NaCl
(d) Tinh th NaCl
Cc quy m tp hp thng thng ca mt s cht
Quy c ca thut ng tiu phn
Quy m tp hp ca cht
Tiu phn
Nguyn t
Mi nguyn t
Phn t
Mi nguyn t hay ton b phn t
Dung dch
Mi ion (cation hay anion) hoc phn t ha tan b solvat ha
Cht rn
Mi ion, nguyn t hoc phn t cc nt mng ca tinh th
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
6. Chnh cc ht ca cht tn ti cc trng thi rt khc nhau v quy m tp hp ny s trc

tip tham gia vo qu trnh phn ng ha hc.
7. V vy, chng ta quy c s dng thut ng tiu phn gi cc ht trc tip tham gia vo
qu trnh phn ng ha hc vi phm vi p dng c trnh by trong Bng 2.1.
2.2
Lin kt ha hc
2.2.1
Bn cht lin kt ha hc
1. Lin kt ha hc to thnh c cht ha hc v c tha nhn c bn cht in.

2. Mt cch chnh xc, khi to lin kt hnh thnh cht, cu trc ca tt c cc in t ca
cc nguyn t tham gia lin kt khng cn tn ti nh trng thi ban u ca n.
3. Mt cch gn ng, ngi ta cho rng ch c cc in t ha tr nm trong cc vn o ha
tr ca nguyn t tham gia vo qu trnh to lin kt.
4. V vy, trc khi xem xt cc bin i ca lin kt trong qu trnh phn ng, phi xc nh r
rng cu trc in t ca cc nguyn t tham gia phn ng, ngha l xc nh cc vn o
ha tr v in t ha tr ca cc nguyn t .
5. Hnh dung mt cch trc quan l khi hnh thnh lin kt, cc in t mang in tch m s
phn b li v tr v tp trung vo khng gian gia cc ht nhn mang in tch dng to
ra lc ht in khin cho cc ht nhn lin kt li vi nhau.
6. C hai cch ch yu phn b in t ha tr dn n s hnh thnh hai loi lin kt ha hc
quan trng nht l lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr to thnh cht.
Bng 2.2
So snh lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr
Loi lin kt
Ion
Cng ha tr
Cch phn b
in t lin kt
in t lin kt ch thuc v
nguyn t c m in ln hn
in t lin kt c s dng
chung cho c hai nguyn t
in t lin kt
Nm nguyn t c ln hn
Nm gia hai nguyn t
Lc lin kt
in ion
in cng ha tr
bn ca lin kt
Cao
Thp n cao
S dng ch yu
V c
2.2.2
NaCl
Hu c v V c
CH4, Na2 SO4
Lin kt theo quan im nhit ng lc ha hc
1. Trc y, ngi ta khng gii thch c ti sao li c th bin i cht ny thnh cht
khc mt cch d dng m kh, thm ch khng th, tin hnh phn ng ngc li.
V d:
HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
2. Bng cch vay mn cc quan im ca ngnh nhit ng lc hc, ta c ng lc ca qu

trnh ha hc chnh l chnh lch nng lng t do ca h trc v sau phn ng.
3. H s cng bn khi nng lng t do ca h cng thp.
4. Phn ng ch c th t xy ra khi lm nng lng t do ca h gim xung.
5. Lng nng lng t do gim i ch yu l do s ph hy cc lin kt c v hnh thnh cc
lin kt mi khi xy ra s chuyn ha cc tc cht to thnh cc sn phm.
6. Nhit ng lc hc quy c im gc 0 ca trc nng lng tng ng vi mc nng
lng cc i ca h khi cc tiu phn ca cc cht cch xa nhau v hn. Gia cc tiu
phn lc ny hon ton khng hnh thnh bt c lin kt no.
7. Theo quy c ny, khi hnh thnh lin kt ha hc th nng lng t do ca h gim xung.
H cng bn nu nng lng t do ca h cng m (< 0), tc l cng nh.
Chng 2
Bng 2.3
Z
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
X
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
Lien ket hoa hoc
Z, k hiu X, tn, nm tm thy v cu trc in t ca cc nguyn t

Tn
Hydro
Heli
Liti
Berili
Bor
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluor
Neon
Natri
Magne
Nhm
Silic
Phospho
Lu hunh
Clor
Argon
Kali
Calci
Scandi
Titan
Vanadi
Crom
Mangan
St
Cobalt
Nikel
ng
Km
Gali
Germani
Arsen
Selen
Brom
Krypton
Rubidi
Stronti
Ytri
Zirconi
Niobi
Molipden
Tecneti
Ruteni
Rodi
Paladi
Bc
Cadmi
Indi
Thic
Antimon
Telur
Iod
Xenon
Cesi
Nm
1766
1895
1817
1828
1808
c
1772
1774
1886
1898
1807
1808
1827
1824
1669
c
1774
1894
1807
1808
1876
1776
1801
1797
1774
c
1735
1751
c
t.c
1875
1886
t.c
1817
1826
1898
1861
1808
1794
1789
1801
1778
1937
1828
1803
1803
c
1817
1863
c
c
1782
1811
1898
1860
Cu trc
1s1
1s2
[He] 2s1
[He] 2s2
[He] 2s22p1
[He] 2s22p2
[He] 2s22p3
[He] 2s22p4
[He] 2s22p5
[He] 2s22p6
[Ne] 3s1
[Ne] 3s2
[Ne] 3s23p1
[Ne] 3s23p2
[Ne] 3s23p3
[Ne] 3s23p4
[Ne] 3s23p5
[Ne] 3s23p6
[Ar] 4s1
[Ar] 4s2
[Ar] 3d14s2
[Ar] 3d24s2
[Ar] 3d34s2
[Ar] 3d54s1
[Ar] 3d54s2
[Ar] 3d64s2
[Ar] 3d74s2
[Ar] 3d84s2
[Ar] 3d104s1
[Ar] 3d104s2
[Ar] 3d104s24p1
[Ar] 3d104s24p2
[Ar] 3d104s24p3
[Ar] 3d104s24p4
[Ar] 3d104s24p5
[Ar] 3d104s24p6
[Kr] 5s1
2
[Kr] 5s
[Kr] 4d15s2
[Kr] 4d25s2
[Kr] 4d45s1
[Kr] 4d55s1
[Kr] 4d55s2
[Kr] 4d75s1
[Kr] 4d85s1
[Kr] 4d10
[Kr] 4d105s1
[Kr] 4d105s2
[Kr] 4d105s25p1
[Kr] 4d105s25p2
[Kr] 4d105s25p3
[Kr] 4d105s25p4
[Kr] 4d105s25p5
[Kr] 4d105s25p6
[Xe] 6s1
Z
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
X
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
Ai
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
Th
Pa
U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Tn
Bari
Lantan
Ceri
Prazeodim
Neodim
Prometi
Samari
Europi
Gadolini
Terbi
Dysprosi
Holmi
Erbi
Tuli
Yterbi
Luteti
Hafni
Tantal
Tungsten
Reni
Osmi
Iridi
Platin
Vng
Thy ngn
Thali
Ch
Bismut
Poloni
Astantin
Radon
Franci
Radi
Actini
Tori
Protactini
Urani
Neptuni
Plutoni
Americi
Curi
Berkeli
Californi
Einsteini
Fermi
Mendelevi
Nobeli
Lawrenci
Rutherfordi
Dubni
Seaborgi
Bohri
Hasi
Meitneri
Ununlini
Nm
1797
1839
1803
1885
1885
1945
1879
1901
1886
1843
1886
1878
1835
1879
1878
1907
1923
1802
1781
1925
1803
1803
1735
c
c
1861
c
1753
1898
1940
1908
1939
1898
1899
1828
1918
1789
1940
1940
1944
1944
1949
1950
1952
1952
1955
1966
1961
1964
1972
1974
1981
1984
1982
1994
Cu trc
[Xe] 6s2
[Xe] 5d16s2
[Xe] 4f15d16s2
[Xe] 4f36s2
[Xe] 4f46s2
[Xe] 4f56s2
[Xe] 4f66s2
[Xe] 4f76s2
[Xe] 4f75d16s2
[Xe] 4f96s2
[Xe] 4f106s2
[Xe] 4f116s2
[Xe] 4f126s2
[Xe] 4f136s2
[Xe] 4f146s2
[Xe] 4f145d16s2
[Xe] 4f145d26s2
[Xe] 4f145d36s2
[Xe] 4f145d46s2
[Xe] 4f145d56s2
[Xe] 4f145d66s2
[Xe] 4f145d76s2
[Xe] 4f145d96s1
[Xe] 4f145d106s1
[Xe] 4f145d106s2
[Xe] 4f145d106s26p1
[Xe] 4f145d106s26p2
[Xe] 4f145d106s26p3
[Xe] 4f145d106s26p4
[Xe] 4f145d106s26p5
[Xe] 4f145d106s26p6
[Rn] 7s1
[Rn] 7s2
[Rn] 6d17s2
[Rn] 6d27s2
[Rn] 5f26d17s2
[Rn] 5f36d17s2
[Rn] 5f46d17s2
[Rn] 6d67s2
[Rn] 6d77s2
[Rn] 5f76d17s2
[Rn] 6d97s2
[Rn] 6d107s2
[Rn] 6d117s2
[Rn] 6d127s2
[Rn] 6d137s2
[Rn] 6d147s2
[Rn] 5f146d17s2
[Rn] 5f146d27s2
[Rn] 5f146d37s2
[Rn] 5f146d47s2
[Rn] 5f146d57s2
[Rn] 5f146d67s2
[Rn] 5f146d77s2
[Rn] 5f146d87s2
Chng 2
10
Lien ket hoa hoc
8. iu ny c ngha l sn phm cng bn nu cc lin kt

mi c hnh thnh khin cho sn phm c nng lng
cng m, hay nng lng cng nh, so vi cc lin kt c
trong tc cht.
9. Thc t th cc nh ha hc li hay s dng gi tr tuyt i
ca nng lng nn thng ni rng h cng bn khi nng
lng ca qu trnh phn ng cng ln.
10. Cn lu iu ny trnh cc nhm ln ng tic.
2.2.3
Cc thng s c trng cho lin kt
1. di lin kt d (~ = 1010m) l khong cch cn bng gia

hai ht nhn ca hai nguyn t lin kt vi nhau. di ca
mt lin kt cng ngn th lin kt cng bn.
2. Gc lin kt (0) l gc to bi hai on thng tng tng i
qua ht nhn ca nguyn t ang xt vi hai nguyn t lin
kt vi n.
3. Nng lng lin kt E (kJ/mol, kcal/mol) l nng lng cn thit ct t lin kt. Nng
lng lin kt cng ln th bn ca lin kt cng cao v lin kt cng bn.
4. Bc lin kt n l s lng lin kt c hnh thnh gia hai nguyn t ang xt. V d nh
bc lin kt ca N trong NN l n = 3 gm mt lin kt v hai lin kt .
2.3
Lin kt ion
2.3.1
M hnh ca lin kt ion
1. Lin kt ion l lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh khi cc in t ha tr tham gia lin kt ca

cc nguyn t c cho l thuc v nguyn t c m in ln hn.
2. Nguyn t cho in t l
Nguyn t nhn in t l
kim loi
to thnh cation.
khng kim loi
to thnh anion.
3. Mi cation c coi l mt in tch im

vt l c in tch q+ v bn knh r+.
4. Mi anion c coi l mt in tch im vt
l c in tch q v bn knh r.
5. Lc tng tc gia cc ion l lc in.
6. Lu l bn knh thng bin i rt ln
trong qu trnh hnh thnh lin kt ion:
Hnh 2.2
Nguyn t kim loi
cation:
rkl
rq+
Nguyn t khng kim loi
anion:
rcht
rq
Hnh 2.3
M hnh lin kt ion
Bin i bn knh ca cc tiu phn trong qu trnh hnh thnh lin kt ion
Chng 2
2.3.2
Lien ket hoa hoc
11
iu kin hnh thnh lin kt ion
1. Lin kt ion c hnh thnh khi hai nguyn t tham gia lin kt c m in khc bit
ln ( ln), ng vi mt kim loi c s oxi ha 3 lin kt vi mt khng kim loi.
2. Ngi ta chp nhn khi chnh lch m in 2,2 th lin kt A+B c tnh ion 70%
v c th xem nh lin kt c bn cht ion. Khng c lin kt ion 100%.
3. Cng thc Pauling tnh phn trm tnh ion ca lin kt A+B theo m in :
% tnh ion ca lin kt =
Bng 2.4
1
( A B )2
4
(1 e
) 100%
% tnh ion ca lin kt A+B theo chnh lch m in
% ion
% ion
% ion
0,2
1,2
30
2,2
70
0,4
1,4
39
2,4
76
0,6
1,6
47
2,6
82
0,8
15
1,8
55
2,8
86
1,0
22
2,0
63
3,0
89
3,2
92
2.3.3
Cc tnh cht ca lin kt ion
1. Do bn cht ca lc lin kt ion l lc in ion c tnh cht bt nh hng v bt bo ha

nn lin kt ion cng c hai tnh cht chnh l bt nh hng v bt bo ha.
2. Tnh bt nh hng khin cho mt ion ht cc ion ngc du theo mi phng l nh nhau
nn cc ion c th lin kt vi cc ion tri du theo bt k phng no.
3. Tnh bt bo ha khin cho mt ion c xu hng ht mt s lng ti a cc ion tri du,
ngoi tr hiu ng lp th gii hn lng ion tri du c th bao quanh ion .
4. H qu l s phn b trong khng gian ca cc ion ph thuc ch yu vo bn knh v in
tch ca cc cation v anion. Cc ion thng c s phi tr cao l 8, 6 hay 4.
5. Cc hp cht ion to thnh nhng ht rn bn bao gm mt s rt ln cc ion tri du sp
xp mt cch trt t v tun hon. Cc ht rn ny c gi l cc tinh th ion.
SPT:
(a) 12
(b) 8
Hnh 2.4
2.3.4
(c) 6
(d) 4
(e) 3
(f) 2
Cc s phi tr (SPT) thng thng
Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt ion trong tinh th
1. Nng lng lin kt A gia mt cation v mt anion c tnh theo tng tc tnh in:
Chng 2
12
Lien ket hoa hoc
A = k
(q+ q )e 2
(2.1)
(r + + r )
2. Tp hp cc cation v anion to thnh tinh th ion v bn ca lin kt ion c tnh theo

nng lng tng tc tnh in trong tinh th Att (nng lng mng tinh th):
A tt = k
trong :
k
q+, q
r+, r
n
(q+ q )e 2
1
1
+
n
(r + r )
(2.2)
h s t l
in tch ca cation v anion
bn knh ca cation v anion
h s y Born, n > 1, n ph thuc vo cu trc in t ca ion v
c xc nh t chu nn v tnh cht quang hc ca tinh th:
Cu trc in t
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
n
5
7
9
10
12
Hnh 2.5
M hnh tnh ton lc lin kt ion trong tinh th
3. bn ca lin kt ion cng cao khi cc cation v anion c:

a.
in tch cng ln
b. Bn knh cng nh
ngha l khi
q+ v q
ngha l khi
r+ v r
4. Yu t in tch q c tnh quyt nh do bin thin ln v theo tch ca 2 in tch.

5. Yu t bn knh r khng quan trng bng do bin thin t v theo tng ca 2 bn knh.
Gi tr r ca mt s ion n gin
Bng 2.5
Ion
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Ba2+
Cl
0,95
1,33
0,99
1,35
1,81
2,22
6. V d: Khi so snh mt cch n gin (khng tnh n h s y Born) nng lng tng
tc tnh in A i vi cc mui MXn bng cch thay i bn knh v in tch khi ln lt
thay i cc cp cation K+Ba2+ v anion ClI to thnh h KClBaCl2 v h KClKI, t s
nng lng lin kt bin thin nh sau:
Tng 99% khi tng in tch ca ion bng cch thay K+ bng Ba2+.
AKCl
A BaCl2
1
2
:
1,33 + 1,81 1,35 + 1,81
1
2
:
3,14 3,16
1
1,99
Gim 12% khi tng bn knh ca ion bng cch thay Cl bng I.
AKCl
AKI
1
1
:
1,33 + 1,81 1,33 + 2,22
1
1
:
3,14 3,55
1
0,88
Kt qu tnh ton cho thy nng lng lin kt tng theo in tch nhanh hn rt nhiu so
vi theo bn knh.
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
2.4
Lin kt cng ha tr
2.4.1
M hnh ca lin kt cng ha tr
13
1. Lin kt cng ha tr l lin kt ha hc c hnh thnh khi i in t ha tr ca hai

nguyn t lin kt tp trung vo khu vc gia hai ht nhn. i in t ha tr nm gia hai
ht nhn c tc dng ko hai ht nhn li gn nhau.
2. Khi i in t lin kt ch do mt nguyn t cung cp th gi l lin kt cng ha tr chonhn hay lin kt phi tr.
Hnh 2.6
2.4.2
M hnh lin kt cng ha tr ca cc vn o to lin kt v
iu kin hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr
1. Lin kt cng ha tr c hnh thnh khi tha 1 trong 2 iu kin sau:

a.
Hai khng kim loi lin kt vi nhau
b.
Mt khng kim loi lin kt vi mt kim loi c s oxi ha > 3
vi:
Mc nng lng ca hai vn o lin kt gn nhau.
Cc vn o lin kt nh hng xen ph hiu qu.
Mt in t trong vng xen ph ln.
2. Ngi ta thng pht biu mt cch n gin nhng y sai lm l:

a. 0,6
Lin kt l cng ha tr khng phn cc hay lin kt cng ha tr.
b. 0,6 < < 2,2
Lin kt l cng ha tr phn cc.
2.4.3
Cc tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr
1. S xen ph ca mt s lng hu hn cc vn o ha tr nh hng trong khng gian

khin cho lin kt cng ha tr c hai tnh cht chnh l nh hng v bo ha.
Chng 2
14
Lien ket hoa hoc
2. Tnh nh hng khin cho lin kt cng ha tr to thnh cc gc lin kt c gi tr xc nh

i vi mi phn t.
3. Tnh bo ha lm cho cc nguyn t trong phn t thng c s phi tr thp: 6, 4 v 3.
4. Lin kt cng ha tr thng c biu din bng cc vch ni to thnh cc gc xc nh
gia cc nguyn t lin kt trc tip vi nhau.
2.4.4
Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt cng ha tr
1. bn ca lin kt cng ha tr thay i t thp n cao.

2. Ba yu t chnh nh hng n bn ca lin kt cng ha tr l:
a. Yu t ng mc nng lng ca 2 vn o lin kt
ng nng
b. Yu t th tch xen ph ca 2 vn o lin kt
Xen ph
c.
Mt
Yu t mt in t trong vng xen ph
3. Th tch xen ph cng ln v mt in t trong vng xen ph cng cao th s xen ph

cng c hiu qu v bn ca lin kt cng ha tr cng cao.
4. Thc t, bn ca lin kt cng ha tr cng cao khi cc yu t nh hng nh sau:
a. Hai vn o lin kt c mc nng lng cng gn nhau
ng nng cao
b. Th tch xen ph ca 2 vn o lin kt cng ln
Xen ph ln
c.
Mt cao
Mt in t trong vng xen ph cng cao
5. Yu t mt in t l yu t quyt nh nht n bn ca lin kt cng ha tr.

6. Mt cch trc quan, in t lin kt tch in m nh keo gn lin hai ht nhn tch in
dng li vi nhau. kt dnh ca keo tng ln khi hm lng cht kt dnh tng (mt
in t tng) ch khng phi do lng dung mi nhiu (th tch xen ph tng).
7. H qu l cc nguyn t thuc chu k hai c bn knh nh v mt in t ln nh C, N, O
v H to thnh lin kt cng ha tr c bn cao trong cc hp cht hu c.
2.4.5
Lin kt cng ha tr , v
1. Cn c vo tnh i xng ca MO lin kt m ngi ta phn lin kt cng ha tr thnh cc

loi lin kt , v .
2.4.5.1
Lin kt
1. Lin kt l lin kt m MO lin kt c mt trc i xng trng vi trc lin kt (l trc ni

hai ht nhn ca hai nguyn t lin kt).
Hnh 2.7
M hnh xen ph ca cc vn o to lin kt
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
15
2. Ni cch khc, lin kt hnh thnh khi trc ca cc AO lin kt trng vi trc lin kt.
3. Nh vy, in t ca lin kt tp trung vo vng xen ph nm ngay gia hai ht nhn v
trc tip ko hai ht nhn li vi nhau to thnh lin kt mnh.
4. H qu l cc vn o c n nh (n = 1, 2 v 3) nh 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s v 3p thng to thnh
cc lin kt c bn cao do chng c mt in t cao trong vng xen ph cho d th
tch ca vng xen ph khng ln.
5. Lin kt tn ti v cn kh mnh ngay c i vi cc vn o c n ln (n = 4, 5 v 6) nh
4s, 4p, 5s, 5p, 6s, 6p, cho d cc vn o vi n ln ny c th tch ln hn nn mt
in t cc vn o ny nh hn hn mt in t cc vn o c n nh.
6. Ngi ta thng gi tn lin kt theo cc AO hnh thnh lin kt ny. V d nh cc lin
kt trong cc phn t H2, HCl v Cl2 ln lt c gi l cc lin kt ss, sp v pp do
chng c hnh thnh t cc vn o 1s + 1s, 1s + 3p v 3p + 3p, tng ng.
7. Bng 2.6 trnh by cc thng s ca lin kt trong cc phn t H2, X2 v HX.
Mi lin h gia r v Elk ca cc lin kt trong H2, X2 v HX
Bng 2.6
Thng s
H2
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
rngt
0,37
0,71
0,99
1,14
1,33
rX
1,36
1,33
1,81
1,96
2,20
dAX
0,74
1,42
2,00
2,29
2,67
0,92
1,28
1,41
1,60
1,91
1,08
0,79
0,42
431
151
239
199
151
565
431
364
297
Elk kJ/mol
(a)
H2
(b)
F2
Cl2
Br2
I2
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Hnh 2.8
M hnh ca cc phn t X2 v HX
a. bn lin kt c bit cao ca H2 l do H c bn knh rt nh l 0,37 khin cho mt

in t trong vng xen ph rt cao so vi F trong F2 c bn knh l 0,71.
b. bn lin kt thp ca F2 so vi cc halogen cn li l do F khng hnh thnh thm
lin kt nh i vi Cl, Br v I. S hnh thnh lin kt chonhn gia hai nguyn t
X trong phn t X2 s c xem xt trong Mc 2.4.5.2.
c.
Khi i t trn xung di trong phn nhm, lp v in t tng dn khin bn knh ca

Cl, Br v I tng dn nn bn ca lin kt gim dn trong cc phn t X2.
Chng 2
16
Lien ket hoa hoc
d. Tng t, bn knh ca Cl, Br v I tng dn cng khin cho bn ca lin kt trong

cc phn t HCl, HBr v HI gim dn.
e. Mt iu th v l nu gi nh phn t HX gm anion X lin kt cng ha tr chonhn
vi H+ th H+ nm ngay bn trong qu cu X nh trong Hnh 2.8(b).
f.
2.4.5.2
Thc t khng c mi lin h trc tip gia tc dng phn cc, moment lng cc vi
nng lng lin kt (E). E ph thuc ch yu vo mt in t lin kt.
Lin kt
1. Lin kt l lin kt m MO lin kt c mt mt phng phn i xng cha trc lin kt.
2. Ni cch khc, lin kt hnh thnh khi cc AO lin kt c mt trc vung gc vi trc lin
kt. iu ny c ngha l lin kt ch hnh thnh c vi cc vn o p, d v f.
3. Nh vy, in t ca lin kt ch nm trong vng xen ph bn ca trc lin kt m khng
c kh nng tp trung vo khng gian ngay gia hai ht nhn nn ch gin tip ko hai ht
nhn li vi nhau khin cho lin kt l mt lin kt khng mnh.
4. Lin kt c bn khng cao nn khng th tn ti c lp trong cht.
5. Khi hai nguyn t lin kt vi nhau th trc tin phi hnh thnh mt lin kt ri mi c
th xut hin thm lin kt khin cho bc lin kt > 1.
6. H qu l cc vn o 2p c kch thc nh thng to thnh cc lin kt c bn cao
hn hn cc vn o 3p, 3d, 4p, 4d, 4f, do chng c mt in t cao trong vng xen
ph bn cho d th tch ca vng xen ph khng ln.
Hnh 2.9
6. Khi i t trn xung di trong phn nhm, bn knh ca nguyn t tng dn khin cho s
xen ph bn ca lin kt ngy cng cng km hiu qu dn n bn ca lin kt yu
dn, nht l i vi cc vn o c n 5. Lc ny, cht c xu hng chuyn lin kt i
gm lin kt v thnh hai lin kt n bn hn. H qu l s phi tr ca nguyn t
trung tm tng ln.
Hnh 2.10
M hnh phn t HClO4 v H5IO6
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
17
7. V d: Iod chu k 5 c bn knh ln to lin kt khng bn nn acid periodic khng tn ti

dng HIO4 km bn vi s phi tr 4 c 3 O to lin kt i I=O v 1 nhm OH to lin kt
n IOH m phi nhn thm hai phn t H2O v dng H5IO6 bn hn vi s phi tr 6 ch
cn 1 O to lin kt i I=O v 5 nhm OH to lin kt n IOH.
8. Ngi ta thng gi tn lin kt theo cc AO hnh thnh lin kt ny. V d nh lin kt
pp, pd v dd do chng c hnh thnh t cc vn o p + p, p + d v d + d.
9. i vi lin kt cho:
a. Khi ligand cho i in t vo nguyn t trung tm, ta c
Lin kt cho.
b. Khi nguyn t trung tm cho i in t vo ligand, ta c
Lin kt cho ngc.
10. Tng qut, khi mt lin kt AA c thm lin kt th lin kt c bc lin kt tng, bn
lin kt tng v di lin kt gim.
11. Bng 2.7 trnh by nh hng ca cch sp xp in t vo cc MO, bc lin kt v di
lin kt dOO n bn ca cc lin kt ca cc tiu phn O2+, O2, O2 v O22.
12. Xt h cc phn tion O2+, O2 v O22 c bc lin kt ln lt l 1 (1), 2 (1 + 1) v 2,5
(1 + 1,5) tng ng vi nng lng lin kt Elk l 210, 493 v 641. Hiu nng lng lin
kt Elk ln lt l 283 (ng vi 1) v 148 (ng vi 0,5) kJ/mol.
13. Gi tr Elk ca lin kt tnh c l E = 493 + 210 = 283 > E = 210 kJ/mol c v nh
i ngc li vi nguyn tc l lin kt c bn thp hn lin kt .
Bng 2.7
Mi lin h gia cch sp xp in t, bc lin kt, dOO v Elk ca

O2+, O2, O2 v O22 vi cu trc in t s s* pz px py px* py* pz*
O2 +
Thng s
O2
O2
O22
pz*
px*
py*
px
py
pz
Bc lin kt n
2,5
1,5
1 + 1,5
1 + 1
1 + 0,5
1,12
1,21
1,26
1,48
641
493
210
Loi lin kt
dOO
Elk
kJ/mol
Elk
kJ/mol
148
283
14. Hin tng ny c gii thch nh sau:

a. S xut hin thm lin kt khin cho di lin kt gim xung.
b. di lin kt gim lm th tch xen ph v mt in t trong vng xen ph ca lin
kt tng nn bn ca lin kt tng ln so vi khi ch c mt mnh lin kt .
c.
K tip, bn ca lin kt tng li lm cho di lin kt gim,
d. Nh vy, hiu ng ny s bao gm hai tng tc qua li tng h:

Bc lin kt di lin kt
bn lin kt
15. V d 1: i vi h phn tion [O2]:

a. Khi bc lin kt tng t 1 ln 2 v 2,5 th di lin kt dOO gim t 1,48 xung 1,21 v
1,12.
Chng 2
18
Lien ket hoa hoc
b. H qu l phn nng lng lin kt trong lin kt bi phi c gi tr cao hn gi tr 210

kJ/mol ca mt mnh lin kt n do lc ny di lin kt gim xung.
16. V d 2: i vi cc phn t halogen X2:
a. Trong phn t F2, do F ch c cc vn o ha tr 2s v 2p cha y in t m
khng c vn o 2d nn khng to c lin kt . H qu l tuy c bn knh nh
(0,71) nn di lin kt nh (1,42) nhng nng lng lin kt FF li ch l 151 kJ/mol.
Ngi ta cn cho rng lp in t th hai ca F c bn knh nh li cha y tm in
t to lc y mnh gia cc in t lm bn lin kt khng cao.
F2
Cl2
Hnh 2.11
Br2
M hnh lin kt v trong cc phn t X2
b. Trong cc phn t Cl2, Br2 v I2, do ngoi cc vn o ha tr ns v np cha y in

t cn c cc vn o nd trng nn c s hnh thnh cc lin kt chonhn gia cc
vn o np ca nguyn t X ny vi vn o nd ca nguyn t X kia, v ngc li, lm
tng bn lin kt.
c.
H qu l lin kt XX trong cc phn t Cl2, Br2 v I2 cn c thm s ng gp ca lin

kt nn c bn cao hn lin kt FF.
d. Khi i t trn xung di trong phn nhm halogen, bn knh nguyn t tng dn, th
tch xen ph tng nhng mt in t gim nhanh hn (theo bc ba ca bn knh: d
V r3) nn bn ca lin kt ln trong Cl2, Br2 v I2 u gim dn.
17. V d 3: i vi cc phn t HX:
a. Trong cc phn t HX ch tn ti lin kt m khng xut hin lin kt .
b. Khi i t trn xung di trong phn nhm halogen, bn knh nguyn t tng dn, th
tch xen ph tng nhng mt in t gim nhanh hn (theo bc ba ca bn knh: d
V r3) nn bn ca lin kt HX gim dn.
c.
So vi lin kt HH ca H2 th HF ca HF c bn cao hn do H xm nhp vo bn

trong m my in t ca F nn mt in t trong vng xen ph tng ln.
Gi tr
dAX
Elk
kJ/mol
Elk
kJ/mol
H2
H2
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
0,74
0,92
1,28
1,41
1,60
431
565
431
364
297
134
HF
134
HCl
Hnh 2.12
67
HBr
M hnh ca cc phn t H2 v HX
67
HI
Chng 2
2.4.5.3
Lien ket hoa hoc
19
Lin kt
1. Lin kt l lin kt m MO lin kt c hai mt phng phn i xng cha trc lin kt.
2. Ni cch khc, lin kt hnh thnh khi cc AO lin kt c hai trc vung gc vi trc lin
kt. iu ny c ngha l lin kt ch hnh thnh i vi cc vn o d v f.
3. Lin kt rt t gp v c bn lin kt thp.
Hnh 2.13
2.5
Lin kt kim loi
2.5.1
M hnh ca lin kt kim loi theo quan im phi c hc lng t
1. Theo m hnh phi c hc lng t, lin kt kim loi l lin kt ha hc c thc hin bng
cc in t ha tr c phng thch ra khi cc nguyn t kim loi ri di chuyn t do trong
ton khi kim loi to thnh mt m my in t bt nh x lin kt mnh cc cation kim
loi li vi nhau.
2. Lin kt kim loi theo m hnh ny tng t m hnh ca lin kt ion nn lin kt c bn
cao vi hai tnh cht chnh l bt nh hng v bt bo ha.
3. M hnh ny r rng, d hiu v gii thch c tnh cht dn in, dn nhit, tnh do, tnh
d ko di v dt mng, ca cc kim loi.
4. Song m hnh ny khng gii thch c mt s tnh cht nh tnh bn dn, nh kim, nhit
dung, ca kim loi.
Hnh 2.14
2.5.2
M hnh lin kt kim loi theo l thuyt phi c hc lng t
M hnh ca lin kt kim loi theo l thuyt c hc lng t
1. Theo m hnh c hc lng t, lin kt trong kim loi l cc lin kt cng ha tr a tm a

in t hnh thnh gia tt c cc nguyn t trong ton khi tinh th kim loi.
2. Mi nguyn t kim loi trong tinh th s s dng cc vn o ha tr thch hp xen ph ln
nhau trin khai theo c ba phng trong ton b tinh th.
3. Theo c hc lng t, n AO ha tr ca n nguyn t kim loi trong ht tinh th t hp li vi
nhau s to thnh n/2 MO lin kt v n/2 MO phn lin kt.
20
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
4. Nh c trnh by trong Hnh 2.15, khi n nguyn t tham gia lin kt th mi mc nng
lng nguyn t s tch thnh n mc nng lng phn t.
5. Vi 1cm3 tinh th kim loi c th cha n 10221023 nguyn t. Khi , n mc nng lng
phn t c phn b rt gn nhau vi hiu nng lng gia hai mc k cn ch vo
khong 1022 eV nn c th xem nh chng to thnh mt di nng lng lin tc.
6. V vy, khi hnh thnh tinh th kim loi th mi mc nng lng nguyn t s tch thnh mt
vng nng lng ca tinh th.
Hnh 2.15 S tch mc nng lng thnh vng nng lng

theo s lng nguyn t kim loi tham gia lin kt
Hnh 2.16
M hnh lin kt cng ha tr a tm a in t trong tinh th kim loi
Hnh 2.17
M hnh lin kt theo l thuyt vng nng lng
7. Vng nng lng cao nht c cha in t ha tr c gi l
Vng ha tr HOMO
8. Vng nng lng thp nht khng cha in t c gi l
Vng dn
LUMO
9. Vng ngn cch gia vng ha tr v vng dn c gi l
Vng cm
bandgap
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
21
10. Cc MO lin kt bt nh x ca tt c cc nguyn t trong tinh th kim loi to thnh vng

dn cho php cc in t ha tr di chuyn t do trong tinh th nn cc kim loi c nhng
tnh cht c trng nh dn in, dn nhit, do, d ko di v dt mng,
11. Chnh lch nng lng ca vng cm gia vng ha tr v vng dn cng gii thch c
tnh bn dn v cch in ca cc cht khc.
12. Cc cht bn dn nh Si, Ge, l cc cht c vng cm vi nng lng E 0,13eV
khin cho cc in t c th di chuyn t vng ha tr ln vng dn khi b kch thch bng
cch un nng, chiu bc x, nn dn in.
13. Cc cht cch in nh PE, PVC, Ckim cng, l cc cht c vng cm vi nng lng E >
3eV khin cho cc in t khng th di chuyn t vng ha tr ln vng dn ngay c khi b
kch thch nn cch in.
2.5.3
Cc tnh cht ca lin kt kim loi
1. Theo quan im c in, bn cht ca lin kt kim loi l lin kt ion nn lin kt kim loi c
hai tnh cht chnh l bt nh hng v bt bo ha ging nh lin kt ion.
2. Cc nguyn t kim loi ca cng mt nguyn t c bn knh bng nhau nn c th t n
s phi tr cc i 12 nh trong Hnh 2.4(a) hay 8 v 6.
3. Theo l thuyt c hc lng t, bn cht ca lin kt kim loi l lin kt cng ha tr nn lin
kt kim loi phi c hai tnh cht chnh l nh hng v bo ha.
4. Tuy nhin, do s xen ph ca mt lng rt ln cc vn o ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong
tinh th khin cho cc in t ha tr c th di chuyn mt cch t do trong ton tinh th kim
loi tng t nh khi nim m my in t ha tr theo l thuyt c in.
5. H qu l lin kt kim loi theo l thuyt c hc lng t li c tnh bt nh hng v bt
bo ha ch khng cn tnh nh hng v bo ha ca lin kt cng ha tr na.
2.5.4
Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt kim loi
1. Theo quan im c in hay c hc lng t th ni chung, bn ca lin kt kim loi u

tng khi bn knh nguyn t gim v s in t ha tr tham gia lin kt tng.
Nhit (0C) nng chy, si v thng hoa ca cc n cht
Bng 2.8
Chu k
1
K
2
1A
H
259
253
Li
181
1337
Na
98
886
K
64
760
Rb
39
696
Cs
29
668
Fr
21
660
2A
Be
1287
2507
Mg
650
1095
Ca
842
1495
Sr
768
1390
Ba
727
1860
Ra
969
1536
A
Tnc
Ts
4B
5B
6B
7B
Sc
1541
2850
Y
1528
3322
La
920
3450
Ac
1050
3390
Ti
1668
3260
Zr
1855
4340
Hf
2230
4620
Rf
V
1920
3450
Nb
2470
4927
Ta
3010
5425
Db
Cr
1890
2680
Mo
2620
4630
W
3387
5680
Sg
Mn
1245
2080
Tc
2200
4600
Re
3190
5900
Bh
Fe
1539
3200
Ru
2607
4900
Os
3027
5000
Hs
Co
1494
2960
Rh
1963
3700
Ir
2443
4380
Mt
Lantanid
Ce
804
3450
Th
1750
4200
Pr
932
3510
Pa
1580
4500
Nd
1024
3080
U
1134
4200
Pm
1170
3000
Np
637
4100
Sm
1072
1800
Pu
640
3350
Eu
826
1440
Am
1292
2880
Actinid
4A
5A
6A
7A
C
(3700)
N
-210
-196
P
(429)
As
(615)
817
Sb
631
1634
Bi
271
1564
O
-219
-183
S
119
445
Se
217
685
Te
450
990
Po
254
962
F
-220
-183
Cl
-101
-34
Br
-7
60
I
114
184
At
244
309
Er
1522
2857
Fm
Tm
1545
1947
Md
Yb
821
1211
No
Lu
1663
3412
Lr
1B
2B
Ni
1455
2900
Pd
1554
2940
Pt
1772
3800
Uun
Cu
1085
2540
Ag
962
2170
Au
1064
2947
Uuu
Zn
420
906
Cd
321
767
Hg
-39
357
Uub
B
2075
3700
Al
660
2500
Ga
30
2403
In
157
2024
Tl
304
1475
Uut
Gd
1312
3272
Cm
1345
3200
Tb
1356
3073
Bk
980
Dy
1409
2587
Cf
900
Ho
1470
2707
Es
860
(Tthh)
3B
3A
8B
Si
1415
3250
Ge
937
2850
Sn
232
2620
Pb
328
1745
Uuq
8A
He
-272
-269
Ne
-249
-246
Ar
-189
-186
Kr
-157
-153
Xe
-112
-108
Rn
-71
-62
Chng 2
22
Lien ket hoa hoc
2. H qu l thng thng:
Kim loi
Tnc v Ts
Kim v kim th
Kim loi nhm p
Kim loi nhm d v f
Thp
Trung bnh
Cao
2.6
Lin kt van der Waals
2.6.1
M hnh v iu kin hnh thnh lin kt van der Waals
1. Gia cc tiu phn (phn t, ion, gc t do,) d bo ha ha tr hay cha u lun

lun tn ti mt tng tc in yu c gi l lin kt van der Waals.
2. Lin kt van der Waals bao gm ba tng tc chnh sau:
Tng tc nh hng
Hnh 2.18
Tng tc cm ng
Tng tc khuch tn
M hnh lin kt van der Waals
a. Tng tc nh hng (thng trc) ch xut hin gia cc phn t phn cc. Cc
phn t phn cc s ht ln nhau bng cc cc tri du ca mnh. Tng tc ny lm
cho cc phn t phn cc sp xp theo mt hng xc nh i vi nhau.
b. Tng tc cm ng (tm thi) xut hin gia phn t phn cc v phn t khng phn
cc. Phn t phn cc s phn cc tm thi phn t khng phn cc v to lc ht ln
nhau gia cc cc tri du ca hai phn t ny.
c.
Tng tc khuch tn lun lun xut hin nh lng cc tm thi ca cc phn t d

c phn cc hay khng. Cc lng cc tm thi lin tc xut hin, chuyn i, bin mt
v to ra tng tc cm ng khin cho cc phn t ht ln nhau.
3. Lin kt van der Waals yu khng hnh thnh c cht ha hc nn l lin kt vt l.
2.6.2
Cc tnh cht v bn ca lin kt van der Waals
1. Cc tng tc trong lin kt van der Waals c tnh bt bo ha.

2. Tng tc nh hng c tnh nh hng do xut hin lng cc trong chnh tiu phn.
3. Tng tc khuch tn v cm ng c tnh bt nh hng.
4. Lin kt van der Waals l mt tng tc yu c nng lng lin kt < 40 kJ/mol. Lc lin kt
gim rt nhanh khi khong cch gia cc phn t tng ln.
2.6.3
Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt van der Waals
1. Tng tc nh hng gi vai tr quyt nh i vi cc phn t phn cc v cng mnh khi

phn t phn cc cng mnh.
2. Tng tc khuch tn gi vai tr quan trng i vi mi phn t d c phn cc hay khng
v kh nng khuch tn cng mnh khi th tch ca phn t cng ln.
3. Ngi ta cng trnh by yu t th tch ca phn t cng ln trong tng tc khuch tn
bng mt cch khc l khi lng phn t M cng cao.
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
23
4. Cch trnh by ny khng chnh xc v c th gy sai lm.

5. Tng tc cm ng thng rt yu.
Bng 2.9
Cc thnh phn lc tng tc van der Waals ca mt s cht

, D
Cht
Tng tc nh hng
Tng tc cm ng
Tng tc khuch tn
kJ/mol
kJ/mol
kJ/mol
Ar
8,48
100
CO
0,11
0,00042
0,005
0,0083
0,095
8,73
99,90
HBr
0,79
0,68
2,88
1,00
4,24
21,90
92,88
HCl
1,08
3,3
15,96
0,5
2,42
16,88
81,62
NH3
1,46
13,29
44,97
1,55
5,25
14,71
49,78
H2O
1,86
36,32
76,93
1,92
4,07
8,97
19,00
2.7
Lin kt hydro
2.7.1
M hnh v iu kin hnh thnh lin kt hydro
1. M hnh lin kt hydro:

trong :
AH+"B
cc nguyn t c m in ln nh F, O, N v Cl hay
nguyn t gn vi nguyn t c m in ln nh F3 C , N C ,
cc nguyn t c m in ln nh F, O, N v Cl hay
cc nhm c lin kt nh ni i, nhn thm,
2. Do A c m in ln nn ko in t ca H v pha mnh lm H thiu in t v phn

cc dng.
3. H b phn cc dng s tng tc vi nguyn t B phn cc m.
4. Tng tc yu ny l mt loi lin kt van der Waals c bit c gi l lin kt hydro v
thng c biu din bng k hiu ".
5. Lin kt hydro yu khng th hnh thnh c cht ha hc nn l lin kt vt l.
6. di lin kt hydro ln hn lin kt ha hc bnh thng nh v d trong Bng 2.10.
2.7.2
Cc tnh cht v bn ca lin kt hydro
1. Lin kt hydro thc t c tnh nh hng v bo ha do (1) S nh hng ca i in t

t do ca B v (2) Bn knh ca H rt nh nn mi H ch to c 1 lin kt hydro.
Bng 2.10
Nng lng v di lin kt hydro HnX"HnX ca mt s hp cht

so vi nng lng v di lin kt cng ha tr HnX tng ng
Lin kt hydro
Nng lng lin kt
kJ/mol
di lin kt
Lin kt cng ha tr
Nng lng lin kt

di lin kt
kJ/mol
H2NH+"NH3
HOH+"OH2
FH+"FH
18,4
20,9
28,0
3,10
2,75
2,44
H2NH
HOH
FH
313
428
566
1,04
0,97
0,92
Chng 2
24
Lien ket hoa hoc
2. Lin kt hydro l mt lin kt yu c nng lng lin kt khong 840 kJ/mol trong lc lin
kt ha hc thng c nng lng vo khong vi trm kJ/mol.
3. Thng thng, bn ca lin kt hydro cng mnh khi A v/hay B c:
a. m in cng ln
khin cho in tch trn A v/hay B cng ln.
b. Kch thc cng nh
khin cho di lin kt hydro cng nh.
2.7.3
Cc loi lin kt hydro v nh hng n tnh cht ca phn t
a. Lin kt hydro lin phn t

1. Lin kt hydro lin phn t l lin kt hydro c thc hin gia cc phn t khin cho cc
phn t ny c lin kt yu li vi nhau.
2. H qu l th tch v khi lng biu kin ca phn t tng ln.
3. Lin kt hydro lin phn t lm thay i tnh cht ca phn t:
a. Lm tng lc lin kt gia cc phn t v tng th tch biu kin ca phn t khin cho
nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cht tng.
V d: Cc phn t H2O to lin kt hydro vi nhau nn c
H2S mc d c th tch phn t ln hn nn c
tng tc khuch tn mnh hn H2O nhng li
khng to lin kt hydro nn c
Ts = 1000C
Ts = 620C
b. Lin kt hydro lin phn t gia cht tan v dung mi s lm tng tan ca cht tan
trong dung mi.
V d: Xt 2 cht cng c cng thc nguyn l C2H6O:
Etanol CH3CH2OH tan v hn trong nc do to lin kt hydro vi nc.
Dimetyleter CH3OCH3 t tan trong nc do khng to lin kt hydro vi nc.
c.
Lm gim acid ca cc acid c lin hp bng lin kt hydro.
d. Lm tng xp ca nc khin cho nc li nh hn nc lng. Nh vy, bng

ti 2 a cc khng b chm xung y nn qu trnh bng ha hon ton nc trn tri
t khng xy ra v s sng trn tri t mi tn ti.
b. Lin kt hydro ni phn t
1. Lin kt hydro ni phn t l lin kt hydro c thc hin trong ni b mt phn t.
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
25
2. Lin kt hydro ni phn t lm thay i tnh cht ca phn t:

a. Lm th tch phn t b co li khin cho nhit nng chy v nhit si gim.
V d: Xt hai ng phn o-nitrophenol v p-nitrophenol:
Hp cht
Lin kt hydro
o-nitrophenol
p-nitrophenol
Ni phn t
Lin phn t
45
215
Tnc, C
b. Lm thay i tnh acid ca hp cht.
Tnh acid gim khi lin kt hydro lm hydro mang tnh acid b gi li cht hn.
Tnh acid tng khi lin kt hydro lm hydro mang tnh acid b gi li km hn.
Bng 2.11
So snh nng lng lin kt van der Waals v hydro ca NH3 v H2O
NH3
H2O
Lin kt van der Waals
29,6
47,2
Lin kt hydro
18,4
20,9
Nng lng lin kt, kJ/mol
2.8
Tc dng phn cc v tc dng b phn cc
1. V mt l thuyt, tt c cc ion d l cation hay anion u c kh nng:

a. Ko in t ca cc tiu phn khc v pha mnh. Tc dng ko in t nh vy c
gi l tc dng phn cc (TDPC).
b. B cc tiu phn khc ko in t ca mnh. Tc dng b ko in t nh vy c gi
l tc dng b phn cc (TDBPC).
2. Tuy nhin, do:
a. Cation thiu in t nn rt kh nhng thm in t cho anion. H qu l cation c
tc dng phn cc mnh hn v tc dng b phn cc rt yu.
b. Anion tha in t rt kh ko thm in t ca cation. H qu l anion c tc dng
b phn cc mnh hn v tc dng phn cc rt yu.
3. V vy, chng ta ch xem xt:
a.
Tc dng phn cc ca cation
b.
Tc dng b phn cc ca anion
2.8.1
2.8.1.1
Tc dng phn cc
1. Cation thiu in t nn c xu hng ko in t ca anion v pha mnh, ngha l c tc

dng phn cc.
2. Tc dng phn cc ca cation cng mnh th m my in t ha tr ca anion cng b dch
chuyn v pha cation khin cho lin kt c tnh ion cng gim v tnh cng ha tr cng
tng.
Chng 2
26
Lien ket hoa hoc
3. H qu l khi tc dng phn cc ca cation cng mnh th tnh cht ca lin kt bin i
theo chiu:
Ion IonCng ha tr Cng ha tr phn cc
4. Tc dng phn cc ca cation cng mnh khi cation c (1) in tch q+ hay s oxi ha
(SOXH) cng cao v (2) Bn knh r+ cng nh. Vi cc cation c cng s oxi ha th xt
thm yu t m in cng ln.
V d: TDPC tng:
Na+ Ca2+ < Mg2+ Al3+ Si4+
q+ SOXH , r+ (v )
5. Hiu ng phn cc ngc: m my in t ca anion y m my in t ca cc cation

c nhiu in t ha tr, nh Zn2+ c cu trc in t d10, v pha ngc li.
6. V vy, ht nhn mang in tch dng ca cc cation c nhiu in t ha tr tin li gn

anion hn nn c tc dng phn cc ln m my in t ca anion mnh hn.
7. Hiu ng phn cc ngc ny cn c gi l tc dng phn cc th cp.
8. H qu l cation cng c nhiu in t ha tr s c tc dng phn cc cng mnh.
9. Cng tc dng phn cc th cp ca cc cation theo cu trc in t nh sau:
d10 d19 [tr]
TDPC tng:
V d:
Zn2+ Fe2+ Ca2+
Trong chu k 4:
10. Tm li, tc dng phn cc ca cation cng mnh khi:

a.
q+ SOXH
c.
d10 d19 [tr]
b.
r+
d.
( khi cation c cng SOXH)
2.8.1.2
Tc dng phn cc ca hp phn phn cc dng
1. C th m rng khi nim tc dng phn cc cho cc hp phn phn cc dng ca cc

tiu phn c lin kt mang bn cht cng ha tr phn cc nh NH3, SO42,.
2. Hp phn phn cc dng l mt nguyn t hay mt nhm nguyn t tch in dng nh
+1
+6
nguyn t H trong phn t NH3, nguyn t trung tm S trong anion SO42,

3. Tc dng phn cc ca hp phn phn cc dng cng mnh th i in t lin kt cng
b dch chuyn v pha hp phn phn cc dng khin cho lin kt c tnh cng ha tr
phn cc cng gim v tnh cng ha tr cng tng.
4. Hp phn phn cc dng c tc dng phn cc cng mnh khi n (1) S oxi ha cng
cao v (2) Bn knh r+ cng nh. Khi cc hp phn phn cc dng c cng SOXH th xt
thm yu t m in cng ln.
a.
SOXH
b.
r+
c.
( khi c cng SOXH)
Chng 2
Lin kt
Lien ket hoa hoc
27
Cng ha tr phn cc
Cng ha tr
Cng ha tr phn cc Cng ha tr
Tc dng phn cc ca hp phn phn cc dng
2.8.1.3
Tng qut v tc dng phn cc
1. Tc dng phn cc ca cation hay hp phn phn cc dng cng mnh th i in t lin
kt cng b dch chuyn v pha cation hay hp phn phn cc dng khin cho lin kt c
tnh ion cng gim v tnh cng ha tr cng tng.
Ion IonCng ha tr Cng ha tr phn cc Cng ha tr
Tc dng phn cc
2. Tc dng phn cc ca cation hay hp phn phn cc dng cng mnh khi:
a.
q+ SOXH
c.
d10 d19 [tr]
b.
r+
d.
( khi c cng SOXH)
2.8.2
Tc dng b phn cc
2.8.2.1
1. Anion tha in t nn c tc dng b phn cc, ngha l b cation ko bt in t.

2. Tc dng b phn cc ca anion cng mnh khi anion c (1) in tch q hay s oxi ha
cng thp v (2) Bn knh r cng ln.
a.
q SOXH
V d:
r,
b.
1,84
TDBPC
2,16
>
1,95
>
Br
1,81
>
Cl
3. Tc dng b phn cc ca anion cng mnh th m my in t ha tr ca anion cng b

dch chuyn v pha cation nn lin kt c tnh ion cng gim v tnh cng ha tr cng tng.
Ion IonCng ha tr Cng ha tr phn cc
2.8.2.2
Tc dng b phn cc ca hp phn phn cc m
1. C th m rng khi nim tc dng b phn cc cho cc hp phn phn cc m ca cc tiu

phn c lin kt mang bn cht cng ha tr phn cc nh NH3, SO42,..
2. Hp phn phn cc m l mt nguyn t hay mt nhm nguyn t tch in m nh nguyn
3
t N trong phn t NH3, ligand O trong anion SO42,
Chng 2
28
Lien ket hoa hoc
3. Tc dng b phn cc ca hp phn phn cc m cng mnh th i in t lin kt cng b

dch chuyn v pha hp phn phn cc dng khin cho lin kt c tnh cng ha tr phn
cc cng gim v tnh cng ha tr cng tng.
Cng ha tr phn cc Cng ha tr
Tc dng b phn cc ca hp phn phn cc m
4. Hp phn phn cc m c tc dng b phn cc cng mnh khi n (1) S oxi ha cng
thp v (2) Bn knh r cng ln.
a.
SOXH
2.8.2.3
b.
Tng qut v tc dng b phn cc
1. Tc dng b phn cc ca anion hay hp phn phn cc m cng mnh th i in t lin

kt cng b dch chuyn v pha cation hay hp phn phn cc dng khin cho lin kt c
tnh ion cng gim v tnh cng ha tr cng tng.
Tc dng b phn cc
2. Tc dng b phn cc ca anion hay hp phn phn cc m cng mnh khi:

a.
2.8.3
q SOXH
b.
Phn bit tc dng phn cc ca ion v phn cc ca lin kt
1. Cn phn bit mt cch r rng 2 khi nim tc dng phn cc v phn cc.
2. Ha V c thng s dng khi nim tc dng phn cc v b phn cc ca ion din t
kh nng ko in t ca cc cation v b ko in t ca cc anion trong lin kt ion khin
cho lin kt ion mang mt phn tnh cng ha tr.
Lin kt ion
Lin kt ioncng ha tr
3. Ha Hu c li thng s dng khi nim phn cc ca lin kt din t kh nng ca

lin kt cng ha tr ng cc tr nn b phn cc mt phn khin cho lin kt cng ha tr
mang mt phn tnh ion.
Lin kt cng ha tr
Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc
4. Hai khi nim ny hon ton khc nhau v c phn ngc chiu nhau nn cn lu
trnh cc nhm ln ng tic.
Bng 2.12
Phn bit khi nim tc dng phn cc v phn cc

Khi nim
Tc dng phn cc
phn cc
i tng tc ng
Ion
Lin kt
Bin i ca lin kt
Ion Cng ha tr
Cng ha tr Ion
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
29
2.9
S khng phn nh ranh gii gia cc loi lin kt ha hc
2.9.1
S bin i gia cc loi lin kt ha hc
1. Trong cc trnh by nu trn, chng ta bit:

a. Khng c lin kt ion 100%. Hp cht CsF vi = 3,2 c tnh ion cng ch t c ti
a l 92% khi khng tnh n tc dng phn cc v b phn cc.
b. Lin kt cng ha tr 100% ch xut hin trong mt s t cc phn t nh nguyn t ng
nhn AA nh H2, O2, Cl2, Lin kt trong cc phn t nh nguyn t d nhn AB nh
CO, CO2, CH4, SF6, lun lun l lin kt cng ha tr phn cc.
c.
Lin kt kim loi va c th xem l lin kt ion theo quan im lin kt c in phi c
hc lng t v va c th xem l lin kt cng ha tr theo l thuyt lin kt c hc
lng t.
2. Nh vy, khng c mt ranh gii r rt gia lin kt ion v lin kt cng ha tr.
3. Tuyt i a s cc lin kt ha hc nm trong vng c gii hn bin hai u bi lin
kt ion l tng v lin kt cng ha tr l tng.
4. Mt cch n gin, c th phn cc lin kt ha hc thc t thnh 4 loi l:
Lin kt ion
Lin kt ioncng ha tr
Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc
Lin kt cng ha tr
vi s bin thin nh sau:

Lin kt
V d:

NaCl
AlCl3
TiCl4
CCl4
Cl2
, tc dng phn cc ca cation , tc dng b phn cc ca anion
Lin kt:
Ion
Ioncng ha tr
Hnh 2.19
2.9.2
Cng ha tr phn cc
Cng ha tr
M hnh ca 4 loi lin kt ha hc thc t
nh hng ca s bin i gia cc loi lin kt ha hc n cc tnh

cht v bn ca lin kt
1. S bin i ca cc lin kt ha hc ng nhin dn n s bin i cc tnh cht v

bn ca lin kt.
2. Khi mt lin kt chuyn dn t ion sang cng ha tr th tnh bt bo ha v bt nh hng
s gim dn khin cho tnh bo ha v nh hng tng dn.
Lin kt
Ion
Cng ha tr
Tnh cht
Bt bo ha
Bo ha
Bt nh hng
nh hng
3. bn lin kt bin i theo s bin i ca cc lin kt ha hc mt cch phc tp hn

nhiu nn chng ta phi xem xt mt cch chi tit tng trng hp c th.
30
Chng 2
Lien ket hoa hoc
4. Cc pht biu th s kiu nh:

V d
Cu hi
Lin kt ss bn hn pp
Na2 bn hn Cl2?
Lin kt ion bn hn cng ha tr
NaCl bn hn kim cng?
Lin kt ion bn hn ioncng ha tr
NaCl bn hn Al2O3?
Lin kt CHT cng phn cc cng km bn
HCl km bn hn HI?
l nhng pht biu sai lm cn trnh v khng xem xt n cc yu t quyt nh nh

hng n bn ca lin kt.
5. V vy, khi xem xt bt k mt cht no, trc ht phi xc nh cc lin kt trong cht
mang bn cht ion hay cng ha tr. Trn c s bn cht ca lin kt mi tip tc xem xt
cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt.
6. Nu lin kt mang bn cht ion th bn lin kt ph thuc ch yu vo hai yu t q v r.
7. Nu lin kt mang bn cht cng ha tr th bn lin kt ph thuc ch yu vo ba yu t
ng mc nng lng, th tch xen ph v mt in t trong vng xen ph.
8. Mt nhn xt th v l so snh bn ca lin kt ion vi lin kt cng ha tr cng tng t
nh so snh sc mnh ca v s c t vi v s quyn anh.
Chng 3
Phan ng hoa hoc
31
Chng 3
Phn ng ha hc
3.1
Khi nim chung
1. Mt cch gn ng, ngi ta tha nhn l trong phn ng ha hc ch c s bin i ca

cc in t ha tr nm trn cc vn o ha tr ca nguyn t.
2. Tnh cht ha hc ca mt cht ch c nh gi chnh xc thng qua kh nng phn ng
ca cht vi cc cht khc.
3. Ch c 2 loi phn ng ha hc c bn l:
Phn ng acid-baz
Phn ng oxi ha-kh
4. Cc phn ng c t tn khc ch l cc trng hp ring ca 2 loi phn ng trn.

V d: Phn ng trung ha:
Phn ng thy phn:
Phn ng x phng ha:
3.1.1
mui
nc
AlCl3
3H2O
nc
acid
baz
3H2O
3HCl
+ Al(OH)3
ester
baz
mui
alcol
du bo
NaOH
x phng
glycerin
acid
baz
3HCl
+ Al(OH)3
mui
AlCl3
Phn ng acid-baz
1. Trong phn ng acid-baz, s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong cht khng b thay i m ch

c s dch chuyn ca cc i in t, ion hay nhm chc ca cc hp cht.
2. Ty thuc vo tnh cht c trng ca mi phn ng m ngi ta phn cc phn ng acidbaz trong Ha V c thnh cc loi ch yu nh sau:
Phn ng trung ha
HCl + NaOH
Phn ng thy phn
AlCl3 + 3H2O
3HCl + Al(OH)3
Phn ng kt ta
BaCl2 + Na2SO4
BaSO4 + 2NaCl
Phn ng trao i ion
RH + NaOH
RNa + H2O
Phn ng to phc
Al(OH)3 + NaOH
Na[Al(OH)4]
Phn ng phn hy
2Fe(OH)3
3.1.2
NaCl + H2O
Fe2O3 + 3H2O
Phn ng oxi ha-kh
1. Trong phn ng oxi ha-kh c s thay i s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong cht.

V d:
+4
+6 2
H2 O 2 + Na 2 S O 3 H2 O + Na 2 S O 4
Chng 3
32
Phan ng hoa hoc
2. Ty thuc vo v tr ca cc nguyn t b thay i s oxi ha m ngi ta phn loi cc phn

ng oxi ha-kh:
Phn ng oxi ha-kh thng thng l phn ng oxi ha-kh gia cc nguyn t nm
trong cc cht khc nhau.

Cl2 + 2FeCl2 2FeCl3
V d:
Phn ng t oxi ha-kh hay phn ng d phn l phn ng oxi ha-kh ni phn t gia
cc nguyn t ca cng mt loi nguyn t nm trong cng mt cht.

ClCl + H2O HClO + HCl
V d:
Phn ng oxi ha-kh ni phn t l phn ng oxi ha-kh ni phn t gia cc nguyn
t ca cc nguyn t khc nhau nm trong cng mt cht.

HgO Hg + O2
V d:
Bng 3.1
Phn loi v c trng ca cc loi phn ng oxi ha-kh

c trng ca
phn ng oxi ha-kh
Loi phn ng
V d
Oxi ha-kh
thng thng
Gia cc nguyn t nm
trong cc cht khc nhau
Cl2 + 2FeCl2 2FeCl3
T oxi ha-kh
(phn ng d phn)
Gia cc nguyn t ca
cng mt loi nguyn t
nm trong cng mt cht
ClCl + H2O HClO + HCl
Oxi ha-kh
ni phn t
Gia cc nguyn t ca
cc nguyn t khc nhau
nm trong cng mt cht
HgO Hg + O2
3.2
Kh nng phn ng
3.2.1
Nhit ng lc hc ca phn ng
1. Cc gi tr nhit ng lc hc H, S v G ch cho bit chiu v cn bng ca phn ng:
Phn ng xy ra theo chiu thun hay nghch?
Hiu sut ca phn ng l bao nhiu?
2. Song cc gi tr nhit ng lc hc li khng cho bit vn tc v c ch ca phn ng:
Khng cho bit phn ng xy ra nhanh hay chm!
Khng cho bit cc giai on ca qu trnh phn ng!
3. Cc kho st thc nghim v ng hc s tr li hai cu hi trn.

4. Xt phn ng:
aA + bB
cC + dD
(3.1)
5. V mt nhit ng lc hc, mt phn ng c:

G = H TS
trong :
= Xsp Xtc
vi X
G, H v S
G
Gi tr
(3.2)
<0
Xy ra theo chiu thun
Ta nhit
Gim s mol kh
=0
t cn bng
Khng
S mol kh khng i
>0
Xy ra theo chiu nghch
Thu nhit
Tng s mol kh
Chng 3
Phan ng hoa hoc
33
6. trng thi cn bng, nng ca cc tc cht v sn phm tha phng trnh sau:
K=
[C]ccb [D] dcb

[A]acb [B]bcb
=e
G
RT
= const
(3.3)
7. K cng ln th cn bng cng chuyn sang bn phi v cng to ra nhiu sn phm.

8. Mi lin h gia K v G ca phn ng nh sau:
ln K =
G
RT
(3.4)
9. Cc hng s nh hng s acid-baz Ka v Kb, tch s tan T, hng s phn ly phc cht Kpl,
th kh E, ch l cc bin th ca hng s cn bng nhit ng lc hc K trong tng
trng hp phn ng c th:
Hng s acid-baz
Ka, Kb
= K[H2O]
i vi phn ng trung ha
Tch s tan
=K
i vi phn ng kt ta
Hng s phn ly phc cht
Kpl
=K
i vi phn ng to phc
Th kh
= G/nF
i vi phn ng oxi ha-kh
10. Dung mi nc c nng ln nn i vi phn ng c nc tham gia vi t cch l tc

cht hay sn phm th s bin i nng ca nc l nh c th b qua v c th xem
nh nng ca nc l mt hng s. V vy, nng ca nc lun lun c ghp
chung vo hng s K ca phn ng.
3.2.2
ng hc ca phn ng
1. V mt ng hc, mt cch tng qut, ta c vn tc phn ng thun vth v nghch vng:

vth = kth.f([Tc])
vng = kng.g([Sp])
2. trng thi cn bng, vn tc thun bng vn tc nghch:

vth = vng = kth.f( [Tc] cb )cb = kng.g( [Sp] cb )
k=
k th g([Sp] cb )
=
= const
k ng
f([Tc] cb )
(3.5)
3. Cn lu l K nhit ng lc ha hc v k ng hc mang hai ngha khc nhau.

4. Cho d phn ng xy ra theo cc con ng khc nhau th trng thi cn bng, gi tr K
tnh c theo cc con ng lun lun bng nhau v khng i.
5. k ng hc ch cho bit t s ca kth v kng hoc t s ca 2 hm nng ca phn ng thun
v phn ng nghch khi h trng thi cn bng.
3.2.3
Mi lin h gia nhit ng lc hc v ng hc ca phn ng
1. Khng c mt mi lin h no gia cc gi tr nhit ng lc ha hc vi cc yu t ng

ha hc (vn tc v c ch) ca mt phn ng.
2. Mt phn ng c th c gi tr G rt m nhng li khng th xy ra c do cn tr ng
hc v nng lng hot ha ca phn ng qu cao.
V d:
2H2(k) + O2(k) 2H2O(l)
Phn ng trn c G0 rt m, nhng:

250C
Hon ton khng xy ra
Xy ra rt chm
2000C
Xy ra tc thi di dng n
7000C
G0 = 228,2 kJ/mol
Chng 3
34
Phan ng hoa hoc
3. C th tnh ton gi tr G ca phn ng theo cc gi tr G ca cc cht (tra trong s tay

ha hc) hoc bng chu trnh Born-Haber.
4. Vn tc v c ch ca phn ng ch c th xc nh c bng thc nghim.
3.3
Quy c v iu kin phn ng
1. Trong Ha V c, nu khng nu r iu kin phn ng c th th mt phn ng xem nh

c tin hnh trong iu kin chun quy c nh sau:
Nhit
250C
p sut
1 atm
Kh quyn
Khng kh (oxygen chim ~21% th tch)
Dung mi
Nc
Nng cht
1M
pH
Acid
Trung tnh
Baz
14
2. Mt cch cht ch, phi ghi r trng thi pha ca cc cht tham gia phn ng.
V d:
HCl(k) + NH3(k) NH4Cl

HCl(dd) + NH3(dd) NH4Cl(dd) + H2O
AgNO3aq + NaClaq AgCl + NaNO3aq
Fe2O3(r) + NiO(r) NiFe2O4(r)
3. Ngi ta thng pha dung dch mui kim loi nh MnSO4, ZnSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, trong dung
dch acid trnh b thy phn nn quy c nu khng nu r iu kin phn ng c th
khc th cc dung dch mui kim loi c mi trng acid vi pH = 0.
Chng 4
Phan ng acid-baz
35
Chng 4
Phn ng acid-baz
4.1
nh ngha acid-baz
1. C nhiu nh ngha acid-baz khc nhau m mi nh ngha c p dng hiu qu nht

trong mt phm vi xc nh.
2. Khi thy, ngi ta nh ngha acid l nhng cht c v chua v n mn kim loi, baz l
nhng cht nhn v n mn da tay. Acid phn ng vi baz to thnh mui v nc.
3. Ha hc cng pht trin th nh ngha acid-baz cng i vo bn cht hn.
4.1.1
nh ngha acid-baz theo Arrhenius
1. Acid l cht phn ly trong nc cho ion H+. Baz l cht phn ly trong nc cho ion OH.
V d:
Cc acid HCl, CH3COOH,
HCl H+ + Cl
Cc baz NaOH, NH4OH,
NaOH Na+ + OH
2. Xt phn ng pha kh:
HCl + NH3 NH4Cl
Phn ng trn cng to ra mui l NH4Cl nhng trong tc cht khng c mt OH. Cc phn
ng kiu ny dn n s ra i nh ngha acid-baz theo Bronsted.
4.1.2
nh ngha acid-baz theo Bronsted
1. Acid l tiu phn cho cation H+. Baz l tiu phn nhn cation H+.
V d:
Cc acid HCl, CH3COOH, NH4+, HSO4,
NH4+ H+ + NH3
Cc baz NaOH, NH3, HS, H2NNH3+,
NH3 + H+ NH4+
2. T nh ngha ny, xut hin khi nim cp acid-baz lin hp.

HF
acid HA
NH3
NH4+
baz B
acid lin hp BH+ ca B
baz lin hp A ca HA
3. Mt acid HA khi cho H+ s to thnh baz lin hp A ca acid HA.

4. Mt baz B khi nhn H+ s to thnh acid lin hp BH+ ca baz B.
5. mnh ca mt acid khng ch ph thuc vo bn cht ca acid m cn ph thuc vo
kh nng nhn H+ ca baz phn ng vi n.
6. mnh ca mt baz khng ch ph thuc vo bn cht ca baz m cn ph thuc vo kh
nng cho H+ ca acid phn ng vi n, tng t.
7. Mt acid cng mnh th baz lin hp ca n cng yu.
8. Mt baz cng mnh th acid lin hp ca n cng yu.
Chng 4
36
Phan ng acid-baz
9. mnh ca cc acid v baz lin hp trong nc c biu th bng hng s acid Ka hay
hng s baz Kb ca chng.
10. Xt mt cp acid-baz lin hp trong dung mi nc:
A + H3O+
HA + H2O
A + H2O
Hng s phn ly ca baz A:
Hng s phn ly ca acid HA:

KHA =
[A ][H3 O + ]
[HA][H2O ]
KA =
[HA][OH ]
[A ][H2O ]
Hng s baz ca baz A:
Hng s acid ca acid HA:

K a = KHA [H2O ] =
HA + OH
[A ][H3O + ]
[HA]
K b = K A [H2O ] =
[H3 O + ][A ][HA][OH ]
K aK b =
[HA][A ]
[HA][OH ]
[A ]
= [H3O + ][OH ] = 10 14
a
pKHA
+ pKbA = 14
NaF + BF3 Na[BF4]
11. Xt phn ng:
Phn ng trn cng to ra mui l Na[BF4] nhng trong tc cht khng c mt ca H+ ln

OH. Cc phn ng kiu ny dn n s ra i nh ngha acid-baz theo Lewis.
4.1.3
nh ngha acid-baz theo Lewis
1. Acid l tiu phn nhn i in t t do. Baz l tiu phn cho i in t t do.
V d:
Cc acid H+, NH4+, BF3,
NH4+ + OH NH4OH
Cc baz OH, NH3, F,
BF3 + F [BF4]
2. Xt phn ng pha rn:
Na2O + SiO2 Na2SiO3
Phn ng trn cng to ra mui l Na2SiO3 nhng khng c s chonhn r rng ca i

in t trong trng thi rn. Cc phn ng kiu ny dn n s ra i nh ngha acid-baz
theo Ubanovish.
4.1.4
nh ngha acid-baz theo Ubanovish
1. Acid l cht c th to thnh

Baz l cht c th to thnh
V d:
Anion, cho cation, kt hp vi anion hay vi i in t.

Cation, kt hp vi cation, cho anion hay cho i in t.
K2O + SO3 K2SO4

KF + BF3 K[BF4]
2. nh ngha ca Ubanovish c tnh khi qut cao nht. Theo nh ngha ny th mi phn ng
bt k khng phi l phn ng oxi ha kh u l phn ng acid-baz.
V d:
CaCl2 + Na2SO4 CaSO4 + 2NaCl
trong :
Ca2+
Na
4.1.5
acid yu
acid rt yu
SO42
Cl
baz yu
baz rt yu
nh ngha acid-baz cng-mm
1. Theo quan im acid-baz cng-mm, tt c cc nguyn t, phn t hay ion u c xem

l acid hay baz v c phn loi theo kh nng b phn cc ca chng.
Chng 4
Phan ng acid-baz
37
2. Ngi ta nhn thy cc acid-baz cng (c tc dng b phn cc yu) thng kt hp vi

nhau. Cc acid-baz mm (c tc dng b phn cc mnh) thng kt hp vi nhau.
3. nh ngha acid-baz cng mm ch p dng ph hp khi khng th s dng mt cch hiu
qu cc nh ngha khc nu trn i vi cc acid-baz yu v rt yu.
V d:
FeCl3 + 6NH4F
acid cng :Fe3+
Bng 4.1
(NH4)3[FeF6] + 3NH4Cl
F: baz cng
Tm tt tnh cht c trng ca cc acid-baz cng mm

Acid
Loi
Baz
Tnh cht
V d
Cng
in tch ln, bn
knh nh,
t b phn cc
H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Be2+,

Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, BF3,
Al3+, Ga3+, In3+, Si4+,
Ti4+, Zr4+, Cr2+, Cr6+,
Mn2+, Mn7+, Fe3+,
Co3+,
Kch thc nh,

t b phn cc
H2O, NH3, OH, O2,

CO32, NO3, PO43,
SO42, ClO4, F,
(Cl), CH3COO,
Trung
gian
B phn cc
trung bnh
Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+,

Cu2+, Zn2+,
B phn cc
trung bnh
NO2, SO32,
Br, N3,
Mm
in tch nh,
bn knh ln,
d b phn cc
Cu+, Ag+, Au+, Cd2+,

Hg+, Hg2+,
Kch thc ln,

d b phn cc
H, CN, SCN,
S2O32, I,
4.1.6
Tnh cht
V d
Tm lc cc nh ngha acid-baz
1. Cc nh ngha acid-baz khi i t Arrhenius, Bronsted, Lewis cho n Ubanovish c tnh khi
qut cng cao v phm vi p dng cng rng i vi cc phn ng acid-baz. nh ngha
Ubanovish c tnh khi qut cao nht v bao trm ton b tt c cc phn ng acid-baz.
2. Tuy nhin, khi tnh khi qut cng cao th tnh c th cng thp, ngha l tnh nh lng
cng thp.
Bng 4.2
Tm tt nh ngha v phm vi s dng ca acid-baz
nh ngha v
phm vi p dng
Acid
V d
Baz
V d
Arrhenius
Khng cn s dng
Cht phn ly
trong nc
cho ion H+
HCl
CH3COOH,
Cht phn ly
trong nc
cho ion OH
NaOH
NH4OH,
Bronsted
Phn ng trung ha
v thy phn
Tiu phn
cho ion H+
HCl
CH3COOH
NH4+
HSO4,
Tiu phn
nhn ion H+
NaOH
NH4OH
NH3
HS
H2NNH3+,
Lewis
Phn ng to phc
Tiu phn nhn

i in t t do
H+
NH4+
HSO4
BF3,
Tiu phn cho

i in t t do
OH
NH3
F
Ubanovish
Phn ng pha rn
Tiu phn to
thnh anion
SO3
BF3,
Tiu phn to
thnh cation
K2O
KF,
Chng 4
38
Phan ng acid-baz
3. nh ngha Arrhenius khng hon chnh nn rt t khi c s dng.

4. nh ngha Bronsted c tnh nh lng cao nht c s dng ch yu cho phn ng trung
ha v phn ng thy phn trong mi trng nc.
5. nh ngha Lewis c s dng ch yu cho phn ng to phc.
6. nh ngha Ubanovish c s dng ch yu cho phn ng pha rn.
4.2
Cng ca acid-baz
1. Acid v baz tham gia phn ng c cng cng mnh th cn bng phn ng cng
chuyn sang phi.
2. mnh ca mt acid-baz cn ph thuc vo mi trng cha acid-baz .
V d: H2SO4 l acid mnh trong dung mi nc nhng li l acid yu trong acid acetic.
3. Khng c mt thc o vn nng nh gi mnh ca cc acid-baz.
4. Cho n nay, ngi ta ch xy dng hon chnh c thang o cng acid-baz thng
qua cc hng s Ka v Kb ca cc acid-baz Bronsted trong nc m thi.
5. mnh ca cc acid-baz c th c biu din bng G hay Ka, Kb trong phn ng trung
ha, T trong phn ng kt ta, Kpl trong to phc.
6. Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta ch cn so snh tnh cht acid-baz mt cch bn nh
lng (mnh hn hay yu hn) d on kh nng phn ng.
7. Lc , ch cn suy on cng ca acid da trn:
bn v phn cc ca lin kt XH ca cc hydracid khng cha oxygen HnX.
phn cc ca lin kt OH ca cc oxihydroxid c cha oxygen MOa(OH)b.
8. Cng baz ca mt cht s c suy on t cng acid ca cht , c suy lun

t 7 va nu trn, theo nguyn tc:
Mt cht c tnh acid mnh s c tnh baz yu.
Mt cht c tnh acid yu s c tnh baz mnh, ngc li.
9. Nh vy, chng ta n gin ha c qu trnh suy on:
Tnh acid-baz ca cc cht
Kh nng phn ng acid-baz gia cc cht
4.3
Phn loi acid-baz v c theo bn cht ha hc
1. C th phn tt c cc acid-baz thnh 2 loi chnh:
Acid-baz
1
Hydracid HnX
v cc dn xut.
V d:
H Cl
Oxihydroxid MOa(OH)b
v cc dn xut.
V d:
H Cl O3
+5
Dn xut Th Mui
1
Br Cl
+5
Cl O2F
Na Cl
+5
Na Cl O3
2. S khc bit r rng phn bit hydracid vi oxihydroxid l X trong cc hydracid HnX c s
oxi ha m cn M trong cc oxihydroxid MOa(OH)b c s oxi ha dng.
V d:
Hydracid
H2 S
Oxihydroxid
H 2 S O4
+6
v dn xut mui
v dn xut th
Na2 S
+6
S O2Cl2
c S s oxi ha 2.
c S s oxi ha +6.
3. Do nc l hp cht trung tnh v mt acid-baz nn khi thm hay bt nc th xem nh tnh

acid-baz ca hp cht khng thay i nu s bin i cu trc ca cht do s thmbt
nc ny khng nh hng n tnh acid-baz.
V d:
SO3 l anhydrid c tnh acid ging H2SO4 khng ph thuc cu trc.
Chng 4
Phan ng acid-baz
39
Khi thm 2H2O vo HIO4 (gi nh) to thnh H5IO6 th do s bin i t cu trc
gi nh ca HIO4 vi 3 O lin kt i vi I thnh cu trc tht ca H5IO6 ch c 1
O lin kt i vi I khin cho H5IO6 c tnh acid yu.
4.3.1
Cc hydracid, cc dn xut th v mui ca chng
1. Cc hydracid c cng thc tng qut l HnX trong X phn cc m.

V d:
H3P, H2S, HCl

HF, HCl, HBr, HI
2. Khi thay H ca hydracid bng cc nhm hay nguyn t m in khc (c m in ln hn

H v nh hn X) th ta c cc dn xut th gi tt l cc dn xut ca hydracid.
V d:
Khi thay 1 H bng 1 Br trong HCl th ta c dn xut th BrCl.
R rng:
Br Cl l dn xut th ca hydracid H Cl vi Cl s oxi ha 1.
Cl F3 l dn xut th ca oxihydroxid H Cl O2 vi Cl s oxi ha +3.
+3
+3
3. Khi thay H ca hydracid bng cc nhm hay nguyn t dng in khc (c m in nh

hn H) th ta c cc dn xut mui c gi tt l cc mui ca hydracid.
V d:
4.3.2
Khi thay 1 H bng 1 Na trong HCl th ta c dn xut mui NaCl.
Cc oxihydroxid, cc dn xut th v mui ca chng
1. Cc oxihydroxid c cng thc tng qut l MOa(OH)b trong M phn cc dng.

V d:
NaOH, Mg(OH)2, Al(OH)3, H4SiO4, H3PO4, H2SO4, HClO4

HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4
2. Khi thay nhm O hay OH ca oxihydroxid bng cc nhm hay nguyn t m in khc th ta
c cc dn xut th c gi tt l cc dn xut ca oxihydroxid .
V d:
Khi thay 2 OH bng 2 Cl trong H2SO4 th ta c dn xut th SO2Cl2.
3. Khi thay H trong nhm OH ca oxihydroxid bng cc nhm hay nguyn t dng in khc
th ta c cc dn xut mui c gi tt l cc mui ca oxihydroxid .
V d:
4.3.3
Khi thay 1 H bng 1 Na trong H2SO4 th ta c dn xut mui NaHSO4.
Tm lc v cc hydracid, oxihydroxid v cc dn xut ca chng
1. Tm tt nh ngha ca cc hydracid v oxihydroxid, cc dn xut v mui ca chng c

trnh by trong Bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3
Tm tt nh ngha cc hydracid v oxihydroxid, cc dn xut v mui ca chng
Acid-baz
Cng thc
Hydracid
Dn xut
Mui
Hn+X
HCl
V d: Thay H trong HCl bng Br, I,
BrCl, ICl,
V d: Thay H trong HCl bng Na, Ca,
NaCl, CaCl2,
Oxihydroxid
M Oa (OH)
Dn xut
V d: Thay 1 O trong SO3 bng 2 Cl

Thay 2 O v 2 OH trong H2SO4 bng 6 F
Mui
V d
V d: Thay 2 H bng 2 Na hay 1 Ca,
SO3 H2SO4
SO2Cl2
SF6
Na2SO4, CaSO4,
40
Chng 4
Phan ng acid-baz
4.4
Cc hydracid
4.4.1
Cng acid-baz ca cc hydracid
1. Cc hydracid c cng thc chung:
HnX
2. Xt m hnh hydracid:
XH
3. Lin kt XH c bn cht cng ha tr phn cc do H+ c r v cng nh nn H+ c tc dng

phn cc v cng ln khin cho lin kt XH khng th l lin kt ion.
4. Lin kt cng ha tr phn cc XH cng km bn khi:
a. Cc vn o ha tr c nng lng cng cch bit.
ng nng cao
b. S xen ph ca cc vn o lin kt cng nh.
Xen ph nh
c.
Mt thp
Mt in t ha tr ti vng xen ph cng thp.
5. Khi lin kt cng ha tr XH c (1) bn cng thp v (2) phn cc cng cao th kh
nng ct t lch lin kt XH vi i in t nm li trn X theo kiu X#H phng thch
H+ cng cao v h qu l tnh acid ca hydracid cng mnh.
6. Tnh acid ca hydracid ph thuc vo mi tng quan nghch bin ca 2 yu t bn v
phn cc ca lin kt XH.
7. Khi i t tri sang phi trong mt chu k, nguyn t X ca cc hydracid c:
m in tng nhanh hn so vi bn knh gim chm hn.
V vy, lin kt XH c phn cc tng nhanh hn so vi bn tng chm hn.
H qu l kh nng phn ly H+ tng khin cho tnh acid tng dn.

V d: Dy hydracid H3P, H2S v HCl khi i t tri sang phi trong mt chu k c tnh
acid tng dn do yu t tng nhanh hn.
Bng 4.4
So snh s bin i m in v bn knh r trong mt chu k
Gi tr
2,2
1,10
2,6
18%
1,04
5%
Cl
3,2
23%
0,99
5%
Nhn xt
tng nhanh hn
Lin kt HX
phn cc tng nhanh hn
Tnh acid-baz
Bng 4.5
r gim chm hn
bn tng chm hn
+
Kh nng phn ly H tng Tnh acid tng dn

So snh s bin i m in v bn knh r trong mt phn nhm
Gi tr
4,0
0,64
Cl
3,2
20%
0,99
55%
Br
3,0
6,3%
1,14
16,7%
2,7
10%
1,33
16,7%
Nhn xt
gim chm hn
Lin kt HX
phn cc gim chm hn
Tnh acid-baz
r tng nhanh hn
bn gim nhanh hn
+
Kh nng phn ly H tng Tnh acid tng dn
Chng 4
Phan ng acid-baz
41
8. Khi i t trn xung di trong mt phn nhm, nguyn t X ca cc hydracid c:
m in gim chm hn so vi bn knh tng nhanh hn.
V vy, lin kt XH c phn cc gim chm hn so vi bn gim nhanh hn.
H qu l kh nng phn ly H+ tng nn tnh acid tng dn.

V d: Dy hydracid HF, HCl, HBr v HI khi i t trn xung di trong mt phn nhm
c tnh acid tng dn do yu t r tng nhanh hn..
9. Phm vi s dng: Suy on ny p dng ph hp cho tt c cc hydracid.
4.4.2
Cng acid-baz ca cc dn xut v mui t cc hydracid
1. Cng acid-baz ca cc dn xut v mui t cc hydracid c d on theo 2 gi nh

nh sau:
2. Gi nh th nht: Tng cng acid-baz ca h phn ng khng i theo php cng i
s, ngha l:
Tng i s tnh acid-baz ca cc tc cht = Tng i s tnh acid-baz ca cc sn phm
3. Gi nh th hai: Khi thm hay bt nc l hp cht trung tnh v mt acid-baz th mt cch

gn ng c th xem nh tnh acid-baz ca hp cht khng thay i nu s bin i cu
trc ca cht do s thmbt nc ny khng nh hng n tnh acid-baz.
a. Cng acid-baz ca cc dn xut th t cc hydracid
BrCl + H2O HBrO + HCl
1. Xt phn ng:
2. BrCl khi thy phn to thnh 2 acid HBrO v HCl nn BrCl c tnh acid mnh hn HCl.
3. Tng qut, c th suy on tnh acid-baz theo nh ngha Bronsted ca cc dn xut ca
hydracid t tnh acid-baz ca cc sn phm c hnh thnh khi thy phn dn xut
(thy phn l phn ng cng nc hp cht trung tnh v mt acid-baz).
b. Cng acid-baz ca cc mui t cc hydracid
1. Tng qut, c th suy on tnh acid-baz theo nh ngha Bronsted ca cc mui t php
cng i s tnh acid-baz ca cc acid v baz to thnh mui .
2. V d: NH4Cl to thnh t acid mnh HCl v baz yu NH4OH s c tnh acid yu.
Bng 4.6
Mi lin h gia tnh acid-baz ca mui vi cc acid-baz hp thnh
Cht
Tnh cht v cng acid-baz
Tc cht acid
Mnh
Mnh
Yu
Yu
Tc cht baz
Yu
Mnh
Mnh
Yu
Acid yu
Trung tnh
Baz yu
Lng tnh
Sn phm mui
4.5
Cc oxihydroxid
4.5.1
Cng acid-baz ca cc oxihydroxid
1. Cc oxihydroxid c cng thc chung
MOa(OH)b
2. Xt m hnh oxihydroxid
O*=MOH
3. Trong cc oxihydroxid c s dch chuyn ca cc in t trong cc lin kt nh sau:

O*MOH
Lin kt OH c bn cht cng ha tr phn cc do H+ c r v cng nh nn H+ c tc

dng phn cc v cng ln khin cho lin kt OH khng th l lin kt ion.
Chng 4
42
Phan ng acid-baz
Khi lin kt cng ha tr OH c (1) bn cng thp v (2) phn cc cng cao th kh
nng ct t lch lin kt OH vi i in t nm trn O theo kiu O#H phng
thch H+ cng cao v h qu l tnh acid ca hydracid cng mnh.
bn ca lin kt OH trong cc oxihydroxid xem nh tng ng nhau nn ch cn

xem xt phn cc ca lin kt OH trong cc oxihydroxid khc nhau.
4. Yu t quyt nh: Do O* ko in t ca lin kt O*M v pha mnh:
Khi s lng O* cng nhiu, M b nhiu O* ko in t nn M cng thiu in t s cng

ko in t ca lin kt MOH v pha mnh.
H qu l in t ca lin kt OH cng lch v O lm phn cc ca lin kt OH

tng nn d b ct t lch phng thch H+ khin cho tnh acid cng mnh.
O*MOH
S lng O* l yu t quyt nh cng acid ca cc oxihydroxid.
V d:
Tnh acid ca HClO4 (3O*) > H2SO4 (2O*) > H3PO4 (1O*) > H4SiO4 (0O*).
5. Yu t th hai: Khi tc dng phn cc ca M cng mnh:
in t ca lin kt MOH cng lch v M.
V vy, in t ca lin kt OH cng lch v O.
H qu l phn cc ca lin kt OH tng nn d b ct t lch lin kt O#H

phng thch H+ khin cho tnh acid ca oxihydroxid cng mnh.
O*MOH
V d:
Fe(OH)3 c tnh acid ln hn Fe(OH)2 do Fe3+ c TDPC mnh hn Fe2+.
6. Nh vy, cng acid ca oxihydroxid s cng ln khi:

a.
S lng O* cng nhiu
b.
M c tc dng phn cc cng mnh
SOXH
10
09
> [tr]
khi NTTT c cng SOXH)
7. C 2 yu t tc ng nu trn khin cho lin kt MOH trong oxihydroxid chuyn t bn cht

ion sang cng ha tr th oxihydroxid chuyn t tnh baz sang acid.
8. Cn lu l cch suy din va nu rt n gin v hiu qu nhng ch ng i vi cc
oxihydroxid m khng c p dng cho cc hydracid v hydracid khng c lin kt MOH.
9. Phm vi s dng: Suy on ny ph hp cho cc oxihydroxid c nguyn t trung tm:
cng mt chu k
c m in v bn knh khc nhau
cng mt phn nhm
c m in v bn knh khc nhau
Cng nguyn t
c s oxi ha khc nhau
Khc nguyn t
c s oxi ha ging nhau
10. Suy on ny ng vi i a s cc oxihydroxid v dn xut ngoi tr vi trng hp c

bit do s xut hin cc yu t nhiu lon khc nh s thay i cu trc ca cht, hiu ng
lp th, bin i lin kt, lin kt hydro, lm tnh cht acid-baz b bin i.
4.5.2
V d in hnh
a. Cc oxihydroxid c nguyn t trung tm cng chu k s oxi ha dng cao nht

1. Xt dy oxihydroxid ca cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh ca chu k 3 s oxi ha
dng cao nht:
Chng 4
Phan ng acid-baz
43
2. Khi i t tri sang phi trong cng mt chu k, cc oxihydroxid vi nguyn t trung tm M
s oxi ha dng cao nht c:
a. S O* tng dn
O*
b. S oxi ha dng cao nht ca M tng dn
SOXH
c.
rMn+
Bn knh ca M gim dn
d. Tc dng phn cc ca M tng dn
TDPC
e. phn cc ca lin kt OH tng dn
OH
Bn cht ca lin kt MOH
ION
CHT
g. Cc oxihydroxid chuyn dn t
BAZ
ACID
f.
Bng 4.4
Cc d liu v tnh acid-baz ca cc oxihydroxid thuc chu k 3
Nguyn t
Na
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Oxyd
Na2O
MgO
Al2O3
SiO2
P2O5
SO3
Cl2O7
Oxihydroxid
NaOH
Mg(OH)2
Al(OH)3
H4SiO4
H3PO4
H2SO4
HClO4
Cng thc
M(OH)
M(OH)2
M(OH)3
M(OH)4
S O*
SOXH
+1
+2
+3
+4
+5
+6
+7
Acid
yu
Acid
mnh
Acid rt
mnh
Bn knh rM
Gim dn
OH
Tng dn
MO(OH)3 MO2(OH)2 MO3(OH)
Ion Cng ha tr
Bn cht MOH
Tnh
acid-baz
Baz
mnh
Baz
yu
Lng
tnh
Acid rt
yu
3. Tm tt quan trng: Oxihydroxid c:

a. phn cc ca lin kt OH (OH) cng cao th tnh acid cng mnh.
b. phn cc ca lin kt OH (OH) cng cao khi:
c.
S O* trong hp cht cng ln
Tc dng phn cc ca nguyn t trung tm cng mnh, ngha l khi:

a.
SOXH
c.
d10 d19 [tr]
b.
r+
d.
khi NTTT c cng SOXH)
Lin kt MOH trong oxihydroxid chuyn t bn cht ion sang cng ha tr th tnh cht ca
oxihydroxid chuyn t baz sang acid.
4. Mi lin h gia s oxi ha ca NTTT vi tnh acid-baz ca oxihydroxid nh sau:

a. Cc oxihydroxid c tnh baz khi s oxi ha ca nguyn t trung tm l < +3.
b. Cc oxihydroxid c tnh lng tnh khi s oxi ha ca nguyn t trung tm l (1) +3, (2)
+2 khi M2+ c cu trc in t d10 v (3) +2 vi M l Be chu k 2 c r2+ rt nh.
c.
Cc oxihydroxid c tnh acid khi s oxi ha ca nguyn t trung tm > +3.

10
(1) +3; (2) +2 khi d

(3) +2 khi rM2+ rt nh
S oxi ha ca
nguyn t trung tm
< +3
(+1 +2)
Tnh acid-baz ca
oxihydroxid v v d
Baz
Lng tnh
Acid
NaOH, Ca(OH)2,
Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Be(OH)2,
H2SiO3, H3PO4,
> +3
(+4 +8)
Chng 4
44
Phan ng acid-baz
b. Cc oxihydroxid c nguyn t trung tm cng phn nhm

1. Xt dy cc oxihydroxid c s O* = 0 ca cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh 2A:
2. Khi i t trn xung di trong cng mt phn nhm, nguyn t trung tm ca cc
oxihydroxid cng c s oxi ha +2 nhng r2+ tng v gim nn tc dng phn cc ca M2+
gim dn lm tnh ion ca lin kt MOH tng dn khin cho tnh baz tng dn.
Bng 4.5
Cc d liu v tnh acid-baz ca cc oxihydroxid thuc phn nhm 2A
Oxihydroxid
S oxi ha
Be(OH)2
+2
Mg(OH)2
+2
Ca(OH)2
+2
Sr(OH)2
+2
Ba(OH)2
+2
M2+
rM2+
Tnh ion ca
MOH
Tnh acid-baz
Baz yu
Gim dn
Tng dn
Tng dn
Baz mnh
c. Cc oxihydroxid c cng nguyn t trung tm vi s oxi ha khc nhau

1. Xt dy cc oxihydroxid Fe(OH)2 v Fe(OH)3 ca Fe s oxi ha +2 v +3:
Fe2+ c SOXH nh hn v bn knh ln hn Fe3+.
Tc dng phn cc ca Fe2+ yu hn Fe3+.
Tnh ion ca lin kt MOH trong Fe(OH)2 ln hn trong Fe(OH)3.
Fe(OH)2 c tnh baz ln hn Fe(OH)3.
Fe(OH)2 c tnh baz yu cn Fe(OH)3 c tnh baz rt yu.
Fe(OH)2 l baz yu do (1) Fe2+ c in tch +2, (2) Cu trc in t d6 v (3) m in

khng rt thp nn Fe2+ c tc dng phn cc nhng khng mnh. H qu l Fe(OH)2
c tnh baz yu hn Ca(OH)2 (vi Ca2+ c cu hnh in t ca kh tr) v mnh hn
Zn(OH)2 (vi Zn2+ c cu hnh in t d10) trong cng chu k 4.
4.5.3
Cng acid-baz ca cc dn xut v mui t cc oxihydroxid
1. Vic suy on tnh acid-baz ca cc dn xut v mui t cc oxihydroxid cng da trn 2

gi nh ban u nh i vi trng hp ca hydracid trong Mc 4.4.2.
a
Tng i s tnh acid-baz ca cc tc cht = Tng i s tnh acid-baz ca cc sn phm
Tnh acid-baz ca cht khng thay i khi thm hay bt nc nu s bin i cu trc ca
cht do s thmbt nc ny khng nh hng n tnh acid-baz.
a. Cng acid-baz ca cc dn xut t cc oxihydroxid

1. Xt phn ng:
SO2Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl
2. SO2Cl2 khi thy phn to thnh 2 acid H2SO4 v HCl nn c tnh acid mnh hn SO3.
3. Tng qut, c th suy on tnh acid-baz theo nh ngha Bronsted ca cc dn xut ca
oxihydroxid t tnh acid-baz ca cc sn phm c hnh thnh khi thy phn dn xut
tng t nh i vi hydracid.
b. Cng acid-baz ca cc mui t cc oxihydroxid
1. Tng qut, c th suy on tnh acid-baz theo nh ngha Bronsted ca cc mui t php
cng i s tnh acid-baz ca cc acid v baz to thnh mui nh vi hydracid.
Chng 4
Phan ng acid-baz
45
2. V d: (NH4)2SO4 to thnh t acid mnh H2SO4 v baz yu NH4OH s c tnh acid yu.
Bng 4.6
Mi lin h gia tnh acid-baz ca mui vi cc acid-baz hp thnh
Cht
Tnh cht v cng acid-baz
Tc cht acid
Mnh
Mnh
Yu
Yu
Tc cht baz
Yu
Mnh
Mnh
Yu
Acid yu
Trung tnh
Baz yu
Lng tnh
Sn phm mui
4.6
Phn ng trung ha
1. Phn ng trung ha s xy ra theo chiu:

Cc acid-baz mnh hn Cc acid-baz yu hn
2. Phn ng trung ha xy ra cng hon ton khi cng ca cc acid-baz cng mnh.
3. Trong nc, cc acid rt mnh s phn ly cho ion H3O+ (thng c vit n gin l H+)
nn acid s c mnh ti a bng mnh ca ion H+.
4. Tng t, cc baz rt mnh s phn ly cho ion OH nn baz s c mnh ti a bng
vi mnh ca ion OH. V d nh O2 trong nc cng H2O to thnh 2 OH.
5. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng san bng cng acid-baz ca nc.
6. C th d on gn ng mnh ca cc chc acid ca mt oxihydroxid MOa(OH)b a
chc c cu trc t din vi tt c cc H u lin kt vi O theo 2 cng thc sau:
pK1 = 7 5a
4.6.1
pK1+i = pK1 + 5i
Gin pKa
1. xem xt kh nng phn ng gia cc acid-baz yu v xc nh cc sn phm ca phn

ng trung ha, chng ta dng gin pKa vi cc gi tr ca pKa ca mi acid trn trc pH
nh v d trong hnh bn di.
H3PO 4
2,12
7,21
H2CO 3
12,38
6,35
pH
10,32
2. Thng thng trong Ha V c, nng ca tng cc dng tn ti ca cc dng acid HA v

dng baz A trong mt cp acid-baz lin hp l kh ln, C 0,1M.
3. Khi , t s nng ca dng acid HA v dng baz A ca mt cp acid-baz lin hp ti
mt gi tr pH xc nh s tng ng vi pKa ca cp nh sau:
pH =
T s [HA] : [A]
pKa 2
pKa 1
pKa
pKa + 1
pKa + 2
100:1
10:1
1:1
1:10
1:100
4. Nu phn ng trung ha acid-baz yu c xem l hon ton khi nng sn phm gp

100 ln nng tc cht th phn ng trung ha s kt thc khi:
pH pKa 2
Khi trung ha mt acid yu bng baz mnh th phn ng kt thc ti
pH = pKa + 2
Khi trung ha mt baz yu bng acid mnh th phn ng kt thc ti
pH = pKa 2
5. Gin pKa cho bit dng tn ti ca cp acid-baz lin hp ti mt pH no .

V d: Ti pH = 6 s tn ti ng thi nhiu H2PO43 v t HPO42.
Chng 4
46
H3PO 4
Phan ng acid-baz
H2PO 4
2,12
H2CO 3
HPO 24
7,21
HCO 3
6,35
12,38
PO 34
CO 32
10,32
pH
6. Gin pKa cn cho bit kh nng tn ti ng thi ca cc acid-baz khc nhau.

V d: Khng tn ti ng thi H2CO3 v PO43 v vng pH tn ti ca H2CO3 < 8,35 v vng
pH tn ti ca PO43 > 10,38 khng giao nhau.
4.6.2
Phn ng trung ha gia cc acid-baz mnh
1. Phn ng trung ha gia cc acid-baz mnh xy ra hon ton to thnh sn phm l cc

mui trung tnh.
2. Dung dch ti im kt thc phn ng trung ha c pH 7.
4.6.3
Phn ng trung ha gia cc acid-baz yu
1. Chiu ca phn ng gia cc acid-baz yu c xc nh theo K.

2. K ca phn ng c tnh theo Ka v Kb ca cc acid-baz tham gia phn ng.
3. T gi tr ca K cng xc nh c phn ng c xy ra hon ton hay khng.
V d 1: Phn ng iu ch H3PO 4 sau c xy ra hon ton hay khng?
3H2CO 3 + 2Na 3PO 4 3Na 2CO 3 + 2H3PO 4
Gii:
Theo gin pKa, khi iu ch H3PO4 th sn phm trung ha ca acid H2CO3 phi l
HCO 3 v/hay CO 32 nn phn ng trn xy ra khng hon ton v vng pH tn ti ca
H3PO4 < 4,12 v ca HCO 3 > 4,35 (hay CO 32 > 8,32) khng giao nhau.
H3PO 4
H2PO 4
2,12
H2CO 3
HPO 24
7,21
HCO 3
6,35
12,38
PO 34
CO 32
10,32
pH
V d 2: Tnh K v xc nh kh nng phn ng hon ton ca phn ng to H2PO 4 :

CO 32 + 2H3PO 4 H2CO 3 + 2H2PO 4
Gii:
K=
K=
[H2CO 3 ][H2PO 4 ]2
[CO 32 ][H3PO 4 ]2
K12(H3PO 4 )
K1(H2CO 3 ) K2(H2CO 3 )
[H2CO 3 ][H2PO 4 ]2
[CO 32 ][H3PO 4 ]2
(102,12 )2
10 6,35 1010,32
[H+ ]2
[H+ ]2
=
K12(H3PO 4 )
K1 2(H2CO 3 )
104,24
1016,67
= 1012,43
Nu xem phn ng l hon ton khi nng ca sn phm [Sp] t nht ln gp 100 ln
nng ca tc cht [Tc]:
[Sp] 102[Tc]
ngha l khi:
K* =
[H2CO 3 ][H2PO 4 ] 2
[CO 32 ][H3PO 4 ] 2
(10 2 ) (10 2 ) 2
2
1 1
= 10 6
hay mun phn ng trn xy ra hon ton th phi c K K* = 106.

Phn ng trn c K = 1012,43 > K* = 106 nn xy ra hon ton.
Chng 4
Phan ng acid-baz
47
V d 3: Tnh K v xc nh kh nng phn ng hon ton ca phn ng to HPO 24 :

CO 32 + H3PO 4 H2CO 3 + HPO 24
K=
Gii:
K=
[H2CO 3 ][HPO 24 ] [H2CO 3 ][HPO 24 ] [H+ ]2 K1 2(H3PO 4 )

=
=
[CO 32 ][H3PO 4 ]
[CO 32 ][H3PO 4 ] [H+ ]2 K1 2(H2CO 3 )
10 2,12 10 7,21
10 6,35 10 10,32
10 9,33
10 16,67
= 10 7,34
nng ca tc cht [Tc]:
[Sp] 102[Tc]
K* =
ngha l khi:
[H2CO 3 ][HPO 24 ]
[CO 32 ][H3PO 4 ]
(10 2 ) (10 2 )
= 10 4
1 1
hay mun phn ng trn xy ra hon ton th phi c K K* = 104

Phn ng trn c K = 107,34 > K* = 104 nn xy ra hon ton.
V d 4: Tnh K v xc nh kh nng phn ng hon ton ca phn ng to PO 34 :
3CO 32 + 2H3PO 4 3H2CO 3 + 2PO 34
2
[H2CO 3 ]3 [PO34 ]2 [H2CO 3 ]3 [PO34 ]2 [H+ ]6 K13(H3PO 4 )
=
=
K=
[CO 32 ]3 [H3PO 4 ]2 [CO 32 ]3 [H3PO 4 ]2 [H+ ]6 K13 2(H2CO 3 )
Gii:
(10
K=
2,12
(10
107,21 1012,38
6,35
10,32 3
10
10 43,42
10
50,01
= 106,59
nng ca tc cht [Tc]:
[Sp] 102[Tc]
K* =
ngha l khi:
[H2CO 3 ] 3 [PO 34 ] 2
[CO 32 ] 3 [H3PO 4 ] 2
(10 2 )3 (10 2 ) 2
3
1 1
= 1010
hay mun phn ng trn xy ra hon ton th phi c K K* = 1010

Phn ng trn c K = 106,59 < K* = 1010 nn xy ra khng hon ton.
Phn ng iu ch Na2HPO4 khi cho Na2CO3 vo H3PO4 xy ra qua cc giai on sau:
Giai on 1:
Na2CO3 + 2H3PO4
H2CO3 + 2NaH2PO4
K = 1012,43
3,11
(1)
Giai on 2:
Na2CO3 + NaH2PO4
NaHCO3 + Na2HPO4
K = 10
(2)
Giai on 3:
NaHCO3 + NaH2PO4
H2CO3 + Na2HPO4
K = 100,86
(3)
Tng cng:
Na2CO3 + H3PO4
Na2HPO4 + H2CO3
K = 107,34
(4)
Phn ng (1) c
Phn ng (2) c
Phn ng (3) c
Phn ng (4) tng cng c
K = 10
12,43
K = 10
3,11
K = 10
0,86
K = 10
7,34
> K* = 10
nn xy ra hon ton.
< K* = 10
nn xy ra khng hon ton.
< K* = 10
nn xy ra khng hon ton.
> K* = 10
nn li xy ra hon ton.
V d 5: Xc nh bin php phn ng iu ch Na2HPO4 trn xy ra hon ton.

Gii:
Chng 4
48
Phan ng acid-baz
a. Mun phn ng (4) xy ra hon ton, ta phi cp ngay lp tc 2 tc cht vo h theo

ng t l hp thc nng lng ta ra t phn ng (1) s c cung cp qu trnh
phn ng (2) v (3) xy ra. Khng c cp t t cc tc cht vo h.
b. C th gim nng sn phm H2CO3 bng cch un nng h H2CO3 hnh thnh
trong phn ng (3) bay hi lm cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun.
c.
4.7
C th tng nng ca tc cht Na2CO3 cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun.
Bin php ny tiu tn ha cht v khng phi lc no cng thc hin c.
Phn ng thy phn
1. Cc cht c lin kt phn cc khi ha tan trong nc c th kt hp vi phn phn cc

dng H+ v/hay phn phn cc m OH ca nc nn lm phn ly nc.
Zn2+" HO H
V d:
[ZnOH]+ + H+
H3N" H O H
[H3NH]+ + OH
2. S phn ly nc nh vy c gi l s thy phn.

3. Qu trnh thy phn thng c K nh, cn bng ch yu chuyn dch theo chiu nghch
nhng cc ion H+ hay OH do nc phn ly ra cng lm thay i pH ca dung dch.
4. chng li s thy phn, nht l i vi cc cation kim loi, ngi ta thng thm acid
hay baz (H+ hay OH) vo h cn bng chuyn theo chiu ngc li.
4.7.1
S thy phn ca cc cation
1. Ngi ta quy c mnh ca baz nh sau:

101 Kb
pKb < 1
105 < Kb < 101

9
10 < Kb < 10
Kb < 109
+
baz mnh
1 < pKb < 5
baz trung bnh
5 < pKb < 9
baz yu
9 < pKb
baz rt yu
2. Cc cation nh K , Na , l gc ca cc baz mnh NaOH, KOH, nn cc cation ny c

tnh acid rt yu. Chng khng kt hp vi OH nn s khng thy phn.
3. Cc cation nh NH4+, Fe2+, l gc ca cc baz trung bnh hay yu NH4OH, Fe(OH)2, nn
cc cation ny c tnh acid yu hay trung bnh s kt hp vi OH v thy phn.
4. Vy, kh nng thy phn ca mt cation c xc nh thng qua tnh acid-baz ca baz
cha cation . Baz cng mnh th cation thy phn cng yu, v ngc li. V d:
NaOH v KOH l cc baz mnh nn cc cation Na+ v K+ khng thy phn.
LiOH, Be(OH)2, Mg(OH)2 v Zn(OH)2 l cc baz trung bnh hay yu nn cc cation Li+,
Be2+ Mg2+ v Zn2+ thy phn.
Fe(OH)3 v Al(OH)3 l cc baz rt yu nn cc cation Fe3+ v Al3+ thy phn mnh.
4.7.2
S thy phn ca cc anion
1. Ngi ta quy c mnh ca acid nh sau:

101 Ka
pKa < 1
acid mnh
1 < pKa < 5
acid trung bnh
5 < pKa < 9
acid yu
9 < pKa
acid rt yu
10 < Ka < 10
10 < Ka < 10
Ka < 109
Chng 4
Phan ng acid-baz
49
2. Cc anion nh Cl, NO3, l gc ca cc acid mnh HCl, HNO3, nn cc anion ny c

tnh baz rt yu. Chng khng kt hp vi H+ nn s khng thy phn.
3. Cc anion nh F, CH3COO, l gc ca cc acid trung bnh hay yu HF, CH3COOH,
nn cc anion ny c tnh baz yu hay trung bnh s kt hp vi H+ v thy phn.
4. Vy, kh nng thy phn ca mt anion c xc nh thng qua tnh acid-baz ca acid
cha anion . Acid cng mnh th anion thy phn cng yu, v ngc li. V d:
HClO4 v H2SO4 l cc acid mnh nn cc anion ClO4 v HSO4 khng thy phn.
CH3COOH v HSO4 l cc acid trung bnh hay yu nn cc anion CH3COO v SO42

thy phn.
H4SiO4 v H4TiO4 l cc acid rt yu nn cc anion SiO44 v TiO44 thy phn mnh.
Bng 4.7
Mi lin h gia tnh acid-baz ca anion vi kh nng thy phn
Acid
Tnh acid
Anion
HF
HSO4
H2SO4
HI
Rt yu
Yu
Trung bnh
Mnh
Rt mnh
SiO3
Thy phn
4.7.3
H2SiO3
Rt mnh
Mnh
SO4
HSO4
Trung bnh
Yu
Rt yu
S thy phn ca cc hp cht cng ha tr
1. Cc hp cht cng ha tr c lin kt bn v t b phn cc nh CH4, CHCl3, SF6, s khng

t thy phn.
2. C th d dng nhn thy cc phn t cng ha tr ny ch yu cha cc nguyn t thuc
chu k 2 c bn knh nh nn mt in t cao to lin kt cng ha tr bn.
3. Cc hp cht cng ha tr c lin kt km bn v b phn cc mnh nh BCl3, SiCl4, PbCl4,
TiCl4, s thy phn trong nc.
4. Qu trnh thy phn bt thun nghch ca cc hp cht va nu bao gm vic hnh thnh
tng tc gia cc cc tri du, ct t lin kt c v to thnh lin kt mi:
Hp cht cng ha tr b thy phn
Cl3
Cl3
Nc
HO
HO
5. Sn phm ca qu trnh thy phn thng l cc oxihydroxid yu t phn ly v hydracid

mnh hu nh phn ly hon ton.
+
Cl3
3( H O
V d:
H)
H3BO3
Oxihydroxid ca
phn phn cc dng
3HCl
Hydracid ca
phn phn cc m
BCl3 + 3H2O H3BO3 + 3HCl

SiF4 + 4H2O H4SiO4 + 4HF
TiCl4 + 4H2O H4TiO4 + 4HCl
6. Nng lng ta ra do s to thnh cc sn phm oxihydroxid t phn ly v s hydrat ha ion

hydro (phn ly t hydracid) kh ln nn b c nng lng cn nhn vo ct t cc
lin kt ca hp cht cng ha tr v nc ban u.
50
Chng 4
Phan ng acid-baz
7. i vi cc hp cht phc tp hn, v d nh SF6, c th vit phng trnh thy phn vi

sn phm gi nh l H6SO6 ri mi da vo cu trc ca cht bit hiu chnh li sn
phm cui cng l H2SO4.
+
F6
H6SO6
6HF
6( H O
H)
H2SO4
6HF
2H2O
T, P cao
SF6 + 4H2O
H2SO4 + 6HF
Kt qu:
8. Qu trnh thy phn thng i km vi qu trnh polimer ha to ra cc phc a nhn bng

cch hnh thnh cc cu ni OH, O, NH2, vi s tch bt nc ca cc
oxihydroxid.
9. V d: Xt phn ng thy phn ca TiCl4:
TiCl4 + 4H2O H4TiO4 + 4HCl
Phn ng polimer ha tip tc xy ra:
4.8
2H4TiO4
H6TiO7 + H2O
M hnh:
H3O3TiOH + HOTiO3H3
H3O3TiOTiO3H3 + H2O
Sn phm cui cng:
nH4TiO4
nTiO2.x H2O + (nx)H2O
M hnh:
n/2[H3O3TiOH + HOTiO3H3]
nTiO2.xH2O + (nx)H2O
Phn ng trao i
1. Phn ng trao i s xy ra theo chiu to thnh cc cht t phn ly, bay hi, t tan hay t tan
hn lm gim nng lng ca h.
2. Chiu ca phn ng kt ta c xc nh theo hng s cn bng K ca phn ng.
3. Hng s cn bng K ca phn ng kt ta c tnh t tch s tan T ca cht t tan.
V d 1: Tnh K ca phn ng kt ta sau:
Ba2+ + SO 24
Gii:
K=
BaSO4(r)
1
[Ba
2+
][SO 24 ]
1
TBaSO 4
1
10
9,97
= 10 9,97
Phn ng c K = 109,97 1010 cho thy nng t do ca Ba2+ v SO 24 trong dung dch khi
kt thc phn ng ch ~ 0,00001M nn thc t phn ng xy ra hon ton.
V d 2: Tnh K ca phn ng cnh tranh kt ta sau:
Ba2+ + CaSO 4 (r)
Gii:
K=
[Ca 2 + ]
[Ba
2+
BaSO4(r) + Ca2+
[Ca 2 + ] [SO 24 ] TCaSO4 10 5,04
=
=
= 10 4,93
2+
2
9,97
T
[Ba ] [SO 4 ]
10
BaSO4
Phn ng c K = 104,93 105 cho thy nng t do ca Ca2+ trong dung dch khi kt thc
ln hn ca Ba2+ ~ 100.000 ln nn thc t phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Chng 4
4.9
Phan ng acid-baz
51
Phn ng to phc
1. Phc cht l sn phm ca phn ng acid-baz theo quan im Lewis, trong :
Acid l mt nguyn t trung tm (NTTT) c cc vn o ha tr trng c th nhn i

in t t do.
Baz l cc tiu phn c gi l ligand hay phi t (L) c in t ha tr t do c th cho

vo vn o trng.
2. Lin kt gia nguyn t trung tm v ligand l lin kt cng ha tr-cho nhn (lin kt phi
tr) vi nng lng lin kt thng khng cao lm.
3. V vy, lin kt trong phc cht khng bn v c kh nng b ct t nn phc cht iu
kin thng thng s b phn ly mt phn hay hon ton.
4. Nguyn t trung tm thng l cc ion kim loi chuyn tip do chng c cc vn o ha tr
d trng vi nng lng thp nn d dng lai ha khi lin kt.
V d:
[Co(CN)6]4, [FeF6]3, [Cu(NH3)2]+, [Zn(OH)4]2,
5. Cc ligand l cc baz Lewis c kh nng cho in t:
Anion:
OH, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, SCN, SO42, (CO2)22,
Phn t trung ha:
NH3, H2O, CO, NO,
Cation (rt t gp):
H2NNH3+,
6. Phn ng to phc s xy ra theo chiu to thnh cc phc cht bn.

7. Phc cht bn ny khin cho nng lng ca h gim xung.
8. Chiu ca phn ng to phc c xc nh theo hng s cn bng K ca phn ng.
9. Hng s cn bng K ca phn ng to phc c tnh t hng s phn ly Kpl ca phc
cht.
V d 1: Tnh K v xc nh kh nng phn ng hon ton ca phn ng to phc sau:
Zn2+ + 4CN
Gii:
K=
K=
[Zn(CN) 4 ] 2
[[Zn(CN)4 ]2 ]
2+
[Zn ][CN ]
1
10
19
1
Kpl(CN )
= 1019
Nu gi nh nng t do ca ligand CN trong dung dch l 1M th nng ca

[[Zn(CN)4]2] = 1019[Zn2+]. Ti iu kin ny phn ng xy ra hon ton.
V d 2: Tnh K v xc nh kh nng phn ng hon ton ca phn ng cnh tranh to
phc sau:
[Zn(NH3 ) 4 ] 2+ + 4CN
[Zn(CN) 4 ] 2 + 4NH3
52
Chng 4
Gii:
Phan ng acid-baz
K=
K=
[[Zn(CN)4 ]2 ][NH3 ]4
2+
[[Zn(NH3 )4 ] ][CN ]
10 8,70
10
19
[[Zn(CN)4 ]2 ][NH3 ]4 [Zn2+ ]

2+
2+
[[Zn(NH3 )4 ] ][CN ] [Zn ]
Kpl(NH3 )
Kpl(CN )
= 1010,30
Nu gi nh nng t do ca ligand NH3 v CN trong dung dch l bng nhau nn c th

n gin chng trong t s K th nng ca [Zn(CN)4]2 = 1010,30[Zn(NH3)4]2+. Ti iu kin
ny phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
53
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
5.1
So oxi hoa
5.1.1
nh ngha
1. So oxi hoa cua mot nguyen t trong hp chat la ien tch hnh thc cua nguyen t o khi
gia nh la ien t lien ket se hoan toan thuoc ve nguyen t co o am ien cao hn.
V du:
5.1.2
+1 +6 2
+1 +6 2 2
+1 +4 0 2
+1 +2 +2 2
H2 S O 4 ; H2 S S O 3 hay H2 S S O 3 hay H 2 S S O 3
Y ngha va ng dung
1. So oxi hoa la mot ai lng quy c hnh thc khong he cho biet ien tch that s cua
nguyen t trong chat.
V du: So oxi hoa cua nguyen t S trong H2SO4 la +6 nhng ien tch that s tren S
khong phai la +6.
2. Viec s dung so oxi hoa cho phep (1) Phan loai cac hp chat oxihydroxidhydracid va
cac dan xuat, (2) D oan tnh chat cua cac hp chat la oxi hoa hay kh va (3) Can
bang phng trnh oxi hoa-kh mot cach de dang va hieu qua.
=O
3. So oxi hoa va hoa tr cua mot nguyen t c tnh bang cach n gian theo phng
phap VB va phu thuoc vao so lng lien ket hai tam hai ien t gia cac nguyen t.
V du: oi vi H2SO4:
=O
HOSOH
So oxi hoa cua S: +6, O: 2 va H: +1
4. Trong nhieu trng hp th so oxi hoa khac hoa tr do so oxi hoa co the dng hay am
trong khi hoa tr luon luon dng.
V du: oi vi CO2:
V du: oi vi HCOOH:
=O
O=C=O
HCOH
C co hoa tr 4, so oxi hoa +4

O co hoa tr 2, so oxi hoa 2
C co hoa tr 4, so oxi hoa 2
5. Theo quy tac Mendeleev, ngoai so oxi hoa 0, mot nguyen to se co cac so oxi hoa thong
thng la:
So oxi hoa thong thng = So nhom 2n
V du: Nitrogen co:
n=04
Chng 5
54
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
So oxi hoa thong thng:
+5
Hp chat tng ng:
+1
N2O
N2
NH2OH
NH3
+3
HNO3 HNO2
6. Mot nguyen to con co the co cac so oxi hoa khac c goi la so oxi hoa d thng.
V du: Nitrogen co:
So oxi hoa d thng:
+4
+2
Hp chat tng ng:
NO2
NO
H4N2
7. Cac nguyen t so oxi hoa cao nhat ch co tnh oxi hoa.

Cac nguyen t so oxi hoa thap nhat ch co tnh kh.
Cac nguyen t so oxi hoa trung gian co ca tnh oxi hoa lan tnh kh.
V du:
P:
Tnh chat:
ch kh
+1
+3
ca oxi hoa lan kh
+5
ch oxi hoa
8. Trong phan ng oxi hoa kh, nguyen t co xu hng quay ve so oxi hoa ma tai o
nguyen t co tnh oxi hoa va kh eu yeu. So oxi hoa nay c goi la so oxi hoa ben.
9. Kh quyen cua trai at cha nhieu oxygen nen la moi trng oxi hoa. Trong moi trng
nay, so oxi hoa ben cua cac nguyen to thng la so oxi hoa dng cao. Ch co cac
nguyen to co o am ien ln nh F, N, Cl, mi co so oxi hoa am ben.
10. Nh vay, moi nguyen to co mot bo cac so oxi hoa ac trng cho nguyen to o gom cac
so oxi hoa ben, khong ben, thong thng (theo quy tac Mendeleev) va d thng.
V du:
Nitrogen co cac so oxi hoa
+5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, 1, 2 va 3.
Phospho co cac so oxi hoa
+5, +3, +1, 0, va 3.
11. Khi so oxi hoa dng cang cao, nguyen t cang mat nhieu ien t, r+ giam, q+ tang
nen tac dung phan cc cang manh lam cac hp chat oxihydroxid co cac lien ket OH
cang phan cc nen tnh acid cang manh.
V du:
5.1.3
Hp chat:
CrO
Cr2O3
CrO3
Tnh chat:
baz
lng tnh
acid
Hieu ng co d va co f
a. Hieu ng co d
1. T chu ky 4 tr i, s xuat hien cua 10 nguyen to d vi s ien cac ien t vao phan lp
(n1)d pha ben trong a dan en s tang vot them 10 n v ien tch hat nhan trong
chu ky so vi cac chu ky nho hn pha tren.
2. ien tch hat nhan hieu dung Z* se tang cham hn do hieu ng chan.
3. ien tch hat nhan tang vot 10 n v lam ien t b hut manh hn gay ra hieu ng co d.
4. Hieu ng co d khien cho cac nguyen to p t chu ky 4 tr i:
Co ban knh tang cham (tham ch giam) khi i t chu ky 3 xuong chu ky 4 trong cung
mot phan nhom do ien t hoa tr cua nguyen t thuoc chu ky 4 b hat nhan hut
manh do ien tch hat nhan tang vot them 10 n v.
ien t s co kha nang xam nhap vao gan hat nhan b gi chat hn nen kho mat lam
xuat hien so oxi hoa cao kha ben = so nhom 2 (ien t s). V du nh Ga3+ va Ga+.
5. Hieu ng co d khien cho cac nguyen to d t chu ky 4 tr i:
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
55
Ban knh giam cham khi i t trai sang phai trong cung chu ky do ien t d ien vao
lp vo (n1) ben trong chan bt lc hut gia hat nhan vi cac ien t hoa tr.
Cac nguyen to d co tnh chat gan giong nhau tao thanh nhom kim loai chuyen tiep.
ien t hoa tr ns va (n1)d co nang lng rat gan nhau dan en cac nguyen to d co
rat nhieu so oxi hoa ma hau nh chung ta a c biet trong cac chng trnh hoc
trc ay. V du nh mangan co cac so oxi hoa +7, +6, +4, +3, +2 va 0.
b. Hieu ng co f
1. T chu ky 6 tr i, s xuat hien cua 14 nguyen to f vi s ien cac ien t vao phan lp
(n2)f sau ben trong a dan en s tang vot them 14 n v ien tch hat nhan trong
chu ky so vi cac chu ky nho hn pha tren.
2. ien tch hat nhan hieu dung Z* se tang cham hn do hieu ng chan.
3. ien tch hat nhan tang vot 14 n v lam ien t b hut manh hn gay ra hieu ng co f.
4. Hieu ng co f khien cac nguyen to p thuoc chu ky 6:
Ban knh tang cham khi i t chu ky 5 xuong chu ky 6 trong cung mot phan nhom do
ien t hoa tr cua nguyen t thuoc chu ky 6 b hat nhan hut manh do ien tch hat
nhan tang vot them 14 n v.
ien t s co kha nang xam nhap vao gan hat nhan nen b gi chat hn va kho mat
dan en so oxi hoa dng cao nhat kem ben. So oxi hoa dng cao ben se la:
So oxi hoa dng cao ben = So nhom 2 (ien t s)
5. Hieu ng co f khien cho cac nguyen to d thuoc chu ky 6:
Co ban knh giam rat cham khi i t trai sang phai trong cung chu ky do ien t d
c ien vao lp vo (n1) ben trong co tac dung chan bt lc hut gia hat nhan vi
cac ien t hoa tr.
Co ban knh tang rat cham khi i t chu ky 5 xuong chu ky 6 trong cung mot phan
nhom do ien t hoa tr cua nguyen t thuoc chu ky 6 b hat nhan hut manh do ien
tch hat nhan tang vot them 14 n v.
6. Hieu ng co f khien cho cac nguyen to f:
Ban knh giam cham khi i t trai sang phai trong cung chu ky do ien t f ien vao
lp vo (n2) sau ben trong chan bt lc hut gia hat nhan vi cac ien t hoa tr.
Cac nguyen to f co tnh chat rat giong nhau tao thanh nhom kim loai at hiem.
Bang 5.1
Chu ky
Ban knh va so oxi hoa thong thng cua mot so phan nhom p
Phan nhom 3A
Phan nhom 4A
Phan nhom 5A
Nguyen to Ban knh So oxi hoa Nguyen to Ban knh So oxi hoa Nguyen to Ban knh So oxi hoa
0,91
+3
+4
0,71
+5
Al
1,43
+3
Si
1,34
+4
1,30
+5
Ga
1,39
+3, +1
Ge
1,39
+4, +2
As
1,48
+5, +3
In
1,66
+3
Sn
1,58
+2, +4
Sb
1,61
+3, +5
Tl
1,71
+1, +3
Pb
1,75
+2, +4
Bi
1,82
+3, +5
Bang 5.2
Ban knh va so oxi hoa thong thng cua mot so phan nhom d
Chng 5
56
Chu ky
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
Phan nhom 3A
Phan nhom 4A
Phan nhom 5A
Nguyen to Ban knh So oxi hoa Nguyen to Ban knh So oxi hoa Nguyen to Ban knh So oxi hoa
Ti
1,46
+4,
+3, +2
1,34
+5, +4,
+3, +2
Cr
1,27
+6, +3,
+4,+2
Zr
1,60
+4
Nb
1,46
+5
Mo
1,39
+6
Hf
1,59
+4
Ta
1,46
+5
1,40
+6
Bang 5.3
1A
Cac so oxi hoa ben trong Bang Tuan hoan
2A
8A
3A
3B
1
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1B
2B
4A
5A
6A
7A
So nhom va
So nhom 2n
0
2
1 So nhom
2, 3
2, 1, 3
So nhom va
So nhom 2
Cac cau truc ien t khac
5.1.4
Cac so oxi hoa khong ben trong 3 Bang tren c ghi bang so in nghien.
S bien oi so oxi hoa
a. So oxi hoa cua cac nguyen to s

1. Cac nguyen to s ch co mot so oxi hoa bang vi so th t cua nhom.
So oxi hoa = So nhom
V du:
Li, Na, K, Rb va Cs thuoc phan nhom 1A co so oxi hoa la +1

Be, Mg, Ca, Sr va Ba thuoc phan nhom 2A co so oxi hoa la +2
b. So oxi hoa cua cac nguyen to p

1. Cac nguyen to p co so oxi hoa thong thng theo quy tac Mendeleev nh sau:
Nh vay:
n=04
SOXHmax = So nhom
SOXHmin = So nhom 8
V du:
Cl, Br va I thuoc phan nhom 7A co so oxi hoa la +7, +5, +3, +1 va 1

N, P va As thuoc phan nhom 5A co so oxi hoa la +5, +3, +1, 1 va 3
2. Co the giai thch mot cach n gian la muon tao thanh lien ket theo thuyet VB th phai
co cac ien t oc than.
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
57
3. Ngoai cac ien t oc than von co, nguyen t co the hnh thanh them ien t oc than
bang cach kch thch cac ien t cap oi thanh hai ien t oc than.
4. V vay, chung ta thng co gia tr chenh lech cua so oxi hoa la tng 2 n v mot.
5. Cac so oxi hoa khong phu hp vi quy tac tren c goi la so oxi hoa d thng va chu
yeu la kem ben. Co the xem so oxi hoa d thng nh la 1 so oxi hoa hon tap bao gom 1
so oxi hoa cao hn va 1 so oxi hoa thap hn 1 n v.
+4
V du:
+5
+3
2 N O 2 + 2H2O H N O 3 + H N O 2
Nitrogen co so oxi hoa +4 co the xem la hon tap cua so oxi hoa +3 va +5.
6. Trong phan nhom chnh, khi i t tren xuong di th so oxi hoa dng cao nhat kem
ben dan do hieu ng co d, co f lam ien tch hat nhan tang manh khien cho cac ien t
s co kha nang xam nhap vao gan nhan se b hut chat hn nen kho b mat hn.
7. ieu nay khien cho cac nguyen to p chu ky ln se co so oxi hoa dng cao ben la:
So oxi hoa dng cao ben = So nhom 2 (ien t s)
8. Hieu ng nay bat au xuat hien dan dan chu ky 4 do s co d va manh nhat la chu ky
6 do chu tac ong cua ca 2 hieu ng co d va co f.
V du:
Chu ky:
Nguyen to:
Si
Ge
Sn
Pb
So oxi hoa cao ben:
4, 2
4, 2
2, 4
c. So oxi hoa cua cac nguyen to d

1. Cac nguyen to d co nang lng cua cac van ao ns va (n1)d tng ng nhau.
2. V vay, cac nguyen to d co the mat t 1 ien t cho en toan bo cac ien t hoa tr tren
cac van ao hoa tr (n1)d va ns.
3. Do o, so oxi hoa cua chung se t 0 cho en so nhom.
4. Vao au chu ky th nang lng cua van ao ns tng ng nang lng cua cac van
ao (n1)d nen thng mat ien t s lan d.
5. en cuoi chu ky th nang lng cua van ao ns lai cao hn nang lng cua cac van ao
(n1)d nen thng ch mat ien t s.
V du:
Ti mat 2 ien t 4s va 2 ien t 3d e co so oxi hoa +4

Zn ch mat 2 ien t 4s e co so oxi hoa +2
6. Do o, cac nguyen to 3d co mot so cac so oxi hoa ac trng theo mo hnh cay thong.
7. Trong cac phan nhom phu, so oxi hoa dng cao nhat ben dan khi i t tren xuong di
theo ly luan thong thng la do hieu ng co d va co f cha co tac dung manh.
V du:
Nguyen to:
Mn
Tc
Re
Hp chat:
Mn2O7
Tc2O7
Re2O7
Tnh chat:
Phan huy
tai nhiet o
phong
Tnc = 119,50C
Tnc = 2200C
chng cat
khong phan huy
8. Ngc lai, trong cac phan nhom chnh, so oxi hoa dng cao nhat kem ben dan khi i t
tren xuong di do hieu ng co d va co f a co tac dung manh.
Chng 5
58
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Hnh 5.1
Mo hnh cay thong hoa tr cua cac nguyen to 3d
Cac so oxi hoa khong ben c ghi bang so in nghien.
d. So oxi hoa cua cac nguyen to f

1. Cac nguyen to f thng co cau truc ien t (n2)f114 (n1)d01ns2 nen chung co so oxi
hoa ac trng la +3.
2. Mot so nguyen to f co so oxi hoa +2 hay +4 ben neu so oxi hoa nay lam cho cau truc
ien t at c trang thai bao hoa hay ban bao hoa.
5.1.5
Nhan xet
1. Tong quat, moi nguyen to co mot bo cac so oxi hoa ac trng cho nguyen to o.
2. Trong bo o, co cac so oxi hoa ben, khong ben, thong thng va d thng.
3. V du: N co cac so oxi hoa +5, +4, +3, +2, +1, 0, 1, 2 va 3. Trong o:
So oxi hoa
Ben va Khong ben
Hp chat tng ng
Thong thng
D thng
+5
+3
+1
NaNO3
NaNO2
N2O
N2
NH2OH
NH3
+4
+2
NO2 NO H4N2
4. So oxi hoa ben phu thuoc vao (1) Cau truc ien t va (2) Nang lng cua cac ien t
cung nh (3) Nang lng can thiet e kch thch ien t va (4) Nang lng toa ra khi
hnh thanh lien ket hoa hoc vi cac nguyen to khac.
5. Neu nang lng toa ra khi hnh thanh cac lien ket mi bu c nang lng can thiet e
cat t cac lien ket cu th trang thai oxi hoa o se on nh.
6. Chnh v vay ma cac so oxi hoa cao thng c hnh thanh khi cac nguyen to ket hp
vi cac nguyen to co o am ien rat cao nh oxygen va cac halogen.
7. T cac so oxi hoa ben d oan c t cac phan tren, ta co the de dang suy oan tnh
oxi hoa-kh cua cac chat.
Chng 5
5.2
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
59
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
1. Phan ng oxi hoa-kh la phan ng xay ra co kem theo s thay oi so oxi hoa cua cac
nguyen t trong cac tac chat va san pham.
V du:
+2
+3 1
Cl 2 + 2 Fe Cl 2 2 Fe Cl 3
Chat oxi hoa
Chat kh
2. Moi phan ng oxi hoa kh eu bao gom 2 qua trnh:

a. Qua trnh nhan ien t hay qua trnh kh trong o chat nhan ien t c goi la chat
oxi hoa.
V du:
Cl 2 + 2e 2 Cl
b. Qua trnh cho ien t hay qua trnh oxi hoa trong o chat cho ien t c goi la
chat kh.
V du:
+2
+3
Fe 1e Fe
3. Trong v du tren, ta nhan thay khi chat kh Fe2+ cho 1 ien t thanh Fe3+ th Fe3+ lai la
chat oxi hoa tao thanh mot cap chat oxi hoa kh lien hp:
Ox + ne
Kh
4. Tong quat hoa qua trnh kh cua chat 1 va qua trnh oxi hoa cua chat 2:
Ox1 + n1e
Kh1
Kh2 n2e
Ox2
5. Ngi ta con goi moi qua trnh nay la mot ban phan ng oxi hoa kh.
6. Do so ien t trao oi cua 2 qua trnh trong phan ng oxi hoa kh phai bang nhau nen
phan ng oxi hoa kh c bieu dien bang phng trnh tong quat:
n2
Ox1 + n1e
Kh1
n1
Kh2 n2e
Ox2
n2Ox1 + n1Kh2 n1Ox2 + n2Kh1

7. Neu trong cac tac chat co the xay ra nhieu loai phan ng ong thi nh oxi hoa-kh,
trung hoa, tao phc, th thong thng phan ng oxi hoa-kh u tien xay ra trc.
V du:
5.3
3Fe(OH)2 + 10HNO 3 3Fe(NO 3 )3 + NO + 8H2O
Can bang phng trnh phan ng oxi hoa kh

Khi xet mot phng trnh phan ng hoa hoc, chung ta can tien hanh cac bc sau:
1. Xac nh so oxi hoa cua cac nguyen t.

2. Xac nh phan nhom va chu ky cua cac nguyen t o.
3. T o suy ra tnh oxi hoa-kh cua cac tac chat.
4. Xac nh tnh acid-baz, tao phc, ket tua, cua cac tieu phan.
5. Neu cac tac chat co so oxi hoa ben th phan ng neu co ch n thuan la phan ng acidbaz: trung hoa, thuy phan, tao phc, ket tua,
Chng 5
60
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
6. Neu 2 tac chat co so oxi hoa-kh khong ben th phan ng la phan ng oxi hoa-kh.
7. ong thi, neu co cac phan ng tao phc, ket tua, xay ra th cac phan ng phu nay se
co anh hng en chieu va can bang cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh.
8. Xac nh moi trng phan ng e xac nh dang cua san pham.
a. Trong moi trng acid, H+ dung e can bang phng trnh c lay t H+ cua moi
trng, O2 c lay t H2O.
b. Trong moi trng baz, H+ dung e can bang phng trnh c lay t H2O, O2 c
lay t OH cua moi trng.
9. Viet hai ban phng trnh phan ng oxi hoa-kh.
10. Can bang ien t trao oi cua hai ban phan ng bang he so trao oi.
a. Khi tac chat ong thi ong vai tro oxi hoa-kh va moi trng th phai at he so
chnh tai chat co s thay oi so oxi hoa.
b. Neu trong mot tac chat co s thay oi so oxi hoa cua nhieu nguyen to th phai tnh
tong so ien t trao oi cua tac chat o.
11. Cong hai ban phng trnh phan ng e co phng trnh ion tong.
12. Them cac ion tr e co phng trnh phan t. Them nc khi can thiet.
V du: Hay hoan thanh phng trnh phan ng sau:

KMnO4 + H2O2 + H2SO4
1. Xac nh so oxi hoa cua cac nguyen t:
+7
+6
K Mn O 4 , H2 O 2 va H2 S O 4
2. Xac nh phan nhom va chu ky cua cac nguyen t:
Mn thuoc phan nhom 7B, chu ky 4
O thuoc phan nhom 6A, chu ky 2
3. T o suy ra tnh oxi hoa-kh cua cac tac chat:
Mn thuoc phan nhom 7 ma co so oxi hoa +7 la so oxi hoa dng cao nhat nen ch
co tnh oxi hoa.
O thuoc phan nhom 6A ma co so oxi hoa 1 la so oxi hoa trung gian khong ben theo
quy tac:
n=04
nen co ca tnh oxi hoa khi ve O2 lan tnh kh khi ve O2.

4. Xac nh tnh acid-baz, tao phc, ket tua, cua cac tieu phan:
KMnO4 la muoi trung tnh cua acid manh HMnO4 va baz manh KOH.
H2O2 la hp chat cong hoa tr t phan ly nen tnh acid-baz rat yeu.
H2SO4 la acid manh khong co tnh oxi hoa-kh nong o 1M va nhiet o phong.
Cac chat tren khong phan ng trung hoa, thuy phan, khong tao ket tua, phc chat,
5. Neu cac tac chat co so oxi hoa ben th phan ng ch n thuan la phan ng trung hoa,
thuy phan, tao phc, ket tua,
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
61
Cac tac chat khong tao phan ng acid-baz.
6. Neu cac tac chat co so oxi hoa khong ben th phan ng la phan ng oxi hoa-kh.
Cac tac chat tao phan ng oxi hoa-kh do co mat cua chat oxi hoa la MnO4 va chat
kh la H2O2.
7. ong thi, neu co cac phan ng tao phc, ket tua, th cac phan ng phu nay se co anh
hng en chieu va can bang cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh.
Cac tac chat khong tao phan ng acid-baz nen khong tac ong en phan ng oxi
hoa-kh.
8. Xac nh moi trng phan ng e xac nh dang cua san pham:
S hien dien cua H2SO4 khien cho moi trng co tnh acid.
Trong moi trng acid, MnO4 nhan 5 ien t ve Mn2+.
Trong moi trng acid, H2O2 cho 2 ien t ve O2.
Trong moi trng acid, H+ dung e can bang phng trnh c lay t H+ cua moi
trng, O2 c lay t H2O.
9. Viet hai ban phng trnh phan ng oxi hoa-kh:

MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O
H2O2 2e O2 + 2H+
10. Can bang ien t trao oi cua hai ban phan ng bang he so trao oi:
2
MnO4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O
H2O2 2e O2 + 2H+
11. Cong hai ban phng trnh phan ng e co phng trnh ion tong:
2MnO4 + 16H+ + 5H2O2 2Mn2+ + 8H2O + 5O2 + 10H+
2MnO4+ 5H2O2 + 6H+ 2Mn2+ + 5O2 + 8H2O
12. Them cac ion tr e co phng trnh phan t:
2KMnO 4 + 5H2O 2 + 3H2SO 4 2MnSO 4 + K 2SO 4 + 8H2O + 5O 2
5.4
Chieu cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh
1. oi vi phan ng oxi hoa-kh trong dung dch nc, thay v s dung G e xac nh
chieu cua phan ng th ngi ta thng s dung gia tr E v n gian hn vi:
E = EOx EKh
2. Trong o:
E = E0
RT
G
ln K =
nF
nF
vi E0 la gia tr the kh cua cap oxi hoa-kh (lien hp) c o bang thc nghiem trong
ieu kien tieu chuan vi nong o can bang cua tat ca cac tac chat va san pham la 1M.
3. Phan ng oxi hoa kh xay ra theo chieu thuan khi E > 0.
4. Tai T = 2980K, thay cac gia tr cua R va F bang so, chuyen ln thanh lg, ta co:
E = E0
0,059 [Kh] cb
lg
n
[Ox] cb
62
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
5. Trng hp dang kh la kim loai th quy c [Kh] = 1, ta co:

E = E0
0,059
1
lg
n
[Ox] cb
6. Trng hp co cac ion H+ hay OH la tac chat hay san pham cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh
th phai them tha so nong o cua H+ hay OH vi luy tha theo ung he so hp thc
vao phng trnh oxi hoa-kh.
7. V du 1: Viet phng trnh tnh E cua cac chat oxi hoa trong cac trng hp sau:
Xet:
MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e Mn2+ + 4H2O
Ta co:
E = E0
Xet:
BrO 3 + 3H2O + 6e Br + 6OH
Ta co:
E = E0
moi trng acid
0,059
[Mn2+ ]
lg
5
[MnO 4 ][H+ ] 8
moi trng baz
0,059 [Br ][OH ]6

lg
6
[BrO 3 ]
8. V du 2: Phan ng sau co xay ra tai ieu kien tieu chuan khong?

2Fe 3+ + Cu0 2Fe 2+ + Cu 2+
0
0
Cho biet: EFe
= +0,77V ; ECu
= +0,34V
3+
2+
/ Fe2 +
/ Cu0
Giai:
0
0
E0 = EFe
ECu
3+
2+
/ Fe2 +
/ Cu0
E0 = +0,77 0,34 = +0,43V
E0 > 0 nen phan ng xay ra theo chieu thuan tai ieu kien tieu chuan.
5.5
Gian o E0
1. e so sanh kha nang phan ng cua nhieu cap oxi hoa-kh, can s dung gian o E0.
2. Mot v du cu the ve gian o E0 nh sau:
Zn2+
Fe2+
H+
Cu2+
Fe3+
Zn0
Fe0
H2
Cu0
Fe2+
0,76
0,44
+0,00
+0,34
+0,77
E0, V
3. Cac cap oxi hoa-kh se c sap xep theo th t E0 tang dan vi dang oxi hoa tren va
dang kh di truc gian o.
4. Chat oxi hoa pha tren ben phai (Fe3+) se oxi hoa c chat kh pha di ben trai
(Fe0) va tao c cac san pham la cac chat ben ngc lai cua truc (Fe2+).
5.6
Gian o Latimer
1. e de dang so sanh kha nang phan ng t oxi hoa-kh cua nhieu cap oxi hoa-kh cua
cung mot nguyen to, ngi ta s dung gian o Latimer.
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
63
2. Mot v du cu the ve gian o Latimer cua Mn trong moi trng acid nh sau:
+1,51
MnO 4
+0,56
MnO 24
+2,26
MnO 2
+0,95
+1,70
Mn3 +
+1,51
Mn2+
1,18
Mn
+1,23
3. Cac dang khac nhau cua nguyen to c sap xep theo th t so oxi hoa giam dan.
4. Cac mui ten cho biet qua trnh oxi hoa kem theo gia tr E0 cua qua trnh.
5. Mot chat se t oxi hoa-kh khi hieu the E cua qua trnh kh ben phai vi qua trnh oxi
hoa ben trai cua chnh chat o co gia tr dng.
E = EOx EKh > 0
6. V du: Xet kha nang ton tai cua MnO 24 , MnO2 va Mn3+ trong moi trng acid:
a.
MnO 24 se t oxi hoa-kh trong moi trng acid e tao thanh MnO 4 va MnO2 do:
E = 2,26 0,56 = 1,70 > 0

b. MnO2 ben trong moi trng acid do:
E = 0,95 2,26 = 1,31 < 0
c. Mn3+ se t oxi hoa-kh trong moi trng acid e tao thanh MnO2 va Mn2+ do:
E = 1,51 0,95 = 0,56 > 0
5.7
Hang so can bang cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh
1. Xet mot phan ng oxi hoa-kh co dang tong quat bao gom hai ban phan ng cua hai
cap oxi hoa-kh sau:
Ox1 + n1e = Kh1
E1 = E10
RT [Kh1] cb
ln
n1F [Ox1] cb
Ox2 + n2e = Kh2
E2 = E02
RT [Kh2 ] cb
ln
n2F [Ox 2 ] cb
5.7.1
Trng hp 1: n1 n2
1. Trng hp thong thng, n1 n2, phan ng trong ieu kien tieu chuan co dang:
n2Ox1 + n1Kh2 n1Ox2 + n2Kh1
vi:
G =
n2G1 n1G2
(n2n1FE1) (n1n2FE2)
n1n2F(E1 E2)
2. Khi phan ng at en can bang, ta co G = 0, ngha la:
Chng 5
64
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
E1 E2 = 0
hay
E1 = E 2
3. Nh vay, luc can bang trong ieu kien tieu chuan ta co:
E10
RT [Kh1] cb
RT [Kh2 ] cb
= E02
ln
ln
n1F [Ox1]cb
n2F [Ox 2 ] cb
4. Thc hien s chuyen ve cac so hang, ta co:

E10 E02 =
RT [Kh1] cb RT [Kh2 ] cb
ln
ln
n1F [Ox1] cb n2F [Ox 2 ] cb
5. Nhan ca hai ve vi n1n2 roi thc hien cac bien oi toan hoc, ta co:
n1n2 (E10 E02 ) =
n
n
RT [Kh1] cb2 [Ox 2 ] cb1
ln
F
[Ox1]ncb2 [Kh2 ]ncb1
6. Bieu thc trong ln chnh la hang so can bang cua phan ng:
K=
[Kh1]ncb2 [Ox 2 ]ncb1
[Ox1]ncb2 [Kh2 ]ncb1
7. Chuyen ve, ta co:
hay:
ln K =
n1n2F(E10 E02 ) n1n2FE0

=
RT
RT
lg K =
n1n2 (E10 E02 ) n1n2E0

=
0,059
0,059
8. ieu kien khong tieu chuan:
lg K* =
n1n2E
0,059
9. Trong trng hp n1 n2, ta co:
E =
G
n1n 2F
5.7.2
Trng hp 2: n1 = n2
1. Trng hp ac biet, n1 = n2, phan ng trong ieu kien tieu chuan co dang:
Ox1 + Kh2 Ox2 + Kh1
2. Tnh tng t, ta co:
E10 E02 =
RT [Kh1] cb RT [Kh2 ]cb

ln
ln
nF [Ox1]cb nF [Ox 2 ] cb
n(E10 E02 ) =
K=
RT [Kh1] cb [Ox 2 ] cb
ln
F
[Ox1] cb [Kh2 ] cb
[Kh1]cb [Ox 2 ]cb

[Ox1]cb [Kh2 ]cb
lg K =
n(E10 E02 ) nE0

=
0,059
0,059
3. ieu kien khong tieu chuan:
lg K* =
nE
0,059
4. Trong trng hp n1 = n2, ta co:
E =
G
nF
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
65
5. V du: Tnh hang so can bang va xac nh kha nang xay ra hoan toan cua phan ng:
2Fe3+ + Cu0 Cu2+ + 2Fe2+
0
0
Cho biet: EFe
= +0,77V va ECu
= +0,34V
3+
2+
/ Fe2 +
/ Cu0
Giai:
lgK =
n1n2 (E10 E02 ) 1 2(0,77 0,34)

=
= 14,58
0,059
0,059
[Fe 2+ ] 2 [Cu 2+ ]
K=
[Fe 3+ ] 2 [Cu0 ]
[Fe 2+ ] 2 [Cu 2+ ]
[Fe 3+ ] 2
= 1014,58
Neu xem phan ng la hoan toan khi nong o cua san pham t nhat phai ln gap 100 lan
nong o cua tac chat (Tc): [Sp] 102[Tc]
ngha la khi:
K* =
[Fe 2+ ] 2 [Cu2+ ]
[Fe3+ ] 2
(10 2 ) 2 (10 2 )
12
= 10 6
hay muon phan ng tren xay ra hoan toan th phai co K K* = 106.

Phan ng tren co K = 1014,58 K* = 106 nen xay ra hoan toan.
5.8
Anh hng cua pH en phan ng oxi hoa-kh
1. Khi phan ng oxi hoa-kh co s tham gia cua cac ion H+ hay OH th pH cua dung dch
co anh hng en can bang cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh.
2. pH cua dung dch phai c tnh trc theo phng trnh tnh pH. Sau o mi a nong
o H+ tnh c nay vao phng trnh oxi hoa-kh.
3. V du: Tnh E, K va xac nh kha nang xay ra hoan toan cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh gia
KMnO4 va FeSO4:
a. Tai ieu kien chuan
b. Khi pH ket thuc cua dung dch la 4
MnO 4 + 5Fe2 + + 8H+ Mn2 + + 5Fe3 + + 4H2O
0
0
= +1,51V , EFe
= +0,77V
Cho biet: EMnO
3+
/ Mn2 +
/ Fe2 +
4
Giai:
a. Tai ieu kien chuan, pH = 0, ta co:
0
0
E = EMnO
EFe
= +1,51 0,77 = +0,74V
3+
/ Mn2+
/ Fe2+
4
lg K =
K=
n1n 2 (E0 ) 1 5(0,74)

=
= 62,71
0,059
0,059
[Mn2+ ][Fe3+ ]5
[MnO 4 ][Fe 2+ ] 5 [H+ ] 8
= 10 62,71
Neu xem phan ng la hoan toan khi nong o cua san pham t nhat phai ln gap 100
lan nong o cua tac chat (Tc): [Sp] 102[Tc]
ngha la khi:
K* =
[Mn2 + ][Fe3 + ] 5
[MnO 4 ][Fe2 + ] 5 [H+ ] 8
(10 2 ) (10 2 )5
1 15 18
= 1012
66
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh

b. Khi pH ket thuc cua dung dch la 4, ta co:
0
EMnO / Mn2+ = EMnO
/ Mn2+
4
EMnO / Mn2+ = 1,51

4
0,059
[Mn2+ ]
lg
5
[MnO 4 ][H+ ] 8
0,059
1
0,059
lg
= 1,51
lg10 32 = 1,13V
4
8
5
5
1 (10 )
Fe3 + + e Fe2 +
EFe3+ / Fe2+ = E0
3+
Fe
/ Fe
2+
0,059 [Fe 2+ ]
lg
= 0,77V
1
[Fe 3+ ]
E = EMnO / Mn2 + EFe3 + / Fe2 + = +1,13 0,77 = +0,36V

4
lg K =
K=
n1n2 (E) 1 5(0,36)

=
= 30,51
0,059
0,059
[Mn2+ ][Fe3+ ] 5
[MnO 4 ][Fe 2+ ] 5 [H+ ] 8
[Mn2+ ][Fe3+ ] 5
[MnO 4 ][Fe2+ ] 5 [10 4 ] 8
= 10 30,51
Chuyen ve nong o H+, ta co:

[Mn2+ ][Fe3+ ]5
[MnO 4 ][Fe 2+ ]5
= 10 30,51 10 32 = 10 1,49
Sau khi a loai bo yeu to nong o H+, t so cua tch nong o san pham chia cho tch
nong o tac chat la 101,49 1012.
ieu nay co ngha la tch nong o san pham ch bang 0,032 tch nong o tac chat
nen phan ng xay ra khong hoan toan.
5.9
Anh hng cua phan ng ket tua en phan ng oxi hoa-kh
1. Khi phan ng oxi hoa-kh co s tham gia cua cac ion co kha nang ket tua cac chat oxi
hoa-kh di dang cac chat ien ly t tan th nong o cua cac ion nay co anh hng en
can bang cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh.
2. Do co s ket tua cua chat ien ly t tan, nong o cua cac chat oxi hoa-kh se thay oi.
V vay, phai tnh lai nong o cua cac ion nay theo tch so tan T roi mi tnh E, E va K.
3. V du: Tnh E va K cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh gia AgNO3 va Cu va cho biet phan ng
co xay ra hoan toan trong moi trng hp:
a. Tai ieu kien chuan
b. Khi co mat ion Cl t do vi nong o 1M.
2Ag+ + Cu 2Ag + Cu2+
0
Cho biet: E0Ag+ / Ag = +0,80V , ECu
= +0,34V va TAgCl = 109,75
2+
/ Cu0
Giai:
a. Tai ieu kien chuan, ta co:
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
67
0
E0 = E0Ag+ / Ag ECu
= +0,80 0,34 = +0,46V
2+
/ Cu
lgK =
n1n2 (E10 E02 ) 1 2(0,46)

=
= 15,59
0,059
0,059
[Ag0 ]2 [Cu2+ ]
K=
[Ag+ ]2 [Cu0 ]
[Cu2+ ]
[Ag+ ]2
= 1015,59
Neu xem phan ng la hoan toan khi nong o cua san pham t nhat phai ln gap 100
lan nong o cua tac chat (Tc): [Sp] 102[Tc]
ngha la khi:
K* =
[Cu2+ ]
+ 2
[Ag ]
(10 2 )
2
= 10 2

b. Trong trng hp co [Cl] = 1M, nong o cua ion Ag+ luc nay la:
[Ag+ ][Cl ] = [Ag+ ] 1 = TAgCl = 109,75
EAg+ / Ag = E0Ag+ / Ag
0,059
1
0,059 [Ag]
lg
lg 9,75
= 0,80
+
1
1
[Ag ]
10
EAg+ / Ag = 0,80 0,58 = 0,22V

0
E = EAg+ / Ag ECu
= +0,22 0,34 = 0,12V
2+
/ Cu
E < 0 nen phan ng xay ra theo chieu nghch.

lgK =
K=
n1n2 (E1 E02 ) 1 2(0,12)

=
= 4,07
0,059
0,059
[Ag]2 [Cu2 + ]
+ 2
[Ag ] [Cu ]
[Cu2 + ]
[Ag+ ]2
= 10 4,07
K = 104,07 K* = 102 nen phan ng xay ra theo chieu nghch, hay noi cach khac la
phan ng xay ra khong hoan toan.
5.10
Anh hng cua phan ng tao phc en phan ng oxi hoa-kh
1. Khi phan ng oxi hoa-kh co s tham gia cua cac ion co kha nang tao phc th nong o
cua cac ion nay co anh hng en can bang cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh.
2. Do s tao phc, nong o cua mot so ion trong tac chat va/hay san pham se thay oi. V
vay, can phai tnh lai nong o cua cac ion nay theo hang so phan ly Kpl roi sau o mi
tnh E, E va K.
3. V du: Tnh E va K cua phan ng gia Ag+ va Cu trong ieu kien tieu chuan nh trong
Muc 5.9 nhng khi co mat ion CN t do vi nong o 1M.
0
= +0,34V va Kpl[ Ag(CN)
Cho biet: E0Ag+ / Ag = +0,80V , ECu
2+
/ Cu0
2]
Giai:
Do Ag+ tao phc vi CN, ta co:
= 1019,85
Chng 5
68
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
[Ag(CN)2 ]
Kpl[ Ag(CN)
2]
Ag+ + 2CN
=
[Ag+ ][CN ]2
[[Ag(CN)2 ] ]
= 10 19,85
Do nong o cua phc chat ln gap 1019,85 hay khoang 70 t t lan so vi nong o cua ion
Ag+ nen co the xem nh:
[phc chat]cb [Ag+]ban au = 1M
Ta co:
[Ag+ ] = 1019,85
EAg+ / Ag = E0Ag+ / Ag
0,059
1
0,059
1
lg
lg 19,85
= 0,80
+
1
1
[Ag ]
10
EAg+ / Ag = 0,80 1,17 = 0,37V

0
E = EAg+ / Ag ECu
= 0,37 0,34 = 0,71V
2+
/ Cu
E < 0 nen phan ng xay ra theo chieu nghch.

lgK =
K=
n1n2 (E1 E02 ) 1 2(0,71)

=
= 24,07
0,059
0,059
[Ag]2 [Cu2 + ]
+ 2
[Ag ] [Cu ]
[Cu2 + ]
+ 2
[Ag ]
= 10 24,07
K = 1024,07 K* = 102 nen phan ng xay ra theo chieu nghch, hay noi cach khac la
phan ng xay ra khong hoan toan.
5.11
Tom lc anh hng cua cac phan ng ket tua, tao phc va bay hi
en phan ng oxi hoa-kh
1. T phng trnh Nernst, chung ta nhan thay the ien cc phu thuoc vao t so nong o
cua dang oxi hoa va dang kh.
E = E0
0,059 [Kh]
lg
n
[Ox]
2. V vay, neu bat c mot tac ong nao lam thay oi nong o cua cac dang oxi hoa hay
kh se lam thay oi E cua ban phan ng va t o lam thay oi E cua phan ng khien
cho can bang K b chuyen dch.
a. Cac phan ng co hien tng ket tua, bay hi va tao phc thng lam giam nong o
cua cac tieu phan.
b. Cac phan ng co s tham gia cua cac ion H+ hay OH th pH cua dung dch co anh
hng rat ln en can bang cua phan ng oxi hoa-kh. ieu nay la do he so t lng
cua H+ hay OH thng ln nen bac cua nong o trong K ln theo.
3. Do o, co the tom lc nh sau:
a. Cac phan ng phu lam giam nong o cua dang kh (du tac chat hay san pham)
se lam tang the ien cc.
b. Cac phan ng phu lam giam nong o cua dang oxi hoa (du tac chat hay san
pham) se lam giam the ien cc.
Chng 5
5.12
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
69
Kha nang ton tai cua cac chat oxi hoa-kh trong moi trng nc
1. Nc cha O so oxi hoa 2 co tnh kh va cha H so oxi hoa +1 co tnh oxi hoa. Nh
vay, nc va co tnh oxi hoa va co tnh kh cho du yeu.
0
0
2. Ch co cac chat co the E nam gia EH
va EO
+
/H
2
2 / H2O
mi ton tai ben vng trong moi
trng nc.
Cr3+
Fe2+
H+
Cu2+
Fe3+
O2
Cr
Fe
H2
Cu
Fe2+
H2O
0,74
0,440
+0,000
0,337
+0,771
3. Cac chat co the E < E0 +
H / H2
Cr2O72 pH = 0
Cr3+
E0, V
+1,229 +1,33
se b H+ cua nc oxi hoa.
V du: Trong moi trng acid:

a. Cu co E0 = +0,337 (ve Cu2+) nen khong b H+ cua nc oxi hoa va ton tai ben vng
trong nc.
b. Fe co E0 = 0,440 (ve Fe2+) nen se b H+ cua nc oxi hoa.
c. Cr co E0 = 0,74 (ve Cr3+) nen se b H+ cua nc oxi hoa. Lp mong san pham
oxihydroxid ac st khong tan hnh thanh tren be mat kim loai ngan can qua trnh oxi
hoa tiep tuc nen Cr b tr hoa khong phan ng tiep na va tr nen ben trong nc.
0
4. Cac chat co the E > EO
2 / H2O
se oxi hoa oxygen cua nc.
V du: Trong moi trng acid:

a. Fe3+ co E0 = 0,771 (ve Fe2+) nen khong oxi hoa O cua nc va ton tai ben vng
trong nc.
b. Cr2O72 co E0 = +1,33 (ve Cr3+) nen se oxi hoa O cua nc. Phan ng oxi hoa nc
cua Cr2O72 xay ra rat cham nen ta van co the lu gi dung dch bicromat trong
khoang 2 tuan ma nong o cua Cr2O72 hau nh khong thay oi.
5. Lu y la dung dch thng c lu tr trong moi trng khong kh nen con phai xet en
kha nang oxi hoa cua oxi trong khong kh hap thu vao dung dch.
V du: Trong moi trng acid, Cu co E0 = +0,337 (ve Cu2+) khong b H+ cua nc oxi hoa
nhng b O2 cua khong kh hap thu vao nc oxi hoa do O2 co E0 = 1,229 cao hn.
6. The ien cc cua oxi va hydro phu thuoc vao pH cua dung dch nen phai xac nh ro
rang pH khi xem xet kha nang ton tai cua cac chat oxi hoa-kh trong nc.
Bang 5.4
Vung ton tai cua cac chat oxi hoa-kh trong moi trng acid, trung tnh va baz
Moi trng
Vung ton tai
Acid
pH = 0
0
0
EH
= 0,000 EO
+
/H
2 / H2O
Trung tnh
pH = 7
= 0,414 EO
2 / H2O
Baz
pH = 14
EH
H+ / H2
2O / H2
= 0,828 E0
= +1,229
= +0,815
O 2 / OH
= +0,401
70
Chng 5
5.13
Mot so van e trong phan ng oxi hoa-kh
5.13.1
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
Cac oxihydroxid co tnh oxi hoa manh hn trong moi trng acid
1. Cac oxihydroxid va dan xuat co tnh oxi hoa trong moi trng acid manh hn so vi moi
trng baz nh c trnh bay trong Bang 5.5.
Bang 5.5
The kh tieu chuan cua mot so oxihydroxid trong moi trng acid va baz
0
E NO
/ NO
Moi trng
E 0ClO / Cl
E 0ClO / Cl
2
E 0ClO / Cl
3
E 0ClO / Cl
4
Acid
+0,80
+1,50
+1,56
+1,45
+1,38
Baz
0,86
+0,88
+0,77
+0,63
+0,56
2. Xet qua trnh kh cua NO3 trong moi trng:

Acid
NO3 + 2H+ + 1e NO2 + H2O
K acid =
Baz
NO3 + H2O + 1e NO2 + 2OH
K baz =
[NO 3 ][H + ] 2
[NO 2 ]
[NO 3 ]
[NO 2 ][OH ] 2
3. Co the giai thch giai thch tnh oxi hoa cua NO3 trong moi trng acid manh hn trong
moi trng baz theo 2 quan iem:
a. Theo nhiet ong lc hoc: Da tren nang lng va can bang cua phan ng.
Qua trnh kh NO3 trong moi trng acid tuy co lam tieu hao tac chat H+ nhng
lai tao ra H2O la hp chat ben rat t phan ly toa nang lng khien cho can bang
chuyen sang phai nen phan ng xay ra manh hn. Nong o cao trong moi
trng acid cua H+ tren t so lam tang gia tr cua Kacid.
Qua trnh kh NO3 trong moi trng baz va phai phan ly H2O la hp chat ben
lam tieu ton nang lng lai va tao ra tac chat OH- trong moi trng baz khien
cho can bang chuyen sang trai nen phan ng xay ra yeu i. Nong o cao trong
moi trng baz cua OH di mau so lam giam gia tr cua Kbaz.
b. Theo cau truc: Da tren o ben lien ket.
Trong moi trng acid, NO3 ton tai di dang HNO3 vi 1 lien ket n HONO2
kem ben va 2 lien ket HON"O co o boi 1,5 ben hn nen khi tien hanh phan
ng oxi hoa-kh th HNO3 de dang cat t lien ket n HONO2 khien cho tnh
oxi hoa tang len va tao thanh san pham NO2.
Trong moi trng baz, NO3 ton tai di dang NO3 vi 3 lien ket O"NO2 co o
boi 1,33 ben hn lien ket n nen kho b cat t e tien hanh phan ng oxi hoakh khien cho tnh oxi hoa giam xuong.
4. Tnh oxi hoa manh hn trong moi trng acid so vi moi trng baz cua cac oxihydroxid
va dan xuat khac, v du nh ClO, ClO2, ClO3 va ClO4, cung c giai thch tng t
nh oi vi NO3.
Chng 5
Hnh 5.2
5.13.2
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
71
Cong thc Lewis cua ClO, ClO2, ClO3 va ClO4 trong moi trng acid va baz
Bien thien cua tnh oxi hoa cua mot nguyen to theo so oxi hoa
1. Mot suy ngh n gian ma sai lam la tnh oxi hoa cua mot nguyen to se cang manh khi
so oxi hoa cua no cang cao.
2. Xem xet tnh oxi hoa cua cac tieu phan ion n gian hay tieu phan cong hoa tr co cau
truc n gian vi o boi lien ket thap. V du nh cac cap Pb2+Pb4+, Cr2+Cr3+CrO3,
3. The E0 cua cac tieu phan ClO, ClO2, ClO3 va ClO4 trong moi trng acid lan trong
moi trng baz c trnh bay trong Bang 5.5 cho thay ro rang la Cl trong ClO4 co so
oxi hoa cao nhat la +7 nhng lai co tnh oxi hoa thap nhat trong cac tieu phan ClOx.
4. Cach giai thch phu hp nhat la ClO4 co o boi cua lien ket O"Cl cao (1,51,67) nen
tieu phan nay ben vng nhat dan en tnh oxi hoa thap nhat (xem Hnh 5.2).
5. Tng t, chung ta thay MnO42 co tnh oxi hoa manh hn MnO4,
6. V vay, chung ta phai xem xet tnh oxi hoa cua tieu phan co mot cau truc xac nh theo:
Cau truc ien t ben cua nguyen to trc va sau phan ng oxi hoa.
Cau truc Lewis ben cua tieu phan trc va sau phan ng oxi hoa.
7. Tieu phan se co tnh oxi hoa cang manh khi chuyen:
T dang tac chat co cau truc ien t va cau truc Lewis kem ben.
Ve dang san pham co cau truc ien t va cau truc Lewis cang ben.
5.13.3
Kha nang d phan cua mot nguyen to
1. Cac nguyen to khong kim loai va a kim nh Cl, Br, I, S, P, Si, co kha nang d phan e
mot phan ve so oxi hoa thap hn va mot phan ve so oxi hoa cao hn.
Cl2
X2 + H2O
Cl2, Br2, I2
3X2 + 3H2O
3S + 6NaOH
4P + 3NaOH + 3H2O
Si
5Si + 6MnO
T thng

T cao
Kiem chay
Dd kiem nong

Oxid kiem nong
HX + HXO
5HX + HXO3
2Na2S + Na2SO3 + 3H2O
PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
2Mn3Si + 3SiO2
2. Cac nguyen to nay eu co o am ien cao muon nhan ien t nen co xu hng d phan,
nhat la trong moi trng baz, e ve cac so oxi hoa ben hn so oxi hoa 0.
72
Chng 5
Phan ng oxi hoa-kh
3. San pham d phan la cac oxihydroxid va hydraxid.

4. S hnh thanh, phan ly va solvat cac san pham oxihydroxid va hydraxid nay toa nang
lng nen phan ng co the xay ra theo chieu d phan.
Chng 6
Cac trang thai tap hp va tnh chat ac trng cua chung
73
Chng 6
Cac trang thai tap hp va
tnh chat ac trng cua chung
6.1
Trang thai cua vat chat
1. Moi tieu phan nh phan t, ion, nguyen t, luon luon co mot ong nang lam cho cac
tieu phan nay chuyen ong nhiet hon loan va co xu hng tach xa nhau ra.
2. ong thi, gia cac tieu phan luon luon co mot the nang la lc hut lam cho cac tieu
phan nay co xu hng tu hp lai vi nhau.
3. Tuy thuoc vao moi tng quan gia ong nang va the nang ma mot tap hp hat co the
mot trong ba trang thai ran, long hay kh.
Bang 6.1
Trang thai
Tng quan gia ong nang va the nang cua cac trang thai
Moi tng quan gia
ong nang va the nang
Tnh chat ac trng cua trang thai
Kh
ong nang The nang
Co hnh dang va the tch

bien oi theo bnh cha
Long
ong nang < The nang
Co hnh dang bien oi theo bnh cha va

the tch rat t bien oi
Ran
ong nang The nang
Co hnh dang va the tch xac nh
Ran
Hnh 6.1
6.2
Long
Kh
Ba trang thai ngng tu cua vat chat
Trang thai ran
1. oi vi trang thai ran, cac tieu phan co ong nang nho hn han the nang nen co the
xem nh cac tieu phan ch dao ong chung quanh v tr can bang cua chung.
Chng 6
74
2. V vay, chat ran co the tch va hnh dang xac nh.

3. Khoang cach gia cac tieu phan tng ng vi kch thc cua tieu phan nen chat ran
b nen mot cach vo cung kho khan.
6.2.1
Trang thai tinh the
1. Tinh the la chat ran co cac ac trng sau:

a. Cac tieu phan c sap xep theo mot trat t xac nh oi vi moi chat tinh the.
b. Trat t nay c lap i lap lai theo 3 phng trong khong gian cua toan bo tinh the
nen c goi la trat t xa.
c. Trat t nay quyet nh cau truc ben trong cua tinh the.
d. He qua la tinh the co tnh bat ang hng do s sap xep cac tieu phan theo cac
phng khac nhau la khac nhau.
e. Trat t nay con khien cho moi loai tinh the co mot hnh dang quen ben ngoai xac
nh. V du nh tinh the NaCl co dang lap phng, bot ngot co dang hnh kim,
f.
Tinh the co nhiet o nong chay xac nh do lc lien ket cua mot tieu phan vi cac
tieu phan phoi tr chung quanh la giong nhau nen cac lien ket nay se b cat t tai
cung mot nhiet o khi nong chay.
Hnh 6.2
Cau truc tinh the cua NaCl va CsCl
2. Tuy thuoc vao ban chat cua lien ket gia cac tieu phan trong tinh the, ngi ta phan
chia tinh the thanh cac loai sau:
Bang 6.2
Phan loai tinh the theo ban chat lien ket gia cac tieu phan trong tinh the
Loai tinh the
Ban chat cua lien ket
V du
Tinh the ion
Ion
NaCl, CsCl,
Tinh the cong hoa tr
Cong hoa tr
Ckim cng, SiC,
Tinh the kim loai
Kim loai
Fe, Cu,
Tinh the van der Waals
van der Waals
He, I2, ng an,
Tinh the hon tap
Cha nhieu loai lien ket
Cgraphit, CdI2,
6.2.2
Trang thai vo nh hnh
1. Chat ran vo nh hnh la chat ran co cac ac trng sau:
Chng 6
75
a. Cac tieu phan trong chat vo nh hnh c sap xep mot cach hon on khong theo
mot trat t xac nh nao ca.
V du: Thuy tinh, nha PVC,
b. He qua la chat ran vo nh hnh co tnh ang hng do s sap xep theo cac phng
khac nhau la hon on nh nhau.
c. Chat ran vo nh hnh khong co hnh dang ben ngoai xac nh khi hoa ran.
d. Chat vo nh hnh khong co nhiet o nong chay xac nh ma co mot khoang hoa
mem roi mi hoa long do lc lien ket cua mot tieu phan vi cac tieu phan phoi tr
chung quanh la khac nhau nen cac lien ket nay se b cat t tai cac nhiet o khac
nhau khien cho chat vo nh hnh hoa mem trc khi nong chay.
e. Thc te th van co mot trat t nao o trong chat vo nh hnh nhng ch nam trong
mot khong gian rat nho nen c goi la trat t gan.
6.3
Trang thai long
1. Khi cung cap nang lng cho chat ran th cac tieu phan se co nang lng cao hn nen
khong ch dao ong chung quanh v tr can bang ma con quay, tnh tien va trt len
nhau nhng cha u nang lng e chuyen ong hon loan nh trang thai kh.
2. Trang thai nh vay c goi la trang thai long.
3. Thc te th van co mot trat t nao o trong chat long nhng trat t nay ch nam trong
mot khong gian rat nho nen c goi la trat t gan.
4. He qua la chat long co cac ac trng sau:
a. Chat long co the tch xac nh nh chat ran.
b. Chat long khong co hnh dang xac nh ma no se lay hnh dang cua bnh cha.
c. Chat long co tnh ang hng do s sap xep theo cac phng khac nhau la hon on
nh nhau.
d. Khoang cach gia cac tieu phan rat gan vi kch thc cua tieu phan nen chat long
b nen mot cach rat kho khan.
e. Cac tieu phan nam tren be mat cua chat long b cac tieu phan ben trong hut vao
ben trong tao thanh sc cang be mat nen be mat chat long co xu hng co lai e co
dien tch nho nhat.
6.4
Trang thai kh
1. trang thai kh, cac tieu phan co ong nang ln hn han the nang nen co the xem nh
cac tieu phan chuyen ong hon loan va chiem toan bo the tch cua he.
2. Cau truc cua chat kh la hoan toan vo trat t.
3. V vay, chat kh khong co the tch va hnh dang xac nh.
4. Cac tieu phan va cham vao thanh bnh tao nen ap suat cua chat kh. Cac n v o ap
suat thong thng la atm, N/m2, mH2O, 1atm = 1,013105 N/m2 = 9,81 mH2O.
5. Khoang cach gia cac tieu phan ln hn hang chuc lan so vi kch thc cua tieu phan
nen co the nen chat kh mot cach de dang.
Chng 6
76
6.4.1
Phng trnh trang thai kh ly tng
1. Kh ly tng la kh cha cac tieu phan co 2 ac trng sau:
Cac tieu phan khong co the tch
Cac tieu phan khong tng tac vi nhau
2. Trang thai cua kh c ac trng bang mot bo cac thong so trang thai nh sau:
Nhiet o T
Ap suat P
The tch V
So mol n
3. Phng trnh kh ly tng bieu dien moi lien he gia cac thong so trang thai:
PV = nRT
trong o:
n
R
so mol cua chat kh

he so t le va c goi la hang so kh ly tng,
R = 8,31 J/mol.o = 2,0 cal/mol.o = 0,082 A.atm/mol.o
4. ieu kien tieu chuan quy c la T = 250C va P = 1 atm.
6.4.2
6.2.2.1
Hon hp kh ly tng
Ap suat rieng phan
1. Xet hon hp kh ly tng gom cac kh A, B, C, Moi loai kh va ap len thanh bnh tao ra
mot ap suat oc lap vi cac kh khac.
2. Ap suat rieng cua moi kh nay c goi la ap suat rieng phan Pi cua kh o.
3. Ap suat rieng phan Pi cua mot chat kh trong hon hp kh la ap suat co c khi mot
mnh lng kh o chiem toan bo the tch cua hon hp nhiet o a cho.
4. Ap suat chung cua hon hp kh bang tong cua cac ap suat rieng phan cua tat ca cac kh
co trong hon hp. Ta co:
P = P A + P B + P C + ...
Tong quat:
P=
Pi
i
trong o:
6.2.2.2
Pi
ap suat rieng phan cua kh i
Nong o mol rieng phan
1. Xet hon hp kh ly tng gom nA mol kh A, nB mol kh B va nC mol kh C. Nong o mol

rieng phan xA cua kh A c tnh bang cong thc:
xA =
nA
nA + nB + nC
Tong quat, nong o mol rieng phan xj cua kh J c tnh bang cong thc:
nj
xj =
ni
i
2. He qua la:
a. Tong cac nong o mol rieng phan cua tat ca cac chat kh trong hon hp se bang 1.
Chng 6
77
xi = 1
i
b. Ap suat rieng phan Pi cua kh i c tnh bang cong thc:

Pi = xi .P
6.4.3
Kh that
1. Kh that khac kh ly tng la:
Cac tieu phan co the tch
Cac tieu phan co tng tac vi nhau
2. Trong ky thuat, co the bieu dien mot s khac biet nay cach n gian bang cach them he
so nen Z vao phng trnh kh ly tng.
PV = nRTZ
3. Trong khoa hoc, mot cach chnh xac hn, ta co:

oi vi mot mol kh that:
P + 2 (V b) = RT
V
oi vi n mol kh that:
P + n a (V nb) = nRT
V2
trong o:
6.5
a
b
he so bieu th tac ong cua tng tac cua cac tieu phan
he so bieu th tac ong cua the tch cua tieu phan
Trang thai tap hp va phan ng hoa hoc
1. Cac tieu phan cua chat hoa hoc phan ng vi nhau khi ang ton tai mot trang thai tap
hp xac nh nao o.
2. Cac tieu phan chat kh chuyen ong hoan toan t do nen co kha nang phan ng cao
hn cac tieu phan trang thai tap hp khac.
3. Cac tieu phan chat ran lien ket chat che vi nhau nen co kha nang phan ng thap.
4. V vay, ngi ta thng chuyen cac chat ran thanh dung dch hay pha long e tang van
toc phan ng ngay khi co the thc hien c.
78
Chng 7
Cau truc cua cac tieu phan cong hoa tr
Chng 7
Cau truc cua cac
tieu phan cong hoa tr
7.1
nh ngha tieu phan cong hoa tr
1. Tieu phan cong hoa tr bao gom cac phan t hay ion (cation va anion) ma cac lien ket
ben trong tieu phan o co ban chat cong hoa tr.
V du:
Phan t
BH3, SiH4, TiCl4, SO2, SF6,
Ion
NH4+, NO3, CO32, SO42,
2. Cau truc cua tieu phan cong hoa tr bao gom (1) Cach sap xep cua cac nguyen t trong
tieu phan va (2) Lien ket gia cac nguyen t nay.
3. Mot van e quan trong la d oan cau truc cua tieu phan va t o suy oan cac tnh
chat cua tieu phan.
V du:
Xet H3PO3
D oan cong thc cau truc:
HO P OH
HO P OH
HO
Tnh acid:
7.2
Co 3 chc acid: SAI
Co 2 chc acid: UNG
Cach viet cong thc cau truc theo Lewis
1. Nguyen t trung tam cua tieu phan la nguyen t co o am ien thap.

2. Nguyen t hydro khong bao gi la nguyen t trung tam.
V du:
HCN co nguyen t trung tam la C
3. ien tch hnh thc tren moi nguyen t c tnh bang cong thc:
ien tch hnh thc
So ien t hoa tr tang ngoai cung

So ien t t do So lien ket
V du:
C trong HCN co ien tch hnh thc la
404=0
N trong NH4+ co ien tch hnh thc la
504=1
4. Phan t trung hoa co tong so ien tch hnh thc tren cac nguyen t bang 0.
5. Cac ion co tong ien tch hnh thc tren cac nguyen t bang ien tch cua ion o.
Chng 7
7.2.1
79
Cach viet th nhat
1. Goi:
V
=
=
So oi ien t hoa tr
1/2 [Tong so ien t hoa tr cua tieu phan]
1/2 [Tong so ien t hoa tr cua cac nguyen t
ien tch cua tieu phan]
So nguyen t hydro co trong tieu phan
So nguyen t khac hydro co trong tieu phan
2. Chap nhan quy tac bat bo, so lien ket va trong tieu phan c tnh theo Bang 7.1.
Bang 7.1
Cac cong thc tnh so lien ket va trong tieu phan

So lien ket
Mach h
Mach vong
n =
h+q1
h+q
n =
3q V + 1
3q V
V du 1:
HCN
mach h
V
h
q
n
n
= (1 + 4 + 5) / 2
=1
=2
=h+q1
= 3q V + 1
= 10 / 2
V
h
q
n
n
= (5 + 18 + 1) / 2
=0
=4
=h+q1
= 3q V + 1
= 24 / 2
V
h
q
n
n
= (24 + 6 ) / 2
=6
=6
=h+q
= 3q V
= 30 / 2
=5
=1+21
=65+1
=2
=2
HCN
V du 2:
NO3
mach h
= 12
=0+41
=3
= 12 12 + 1 = 1
V du 3:
C6H6
mach vong
= 15
=6+6
= 12
= 18 15 = 3
3. Cach viet cong thc nay phu hp oi vi cac nguyen to tuan theo quy tac bat bo nen
chu yeu ch c s dung cho cac nguyen to thuoc chu ky 2 trong Hoa Hu c.
Chng 7
80
7.2.2
Cach viet th hai
1. Moi nguyen t lien ket (ligand) ong gop 1 ien t vao nguyen t trung tam.
2. Rieng ligand oxygen va lu huynh khong ong gop ien t.
3. So oi ien t t do va lien ket chung quanh nguyen t trung tam c xac nh theo
cong thc:
So oi ien t t do va lien ket
V du:
1/2 So ien t hoa tr cua nguyen t trung tam

+ So ien t ong gop ien tch cua ion
POCl3 co so oi ien t chung quanh NTTT P la 4.
4. Ve cong thc cau truc ch co cac lien ket roi them cac oi ien t t do cua tat ca cac
nguyen t.
5. Neu cac nguyen t cha at bat bo th chuyen cac oi ien t t do thanh cac lien ket
phoi tr dung chung. Hng u the la (1) chuyen oi ien t cua nguyen t co o am
ien thap hn ve nguyen t co o am ien cao hn sao cho (2) chenh lech ien tch
hnh thc tren cac nguyen t la thap nhat.
V du 1:
6. Neu tieu phan co ien t oc than th ien t nay chiem rieng 1 van ao hoa tr nen tieu
phan kem ben va de tao them lien ket mi.
V du 2:
N trong NO2 co e oc than nen dimer hoa:
2NO2 O2NNO2
C trong C6H6 co e oc than nen tao them lien ket ,
7.3
Cau truc cua tieu phan theo mo hnh VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron
Pair Repulsion Theory Ly thuyet ay oi ien t)
1. Nguyen tac c ban cua mo hnh VSEPR la:

Cac oi ien t lien ket va oi ien t t do cua nguyen t trung tam se nh hng trong
khong gian sao cho lc ay gia chung la nho nhat.
Bang 7.2
Tong so 2e
Moi lien he gia tong so oi ien t va cach sap xep

Cach sap xep
Tong so 2e
Cach sap xep
Thang hang
Lng thap tam giac eu
Tam giac eu
Bat dien eu
T dien eu
Lng thap ngu giac eu
Chng 7
81
2. Moi lien he gia tong so oi ien t nay va cach sap xep cua chung chung quanh
nguyen t trung tam c trnh bay trong Bang 7.2.
3. Khi tat ca cac oi ien t nay eu la oi ien t lien ket th hnh dang cua phan t tuan
theo cach sap xep oi xng cua cac oi ien t nay.
4. Khi trong cac oi ien t nay co mot so oi ien t t do th hnh dang cua phan t b
bien dang mot phan so vi cach sap xep oi xng cua cac oi ien t nay.
V du 1:
CH4 va NH3 eu co 4 oi ien t chung quanh NTTT.

CH4 co 4 oi ien t lien ket nen co cau truc t dien eu.
NH3 co 3 oi ien t lien ket va 1 oi ien t t do nen co cau truc t dien
eu bien dang thanh hnh thap tam giac.
CH4
NH3
5. Can c vao cac d lieu t cac nghien cu cau truc cua cac tieu phan, mo hnh VSEPR
tha nhan cac quy tac sau:
a. am may cua oi ien t t do chiem khoang khong gian ln nhat.
b. am may cua oi ien t co lien ket oi chiem khoang khong gian ln hn trng
hp ch co lien ket n.
c. Nguyen t lien ket vi nguyen t trung tam co o am ien cang cao th am may
ien t cua oi ien t lien ket cang b lech ve pha ligand va cang b thu hep lai.
d. Lc ay gia cac oi ien t cang ln khi goc lien ket cang nho hn 900.
e. He qua la cac goc lien ket se b bien oi phu thuoc vao mc o khac biet ve kha
nang chiem gi khong gian cua cac oi ien t chung quanh nguyen t trung tam.
V du 2:
PCl5 va ClF3 eu co 5 oi ien t xung quanh NTTT nhng lai co cau truc
khac nhau.
PCl5
ClF3
a. PCl5 co 5 oi ien t lien ket giong nhau nen co cau truc lng thap tam giac eu
vi goc lien ket ClPCl lan lt la:
1200 vi 2 Cl nam tren ay thap
900 vi 1 Cl nam tren ay thap va 1 Cl nam tren nh thap
Chng 7
82
b. ClF3 co 3 oi ien t lien ket va 2 oi ien t t do.
e co lc ay gia cac oi ien t la thap nhat, 2 oi ien t t do phai nam tren

ay thap.
Lc ay manh cua 2 oi ien t t do khien cho goc lien ket FClF vi 1 F

nam tren ay va 1 F nam tren nh giam t 900 xuong ch con 84,30.
V du 3:
CH4, NH4+, NH3, va PH3 eu co 4 oi ien t chung quanh NTTT.
NH4+
CH4
Chat
Goc lien ket
NH3
PH3
CH4
NH4+
NH3
PH3
109,5
109,5
107
93,5
a. CH4 va NH4+ co 4 oi ien t lien ket giong nhau nen 4 goc lien ket HCH bang
nhau va bang 109,50 nh trong t dien eu.
b. NH3 va PH3 co 3 oi ien t lien ket va 1 oi ien t t do.
N co o am ien ln hn H nen oi ien t lien ket b lech ve pha N va chiem

gi khoang khong gian ln hn. Cac oi ien t lien ket nay chong lai lc ay
ln cua oi ien t t do nen goc lien ket HNH ch giam xuong con 1070.
P co o am ien tng ng H nen oi ien t lien ket khong b lech ve pha P

va chiem gi khoang khong gian nho hn. Cac oi ien t lien ket nay chong lai
lc ay cua oi ien t t do yeu hn so vi cua NH3 nen goc lien ket HPH
giam xuong con 93,50 gan bang vi goc vuong.
Nhan xet
1. Cach viet cong thc th nhat s dung phu hp cho cac phan t hu c.
2. Cach viet cong thc th hai s dung phu hp cho cac tieu phan vo c.
3. Mo hnh VSEPR khong xem xet en cac lien ket trong tieu phan.
4. Mo hnh VSEPR cho phep xac nh cau truc cua cac tieu phan cong hoa tr a ien t
mot cach de dang va nhanh chong.
5. Mo hnh VSEPR cung giai thch va d oan c s bien dang cau truc cua cac tieu
phan mot cach n gian va kha chnh xac.
7.4
7.4.1
Cau truc cua tieu phan theo s lai hoa

Thuyet lai hoa va cau truc cua tieu phan
1. Theo PaulingSlater, cac nguyen t se to hp tuyen tnh cac van ao hoa tr khi lien ket
e gia tang mc o xen phu hieu qua.
Chng 7
83
2. S to hp nay c goi la s lai hoa.

3. Cac van ao c hnh thanh do s to hp tuyen tnh nay c goi la van ao lai hoa.
4. Cac van ao lai hoa se co hnh dang va nh hng trong khong gian khac vi cac van
ao thuan tuy.
5. Tieu phan c hnh thanh do s lien ket gia nguyen t trung tam vi cac nguyen t
khac bang cac van ao lai hoa se co cau truc phu thuoc vao s nh hng trong khong
gian cua cac van ao lai hoa nay.
6. Moi tng quan gia s lai hoa vi mo hnh VSEPR c trnh bay trong Bang 7.3.
Bang 7.3
Moi tng quan gia s lai hoa vi mo hnh VSEPR
Tong so
oi ien t
Mo hnh VSEPR
Thuyet lai hoa
Cach sap xep
Van ao lai hoa tng ng
Thang hang
sp
Tam giac
sp2
T dien
sp3
Vuong phang
dsp2
Lng thap tam giac
dsp3, sp3d
Bat dien
d2sp3, sp3d2
Lng thap ngu giac
fd2sp3
7. S bien oi goc lien ket luc nay c giai thch la do s nh hng cua cac van ao lai
hoa phu thuoc vao phan ong gop khac nhau cua cac van ao nguyen thuy.
Bang 7.4
Goc lien ket cua cac hp chat cua hydro vi cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A va 6A
Chat
Goc lien ket
Chat
Goc lien ket
NH3
106047
H2O
104027
PH3
93030
H2S
92016
AsH3
92000
H2Se
91000
SbH3
91030
H2Te
90030
8. S giam goc lien ket trong hai day cac hp chat tren c giai thch la do phan ong
gop cua van ao s ngay cang giam nen van ao lai hoa ngay cang co tnh p cao hn.
9. e giai thch them cau truc cua cac tieu phan ma nguyen t trung tam lien ket vi cac
nguyen t cua cac nguyen to khac nhau, nh vi CH2F2, co the s dung quy tac Bent:
a. Cac nguyen to co o am ien nho u tien lien ket bang cac van ao lai hoa co s
ong gop cua van ao s ln nen he qua la goc lien ket ln.
Nguyen to co o am ien nho Goc lien ket ln
Chng 7
84
b. Cac nguyen to co o am ien ln u tien lien ket bang cac van ao lai hoa co s
ong gop cua van ao s nho nen he qua la goc lien ket nho.
Nguyen to co o am ien ln Goc lien ket nho
V du:
Xet phan t CH2F2:
H co o am ien nho nen
HCH > goc t dien 109,50
F co o am ien nho nen
FCF < goc t dien 109,50
10. Quy tac Bent c s dung tng t nh quy tac ay cua cac oi ien t nhng mot
pham vi han hep hn.
7.4.2
Cach viet cong thc cau truc theo thuyet lai hoa
1. Xac nh so oxi hoa cua nguyen t trung tam.

2. Xac nh so ien t hoa tr con lai tren nguyen t trung tam.
So ien t con lai = So ien t hoa tr So oxi hoa cua NTTT
3. Xac nh so oi ien t tren nguyen t trung tam:

n=
Bang 7.5
So e - con lai tren NTTT So phoi t trong
2
cong thc hp chat
Moi lien he gia n va trang thai lai hoa
Trang thai lai hoa
Trang thai lai hoa
sp
dsp3 , sp3d
sp2
d2sp3 , sp3d2
sp3
fd2sp3
4. Ve cong thc cau truc ch co cac lien ket roi them cac oi ien t t do cua nguyen t
trung tam.
5. Khi so oxi hoa cua nguyen t trung tam > so lien ket th tieu phan se co so lien ket
c xac nh nh sau:
So lien ket = So oxi hoa cua NTTT So lien ket
6. Neu cac nguyen t cha at bat bo th chuyen cac oi ien t t do thanh cac lien ket
phoi tr dung chung.
6. Hng u the la chuyen oi ien t cua nguyen to co o am ien thap hn ve nguyen to
co o am ien cao hn.
7. Cach viet nay:
a. Khong c s dung khi co lien ket cho ngc t ligand vao nguyen t trung tam.
b. Khong c s dung oi vi cac phc chat co lien ket phoi tr vi ien t c cho t
ligand vao nguyen t trung tam.
V du:
Viet cong thc cau truc theo thuyet lai hoa cua cac phan t sau:
PCl3, PCl5, POCl3 va SO2Cl2
Chng 7
Chat:
PCl3
PCl5
POCl3
SO2Cl2
1. So ien t hoa tr
2. So oxi hoa cua NTTTT
3. So ien t con lai
(1 2)
4. So oi ien t n tren NTTT
(3/2 + L)
sp3
sp3d
sp3
sp3
6. So lien ket
7. So lien ket
5. Trang thai lai hoa
PCl3
7.5
85
PCl5
POCl3
SO2Cl2
Lien ket va trong tieu phan
1. Lien ket gia nguyen t trung tam vi cac ligand trc het phai la lien ket .
2. Lien ket kem ben nen ch co the la lien ket bo sung them vao lien ket e hnh thanh
lien ket boi.
3. Ngi ta con phan loai lien ket theo tnh nh x:
a. Lien ket nh x hay lien ket thong thng
V du:
Lien ket P = O trong POCl3
b. Lien ket cong hng

Lien ket N = O trong NO3
V du:
O\
O\
O = N
O\ N
O\
O\ N
O
c. Lien ket tiep cach

V du:
Lien ket C = C trong C6H6
O
ON
O\
Chng 7
86
4. Lien ket cong hng va lien ket tiep cach c tha nhan la cac lien ket bat nh x
a tam a ien t.
V du:
Lien ket trong NO3 la lien ket 4 tam 2 ien t

Lien ket trong C6H6 la lien ket 6 tam 6 ien t
O\
O N
O\
5. Lien ket bat nh x nh tren khien cho tieu phan cong hoa tr at c (1) oi xng
cao hn va (2) Chenh lech ien tch hnh thc thap hn khien cho tieu phan ben hn.
6. Ngi ta cung phan loai lien ket can c vao nguyen t cung cap ien t cho lien ket:
a. Lien ket thong thng c hnh thanh khi moi nguyen t tham gia lien ket cung
cap 1 ien t.
V du:
Lien ket trong POCl3
b. Lien ket cho khi nguyen to co o am ien cao cung cap oi ien t lien ket.
V du:
Lien ket trong NO3
c. Lien ket cho ngc khi nguyen to co o am ien thap cung cap oi ien t lien ket.
V du:
Lien ket trong Zn=CN cua phc chat [Zn(CN)6]4
7. He qua ng nhien la lien ket lam:
Tang o ben cua tieu phan
Giam so phoi tr cua nguyen t trung tam
8. Can lu y la lien ket cho ngc co o boi lien ket thap nhng cung u lam cho tieu
phan ben.
Chng 8
Tinh the hoc ai cng
87
Chng 8
Tinh the hoc ai cng
8.1
Cac trang thai c ban cua vat chat
1. Ba trang thai ngng tu c ban cua vat chat la cac trang thai ran, long va kh.
2. Co 2 xu hng c ban sap xep cua tieu phan trong t nhien:
a. Xu hng th nhat i ve pha sap xep trat t nhat tao thanh tinh the ly tng.
b. Xu hng th hai i ve pha sap xep hon on nhat tao thanh chat kh ly tng.
Ran
Long
Hnh 8.1
Kh
Ba trang thai ngng tu cua vat chat
3. Cac trang thai ngng tu c xep theo o trat t nh trong Hnh 8.2.
Hnh 8.2
Cac trang thai ngng tu sap xep theo o trat t
Chng 8
88
Tinh the hoc ai cng
4. Hai trang thai ly tng khong ton tai trong thc te:
a. Kh ly tng:
Cac hat khong co the tch va khong tng tac vi nhau
b. Tinh the ly tng:
Cac hat sap xep trat t tuyet oi khong co khuyet tat
5. Mc o trat t cua 3 loai trang thai ran c ban c trnh bay trong Hnh 8.3.
Trat t:
Loai:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Theo 3 chieu
Theo 2 chieu
Theo 1 chieu
Hon on
Tinh the
Tinh the long

Hnh 8.3
8.2
Vo nh hnh
Cau truc 3 loai trang thai ran c ban
Cac yeu to oi xng
1. Cac ong vat va cac vat the di chuyen c thng co mot mat phang oi xng t trc
ra sau cat oi vat thanh 2 phan oi xng ben vi nhau.
V du:
Con ngi
Con nga chay tren ng
Con ca bi di nc
Con chim bay tren tri
Xe hi chay tren ng
Tau thuy bi di nc
May bay bay tren tri
2. Cac thc vat khong di chuyen c lai thng co mot truc oi xng t tren xuong di
ma ve xac suat th thc vat lap lai chnh no khi quay quanh truc nay mot goc bat ky.
V du:
Cay thong
3. Co 4 yeu to oi xng:
Tam oi xng
Mat phang oi xng
Truc oi xng
Ln
Truc oi xng nghch ao
Lin
4. Tam oi xng C la mot iem nam ben trong hnh ma bat ky mot ng thang nao i qua
iem tam nay cung eu cat hnh 2 iem cach eu 2 ben cua tam oi xng.
Hnh co tam oi xng

Hnh 8.4
Hnh khong co tam oi xng

Mo ta tam oi xng C
Chng 8
Tinh the hoc ai cng
89
5. Mat oi xng gng P la mot mat phang chia hnh ra lam 2 phan bang nhau sao cho
phan nay la anh cua phan kia qua mot mat gng c at thay mat phang P.
Mat oi xng P
Hnh 8.5
Khong phai mat oi xng

Mo ta mat oi xng P
6. Mat oi xng gng P con c goi tat la mat oi xng hay mat gng.
7. Truc oi xng xoay Ln la mot ng thang ma khi hnh xoay quanh truc mot goc 3600/n
th hnh lap lai v tr nh ban au.
Truc
oi xng
L2
L3
L4
L6
Bac 2
Bac 3
Bac 4
Bac 6
Bac
Hnh 8.6
Mo ta truc oi xng Ln
8. Ngi ta chng minh c rang trong tinh the ch co cac truc oi xng bac 2, 3, 4 va 6.
9. Luon luon ton tai truc bac 1 trong mot hnh bat ky.
10. Khong ton tai truc bac 5 va truc co bac > 6 trong tinh the.
11. Truc oi xng nghch ao Lin la mot ng thang ma khi xoay hnh quanh truc mot goc
3600/n, roi oi xng qua iem chnh gia cua hnh th hnh lap lai v tr nh ban au.
Hnh 8.7
Mo ta truc oi xng nghch ao L
90
Chng 8
Tinh the hoc ai cng
12. Nh vay, cac a dien tinh the co the co 7 yeu to oi xng:

C , P , L2 , L3 , L4 , L6 , LI4
13. e mo ta tnh oi xng cua mot a dien tinh the, ta phai liet ke tat ca cac yeu to oi
xng ma tinh the co.
14. V du: Khoi lap phng co cac yeu to oi xng c trnh bay trong Hnh 8.8.
oi xng
4P
oi xng
3L4
4L3
Lp oi xng
Lp oi xng
= 9P
6L2
Cac yeu to oi xng cua khoi lap phng
3L4 4L3 6L2 9PC
L P
Hnh 8.9
8.3
5P
3L4 4L3 6L2 9PC

Hnh 8.8
Lp oi xng
3L2 3PC
L PC
L1
Cac yeu to oi xng mot so hnh khoi
Suy oan 32 lp oi xng
1. Tap hp ay u cac yeu to oi xng cung co mat trong mot a dien c goi la lp oi
xng cua a dien.
Chng 8
Tinh the hoc ai cng
91
2. V trong cac a dien luon luon co t nhat 1 iem bat bien di tac dung cua moi yeu to
oi xng ma a dien o co nen mot lp oi xng con c goi la mot nhom iem hay
nhom iem khong gian.
3. Cac a dien hnh hoc co so lp oi xng la vo han.
4. Ngi ta chng minh c rang cac tinh the gom nhieu a dien ch co 32 lp oi xng.
5. Theo quan iem hnh hoc, 32 lp oi xng c xep vao 5 dang oi xng la:
a. Nguyen thuy
c. Mat
b. Tam
d. Truc
e. Mat truc
6. Ket qua xep dang oi xng cua 32 lp oi xng c trnh bay trong Bang 8.1.
Bang 8.1
Stt
Bang xep loai 32 lp oi xng theo quan iem hnh hoc

Dang
Lp oi xng
So lng
Nguyen thuy
L1 , L3 , L4 , L6 , LI4 , LI6 va 3L24L3
Tam
C , L3C , L4PC , L6PC va 3L24L33PC
Mat
P , L22P , L33P , L44P , L66P , Li42L22P , Li63L23P

va 3L24L36P
Truc
L2 , 3L2 , L33L2 , L44L2 , L66L2 , 3L44L36L2 va

3L44L36L29PC
Mat truc
L2PC , 3L23PC , L33L23PC , L44L25PC va

L66L27PC
Bang 8.2
Bang xep loai 32 lp oi xng theo quan iem tinh the
Hang oi xng
He tinh the
ac tnh cua lp oi xng
Slg
Cao
Lap phng
a=b=c
= = = 900
4L33L2 , 4L33L23PC , 4L33L26P , 3L44L33L2
va 3L44L36L29PC
Trung
Luc phng
a=bc
= = 900 ; = 1200
L6 , L6PC , L66P , L66L2 , L66L26PC , Li6 va
Li63L23P
T phng
a=bc
= = = 900
L4 , L4PC , L44P , L44L2 , L44L24PC , Li4 va
Li42L22P
Tam phng
a=b=c
= = 900
L3 , L3C , L33P , L33L2 va L33L23PC
Trc thoi
abc
= = = 900
L22P , 3L2 va 3L23PC
n ta
abc
P , L2 va L2PC
= = 900 ; 900
Tam ta
abc
L1 va C
Thap
Chng 8
92
Tinh the hoc ai cng
7. Trong thc te, chung ta thng xep hang cac tinh the theo quan iem tinh the hoc.
8. Ve mat tinh the, 32 lp oi xng c xep vao 7 he tinh the la lap phng, luc phng,
t phng, tam phng, trc thoi, tam ta va n ta.
9. Bay he tinh the nay lai c xep vao 3 hang oi xng cao, trung va thap nh c trnh
bay trong Bang 8.2.
10. Cac he tinh the c ac trng bang cac thong so:
Canh a, b va c
Goc , va
Cac yeu to oi xng trong tinh the
cua o mang c s cua tinh the.
8.4
Ky hieu cua lp oi xng
8.4.1
Ky hieu quoc te (ky hieu HermanMaughin)
1. Ngi ta thng goi ten cac lp oi xng khong phai bang cong thc oi xng ay u
cua no ma bang ky hieu quoc te do Herman va Maughin e xuat.
2. Hai quy c trong ky hieu quoc te la:
a. Ch can viet cac yeu to oi xng can thiet ma t o co the suy oan toan bo cac yeu
to oi xng con lai cua tinh the nh cac nh luat ve tnh oi xng.
b. Ky hieu quoc te cua cac yeu to oi xng c trnh bay thong nhat trong Bang 8.3.
3. Nh vay, ky hieu quoc te la cach viet ngan gon ma van the hien c ay u tnh oi
xng cua tinh the.
4. Ky hieu quoc te cua 32 lp oi xng c trnh bay trong Bang 8.4.
Bang 8.3
Ky hieu quoc te cua cac yeu to oi xng
Stt
Yeu to oi xng
Ky hieu quoc te
Ln, V du: L1, L2, L3,
n, V du: 1, 2, 3,
Lin, V du: Li1 = C, Li3 = L3C, Li4, Li6,
n , V du: 1, 3 , 4 , 6 ,
Ln va P vuong goc
n/m
Ln va P cha Ln
nm
Ln va P vuong goc vi P cha Ln
n/mm
Ln va L2 vuong goc
n2
Ln va P vuong goc cong vi L2 nam trong P
n/m2
8.4.2
Ky hieu Schoenflies
1. Ky hieu do Schoenflies e xuat cung thng c s dung, nhat la trong hoa lng t
va quang pho hoc.
Chng 8
Tinh the hoc ai cng
93
Cac quy c trong ky hieu Schoenflies

1. Cac lp oi xng ch co 1 truc oi xng c ky hieu la Cn. V du: L1, L2, L3, c ky
hieu la C1, C2, C3,
2. Khi co them 1 mat oi xng vuong goc vi truc oi xng nay (n/m) th them ch h ben
canh ch so bac cua truc. V du: C2h, C3h, C4h, C6h,
3. Khi co them 1 mat oi xng cha truc oi xng nay (nm) th them ch v ben canh ch so
bac cua truc. V du: C2v, C3v, C4v, C6v,
4. Cac lp oi xng ch co mot mat oi xng (m) c ky hieu la Cs.
5. Cac lp oi xng co mot truc oi xng Ln va truc oi xng bac 2 vuong goc vi truc Ln
c ky hieu la Dn.
6. Khi cac lp trong muc 5. tren co them 1 mat oi xng vuong goc vi truc oi xng Ln
(n/m2) th them ch h ben canh ch so bac cua truc. V du: D2h, D3h, D4h, D6h,
7. Ky hieu D2 va D2h oi khi c thay bang V va Vh.
8. Lp Li42L22P va L33L23PC ky hieu la D2d (hay Vd) va D3d. Ch d ch mat oi xng cha
truc Li4 hay L3 theo hng cheo.
9. Cac lp oi xng ch cha 1 truc oi xng bac 4 hay bac 6 c ky hieu la S4 hay S6.
Lp S6 con c viet la C3i.
10. Lp oi xng ch co tam oi xng c ky hieu la Ci.
11. Cac lp oi xng thuoc he lap phng c ky hieu la T (t dien) hay O (bat dien) co
hay khong kem theo ch so h va d. V du: 3Li44L36P Td ; 3L44L36L29PC Oh.
Bang 8.4
Ky hieu quoc te cua 32 lp oi xng
He tinh the
Ky hieu
Lap phng
oi xng
4L33L2 4L33L23PC
4L33L26P 3L44L33L2
3L44L36L29PC
Quoc te
23
4 3m
432
m3m
oi xng
L6
L6PC
L66P
L66L2
L66L26PC
Li6
Li63L23P
Quoc te
6/m
6m
62
6/mm
6 2m
oi xng
L4
L4PC
L44P
L44L2
L44L24PC
Li4
Li42L22P
Quoc te
4/m
4m
42
4/mm
4 2m
oi xng
L3
L3C
L33P
L33L2
L33L23PC
Quoc te
3m
32
3m
oi xng
L22P
3L2
3L23PC
Quoc te
2m
222
2/mm
oi xng
L2
L2PC
Quoc te
2/m
oi xng
L1
Quoc te
Luc phng
T phng
Tam phng
Trc thoi
n ta
Tam ta
ac tnh cua lp oi xng
m3
94
Chng 8
Tinh the hoc ai cng
8.5
Mang li tinh the
1. Tinh the bao gom cac tieu phan c sap xep mot cach trat t theo ca 3 phng trong
khong gian.
2. Neu xem cac tieu phan tao thanh tinh the la cac iem vat ly th iem at cua cac tieu
phan nay tao thanh mang li khong gian cua tinh the va c goi la mang tinh the.
3. Cac iem at c goi la nut mang.
4. Cac nut nam tren cung mot ng thang tao thanh hang.
Hnh 8.10
Mang li tinh the
5. Mat phang do 3 nut mang khong thang hang tao thanh c goi la mat mang.
6. Hnh bnh hanh co canh la cac hang song song ke nhau c goi la mat mang.
7. Hnh hop co nh la cac nut mang c goi la o mang.
8. O mang ch co cac nut mang nh c goi la o mang n gian.
9. O mang con co cac nut mang canh, mat hay ben trong o mang c goi la o mang
phc tap.
Hnh 8.11
8.6
O mang tinh the
O mang c s 14 mang Bravais
8.6.1
O mang c s
1. O mang c s la o mang co cac tnh chat:
Co the tch cc tieu
Ma van gi ay u cac yeu to oi xng cua tinh the
Co so canh va goc bang nhau la cc ai
Co so goc vuong la cc ai
Chng 8
Tinh the hoc ai cng
95
2. V vay, cac o mang c s ac trng cho tinh the bang cac thong so mang:
Canh cua o mang
a, b va c
Goc cua o mang
, va
V tr cua cac nut mang
3. Tng ng vi 7 he tinh the co 7 o mang c s.
Bang 8.5
7 o mang c s
He tinh the
ac tnh
He tinh the
ac tnh
Lap phng
a=b=c
= = = 900
Luc phng
a=bc
= = 900 ; = 1200
Trc thoi
abc
= = = 900
T phng
a=bc
= = = 900
n ta
abc
= = 900 ; 900
Tam phng
a=b=c
= = 900
Tam ta
abc
8.6.2
14 mang Bravais
1. Trong 7 o mang c s neu tren, cac nut mang ch nam nh cua o mang.
2. Ngoai v tr nh, cac nut mang con co the c phan bo cac v tr khac tao thanh cac
o mang c s bien the.
Stt
V tr cua nut mang
Loai o mang c s
Ch nam nh cua o mang
O mang c s
Nguyen thuy
ca tam cua o mang
O mang c s
The tam
ca tam cua cac mat cua o mang
O mang c s
Dien tam
ca tam cua 2 ay cua o mang
O mang c s
ay tam
96
Chng 8
Tinh the hoc ai cng
3. Co 7 he tinh the vi 4 loai o mang c s khac nhau nen khi tnh toan n gian th ta co 7
4 = 28 mang c s.
4. Bravais a chng minh c rang ch co 14 mang c s do mot so he phai thieu mot so
loai o mang do khong thoa man cac yeu to oi xng.
5. V vay, 14 mang nay c goi la 14 mang Bravais.
Hnh 8.12
Cac loai o mang c s bac thap
Hnh 8.13
Cac loai o mang c s bac cao
Chng 8
Tinh the hoc ai cng
97
6. Neu tinh the ch cha mot loai tieu phan nam cac nut mang th moi tieu phan nay la
mot nut mang cua mang Bravais. V du:
O mang c s cua Na thuoc loai lap phng the tam.
O mang c s cua Cu thuoc loai lap phng dien tam.
Lap phng the tam
Lap phng dien tam
Na kim loai
Cu kim loai
Hnh 8.14
Cac loai o mang c s cua tinh the ch co 1 mang Bravais
7. Neu tinh the ch cha mot loai tieu phan nhng co nhng tieu phan khong nam cac
nut mang th tinh the gom vai mang Bravais va cac mang nay long vao nhau tao thanh
mang tinh the chung cua chat.
V du: Mang tinh the kim cng c hnh thanh bi 2 mang lap phng dien tam cua
cac nguyen t carbon long vao nhau.
Hnh 8.15 O mang c s cua tinh the kim cng gom

2 mang Bravais lap phng dien tam cua C long vao nhau
O mang c s cua CsClS long ghep 2 mang con cua Cs va cua Cl

Hnh 8.16 O mang c s cua CsCl gom 2 mang Bravais
lap phng nguyen thuy cua Cs va cua Cl long vao nhau
Chng 8
98
Tinh the hoc ai cng
8. Neu tinh the cha nhieu loai tieu phan th moi loai tieu phan co mot loai mang Bravais
rieng va cac mang nay long vao nhau tao thanh mang tinh the chung cua chat.
V du: Mang tinh the CsCl c hnh thanh bi 1 mang lap phng nguyen thuy cua Cs+
va 1 mang lap phng nguyen thuy cua Cl long vao nhau.
9. Phu thuoc vao v tr cua tieu phan trong o mang c s ma tieu phan o se tham gia vao
mot so lng o mang khac nhau.
10. V vay, phan ong gop cua tieu phan vao o mang c s se khac nhau:
Tieu phan nam ben trong cua o mang c s ch tham

gia vao o mang c s o nen co phan ong gop la 1.
Tieu phan nam tren mat cua o mang c s tham gia

vao 2 o mang c s nen co phan ong gop la 1/2.
Tieu phan nam tren canh cua o mang c s tham gia

Tieu phan nam tren nh cua o mang c s tham gia

Hnh 8.17
Bang 8.6
Stt
Phan ong gop cua tieu phan vao o mang c s
Anh hng cua v tr en phan ong gop cua tieu phan

vao o mang c s
V tr cua tieu phan
trong o mang c s
So o mang
tieu phan tham gia
Phan ong gop cua tieu phan

vao o mang c s
Ben trong
Tren mat
1/2
Tren canh
1/4
Tren nh
1/8
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
99
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
9.1
ai cng
1. Hnh hoc tinh the xem xet tinh the nh mot mang khong gian co cac yeu to oi xng ac
trng vi cac nut mang la cac iem hnh hoc.
2. Hoa hoc tinh the se xem xet tinh the nh mot mang khong gian ma ngoai cac yeu to oi
xng ac trng th cac nut mang con la (1) cac tieu phan (nguyen t, phan t, ion,) co
(2) ban knh, (3) ien tch va (4) cac lien ket hoa hoc xac nh.
Hnh 9.1
O mang c s cua NaCl theo quan iem hnh hoc va hoa hoc
Hng tnh tien cua o mang c s

Hnh 9.2
S hnh thanh tinh the bang cach tnh tien o mang c s
3. O mang c s cua moi chat co cac thong so mang la cac canh a, b, c cac goc , ,
va cach sap xep xac nh cua cac tieu phan.
4. Tinh the cua moi chat c xay dng bang cach tnh tien o mang c s cua chat vi cac
bc tnh tien a, b va c theo 3 phng x, y va z trong khong gian.
100
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
5. Khi ch xem xet en cach sap xep cua cac tieu phan trong tinh the th co ngha la ang
xem xet cau truc cua tinh the.
6. Cau truc cua tinh the phu thuoc vao:
a. Thanh phan va t le cua cac tieu phan
b. Ban chat cua lien ket trong tinh the
c. Tnh bao hoa va tnh nh hng cua lien ket
d. Ban knh va t le ban knh cua cac tieu phan
e. So phoi tr cua cac tieu phan (do anh hng cua tnh bao hoa va nh hng cua
lien ket, ban knh va t le ban knh gia cac tieu phan,)
f.
9.2
ieu kien ket tinh nh nong o, nhiet o, ap suat, moi trng, tap chat,
Cau truc cua mot so tinh the n kim loai
1. Thanh phan va t le cua cac tieu phan:

n kim loai c hnh thanh ch t mot loai nguyen t cua kim loai o.
2. Ban chat cua lien ket trong tinh the:
Lien ket trong tinh the la lien ket kim loai.
3. Tnh bao hoa va tnh nh hng cua lien ket:
Lien ket kim loai co tnh bat bao hoa va bat nh hng.
4. Ban knh va t le ban knh cua cac tieu phan:
Cac nguyen t cung loai co ban knh bang nhau.
5. So phoi tr cua cac tieu phan:
So phoi tr trong tinh the kim loai co the at c gia tr cao nhat, la 12.
6. Do cac yeu to va neu tren, cac tinh the kim loai thng co cau truc xep chat.
9.2.1
Cau truc xep chat
1. Trong cau truc xep chat, cac tieu phan c sap xep sao cho khong gian trong hay o
rong cua tinh the la nho nhat.
2. Khi o, so phoi tr cua cac tieu phan phai la ln nhat.
3. ieu kien e hnh thanh cau truc xep chat la lien ket trong tinh the phai co tnh bat bao
hoa va bat nh hng.
4. V vay, cau truc xep chat ch co the xuat
hien khi lien ket gia cac tieu phan trong
tinh the thuoc cac loai sau:
Lien ket ion
Lien ket kim loai
Lien ket van der Waals
9.2.2
Cau truc cua cac qua cau xep chat
1. Xet trng hp tieu phan tao thanh tinh the la cac qua cau nh trong tinh the kim loai.
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
101
2. Tren mot lp cac qua cau, c 6 qua cau A16 se bao kht chung quanh mot qua cau A*
nam gia.
3. Gia 7 qua cau nay co 6 v tr lom tren va 6 v tr lom di lp qua cau ang xet.
4. Tinh the se xep chat nhat khi cac qua cau
cua lp ke can c sap xep tai cac v tr
lom nay.
5. Do yeu to kch thc nen cac qua cau
trong lp pha tren hay lp pha di ch
co the chiem 3 trong so 6 v tr lom nay.
6. Vay, co 2 loai v tr lom c ky hieu la B
(lom mau trang) va C (lom mau en).
Hnh 9.3
Cach sap xep xep chat (ac kht)
7. Cach sap xep ac kht nh vay at c o rong cc tieu la 25,95%.

8. So phoi tr trong cau truc xep chat at en 12.
9. Tuy thuoc vao cach sap xep cac qua cau vao cac v tr A, B va C ma se co cac cau truc
xep chat khac nhau.
a. Cau truc lap phng xep chat

1. Khi cac lp qua cau c sap xep lan lt vao cac v tr ABCABC th ta co cau truc lap
phng xep chat.
Hnh 9.4
Cach sap xep lap phng xep chat
102
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
b. Cau truc luc phng xep chat

1. Khi cac lp qua cau c sap xep lan lt vao cac v tr ABABAB th ta co cau truc luc
phng xep chat.
Hnh 9.5
Bang 9.1
Cach sap xep luc phng xep chat
Cau truc cua cac nguyen to kim loai

A1 Lap phng xep chat
A2 Lap phng the tam
A3 Luc phng xep chat
X Cau truc khac
Ck
1A
2A
Li
A2
A1
A3
Be
A2
A3
X
Na
A2
A3
Mg
A3
K
A2
Ca
A1
A3
X
Sc
A1
A3
Ti
A3
A2
V
A2
Cr
A2
A3
X
Mn
X
A1
A2
Fe
A2
A1
Co
A3
A1
Ni
A1
A3
Cu
A1
Zn
X
Rb
A2
Sr
A1
A3
A2
Y
A2
Zr
A3
A2
Nb
A2
Mo
A2
A3
Tc
A3
Ru
A3
Rh
A1
Pd
A1
Ag
A1
Cs
A2
Ba
A2
La
A1
A3
Hf
A3
A2
Ta
A2
W
A2
Re
A3
Os
A3
Ir
A1
Pt
A1
Fr
Ra
Ac
A1
La
Ce
A1
A3
Pr
A1
X
Nd
X
Pm
Sm
X
Eu
A2
Gd
A3
Th
A1
A2
Pa
X
U
X
A2
Np
X
Pu
X
A1
A2
Am
Cm
6
7
Ac
3B
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1B
2B
3A
4A
5A
6A
Ga
X
Ge
X
As
X
Se
X
Cd
X
In
X
Sn
X
Sb
X
Te
X
Au
A1
Hg
X
Tl
A3
A2
Pb
A1
Bi
X
Po
X
Tb
A3
Dy
A3
Ho
A3
Er
A3
Tm
A3
Yb
A1
Lu
A3
Bk
Cf
Fm
Mv
No
Al
A1
c. Cau truc lap phng the tam

1. Mot cau truc thng gap khac cua cac nguyen to kim loai la cau truc lap phng the
tam vi o rong cao hn.
2. He qua la t trong cua cac kim loai co kieu cau truc nay thap.
3. So phoi tr trong cau truc lap phng the tam la 8.
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
Hnh 9.6
9.2.3
103
Cach sap xep lap phng the tam
Anh hng cua cau truc en ban knh nguyen t
1. Khi xac nh ban knh nguyen t cua cung mot kim loai cac so phoi tr khac nhau trong
cac cau truc tinh the khac nhau, ngi ta nhan thay xu hng chung nh sau:
Ban knh giam khi so phoi tr giam
2. Khi chon ban knh trong cau truc xep chat co so phoi tr 12 lam chuan, t so ban knh tai
cac so phoi tr khac nh sau:
So phoi tr
T so ban knh
12
1,00
0,97
0,96
0,88
3. Co the ieu nay la mot trong cac yeu to khien cho kim loai con co cac cach sap xep
khong ac kht ma he qua la:
a. Ban knh giam khien cho mat o ien t trong vung xen phu tang len khien cho lien
ket va tinh the ben vng hn.
b. Tinh the co o rong cao hn nen t trong thap hn.
9.2.4
Lo trong trong tinh the xep chat
1. Cach sap xep ac kht cua cac qua cau dan en s hnh thanh 2 loai lo trong t dien va
bat dien trong tinh the.
a. Lo trong t dien
1. Lo trong t dien nam gia 4 qua cau ke can nhau: 3 qua cau trong cung mot lp va qua
cau con lai lp ke tiep.
2. So lng cua lo trong t dien gap 2 lan so lng cac qua cau.
Qua cau lp tren
Qua cau lp tren
3 qua cau lp di
Hnh 9.7
Lo trong t dien
Lo trong t dien vi rt = 0,225R
3 qua cau lp di
104
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
3. Phep tnh hnh hoc khong gian n gian cho thay mot qua cau nho se nam lot va kht
vao lo trong t dien tao bi 4 qua cau co ban knh R khi co ban knh rt = 0,225R.
4. Qua cau nho nam trong lo trong t dien se co so phoi tr 4.
b. Lo trong bat dien

1. Lo trong bat dien nam gia 6 qua cau ke can nhau: 3 qua cau trong cung mot lp va 3
qua cau con lai lp ke tiep.
2. So lng cua lo trong bat dien bang so lng cac qua cau.
3 qua cau lp tren
3 qua cau lp tren
3 qua cau lp di
3 qua cau lp di
Lo trong bat dien
Hnh 9.8
Lo trong bat dien vi ro = 0,414R
3. Phep tnh hnh hoc khong gian n gian cho thay mot qua cau nho se nam lot va kht
vao lo trong bat dien tao bi 6 qua cau co ban knh R khi co ban knh ro = 0,414R.
4. Qua cau nho nam trong lo trong bat dien se co so phoi tr 6.
c. He qua
1. Cac tieu phan co kch thc rat nho nh hydro, nitrogen, co the xam nhap vao cac lo
trong cua tinh the kim loai tao thanh dung dch ran xam nhap.
2. Cac hp chat ion vi anion co ban knh ln c sap xep ac kht va cac cation co ban
knh nho nen nam lot vao trong cac lo trong cung tao thanh cau truc xep chat.
9.3
Cau truc cua mot so tinh the ion
1. S khac biet gia tinh the ion vi tinh the kim loai la:
Tinh the ion hnh thanh t 2 loai tieu phan la cation va anion.
Lien ket trong tinh the la lien ket ion.
Lien ket ion co tnh bat bao hoa va bat nh hng.
4. Ban knh va t le ban knh cua cac tieu phan:
Cac anion thng co ban knh ln hn cac cation nhieu.
5. So phoi tr cua cac tieu phan:
So phoi tr trong tinh the ion cao hn tinh the cong hoa tr nhng van thap hn so vi
tinh the kim loai.
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
105
6. So phoi tr cua cac tieu phan trong tinh the ion thng phu thuoc vao t so ban knh cua
cation va anion r+ / r.
9.3.1
Cac cau truc tinh the ion n gian ien hnh
a. Cau truc NaCl

1. Trong tinh the NaCl:
Cac anion Cl co ban knh ln se sap xep theo mang lap phng xep chat.
Cac cation Na+ co ban knh nho se chiem toan bo so lo trong bat dien trong tinh the.
2. Mang khong gian cua NaCl c hnh thanh do hai mang con lap phng xep chat cua
hai ion Cl va Na+ long vao nhau.
3. So phoi tr cua cac ion Cl va Na+ eu bang 6.
4. Do t so ban knh r+/r = 0,95/1,81 = 0,525 > 0,414 cua lo trong bat dien nen tinh the
NaCl b trng n va khong ac kht nen NaCl co t trong thap.
O mang c s cua NaCl

Hnh 9.9
O mang c s cua CsCl

Hnh 9.10
S long ghep 2 mang con cua Na va cua Cl

O mang c s cua NaCl
S long ghep 2 mang con cua Cs va cua Cl

O mang c s cua CsCl
b. Cau truc CsCl

1. Do t so ban knh r+/r = 1,69/1,81 = 0,934 0,414 nen tinh the CsCl khong the sap xep
theo cau truc xep chat.
106
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
2. Mang tinh the cua CsCl c hnh thanh do hai mang con lap phng nguyen thuy cua
hai ion Cl va Cs+ long vao nhau.
3. So phoi tr cua cac ion Cl va Cs+ eu bang 8.
c. Cau truc ZnS (sphalerit)

1. Trong tinh the ZnS:
Cac anion S2 co ban knh ln se sap xep theo mang lap phng xep chat.
Cac cation Zn2+ co ban knh nho se chiem 1/2 so lo trong t dien trong tinh the.
2. Mang khong gian cua ZnS c hnh thanh

t hai mang con la 2 mang lap phng xep
chat cua cac ion S2 va Zn2+.
3. So phoi tr cua ca hai ion S2 va Zn2+ eu
bang 4.
4. Mac du t so ban knh r+/r = 0,74/1,84 =
0,402 > 0,225 cua lo trong t dien nhng
Zn2+ van nam lo trong t dien khien cho
tinh the ZnS b trng n va khong ac kht.
9.3.2
Anh hng cua t so ban knh r+ / r en so phoi tr
1. Cau hoi c at ra la tai sao cac hp chat ion CsCl, NaCl va ZnS co cung cong thc
chung AX lai co cau truc khac nhau?
2. Nguyen tac sap xep cua tinh the ion la phai lam sao cho nang lng cua tinh the la cc
tieu, ngha la:
So ion trai dau co the tiep xuc c vi nhau ln nhat e lc hut la ln nhat.
So ion cung dau phai khong tiep xuc vi nhau e lc ay la nho nhat.
3. Moi cation va anion co mot ban knh xac nh nen ch co the cho phep toi a mot so ion
ngc dau bao quanh no sao cho cac ion ngc dau nay khong tiep xuc vi nhau.
4. ieu nay co ngha la t so ban knh r+/r quyet nh cau truc cua tinh the ion.
(a)
(b)
(c)
O mang c s
cua CsCl
Sap xep tren mat cheo

cua tinh the CsCl
Sap xep ti han

tren mat cheo
Hnh 9.11
Sap xep ti han cua tinh the kieu CsCl
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
107
5. V du: oi vi tinh the kieu CsCl, xet mat phang cheo cua o mang c s la mat phang
co cac ion ngc dau tiep xuc vi nhau gan nhat.
6. Gii han e cac anion khong tiep xuc vi nhau la:
a > 2r
7. Ta lai co:
b2 = a2 + a2 = 2a2
2
c = a + b = 3a
+
b = a2
c = a3
ma
c = 2(r + r ) = a3
ket hp vi
a > 2r
2(r+ + r) > 2r3
r+ + r > r3
r+ / r > 3 1
r+ / r > 0,732
8. Tnh toan tng t oi vi cac cau truc khac, ta co cau truc cua cac tinh the ion tng
ng vi t so ban knh r+/r ti han cua cac hp chat ion co cong thc AX nh trong Bang
9.2.
Bang 9.2
Kieu cau truc
T so gii han
Cau truc cua tinh the ion tng ng vi t so ban knh r+/r ti han cua cac hp
chat ion co cong thc AX
CsCl
NaCl
ZnS
r+/r > 0,732
0,732 > r+/r > 0,414
0,414 > r+/r > 0,225
9. Bang cach thc tng t, chung ta co the tnh c cac t so ban knh r+/r ti han cua
cac hp chat ion co cong thc khac nh AX2, A2X, A2X3,
10. Thc te, ngoai tr trng hp cation co ban knh qua ln, a so cac tinh the co cau truc
xep chat cua cac anion va cac cation se nam trong cac lo trong t dien hay bat dien.
9.4
Cau truc cua tinh the cong hoa tr
1. S khac biet gia tinh the cong hoa tr vi tinh the ion la:
Tinh the cong hoa tr hnh thanh t cac nguyen t lien ket vi nhau.
Lien ket trong tinh the la lien ket cong hoa tr.
Lien ket cong hoa tr co tnh bao hoa va nh hng.
4. Cach sap xep cua cac tieu phan (nguyen t) trong tinh the phu thuoc vao so lng lien
ket va nh hng cua lien ket o ma khong con phu thuoc vao ban knh cua cac tieu
phan.
5. V vay, so phoi tr cua cac tieu phan trong tinh the cong hoa tr thng la thap nhat va
chnh la so lien ket ma moi nguyen t hnh thanh c.
6. So lng cac chat ran co cau truc tinh the cong hoa tr khong nhieu. Chung thng la:
108
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
Cac n chat hay hp chat cua cac nguyen to nhom 4A nh C, Si, Ge, Sn, SiC,
Cac hp chat A(III)B(V) cua cac nguyen to nhom 3A va 5A nh AlN, GaP, GaAs,
7. Cac chat nay thng co cau truc kim cng hoac cac bien the cua cau truc kim cng.
Cau truc lap phng dien tam

Hnh 9.12
9.5
Cau truc kim cng
Cau truc ZnS (sphalerit)
So sanh cau truc cua lap phng dien tam, kim cng va sphalerit
Cau truc cua tinh the van der Waals
1. Tinh the van der Waals hnh thanh t cac tieu phan la cac nguyen t hay phan t bao
hoa hoa tr.
2. Lien ket gia cac tieu phan trong tinh the la lien ket van der Waals co o ben yeu.
3. Lien ket nay co tnh bat bao hoa va bat nh hng.
4. V vay, tieu phan trong tinh the van der Waals co so phoi tr cao nh trong tinh the ion.
5. Tinh the van der Waals cua cac tieu phan co dang cau nh cac kh hiem thng co cau
truc xep chat.
6. Khi cac tieu phan co hnh dang phc tap th thng c xem nh co cau truc xep chat
bien dang.
7. Neu trong tinh the van der Waals co mat lien ket hydro nh trong nc a th tinh the se
ben vng hn rat nhieu.
9.6
Cau truc cua tinh the co lien ket hon tap
1. Trong tinh the co the hien dien cung luc nhieu loai lien ket gia cac tieu phan.
2. Cac loai lien ket nay thng co o ben lien ket khac nhau dan en o ben lien ket theo
cac phng trong khong gian la khac nhau. ieu nay dan en viec tao thanh cac cau
truc mi co s khac biet ro ret khi xem xet theo phng.
Bang 9.3
Cau truc tng ng vi so phng lien ket
Stt
So phng lien ket manh
So phng lien ket yeu
Cau truc
Khung
Lp
Mach
ao
Chng 9
9.6.1
Hoa hoc tinh the
109
Cau truc lp-mach vi lien ket cong hoa tr-van der Waals
1. Xet tieu phan co cong thc AXn trong o nguyen t trung tam A co so phoi tr la S.
2. Phu thuoc vao so phoi tr S va so ligand n trong cong thc ma co the xay ra s tao cau
noi e tang so phoi tr cua nguyen t trung tam.
9.6.1.1
Nguyen tac cua qua trnh tao cau noi
1. Viec s dung khai niem tao cau noi cho phep d oan cau truc lp va mach mot cach
de dang hn so vi viec xem xet hnh hoc tinh the.
2. Cau noi bao gom 2 lien ket gia 1 ligand vi 2 nguyen t trung tam ke can:
NTTT L NTTT
3. oi vi 2 nguyen t trung tam ang xet, ta co:
Cau n khi ch co
1 cau noi gia 2 nguyen t trung tam
Cau oi khi co
Cau ba khi co
4. F co ban knh nho nen ch tao c cau n.

5. Nguyen tac cua qua trnh tao cau noi c trnh bay trong phan tiep theo.
a. ieu kien tao cau noi

1. Khi:
So phoi tr = So lng Ligand trong cong thc
th chat a bao hoa so phoi tr nen khong tao cau noi.

Tinh the cua chat co cau truc ao vi cac tieu phan oc lap nam nut mang va c
goi la tinh the van der Waals v lien ket gia cac tieu phan la lien ket van der Waals.
V du 1: Xet SF6 vi S co so phoi tr 6.
2. Khi:
So phoi tr > So lng Ligand trong cong thc
th chat cha bao hoa so phoi tr nen phai co ligand tao cau noi e tang so phoi tr.
b. Trng hp tao cau noi vi Ligand co so phoi tr 2

1. Khi:
So phoi tr cua ligand tao cau = 2
th 1 ligand tao cau tang them c 1 so phoi tr so vi cong thc do viec s dung chung
ligand cua 2 nguyen t trung tam khien cho gia tr cua ligand ch con la 1/2.
Mot ligand co so phoi tr 2 tao cau dan en s hnh thanh 2 cau noi oi vi NTTT.
110
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
2. V du 2: Xet SbF5:
3. V du 3: Xet SbF5 vi Sb co so phoi tr 6.

So phoi tr 6 = So lng F trong cong thc 5 + 1 (1L tao cau)
Moi SbF5 phai co 1 F tao cau nen se hnh thanh 2 cau cho moi Sb.
e co so phoi tr 6, Sb nam trong lo trong bat dien cua 6 F.
e tng ng vi so lng F trong cong thc la 5, moi bat dien SbF6 nay tao 2 cau
n bang cach dung chung 2 nh vi 2 bat dien ben canh trong cung ng thang.
Cac bat dien SbF6 tao 2 cau n hnh thanh mach bao hoa hoa tr.
V vay, tinh the SbF5 co cau truc mach lien ket qua 2 nh cua moi bat dien SbF6.
4. V du 4: BeCl2 vi Be co so phoi tr 4.
So phoi tr 4 = So lng Cl trong cong thc 2 + 2 (2L tao cau)
Moi BeCl2 phai co ca 2 Cl tao cau nen se hnh thanh 4 cau cho moi Be.
e co so phoi tr 4, Be nam trong lo trong t dien cua 4 Cl.
e tng ng vi so lng Cl trong cong thc la 2, moi t dien BeCl4 nay tao 2 cau
oi bang cach dung chung 2 canh vi 2 t dien ben canh trong cung mat phang.
Cac t dien BeCl4 tao 2 cau oi hnh thanh mach bao hoa hoa tr.
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
111
V vay, tinh the BeCl2 co cau truc mach lien ket qua 2 canh cua moi t dien BeCl4.
5. V du 5: SnF4 vi Sn co so phoi tr 6.
So phoi tr 6 = So lng F trong cong thc 4 + 2 (2L tao cau)
Moi SnF4 phai co 2 F tao cau nen se hnh thanh 4 cau cho moi Sn.
e co so phoi tr 6, Sn nam trong lo trong bat dien cua 6 F.
e tng ng vi so lng F trong cong thc la 4, moi bat dien SbF6 nay tao 4 cau
n bang cach dung chung 4 nh vi 4 bat dien ben canh trong cung mat phang.
Cac bat dien SnF6 tao 4 cau n hnh thanh lp bao hoa hoa tr.
V vay, tinh the SnF4 co cau truc lp lien ket qua 4 nh cua moi bat dien SnF6.
6. V du 6: FeCl3 vi Fe co so phoi tr 6.
So phoi tr 6 = So lng Cl trong cong thc 3 + 3 (3L tao cau)
Moi FeCl3 phai co ca 3 Cl tao cau nen se hnh thanh 6 cau cho moi Fe.
e co so phoi tr 6, Fe nam trong lo trong bat dien cua 6 Cl.
e tng ng vi so lng Cl trong cong thc la 3, moi bat dien FeCl6 nay tao 3 cau
oi bang cach dung chung 3 canh vi 3 bat dien ben canh trong cung mot mat
phang.
Cac bat dien FeCl6 tao 3 cau oi hnh thanh lp bao hoa hoa tr.
V vay, tinh the FeCl3 co cau truc lp lien ket qua 3 canh cua moi bat dien FeCl6.
112
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
c. Trng hp tao cau noi vi Ligand co so phoi tr 3

1. Khi:
So phoi tr cua ligand tao cau = 3
th mot ligand tao cau tang them c 2 so phoi tr so vi cong thc do viec s dung
chung ligand cua 3 nguyen t trung tam khien cho gia tr cua ligand ch con la 1/3.
Mot ligand co so phoi tr 3 tao cau dan en s hnh thanh 3 cau noi oi vi NTTT.
2. V du 7: Xet TiO2 vi Ti co so phoi tr 6.

So phoi tr 6 = So lng O trong cong thc 2 + 4
Do so phoi tr 6 qua ln so vi so lng ligand trong cong thc 2 nen e thoa man
so phoi tr, TiO2 phai co ca 2 O tao cau co so phoi tr = 3 (O co gia tr 1/3) nen se hnh
thanh 6 cau cho moi Ti.
e co so phoi tr 6, Ti nam trong lo trong bat dien cua 6 O.
e tng ng vi so lng O trong cong thc la 4, moi bat dien TiO6 nay tao cau
bang cach:
Dung chung 2 canh cua moi bat dien e tao thanh mach.
Dung chung 2 nh con lai cua moi bat dien e tao lien ket yeu hn gia cac
mach nh hng song song.
V vay, theo mot quan iem uyen chuyen hn, co the xem nh tinh the TiO2 co cau
truc mach lien ket qua 2 canh khi bo qua lien ket 2 nh cua moi bat dien TiO6.
Chng 9
9.6.1.2
Hoa hoc tinh the
113
Lu y ve ban chat lien ket trong qua trnh tao cau noi
1. Trong cac v du neu tren, lien ket gia cac tieu phan nam tren nut mang cua tinh the la
lien ket ion hoac lien ket ioncong hoa tr.
2. Viec s dung khai niem tao cau ch la mot bien phap trc quan giup ta co the hnh dung
c cau truc lpmach mot cach de dang.
3. V vay, cac ng noi gia cac cau t tren nut mang hoan toan khong c hieu la cac
lien ket cong hoa tr nh thong thng ma ch bieu dien ro khoi phoi tr chung quanh
nguyen t trung tam.
4. Tuy thuoc vao viec cac khoi t dien hay bat dien cua tieu phan lien ket vi nhau qua:
Cac nh hay cau n
Cac canh hay cau oi
Cac mat hay cau ba, t gap
ma tinh the co lien ket hon tap se co cau truc lp hay mach (mach thang hay mach
vong) vi cong thc xac nh.
5. Hai trng hp gii han la:
Khi tieu phan khong tao cau th ta co cau truc ao vi lien ket gia cac tieu phan la
lien ket van der Waals.
Khi tieu phan s dung tat ca cac nh cua mnh e tao cau vi mang khong gian ba
chieu th ta co cau truc khung.
6. F co ban knh nho nen ch tao c cau n.

7. Cac nguyen t hay nhom nguyen t co kch thc ln nh Cl, I, OH, NH2, thng tao
cau oi.
8. Chnh v ly do nay ma cac hp chat cua cung mot nguyen to vi cac ligand khac nhau
co the co cong thc giong nhau nhng lai co:
Cau truc hoan toan khac nhau
Tnh chat cung hoan toan khac nhau
V du:
Hp chat
So phoi tr
Loai cau
Cau truc
BeF2
4 cau n
Khung
BeCl2
2 cau oi
Mach
9.6.2
Tnc, 0C
Ts, 0C
Tth > 800

415
550
Cau truc lp-mach vi lien ket cong hoa tr hay ion va van der Waals
1. Mot ien hnh cua cau truc lp vi lien ket cong hoa trvan der Waals la graphit.
2. Cac nguyen t C co trang thai lai hoa sp2 vi 3 lien ket va 1 lien ket tao thanh cac
lp gom cac vong 6 C noi tiep nhau bang lien ket cong hoa tr.
3. Cac lp lien ket vi nhau bang lien ket van der Waals co cng o yeu.
4. V vay, co s khac biet ln ve chieu dai lien ket:
Khoang cach gia cac lp ke can la 3,40
Khoang cach gia cac nguyen t ke can trong cung mot lp la 1,42.
114
Chng 9
Hoa hoc tinh the
Cau truc cua kim cng

Hnh 9.13
Cau truc cua graphit
So sanh cau truc cua graphit va kim cng
5. Mot ien hnh cua cau truc lp vi lien ket ionvan der Waals la CdI2.
6. Trong luc NaCl co cau truc khung th CdI2 co cau truc lp sandwich c hnh thanh t
3 tam: 1 tam Cd2+ nam gia 2 tam I.
7. Co the xem nh cau truc cua CdI2 la bien the cua cau truc cua NaCl khi c cach 1 tam
cation lai e trong mot tam cation e bao hoa ien tch do cation co ien tch 2+ ln gap
oi anion co ien tch 1.
Cau truc cua NaCl

Hnh 9.14
9.6.3
Cau truc cua CdI2
So sanh cau truc khung cua NaCl va cau truc lp cua CdI2
Cau truc lpmach vi lien ket hydro va van der Waals
1. Cac phan t cong hoa tr co kha nang tao lien ket hydro theo 1 hoac 2 phng trong
khong gian se co the co cau truc lp hoac mach vi lien ket hydro-van der Waals.
2. V du: HF tao lien ket hydro theo 1 phng nen tinh the HF co cau truc mach.
3. V du: H3BO3 vi phan t phang tao c lien ket hydro theo 2 phng tao thanh lp va
gia cac lp la lien ket van der Waals.
Chng 10
Hoa hoc chat ran
115
Chng 10
Hoa hoc chat ran
10.1
S phan bo cac chat ket tinh theo he tinh the
1. Khi phan loai thong ke cac khoang vat theo he tinh the, ngi ta thu c ket qua sau:
Bang 10.1
Phan bo cac khoang vat theo he tinh the
Stt
Hang oi xng
Cao
Trung
3
4
Thap
5
6
He tinh the
So lng khoang vat
Lap phng
153
Luc phng va Tam phng
180
T phng
80
Trc thoi
256
n ta
303
Tam ta
54
Cong
1026
2. T ket qua thong ke neu tren, ngi ta co cac nhan xet sau:
a. Cac n chat co thanh phan n gian, nhat la cac kim loai, thng co cau truc thuoc
he tinh the oi xng bac cao:
He lap phng nh Cu, Ag, Au, Pt,
He luc phng nh Mg, Zn, Cd,
b. Cac chat co thanh phan phc tap thng co cau truc thuoc he tinh the oi xng bac
thap. V du nh fenspat, mica,
c. Co 60% khoang vat thuoc hang oi xng bac thap. Ch co 15% khoang vat thuoc
hang oi xng bac cao.
d. Cac chat hu c hau nh khong co tinh the lap phng.
3. Moi tng quan pho bien gia thanh phan hoa hoc va tnh oi xng cua tinh the la:
a. Thanh phan hoa hoc n gian
Tnh oi xng cao
b. Thanh phan hoa hoc phc tap
Tnh oi xng thap
116
Chng 10
Hoa hoc chat ran
10.2
Hien tng a hnh
1. Hien tng a hnh xay ra khi mot chat co the ket tinh di nhieu cau truc khac nhau.
2. Moi cau truc cua chat nh vay c goi la mot bien the a hnh cua chat.
3. Trong trng hp rieng oi vi n chat th moi cau truc a hnh nh vay thng goi la
mot dang thu hnh cua n chat.
4. Tnh chat cua cac bien the a hnh cua cac hp chat (hay dang thu hnh cua cac n
chat) co the rat khac nhau hoac gan giong nhau phu thuoc vao:
a. Ban chat cua lien ket trong bien the a hnh
b. Cau truc cua chat trong bien the a hnh, nh la mot he qua ng nhien
5. Thong thng, moi dang a hnh ton tai trang thai ben trong mot khoang nhiet o va
ap suat xac nh.
6. Nhiet o ma tai o xay ra s bien oi a hnh c goi la nhiet o bien oi a hnh hay
nhiet o chuyen pha.
7. Khi mot chat dang a hnh khong ben trong ieu kien ang xet th ta noi chat trang
thai gia ben.
8. V du 1: Fe co 4 dang thu hnh vi cac ac trng sau:
Tchuyen pha, 0C
Dang thu hnh
Cau truc
a,
T tnh
770
910
1390
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
The tam
The tam
Dien tam
The tam
2,86
2,90
3,56
2,93
Sat t
Thuan t
Thuan t
9. V du 2: CaCO3 co 2 dang a hnh vi cac ac trng sau:

Dang a hnh
Cau truc
H0298, kJ/mol
S0298, J/mol
G0298,
kJ/mol
Calcit
Aragonit
Tam phng
Trc thoi
1207
1207
92
88
1128
1127
10. V du 3: Carbon co 2 dang thu hnh thong thng vi cac ac trng sau:
Chng 10
Hoa hoc chat ran
Dang thu hnh
117
Kim cng
Graphit
Lap phng
Luc phng
G0298, kJ/mol
o cng Mohr
10
T trong d
3,51
2,22
Tnh chat
Trong suot, khong dan ien
en, dan ien tot
Cau truc
11. Qua trnh bien oi a hnh co the xay ra ch theo 1 chieu hoac theo ca 2 chieu.
12. Hien tng bien oi a hnh cha c nghien cu ay u ve mat ly thuyet.
13. Xu hng chung la cac dang a hnh co so phoi tr ln thng ben nhiet o thap va ap
suat cao, va ngc lai.
10.3
Hien tng ong hnh
1. Hien tng ong hnh xay ra khi nhieu chat co the ket tinh trong cung mot dang cau
truc.
Hien tng
So chat
Cau truc
a hnh
Mot chat
Nhieu cau truc
ong hnh
Nhieu chat
Mot cau truc
2. V du: Muoi carbonat cua nhieu kim loai hoa tr 2 la cac chat ong hnh do chung co
cung lp oi xng va cau truc tam phng, thong so mang xap x bang nhau va goc
rat gan nhau.
Chat
MgCO3
CaCO3
MnCO3
FeCO3
ZnCO3
103021
101055
102050
103004
103028
3. ieu kien e xay ra hien tng ong hnh cua 2 chat la:
a. Co s tng t ve cau truc tinh the
b. Mot so tieu phan cua chat nay co the thay the bang mot so tieu phan cua chat kia
trong tinh the do chung co ban knh tng t
Chng 10
118
Hoa hoc chat ran
4. Khi co s thay the cua tieu phan nay bang tieu phan kia cua 2 chat ong hnh th ta thu
c mot tinh the c goi la dung dch ran thay the.
Chat A
Dung dch ran thay the AB
A
B
X
Chat B
5. Khi co s thay the tieu phan A bang tieu phan B t 0 100% th ta co dung dch ran
thay the hoan toan (hay lien tuc).
V du: Magnesit MgCO3 va siderit FeCO3 vi rMg2+ = 0,78 va rFe2+ = 0,83 tao dung dch
ran lien tuc (Mg, Fe)[CO3].
6. Khi co s thay the tieu phan A bang tieu phan B ch trong mot khoang % nao o th ta
co dung dch ran thay the han che.
V du: ong co rCu = 1,28 tao dung dch ran thay the han che vi thiec co rSn = 1,58
bang cach hoa tan Sn t 0 45% khoi lng.
7. Trng hp gii han, 2 chat ong hnh ch tao ra cac hp chat co thanh phan xac nh.
V du: Magnesit MgCO3 va calcit CaCO3 vi rMg2+ = 0,78 va rCa2+ = 1,06 ch tao c
dung dch la hp chat trung gian dolomit co cong thc CaMg[CO3]2 hay CaCO3.MgCO3.
9. Hien tng ong hnh con xuat hien oi vi ca cac chat co ien tch hoan toan khac
nhau. V du nh CaTiO3 va KMgF3; BaSO4 va KBF4, tao c tinh the ong hnh.
10.4
Tinh the that
10.4.1
Hnh thai tinh the
1. Hnh thai tinh the hay hnh dang ben ngoai cua mot tinh the that bao gi cung phan anh
tnh oi xng ben trong, ngha la cau truc vi mo cua tinh the.
2. ieu nay c the hien ro rang qua viec goc gia cac be mat xac nh cua tinh the la
xac nh cho du tinh the o co cac hnh dang khac nhau do ket tinh cac ieu kien khac
nhau.
Hnh 10.1
Goc cac mat ngoai cua tinh the bao toan do cau truc ben trong xac nh
Chng 10
Hoa hoc chat ran
119
3. Can chu y la hnh dang ben ngoai cua tinh the

khong gan lien vi hnh ac trng cua he tinh the.
V du nh tinh the thuoc he lap phng dien tam
lai thng co dang v mo la cac hat hnh kim hay
lang tru do tinh the phat trien manh theo hng
ng cheo mat v hng nay co mat o cao nhat
nen so lng lien ket c hnh thanh nhieu nhat.
10.4.2
Khuyet tat trong tinh the
1. Cac tinh the thc luon luon co khuyet tat do:

a. Sai lech ve trat t sap xep cua cac tieu phan
b. Sai lech do thanh phan cua cac tieu phan khong hp thc
c. Sai lech do s co mat cua tap chat
2. Mot so khuyet tat co the thay bang mat thng nh:
Be mat tinh the go ghe, canh tinh the b cong,
Xuat hien mau nh ngoc co mau xanh hay o do s nhiem tap Cr, Ti trong Al2O3,
3. Mot so khuyet tat ch co the nhan biet bang cac thiet b ac biet nh:
S thay the Si bang P hay B trong chat ban dan
Ham lng nguyen to at hiem trong kim cng nhan tao
a. Khuyet tat ve trat t sap xep cua cac tieu phan

1. Khuyet tat ve trat t sap xep bao gom cac khuyet tat iem, ng, mat va khoi.
2. Khuyet tat iem co kch thc c nguyen t do:
a. Cac tieu phan co kch thc nho co the b bt ra khoi v tr can bang cua no e di
en mot v tr mi gia nhng nguyen t khac tao thanh khuyet tat Frenkel
b. Cac tieu phan co kch thc ln di khoi v tr can bang i len be mat tinh the va e
lai cac lo trong tao thanh khuyet tat Shotky
c. S co mat cua nguyen t tap chat trong mang tinh the
(a) Khuyet tat Frenkel
(b) Khuyet tat Shotky

Hnh 10.2
(c) Mang ly tng
Cac loai khuyet tat iem
3. Khi nhiet o tang th khuyet tat iem se tang len ang ke. V du nh nhiet o thng,
nong o lo trong trong vang ch la 1015 th gan nhiet o nong chay tang len en 104.
120
Chng 10
Hoa hoc chat ran
4. Khuyet tat ng co kch thc v mo theo 1 chieu va c nguyen t theo 2 chieu con lai
nen tao thanh lech mang.
Hnh 10.3
Hnh 10.4
Mo hnh khuyet tat ng (a), (b) lech mang bien va (c) mang ly tng
Mo hnh khuyet tat ng (a) lech mang xoan va (b) mang ly tng
5. Khuyet tat mat co kch thc v mo theo 2 chieu va c nguyen t theo 1 chieu con lai
xuat hien tai bien gii hat, tai bien gii gia cac khoi men ran,
Hnh 10.5
Mo hnh cau truc bien gii hat (a) goc ln va (b) goc nho
6. Khuyet tat khoi co kch thc v mo theo ca 3 chieu bao gom cac khe nt, cac bao the,
cac d vat, trong tinh the.
7. Khuyet tat cua tinh the ong vai tro quan trong trong phan ng pha ran. Chung tham gia
vao cac hien tng khuech tan, bien dang, a en nhng hieu ng co li cho van toc
cua phan ng.
Chng 10
Hoa hoc chat ran
121
b. Khuyet tat do thanh phan khong hp thc

1. Cac hp chat bao hoa hoa tr tao thanh tinh the van der Waals thng co thanh phan
hp thc.
2. Cac chat tao thanh tinh the ion hay cong hoa tr thng co thanh phan thay oi do s
thieu hay tha cua mot so tieu phan tai cac nut mang lam sai lech cong thc hp thc
cua chat.
V du:
Chat
Cong thc
Thanh phan
10.5
Ch (II) sulfur
Titan (IV) oxid
Titan (II) oxid
PbS
TiO2
TiO
PbS0,9995 en PbS1,0005
TiO1,9 en TiO2
Ti0,9O en Ti1,3O
Phan ng pha ran
10.5.1
Nhiet ong lc hoc cua phan ng pha ran
1. Phan ng co kha nang xay ra khi G < 0.

G0T = H0T TS0T
2. Song du co G < 0 th cac phan ng pha ran thng ch xay ra nhiet o cao do yeu to
can tr ve mat ong hoc trong qua trnh khuech tan.
3. Trong cac phan ng ch co s tham gia cua cac chat ran, s bien oi cua entropi la rat
nho va thng c bo qua.
4. V vay, entalpi se cho biet chieu cua phan ng trong pha ran.
5. Cac phan ng pha ran thng toa nhiet vi H < 0.
6. Ve ly thuyet, phan ng pha ran xay ra hoan toan va he ch at en trang thai can bang
khi het tac chat.
7. Trong thc te, hiem khi phan ng xay ra hoan toan do khong the tron eu tuyet oi cac
tac chat nen mot phan cac tieu phan tac chat khong the tiep xuc c vi nhau.
8. Xet phan ng tao ferit 2980K:
NiO + Fe2O3 NiFe2O4
vi cac gia tr nhiet ong c trnh bay trong bang sau:
H0298 (kJ/mol)
S0298 (J/mol.o)
G0298 (kJ/mol)
NiO
239,7
37,99
211,6
Fe2O3
822,2
87,4
740,3
NiFe2O4
1077
+132
996
Phan ng
15,1
6,61
17,1
Chat
9. Vay phan ng tren xay ra theo chieu thuan va toa nhiet 2980K. Nhiet phan ng rat
nho, ch khoang c lien ket hydro.
122
10.5.2
Chng 10
Hoa hoc chat ran
ong hoc cua phan ng pha ran
1. Toc o khuech tan quyet nh van toc phan ng pha ran.

2. Qua trnh khuech tan gia cac hat se dan en s tao thanh lp san pham (Y) tren be
mat ngan cach gia cac hat.
A(r) + B(r) = AB(r)

Hnh 10.3
Qua trnh khuech tan qua lp san pham phan ng
3. Tac chat se khuech tan qua lp san pham nay e phan ng tiep tuc xay ra.
4. Lp san pham day len trong qua trnh phan ng va tac chat dan dan c tieu thu het.
5. Tuy thuoc s xuat hien cua cac khuyet tat ma cac tieu phan se khuech tan theo cac
phng khac nhau.
6. Tieu phan co ban knh nho u tien khuech tan vao tieu phan co ban knh ln hn.
Kim loai
Ban knh nguyen t,
He
Hng u tien khuech tan
Cu
1,28
Ag
1,44
CuAg
Cu khuech tan vao Ag
Au
1,44
CuAu
Cu khuech tan vao Au
Fe
1,26
CuFe
Fe khuech tan vao Cu
0,77
FeC
C khuech tan vao Fe
Kim loai
Nhiet o nong chay, 0C
Au
1063
Ag
961
Hng khuech tan
Au i vao Ag
7. Cac tieu phan co cung ban knh th chat co Tnc cao khuech tan vao chat co Tnc thap.
8. Tac chat ban au co cau truc cang chat che th qua trnh khuech tan se cang kho.
9. Toc o phan ng gia cac pha ran c quyet nh bi:
Cac khuyet tat trong mang tinh the va
Qua trnh khuech tan tac chat qua lp san pham
Thanh phan hon hp, kch thc hat
Phng phap chuan b hon hp
Cau truc tac chat va cau truc cua san pham,
Chng 11
Moi lien he gia cau truc va tnh chat cua cac chat
123
Chng 11
Moi lien he gia cau truc
va tnh chat cua cac chat
11.1
Moi lien he gia cau truc va tnh chat vat ly cua chat
1. Cac tnh chat vat ly va hoa hoc cua cac chat khong nhng phu thuoc vao ban chat cua
cac nguyen to hp thanh ma con phu thuoc rat nhieu vao ban chat va nang lng cua
lien ket ton tai:
Gia cac tieu phan, va
Trong cac tieu phan
11.1.1
Nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi
1. Khi tang nhiet o th cac tieu phan trong pha ran dao ong ngay cang manh.
2. en mot nhiet o nao o th cac tieu phan nay co the di chuyen ra khoi v tr nut mang
va e lai mot lo trong.
3. So lo trong va tieu phan nam lech v tr tang khi nhiet o tang. V du nh vang co nong
o lo trong nhiet o thng la 1015, gan nhiet o nong chay la 104 nguyen t.
4. Tiep tuc tang nhiet o th s dao ong cua cac tieu phan ngay cang ln cho en luc cac
tieu phan nay di chuyen t do oi vi nhau.
5. Luc nay, chat chuyen t pha ran sang pha long.
6. e di chuyen c, cac tieu phan phai co u ong nang e thang c lc lien ket gia
cac tieu phan.
7. V vay, nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi phu thuoc vao nang lng lien ket gia cac
tieu phan trong pha ran.
8. He qua la mot chat co nang lng mang tinh the cang cao th co nhiet o nong chay Tnc
va nhiet o soi Ts cang cao.
a. oi vi tinh the ion
1. Cac tinh the nay co lien ket gia cac tieu phan la lien ket ion vi lc lien ket manh.
2. Do o cac tinh the ion thng co nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi cao.
124
Chng 11
3. Can lu y la lien ket gia cac nguyen t ben trong cac ion phc tap nh NH4+, SO42,
lai thng la lien ket cong hoa tr hay ion-cong hoa tr.
4. V du: Lien ket gia cac nguyen t S va O ben trong anion SO42 la lien ket cong hoa tr
phan cc.
5. Neu cac lien ket gia cac nguyen t nay khong ben th chung co the b cat t lam cho
chat b phan huy tham ch trc khi chat nong chay hay bay hi.
b. oi vi tinh the kim loai

1. Cac tinh the nay co lien ket gia cac tieu phan la lien ket kim loai vi lc lien ket manh.
2. Do o, cac tinh the kim loai thng co nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi cao.
3. Lc lien ket gia cac tieu phan trong cac tinh the kim loai cang ln khi:
a. So ien t hoa tr cang ln
b. Ban knh nguyen t kim loai cang nho
c. Kim loai co cau truc cang ac kht
4. Lu y la nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi cua kim loai bien thien trong mot khoang rat
rong t am vai chuc en tren 30000C.
c. oi vi tinh the cong hoa tr

1. Cac tinh the nay co lien ket gia cac tieu phan la lien ket cong hoa tr vi lc lien ket
manh theo ca ba phng tao thanh mang khung.
2. Do o cac tinh the cong hoa tr thng co nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi cao.
d. oi vi tinh the van der Waals

1. Cac tinh the nay co lien ket gia cac tieu phan la lien ket van der Waals vi lc lien ket
yeu.
2. Do o, cac tinh the van der Waals thng co nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi thap.
3. ieu kien thng chung ton tai chu yeu trang thai kh hay long, ch co mot so trang
thai ran.
4. Khi nong chay, lien ket gia cac tieu phan co the b cat t hoan toan hay mot phan ln
e tao thanh cac tieu phan hay tap hp cac tieu phan rieng le.
5. Can lu y la cac tinh the van der Waals co lien ket hydro nh nc se co nhiet o nong
chay va bay hi cao hn rat nhieu.
e. oi vi tinh the co lien ket hon tap

1. Cac tinh the co lien ket hon tap tao thanh lp-mach co cau truc trung gian gia mang
van der Waals va mang cong hoa tr hay ion.
2. Do cac lp-mach co kch thc vo cung ln nen khong the di chuyen t do khien cho
nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi khong phu thuoc vao lien ket gia cac lp-mach ma
lai phu thuoc vao lc lien ket ben trong cac lp-mach.
Chng 11
125
3. Tinh the loai nay se nong chay khi cac lp-mach b cat t tao thanh cac tap hp nho
hn co kha nang di chuyen t do.
4. Khi lien ket ben trong cac lp-mach co tnh cong hoa tr vi nang lng ln th mang gan
giong vi mang cong hoa tr nen tinh the co nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi tng
oi cao.
5. Khi lien ket ben trong cac lp-mach co tnh cong hoa tr phan cc vi nang lng nho th
mang gan giong vi mang van der Waals nen tinh the co nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o
soi khong cao, v du nh FeCl3, SO3, P2O5,
Lien ket gia cac tieu phan
Tnc, Ts
Ca2+
11.1.2
Lien ket trong tieu phan
O
O
Hnh 11.1
Tph
Cac lien ket gia va trong cac tieu phan
Nhiet o phan huy
1. Nhiet o phan huy Tph phu thuoc vao nang lng lien ket gia cac nguyen t ben trong
cac tieu phan.
2. Khi lien ket nay cang yeu th lien ket cang de b cat t, chat se de b phan huy.
3. Cac lien ket ben trong cac tieu phan thng la cac lien ket cong hoa tr hay lien ket
cong hoa tr phan cc.
4. o manh cua cac lc nay thng c xem xet thong qua mc o xen phu hieu qua cua
cac van ao lien ket.
5. Mc o xen phu hieu qua bao gom hai yeu to la the tch xen phu va mat o ien t.
6. Trong o, khi tang ban knh th mat o ien t giam manh hn so vi s tang the tch
xen phu nen lien ket se kem ben hn.
11.1.3
Tnh chat c hoc
1. Tnh chat c hoc cua cac tinh the chu yeu phu thuoc vao loai lien ket cung nh nang
lng lien ket gia cac tieu phan.
2. Lien ket cong hoa tr co tnh chat nh x va lc lien ket manh nen cac tinh the cong hoa
tr co o cng ln nhng thng lai don.
3. Lien ket kim loai ve ban chat co the xem la lien ket cong hoa tr nhng co tnh bat nh
x nen cac tinh the kim loai deo va dai, de keo va dat mong.
4. Mot yeu to quan trong khac oi vi cac vat lieu a tinh the (vat lieu c hnh thanh t
nhieu tinh the nho) la lien ket gia cac tinh the tai bien tinh the yeu hn lien ket ben
trong tinh the nen chnh lien ket tai bien tinh the lai quyet nh tnh chat c hoc cua cac
vat lieu a tinh the.
5. He qua la vat lieu a tinh the co o ben kem hn vat lieu n tinh the.
126
11.1.4
Chng 11
Tnh dan ien
a. Thuyet vung nang lng

1. Khi s dung thuyet MO cho tinh the, co the hnh dung mot tinh the la mot phan t khong
lo co n nguyen t.
2. S to hp n van ao hoa tr cua nguyen t se tao thanh n/2 van ao lien ket va n/2 van
ao phan lien ket cua tinh the.
3. Do xac suat phan bo nang lng, cac van ao nay khong ong nang ma tao thanh mot
vung cha cac mc nang lng gan nh lien tuc.
4. Khoang cach gia cac mc nang lng ke tiep nhau ch vao khoang 1022eV.
5. Cac van ao nguyen t s, p, d va f se tao thanh cac vung nang lng s, p, d va f.
6. Cac vung nang lng nay co the cha ien t c goi la vung c phep.
7. Gia cac vung c phep co the co nhng dai nang lng khong the cha ien t c
goi la vung khong c phep.
8. Cac vung c phep co the tach ri nhau hay chap len nhau tuy theo o rong cua vung
va khoang cach gia cac vung.
9. Vung c phep co nang lng cao nhat co cha ien t goi la vung hoa tr (HOMO).
10. Vung c phep co nang lng thap nhat khong cha ien t goi la vung dan (LUMO).
11. Vung hoa tr va vung dan co the chap len nhau hoac cach nhau mot khoang E nao o.
12. Khi mot ien t c dch chuyen t vung hoa tr len vung dan th no mi co the chuyen
ong t do trong toan bo tinh the va luc o tinh the mi dan ien.
13. Kha nang dch chuyen cua ien t len vung dan phu thuoc vao gia tr cua E:
a. Khi E < 0,1eV: cac ien t co the dch
chuyen de dang, tinh the dan ien.
b. Khi E > 3eV: cac ien t khong the dch
chuyen, tinh the cach ien.
c. Khi 0,1 < E < 0,1eV: cac ien t co the
dch chuyen khi b kch thch t ben ngoai
nh un nong, tinh the co tnh ban dan.
Vung dan (c phep) LUMO
Vung cam
(khong c phep)
Vung hoa tr (c phep) LUMO
b. Tnh dan ien cua tinh the ion

1. Cac tinh the ion khong dan ien v cac ien t
thuoc ve cac ion rieng le va gia cac ion
khong co s trao oi ien t vi nhau.
Hnh 11.2 Cac vung

nang lng trong tinh the
2. Khi trang thai nong chay th cac hp chat ion lai dan ien do chuyen ong cua cac ion
di tac dung cua ien trng.
c. Tnh dan ien cua tinh the kim loai

1. Cac tinh the kim loai c hnh thanh t cac nguyen to kim loai co tnh chat gan giong
nhau.
Chng 11
127
2. Nang lng cua cac van ao tng oi gan nhau nen vung hoa tr va vung dan thng
chong len nhau.
3. V vay, kim loai dan ien tot.
d. Tnh dan ien cua tinh the cong hoa tr
1. Trong cac tinh the cong hoa tr, lien ket t phan cc, van ao phan t cua tinh the c
to hp t cac van ao tap chung sp3 cua cac nguyen t.
2. Tng tac gia cac nguyen t ng gan nhau manh hn tng tac gia cac nguyen t
ng xa nhau nen cac ien t hoa tr co tnh nh x ln.
3. Cac vung hoa tr va vung dan khong b gian ra e chap len nhau nen co mot vung cam
nam gia hai vung nay.
4. Do o, cac tinh the nguyen t la cac chat cach ien hay ban dan. V du:
a. Tinh the kim cng co
E = 5,7eV
la chat cach ien
b. Tinh the silic co
E = 1,1eV
la chat ban dan
c. Tinh the germani co
E = 0,76eV
la chat ban dan
5. Cac tinh the nguyen t co lien ket cong hoa tr phan cc vi mang khung thng la
nhng chat ban dan. V du nh ZnS, PbS,
e. Tnh dan ien cua tinh the van der Waals
1. Trong cac tinh the van der Waals, cac ien t c nh x trong pham vi tng phan t
khien cho E ln nen cac tinh the nay la nhng chat cach ien.
f.
Tnh dan ien cua tinh the co lien ket hon tap
1. Cac tinh the co cau truc lp-mach vi lien ket hon tap t phan cc la nhng chat cach
ien.
2. Cac tinh the co cau truc lp-mach vi lien ket hon tap phan cc manh nh FeCl3, FeCl2,
SnCl2 thng la nhng chat cach ien va ch dan ien trang thai nong chay.
11.1.5
Tnh tan
1. Qua trnh hoa tan phu thuoc vao ban chat cua chat tan va dung moi cung nh tng tac
gia hai chat nay vi nhau nen se xay ra rat a dang va kho co the d oan c chnh
xac o tan cua mot chat trong mot dung moi nao o.
2. Qua trnh hoa tan bao gom hai qua trnh chnh nh sau:
3. Qua trnh vat ly: Cat t cac lien ket gia cac tieu phan trong pha ran cung nh lien ket
gia cac tieu phan trong pha long va khuyech tan cac tieu phan cua pha ran vao pha
long.
ay la mot qua trnh thu nhiet, Hvl > 0, nang lng can cung cap se cang ln khi
lien ket gia cac tieu phan cua chat tan cung nh lien ket gia cac tieu phan cua
dung moi cang manh.
Qua trnh khuyech tan co Hkt nho nen co the bo qua.
128
Chng 11
Hnh 11.3
Mo hnh qua trnh hoa tan NaCl
4. Qua trnh hoa hoc: Hnh thanh cac lien ket mi gia tieu phan cua chat tan vi cac tieu
phan cua dung moi.
Qua trnh nay c goi la qua trnh solvat hoa.
ay la mot qua trnh toa nhiet, Hhh < 0, nang lng toa ra cang ln khi lien ket gia
cac tieu phan cua chat tan va dung moi cang manh.
5. S cua qua trnh hoa tan ln hn 0 v qua trnh hoa tan lam tang o t do cua he.
6. Nhng S khong ln lam nen qua trnh hoa tan phu thuoc trc het vao tng quan gia
Hvl va Hhh:
7. Bieu thc (11.1) cho thay s kho khan khi d oan o tan v khi ien tch cua ion cang
ln, ban knh cua ion cang nho th nang lng mang tinh the Uml cang am va nang lng
solvat hoa Hsol cung cang am.
Hht
MX (tt) + Sol
Uml
Msol
+ Xsol
Hcation
sol
Hanion
sol
M+(k) + X(k)
Ght = Hht TSht Hht
Hht = Uml + Hcation
+ Hanion
sol
sol
(11.1)
8. Trong bieu thc (11.1) th hai ai lng nay trai dau vi nhau.
9. V vay, gia tr cua Hht phu thuoc vao s thay oi tng oi cua hai ai lng Uml va
Hsol.
10. Ngi ta rut ra mot quy tac thc nghiem la:
Cac chat co ban chat giong nhau de tan vao nhau
11. ieu o co ngha la:
Chat phan cc co lien ket ion hay ion-cong hoa tr de tan vao dung moi phan cc.
Chat khong phan cc co lien ket cong hoa tr de tan vao dung moi khong phan cc.
Chng 11
129
12. V du:
H2O va NaCl la nhng chat phan cc se de tan vao nhau.
C6H6 va I2 la nhng chat khong phan cc cung de tan vao nhau.
Con H2O va I2 hoac C6H6 va NaCl la nhng chat co o phan cc hoan toan khac
nhau nen se rat t tan vao nhau.
13. Rieng cac chat co nang lng mang tinh the qua ln se khong tan trong bat ky dung
moi nao do nang lng solvat hoa khong bu noi nang lng mang tinh the.
14. Neu gia chat tan va dung moi hnh thanh lien ket hydro th o tan se tang len ang ke.
11.2
Moi lien he gia cau truc va tnh chat hoa hoc cua cac chat
1. Tnh chat hoa hoc cua mot chat trc het phu thuoc vao ban chat cua chat o.
2. Song nh ta a thay trong phan tren, trc khi muon phan ng th phai co qua trnh cat
t lien ket cu gia chnh cac tieu phan trang thai ran hay trang thai long ma chat
ang ton tai.
3. Do o, trang thai ton tai cung anh hng en hoat tnh hoa hoc cua cac chat.
4. Khi trang thai ton tai cang kem ben th hoat tnh hoa hoc cua chat cang cao. V du:
P en co mang tinh the hon tap cha mach P ben nen co hoat tnh hoa hoc thap
P trang co mang tinh the van der Waals cha phan t P4 khong ben nen co hoat tnh
hoa hoc cao
Trng hp ac biet: Anion la cac ai phan t

1. Cac chat co anion la cac ai phan t tao thanh cac machlpkhung vi lien ket ben
trong la lien ket cong hoa tr. Cac cation nam gia cac mach-lp-khung nay e trung
hoa ien cho hp chat.
2. Tuy thuoc vao ien tch va ban knh cua cation ma lien ket cua cation vi anion ai phan
t la lien ket ion hay lien ket ion-cong hoa tr.
3. Trng hp 1: Cation co ien tch ln, ban knh nho:
Lien ket gia cation vi anion ai phan t co nhieu tnh cong hoa tr.
Cac chat nay co nhiet o nong chay cao, o cng ln, khong tan trong cac dung moi
va khong co kha nang trao oi ion na.
4. Trng hp 2: Cation co ien tch nho, ban knh ln:
Lien ket gia cation vi anion ai phan t la lien ket ion.
Cac chat nay va co tnh chat cua hp chat ion do lien ket gia cac cation va anion
ai phan t tao ra lai va co tnh chat cua hp chat cong hoa tr do lien ket ben trong
cac anion ai phan t tao nen.
Cac chat nay thng co nhiet o nong chay cao, khong tan trong nc va co kha
nang trao oi cation.
V du: Khoang montmorillonit MIx[Si8xAl4xMgxO20(OH)4] c hnh thanh t cac lp

anion ai phan t. Cac cation nam gia cac lp nay co kha nang trao oi vi cac
cation trong moi trng chung quanh.
130
Chng 11
11.3
Nhan xet chung ve moi lien he gia cau truc va tnh chat cua chat
1. Tom lai, cac tnh chat hoa hoc va vat ly cua cac chat vo c phu thuoc rat nhieu vao ac
iem lien ket va cau truc cua trang thai ton tai cua chat.
2. Do o, chung ta can phai hieu ro:
Cac yeu to anh hng en viec hnh thanh cac loai lien ket va o ben cua lien ket
S bien thien cua ban chat lien ket khi thay oi v tr cua nguyen to trong bang phan
loai tuan hoan
Cau truc va trang thai ton tai cua chat
e co the d oan c cac tnh chat acid-baz va oxi hoa-kh cung nh cac tnh chat
vat ly co the co cua chat trong qua trnh ieu che va s dung cac hp chat hoa hoc.
Chng 12
ai cng ve hoa hoc cua cac nguyen t s va p
131
Chng 12
ai cng ve hoa hoc
cua cac nguyen to s va p
12.1
Cau truc nguyen t va ac iem lien ket
1. Cac nguyen to khong chuyen tiep co cac van ao hoa tr ns va np lp vo ngoai cung.
2. So ien t hoa tr cua cac nguyen to nam trong cung mot phan nhom bang so th t cua
phan nhom.
Phan nhom
Cau truc ien t

Xu hng
tao lien ket:
1A
ns1
2A
np0
ns2
bang:
ns2
4A
np1
ns2
ien t oc than va
van ao trong (nhan)
5A
ns2
bang:
ns2
7A
np4
ns2
ien t oc than va
oi ien t t do (cho)
Nguyen to
ac biet
6A
np3
np2
ien t oc than
Sm
Phan nhom
Xu hng
tao lien ket:
np0
Nguyen to
Cau truc ien t
3A
Muon
8A
np5
ns2
np6
oi ien t t do
Kh hiem
3. Cac nguyen to sm la cac nguyen to co o am ien thap vi lng ien t hoa tr cha
at hay va at en trang thai ban bao hoa.
4. V vay, cac nguyen to sm co xu hng:
Cho cac ien t hoa tr e co so oxi hoa dng
Nhan cac oi ien t vao cac van ao con trong
5. Cac nguyen to muon la cac nguyen to co o am ien cao vi lng ien t hoa tr at
qua trang thai ban bao hoa.
132
Chng 12
6. V vay, cac nguyen to muon co xu hng:
Nhan cac ien t hoa tr e co so oxi hoa am
Cho cac oi ien t t do
7. Cac nguyen to chu ky 2 ch co 4 van ao hoa tr nen the hien tnh sm va muon rat ro
rang.
8. Cac nguyen to t chu ky 3 tr i co the s dung van ao nd lam van ao hoa tr. V vay,
cac nguyen to muon chu ky 3 co nhieu hn 4 ien t ma van co the mang ac tnh
lien ket cua cac nguyen to sm la nhan oi ien t t do vao van ao d.
9. Cac nguyen to thuoc chu ky 2 co ban knh nho nen cac van ao p cua nguyen t trung
tam va ligand xen phu c vi nhau va tao thanh lien ket pp ben.
10. Cac nguyen to thuoc chu ky 3 tr len co ban knh ln nen xen phu ben ton tai:
Gia cac van ao d cua NTTT va van ao p cua ligand va tao thanh lien ket dp.
Gia cac van ao d cua NTTT va van ao d cua ligand va tao thanh lien ket dd.
11. Cac nguyen to khong chuyen tiep co so oxi hoa ben tuan theo quy tac Mendeleev. Cac
so oxi hoa khac khong ben.
So oxi hoa = So nhom 2n
Hnh 12.1
Hnh 12.2
Mo hnh xen phu cua cac van ao tao lien ket
Phan bo mc nang lng cua cac van ao theo nguyen t so Z
n=04
Chng 12
12.2
12.2.1
133
Quy luat bien oi tnh chat

Quy luat bien oi tnh chat trong mot phan nhom chnh
1. Khi i t tren xuong di trong mot phan nhom chnh:
Ban knh tang
o am ien giam
Tnh kh tang, tnh oxi hoa giam
Tnh kim loai tang, tnh khong kim loai giam
Cac oxihydroxid co tnh baz tang, tnh acid giam
So oxi hoa cao nhat kem ben dan cac phan nhom 3 do hieu ng co d va co f
Phc oxo (=O) kem ben dan do lien ket pp va dp kem ben dan, phc hydroxo
(OH) ben dan do lien ket dp ben dan.
V du:
Dang ton tai:
Hnh 12.3
12.2.2
Phan nhom
Nguyen to chu ky 3
Nguyen to chu ky 5
5A
H3PO4
[Sb(OH)6]
6A
H2SO4
[Te(OH)6]
7A
HClO4
H5IO6
Bien thien ban knh van ao nguyen t rv theo ien tch hat nhan Z
Quy luat bien oi tnh chat trong mot chu ky
1. Khi i t trai qua phai trong mot chu ky:
Ban knh giam nhng khong eu
o am ien tang
134
Chng 12
Tnh oxi hoa tang, tnh kh giam
Tnh khong kim loai tang, tnh kim loai giam
Cac oxihydroxid co tnh acid tang, tnh baz giam
So oxi hoa cao nhat kem ben dan cac nguyen to muon
12.2.3
Quy luat bien oi tnh chat tren ng cheo
1. Cac nguyen to tren cung mot ng cheo khong co cung cau truc ien t va cac van
ao hoa tr cung khong giong nhau nen co:
Hoa tr, so oxi hoa, so phoi tr, cong thc hp chat, khac nhau
2. Song nguyen to nay co o am ien gan giong nhau nen co ac iem o phan cc cua
lien ket trong cac oxihydroxid cung loai lai gan giong nhau nen:
Tnh chat acid-baz cua cac oxihydroxid nay giong nhau
V du:
Hp chat
Tnh chat
Bang 12.1
CO2
P2O5
SeO3
I2O7
BeO
Al2O3
GeO2
Sb2O5
acid
acid
acid
acid
baz
baz
baz
baz
Thang o am ien theo Pauling
H
2.20
Li
Be
0.98 1.57
B
C
N
O
F
2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98
Na Mg
0.93 1.31
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga Ge
As
Se
Br
0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 2.00 1.65 1.81 2.01 2.18 2.55 2.96
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb Mo
Te
Ru Rh
Pd
Ag Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.60 2.16 1.90 2.20 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.10 2.66
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
0.79 0.89 1.10 1.30 1.50 2.36 1.90 2.20 2.20 2.28 2.54 2.00 2.04 2.33 2.02 2.00 2.20
Chng 13
Hydrogen
135
Chng 13
Hydrogen
13.1
Cau truc ien t va ac iem lien ket
1. Hydrogen co cau truc ien t n gian nhat la 1s1 nhng hoa hoc lai rat phc tap do khi
mat ien t duy nhat nay th nguyen t ch con oc nhat mot proton co ien tch dng
vi ban knh ch bang khoang 105 ban knh cua cac ion khac.
2. Hydrogen co the:
Mat i 1 ien t e co so oxi hoa +1 giong cac kim loai kiem
Nhan them 1 ien t e co so oxi hoa 1 giong cac halogen
Tnh chat
Cl
Li
Na
Ban knh nguyen t
0,30
0,64
0,99
1,55
1,89
Ban knh ion E
1,36
1,33
1,81
Ban knh ion E+
105
0,68
0,98
I1
eV
13,6
17,42
12,97
5,39
5,14
eV
0,75
3,5
3,6
theo Pauling
2,1
3,98
3,16
0,98
0,93
o am ien
3. H+ co tac dung phan cc vo cung manh do r+ vo cung nho.

4. V vay, trong cac hp chat ma hydrogen phan cc dng th lien ket cua hydrogen eu
mang ban chat cong hoa tr phan cc ch khong the la lien ket ion.
5. Trong dung moi th H+ se b solvat hoa e phan tan bt ien tch dng. V du nh trong
nc th H+ se tao thanh cation oxoni H3O+ thng c viet tat la H+.
6. Hydrogen trong cac hp chat vi F, O va N b mat gan het ien t nen de dang hnh
thanh lien ket hydro vi mo hnh nh sau:
AH+"B
trong o:
A va B la F, O hay N
7. Hydrogen co kch thc nho nen co the xam nhap vao cac lo trong trong mang tinh the
cua cac kim loai tao thanh cac hp chat kieu kim loai.
136
Chng 13
Hydrogen
13.2
Trang thai t nhien
1. Hydrogen la mot trong cac nguyen to pho bien nhat.

2. Hydrogen chiem 17%NT (nguyen t) cua vo trai at, khoi lng cua mat tri va cac
ngoi sao.
3. Hydrogen co 3 ong v vi 2 ong v ben la protium 11H va deuterium 21H (hay D); ong
v phong xa la tritium 31H (hay T).
13.3
13.3.1
n chat
Cau truc va ly tnh
1. Hydrogen ch co mot ien t nen no tao thanh cac phan t nh nguyen t H2 vi nang
lng lien ket ln:
2H H2
H0 = 431 kJ/mol
2. Hydrogen ran co mang tinh the van der Waals vi cau truc luc phng.
3. Do phan t H2 khong phan cc va the tch phan t rat nho nen hydrogen co nhiet o
nong chay va nhiet o soi rat thap: Tnc = 259,10C; Ts = 252,60C.
4. Hydrogen co toc o khuyech tan ln, t tan trong nc va cac dung moi.
5. ieu kien thng, hydrogen la mot chat kh khong mau va khong mui.
13.3.2
Hoa tnh
1. Do lien ket HH ben vng nen hydrogen kem hoat ong nhiet o thng. Hoat tnh
tang len ro ret nhiet o cao.
2. Hydrogen mi ieu che ra c goi la hydrogen mi sinh co the trang thai nguyen t
H hay trang thai kch thch H2* nen co hoat tnh rat cao.
3. Hydrogen mi sinh co the phan ng vi cac n chat nh N2, S, P, As, cung nh kh
nhieu hp chat ngay nhiet o thng nh MnO4 ve Mn2+, H2SO3 ve H2S, Cr2O72 ve
Cr3+, NO3 ve NH4+,
a. Tnh oxi hoa
1. Tnh oxi hoa ch the hien khi phan ng vi cac kim loai hoat ong e ve so oxi hoa 1:
2Na + H2 2NaH
b. Tnh kh
1. Hydrogen the hien tnh kh khi phan ng vi cac khong kim loai va cac chat oxi hoa.
2. nhiet o thng hydrogen ch phan ng c vi fluor:
F2 + H2 2HF
3. Khi kch thch bang bc xa hay un nong co xuc tac th hydrogen phan ng vi nhieu
khong kim loai khac nh Cl2, Br2, I2, O2, N2, S,
h ,
H2O
O2 + H2
Chng 13
Hydrogen
137
4. nhiet o cao, hydrogen phan ng c vi cac oxid cua kim loai kem hoat ong:
CuO + H2
Cu + H2O
5. Trong dung dch, tnh kh cua H2 rat yeu:

E0 = 0,000V
2H+ + 2e H2
13.3.3
ieu che
a. Trong cong nghiep

1. Nguyen lieu la kh t nhien:
0
(a)
800 C
CH4 + H2O
CO + 3H2
(b)
800 C
CH4 + O2
2CO + 4H2
H0 = 206kJ/mol
H0 = 71kJ/mol
Phan ng (b) toa nhiet bu cho (a) thu nhiet khi 2 phan ng xay ra ong thi.
Hon hp CO + H2 goi la kh than t c chuyen hoa tiep tuc:

, Fe2O 3
CO2 + H2
CO + H2O
(c)
CO2 c tach ra khoi san pham bang cach cho qua nc ap suat cao (khoang
20atm) roi qua huyen phu Ca(OH)2 e thu c bot nhe CaCO3.
2. Nguyen lieu la than:

(a)
C + H2O
CO + H2
(b)
2C + O2
2CO
H0 = 131kJ/mol
H0 = 221kJ/mol
Qua trnh con lai c thc hien giong nh tren.
3. ien phan dung dch H2SO4 10% hay NaOH 30% vi catod bang sat va anod bang
niken e thu c hydrogen tinh khiet.
b. Trong phong th nghiem
1. S dung bnh kh nen hydrogen.
2. Phan ng gia kem va acid e co mot lng nho hydrogen:
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
3. ien phan dung dch KOH 30% e thu c hydrogen tinh khiet.
13.3.4
ng dung
1. Lam nguyen lieu cho:

a. Cong nghiep hoa hoc
Tong hp NH3, HCl, CH3OH,
b. Cong nghiep thc pham
Hydro hoa dau m, san xuat margarin,
c. Cong nghiep luyen kim
Kh cac quang, che tao cac vat lieu sieu cng,
2. Lam nhien lieu cho ten la, e han cac vat lieu sieu nhiet,
3. Cac ong v nang c dung e san xuat nc nang ieu hoa nhiet o cho cac phan
ng hat nhan.
138
Chng 13
Hydrogen
13.4
Cac hp chat bac hai cua hydrogen HnX
1. Tuy thuoc vao s khac biet ve o am ien ma hydrogen se tao ra cac hp chat co so oxi
hoa khac nhau vi cac nguyen to khac trong bang tuan hoan.
Bang 13.1
SOXH
+1
Phan bo cua cac hp chat cua hydrogen trong Bang tuan hoan
Loai hp chat cua hydrogen
Hp chat vi
Hp chat hydrogen HnX
Nguyen to co o am ien ln hn
V du:
Hydrur cong hoa tr AHn:
HCl, H2O, H3N
Nguyen to co o am ien nho hn
Loai de bay hi vi A
thuoc nhom 4A va 5A
V du:
SiH4 , GeH4 , SnH4 ,

AsH3 , PH3 , SbH3 ,
Loai kho bay hi vi A

thuoc nhom 2A va 3A
V du:
BeH2 , B2H6 , AlH3 ,

InH3 ,
Hydrur ion
Kim loai s (kiem va kiem tho)

V du:
Hydrur kim loai
NaH, CaH2,
Kim loai p, d va f
V du:
Bang 13.2
1A
2A
3B
MH , MH2 , MH3
Phan bo cua cac hp chat cua hydrogen trong Bang tuan hoan
4B
5B
6B
7B
8B
1B
2B
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
8A
He
Ne
Al
Cl
Ar
Zn
Ga
Se
Br
Kr
Ag
Cd
In
Te
Xe
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Mt
Uun
Uuu
Uub
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Li
Be
Na
Mg
Ca
Sc
Ti
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Rb
Sr
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
Re
Os
Ir
Fr
Ra
Ac
Rf
Ha
Sg
Ns
Hs
Ce
Pr
Nb
Th
Pa
Hp chat hydrogen
HnX
Hydrur cong hoa tr de bay hi
AHn
Hydrur cong hoa tr kho bay hi
AHn
Hydrur ion
MHn
Hydrur kim loai
Hydrur khong ben
MH, MH2, MH2

MHn
Chng 13
Hydrogen
139
Cac hp chat hydracid HnX cua hydrogen (+1)
13.4.1
1. Cac hp chat hydracid HnX cua hydrogen (+1) la cac hp chat hydracid cua hydrogen
vi cac nguyen to p chu yeu thuoc nhom 7A, 6A va mot phan cua 5A.
V du:
HF, HCl, HBr, HI, H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te, H3N,
2. Do H+ co ban knh vo cung nho nen co tac dung phan cc vo cung ln khien cho lien ket
trong cac hp chat nay eu la lien ket cong hoa tr phan cc.
3. Do o, o ben cua lien ket XH se c xem xet theo o ben cua lien ket cong hoa tr
bao gom 3 yeu to:
a. Yeu to ong nang cua cac van ao lien ket
b. Yeu to xen phu cua cac van ao lien ket
c. Yeu to mat o ien t tren cac van ao lien ket
4. Nh a xet trong Muc 4.4.1 ve cng o cua cac hydracid, khi lien ket cong hoa tr HX
(1) o ben cang thap va (2) o phan cc cang cao th kha nang cat t lech theo kieu
X#H e phong thch H+ cang cao va he qua la tnh acid cua hydracid cang manh.
5. Xet s bien oi tnh acid trong chu ky va phan nhom:
Ban knh giam cham hn
Ban knh tang nhanh hn
o ben tang cham hn
o ben giam nhanh hn
o am ien tang nhanh hn
o am ien giam cham hn
o phan cc tang nhanh hn
o phan cc giam cham hn
Kha nang phan ly H+ tang
Kha nang phan ly H+ tang
Tnh acid tang
Tnh acid tang
6. V du:
Day hydracid H3P, H2S va HCl khi i t trai sang phai trong chu ky co tnh acid tang.
Ngto
r,
Cl
1,10
1,04
0,99
2,2
18
2,6
23
3,2
Day hydracid HF, HCl, HBr va HI khi i t tren xuong di trong phan nhom co tnh
acid tang.
Ngto
Cl
Br
r,
0,64
55
0,99
17
1,14
17
1,33
4,3
20
3,2
3,0
10
2,7
Bang 13.2
Hp chat
H3N
pKa cua cac hp chat HnX phan nhom 5A, 6A va 7A

pKa1
Hp chat
pKa1
Hp chat
pKa1
H2O
16
HF
H2S
HCl
H2Se
HBr
H2Te
HI
10
140
13.4.2
Chng 13
Hydrogen
Cac hp chat hydrur cong hoa tr AHn
1. La cac hp chat cua hydrogen vi cac nguyen to co o am ien nho hn hydrogen

khong nhieu nen cha co kha nang hnh thanh lien ket ion.
2. Lien ket trong cac hp chat hydrur cong hoa tr AHn co ban chat cong hoa tr phan cc
nen hp chat co tnh acid.
a. Cac hp chat hydrur cong hoa tr de bay hi
1. c hnh thanh vi cac nguyen to muon chu yeu thuoc nhom 4A va 5A co:
So ien t hoa tr So van ao hoa tr
V du:
SiH4, GeH4, SnH4, AsH3, PH3, SbH3,
2. Cac phan t nay a bao hoa so phoi tr nen ton tai oc lap.
3. Tinh the cua chung co cau truc ao bao gom cac phan t bao hoa so phoi tr lien ket vi
nhau bang lien ket van der Waals nen co nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi thap.
4. Cac hydrur loai nay co:
a. Tnh acid
SiH4 + 4NaOH Na4SiO4 + 4H2
b. Kem ben
2SbH3 2Sb + 3H2
c. Phan ng manh vi nc
SiH4 + 4H2O H4SiO4 + 4H2
d. Co tnh kh manh
2PH3 + 4O2 2H3PO4
b. Cac hp chat hydrur cong hoa tr kho bay hi

1. c hnh thanh vi cac nguyen to sm chu yeu thuoc nhom < 4A co:
So ien t hoa tr < So van ao hoa tr
V du:
BeH2, B2H6, AlH3, InH3,
2. Cac tieu phan nay co so phoi tr > hoa tr nen phai polimer hoa qua cau hydro.
3. Tinh the cua chung bao gom cac phan t tao cau noi lien ket vi nhau tao thanh cau
truc lp hay mach. Lien ket gia cac lpmach la lien ket van der Waals. V co cau truc
lpmach nen chung co nhiet o nong chay va soi cao hn cac hydrur de bay hi.
a. Tnh lng tnh
AlH3 + KH K[AlH4]
b. Kem ben
2AlH3 2Al + 3H2
BeH2 + 2H2O Be(OH)2 + 2H2
d. Co tnh kh manh
2AlH3 + 6O2 Al2O3 + 3H2O
13.4.3
Cac hp chat hydrur ion XHn
1. c hnh thanh vi cac nguyen to co o am ien nho hn hydrogen nhieu nen lien ket
co ban chat ion.
Cac nguyen to kim loai kiem va kiem tho
V du:
LiH, NaH, KH, RbH, CsH, CaH2, SrH2, BaH2,
Chng 13
Hydrogen
141
2. Cac hp chat hydrur ion XHn co anion H nen co tnh baz.

3. Cac hp chat nay co mang tinh the ion nen co nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi cao.
a. Tnh baz
NaH + AlH3 Na[AlH4]
b. Kem ben
NaH Na + H2
NaH + H2O NaOH + H2
d. Co tnh kh rat manh
2NaH + O2 2NaOH
13.4.4
Cac hp chat hydrur kim loai
1. c hnh thanh vi cac nguyen to kim loai chuyen tiep.

2. Lien ket co ban chat kim loai vi thanh phan khong hp thc at gan ti cong thc ly
tng:
MH , MH2 , MH3
3. T le hp thc nay lam chung ta lien tng en viec hydrogen se xam nhap vao:
a. Tat ca cac lo trong bat dien ng vi cong thc MH
b. Tat ca cac lo trong t dien ng vi cong thc MH2
c. Tat ca lo trong bat dien va t dien ng vi cong thc MH3
4. Cac hp chat nay thng la chat ran mau xam co o dan ien va dan nhiet tot.
5. Trong hp chat nay, hydrogen co the nam di dang hydrogen nguyen t hay anion H.
13.4.5
Cac hp chat hydrur khong ben
1. c hnh thanh vi cac nguyen to kim loai p thuoc chu ky 6.

2. Cac hydrur nay khong ben, phan huy ngay khi va c ieu che ra nen t c nghien
cu.
142
Chng 14
Oxygen
Chng 14
Oxygen
14.1
1. Oxygen thuoc:
Phan nhom
6A
Chu ky
Cau truc ien t
2s2 2p4
2. Cac thong so vat ly quan trong cua oxygen nh sau:
Tnh chat
Gia tr
rcht,
r2,
I1, eV
I2, eV
A1, eV
A2, eV
0,66
1,36
13,62
35,12
1.44
8,3
3,5
3. Do co o am ien rat ln (ch thua F) nen e at c cau truc ien t bao hoa ben:
Oxygen de dang nhan 2 ien t
So oxi hoa ac trng 2
4. Tuy q2 ln nhng r2 = 1,36 nho nen anion O2 co tac dung b phan cc khong manh.
Do o:
a. Vi cac cation kim loai kiem va kiem tho:
Co the ton tai anion O2 trong mang tinh the ion.
ien tch hieu dung cua anion O2 luc nay nho hn 2, ngha la lien ket ion co
phan cong hoa tr.
b. Vi cac nguyen t khac, xu hng chu yeu la:
Tao hai lien ket cong hoa tr vi cac nguyen t khac nh H2O, SiO2, SO3,
Nhan mot ien t tao thanh anion 1 va lien ket cong hoa tr vi mot nguyen t
khac nh OH, NO3, SO42,
5. Oxygen ch co the mat 2 ien t e co so oxi hoa +2 khi tao lien ket cong hoa tr vi fluor
trong OF2.
6. Ch trong cac hp chat co mach OO th cac nguyen t oxygen mi co so oxi hoa 1.
Chng 14
Oxygen
143
7. Cac mach OO ch cha toi a 4 nguyen t trong mach va khong ben nen cac hp chat
peroxid nay co tnh oxy-kh manh.
So oxi hoa
V du
+4
+1
+2
O3
O2F2
O2
H2O2
OF2
8. So oxi hoa +6 khong the at c.

9. Oxygen thuoc chu ky 2 nen hoa tr va so phoi tr cc ai la 4. So phoi tr thong thng
ch la 2.
10. Giong nh cac nguyen to muon khac, oxygen ch co so phoi tr 4 khi tao lien ket cho
nhan bang cac oi ien t t do vi cac nguyen to co van ao trong va ban knh nho.
14.2
Trang thai t nhien
1. Oxygen co 3 ong v ben va 2 ong v phong xa.
14
8O
15
8O
16
8O
17
8O
18
8O
ong v phong xa,

phan huy nhanh
ong v phong xa,

phan huy nhanh
ong v ben
(99,759%)
ong v ben
(0,037%)
ong v ben
(0,204%)
2. Oxygen la nguyen to pho bien nhat trong lp vo trai at, chiem 47% khoi lng va 55 %
nguyen t.
3. Trong t nhien, oxygen ton tai dang n chat, oxihydroxid hoac oxid.
4. Do co hoat tnh hoa hoc cao va ham lng rat ln nen oxygen quyet nh dang ton tai
cua hau het cac nguyen to trong t nhien.
14.3
n chat
1. Oxygen co 2 dang thu hnh la oxygen O2 ben va ozon O3 khong ben.
14.3.1
14.3.1.1
Oxygen
Cau truc va ly tnh
1. Theo VB, phan t oxygen co lien ket oi O=O:

dO=O = 1,21 < dOO = 1,48,
nen oxygen rat ben vng, ch phan ly thanh nguyen t khi nhiet o > 20000C hay khi
chieu bc xa t ngoai.
0
> 2000 C ; hUV

O2
2O
0
Hpl
= 118Kcal / mol
2. Thc nghiem cho biet phan t oxygen thuan t, ngha la phan t oxygen phai co ien t
oc than.
144
Chng 14
Oxygen
3. Cau truc ien t cua phan t oxygen theo MO la:

[s]2 [s*]2 [z]2 [xy]4 [x*]1 [y*]1
vi o boi lien ket la 2 va co hai ien t oc than nen thoa man tnh chat thuan t cua
phan t oxygen.
4. Oxygen ran co mang tinh the van der Waals do cac phan t O2 bao hoa hoa tr nam
nut mang lien ket vi nhau bang lien ket van der Waals.
5. Tinh the van der Waals cua oxygen co nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi rat thap:
Tnc = 218,90C; Ts = 1830C
do phan t khong phan cc va the tch phan t O2 nho.
6. ieu kien thng, oxygen la mot chat kh khong mau, khong mui va t tan trong nc
la dung moi phan cc.
14.3.1.2
Hoa tnh
1. Oxygen la mot trong cac khong kim loai hoat ong nhat co tnh oxi hoa rat cao.
2. Hoat tnh tang theo nhiet o va khi co mat chat xuc tac.
3. nhiet o thng, oxygen a oxi hoa cham nhieu n chat va hp chat, c goi la s
oxi hoa hay s r set.
4. nhiet o cao, oxygen phan ng vi hau het cac n chat (ngoai tr cac halogen, kh
hiem va kim loai qu nh Au, Pt,).
5. Phan ng oxi hoa nhanh se toa nhiet ln va phat sang, c goi la s chay.
14.3.1.3
ieu che

1. Oxygen ky thuat c ieu che chu yeu bang phng phap hoa long khong kh. Sau o
chng cat phan oan khong kh long e lay oxygen, nitrogen va cac kh hiem.
2. Oxygen con la san pham phu cua qua trnh ien phan nc e lay hydrogen tinh khiet.

1. Thng s dung oxygen long cha trong cac bnh thep.
2. Co the phan huy nhiet cac hp chat giau oxygen nh KMnO4, KClO3, HgO, khi ch can
mot lng nho oxygen.
, MnO 2
2KClO3
2KCl + 3O2
KMnO4
K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2
14.3.1.4
ng dung
1. Oxygen chu yeu c s dung lam chat oxi hoa cho qua trnh chay.
2. Oxygen cung c dung trong ho hap cho benh nhan va th lan.
Chng 14
14.3.2
14.3.2.1
Oxygen
145
Ozon
Cau truc va ly tnh
1. Phan t ozon phan cc co dang goc vi 2 lien ket co o boi la 1,5 nen phan t ozon de
b phan huy, khong ben vng nh oxygen.
116,50
1,28
= 0,52D
H0 = 68,2 kcal/mol
2O3 3O2
2. Theo VB, cau truc phan t ozon la cong hng cua 4 dang:
O=OO
OO=O
O+OO
OOO+
3. Theo MO, cau truc ien t cua phan t ozon la:

[]4 []2 [klk]2
co 6 ien t lien ket vi o boi cua moi lien ket la 1,5.
4. Oxygen ran mau tm sam co mang tinh the van der Waals.
5. Tinh the cua ozon co nhiet o nong chay va nhiet o soi rat thap do phan t t phan cc
( = 0,53D) va the tch phan t O3 tuy nho nhng van con cao hn oxygen.
Ozon O3
Tnc = 192,70C
Ts = 111,90C
Oxygen O2
Tnc = 218,90C
Ts = 183,00C
6. ieu kien thng, ozon la mot chat kh mau lam nhat co mui xoc, pha huy ng ho
hap, tan trong nc nhieu hn oxygen.
7. nong o rat thap th ozon lai co tac dung kch thch tot cho c the.
14.3.2.2
Hoa tnh
1. Ozon co tnh oxi hoa manh hn oxygen rat nhieu:

O3(k) + H2O(l) + 2e O2(k) + 2OH(dd)
E0 = 1,241V
O2(k) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH(dd)
E0 = 0,401V
O3(k) + 2H+(dd) + 2e O2(k) + H2O(l)
E0 = 2,07V
O2(k) + 4H+(dd) + 4e 2H2O(l)
E0 = 1,229V
2. nhiet o thng, ozon a oxi hoa nhieu n chat va hp chat co hoat tnh thap.
3. Nhieu chat hu c phan ng manh liet khi tiep xuc vi ozon.
4. Ozon phan ng vi cac kim loai kiem tao thanh ozonur MO3.
14.3.2.3
ieu che

1. Ozon c ieu che bang cach phong ien em qua kh quyen oxygen ap suat thap.
Chng 14
146
Oxygen

1. Ozon c ieu che bang cach phong ien em qua khong kh ap suat thng.
2. Ozon c ieu che lng nho bang phan ng gia (NH4)2S2O8 vi H2SO4 hay HNO3,
am ac.
14.3.2.4
ng dung
1. Ozon chu yeu c dung e kh trung cho nc uong va khong kh.

2. Ozon cung c s dung trong tong hp hoa hoc va x ly moi trng.
14.4
Cac hp chat cua oxygen (2)
14.4.1
Cac oxihydroxid
1. Co the xem cac oxihydroxid co cong thc chung MOa(OH)b la cac oxid MOc ngam nc
vi mo hnh:
O*MOH
2. Do cac tac dung:
Keo ien t cua O*
Tac dung phan cc cua nguyen t trung tam Mn+
3. o phan cc cua lien ket OH:
tang
3. Tnh ion cua lien ket MOH:
giam
4. Tnh chat cua chat chuyen t:

5. V du:
14.4.1.1
baz lng tnh acid
NaOH, Mg(OH)2
Al(OH)3
H4SiO4, H3PO4, H2SO4, HClO4
Cac oxid baz
1. Cation
kim loai kiem, kiem tho va chuyen tiep so oxi hoa thap
2. Tnh ion cua lien ket MOH
cao
3. Mang tinh the
ion
4. Tnc, Ts
cao
5. Khi tan trong nc cho moi trng baz.

Na2O + H2O 2Na+ + 2OH
6. Mot so oxid baz t tan trong nc nh MgO se tan trong acid loang.
G0298, kJ/mol
Tnc, 0C
Ts, 0C
o tan, g/1000g
Na2O
379
1132
1190NaOH
K2O
322
350 K2O2
1260KOH
MgO
569
2825
3600
T = 1010,74
CaO
604
2614
2850
1,53Ca(OH)2
FeO
245
1368
T = 1015,10
Chat
Chng 14
14.4.1.2
Oxygen
147
Cac oxid lng tnh
1. Cation
cac kim loai kem hoat ong, kim loai hoat ong so oxi
hoa khong cao: Al2O3, Cr2O3, ZnO, CdO,
trung bnh
3. Mang tinh the
ion co phan cong hoa tr
4. t tan trong nc nhng co the tan trong acid hay baz.

Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4]
G0298, kJ/mol
Chat
Tnc, 0C
Ts, 0C
T
17,15
ZnO
321
1975p
Phan huy
10
CdO
228
Tthhoa = 900
Phan huy
1014,23
Al2O3
1582
2053
> 3000
1032,00
Cr2O3
1059
2340
3000
1030,20
14.4.1.3
Cac oxid acid
1. Cation hay NTTT
cac khong kim loai hay kim loai so oxi hoa cao
thap
3. Mang tinh the
van der Waals hay co cau truc lp-mach
4. Tnc, Ts
khong cao
5. Khi tan trong nc cho moi trng acid.

SO3 + H2O 2H+ + SO42
6. Mot so oxid acid khong tan trong nc nh SiO2 se tan trong dung dch baz hay baz
nong chay.
G0298, kJ/mol
Tnc, 0C
Ts, 0C
o tan, g/1000g
SiO2
857
1728
2950
Khong tan
P2O5
2698
422p
591p
Vo han
SO3
369
16,8
44,7
Vo han
Cl2O7
399
90
83
Vo han
Chat
14.4.1.4
Cac kieu oxid khac
1. Ngoai 3 kieu oxid tren, con co mot so oxid d thng co tnh chat ac biet.
2. Cac oxid d thng kha tr hoa hoc, khong tan trong nc, acid lan baz.
3. V du: N2O, CO, MnO2, Zn2O,
4. MnO2 khong tan trong H2SO4, HNO3; phan ng oxi hoa-kh vi HCl:
MnO2 + 4HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
148
Chng 14
14.4.1.5
Oxygen
Hp chat kieu kim loai
1. Mot so kim loai chuyen tiep tao c cac hp chat kieu kim loai nh Cr3O, Ti6O, Ti3O,
2. Lien ket trong cac hp chat nay co ban chat kim loai va co mot phan tnh cong hoa tr.
3. Khi t so cua oxygen trong hp chat cang cao th tnh cong hoa tr cua lien ket cang cao
va hp chat cang gan vi cac hp chat cong hoa tr hn.
14.4.2
Nc
14.4.2.1
Cau truc va ly tnh
1. Nc la hp chat quan trong nhat trong cac oxid v la dung moi cua s song va cua
nhieu phan ng hoa hoc khac nhau.
2. Phan t nc co cau truc dang goc vi lien ket OH ben vng:
104,50
0,96
= 1,84D
H0 = 135 kcal/mol
2H2O 2H2 + O2
3. Theo VB, nguyen t oxygen cua nc co tap chung sp3.
4. Theo MO, cau truc ien t cua phan t nc la:
[s]2 [z]2 [xklk]2 [yklk]2
co 4 ien t lien ket vi o boi cua moi lien ket la 1.
5. Trong nc a, ben canh lien ket van der Waals gia cac phan t nc nam tren nut
mang con co lien ket hydro (H2O"HOH) manh hn nhieu.
6. Lien ket van der Waals nay ton tai trong nc trang thai ran va ngay ca trang thai
long.
7. Do lien ket hydro, nen nc co cac tnh chat khac thng:
a. Tnc va Ts cao bat thng.
b. Moi phan t nc trong nc a tao 4 lien ket hydro vi 4 phan t nc phoi tr t
dien chung quanh khien cho nc a rat rong va nhe hn nc long.
c. o phan cc ln, o ien ly ln khien nc la mot dung moi ion hoa rat tot, hoa tan
c nhieu chat.
Chat
H2O
H2S
H2Se
HF
Tnc
85,54
65,72
83,36
Ts
100
60,35
41,5
19,52
14.4.2.2
C
C
Hoa tnh
a. Tnh acid-baz
Chng 14
Oxygen
149
1. Nc la mot chat lng tnh theo quan iem Bronsted:

H2O
H+ + OH
2. Tnh lng tnh nay a khien cho cac chat hoa tan trong nc se phan ly tao ra moi
trng acid hay baz.
P2O5 + 3H2O 2H+ + 2H2PO4
CaO + H2O Ca2+ + 2OH
3. o phan cc ln cua nc cung khien cho nc thuy phan cac muoi cung nh cac hp
chat cong hoa tr phan cc.
NH4Cl + H2O
TiCl4 + H2O
NH4OH + HCl
Ti(OH)4 + 4HCl
b. Tnh oxi hoa-kh

1. T gia tr the oxi hoa-kh cua hydrogen va oxygen:
2H+ + 2e H2
E0 = 0,000V
O2 + 4H+ + 4e 2H2O
E0 = +1,229V
2. Ta thay ch co cac chat co the oxi hoa E0 nam trong khoang 0,000 +1,229V mi ton
tai ben vng trong dung dch nc pH = 0.
3. Cac chat co E0 ln hn +1,229V hay nho hn 0,000 se oxi hoa-kh nc.
4. Lu y la hai gia tr tren se thay oi khi pH cua nc thay oi.
pH
14
E0H+/H2
0,000
0,414
0,828
E0O2/H2O
+1,229
+0,815
+0,401
c. Tnh tao phc

1. Nc co oi ien t t do tren oxygen co kha nang cho nen la ligand tao phc aquo va
c goi la s hydrat hoa.
2. o ben cua phc aquo se phu thuoc vao kha nang nhan oi ien t cua cation.
3. Noi chung, cation co tac dung phan cc cang manh th phc cang ben.
4. Neu phc aquo ben th khi ket tinh phc aquo nay se i vao mang tinh the tao thanh tinh
the hydrat.
V du:
FeCl3.6H2O, MgCl2.6H2O,
5. Trong tinh the cung co the co nc ong vai tro cau noi ch khong n thuan ch la
nc hydrat.
V du:
FeSO4.7H2O, CuSO4.5H2O,
Trong moi muoi tren, co mot phan t nc ong vai tro cau noi thay v ch la phoi t cua
ion Fe2+ hay Cu2+.
150
Chng 14
14.4.3
14.4.3.1
Oxygen
Cac hp chat peroxyd

ai cng ve cac hp chat peroxyd
1. Khi hai oxygen tao mach OO th ta co hp chat peroxyd.

2. Tuy theo ien tch cua mach ma ta co:
O2
O22
O2
O3
Oxygen
Peroxyd
Superoxyd
Ozonur
1,5
1,5
1,21
1,32
1,49
1,28
kJ/mol
494
394
210
285
Tieu phan
Ten goi
o boi lien ket
Chieu dai lien ket
o ben lien ket
3. Khi tao mach th o boi lien ket giam i so vi O2 nen cac hp chat nay kem ben.
4. Khi hp phan dng ien (hay cation) cua cac peroxid co tac dung phan cc cang manh
th cac peroxid cang kem ben, v du nh MgO2 se rat kem ben so vi Na2O2.
5. Do co so oxi hoa trung gian nen cac peroxid va co tnh oxi hoa va co tnh kh.
6. Trong o, tnh oxi hoa manh hn tnh kh.
7. Ngi ta ch mi ieu che c cac superoxid va ozonur cua cac kim loai kiem.
14.4.3.2
Hydroperoxid H2O2
1. Hydroperoxid H2O2 co cau truc nh sau:
= 2,1D
2. Theo VB, nguyen t oxygen trong H2O2 co tap chung sp2.

3. Trong tinh the hydroperoxyd, ben canh lien ket van der Waals gia cac phan t H2O2
nam tren nut mang con co lien ket hydro (H2O2"HO2H) manh hn nhieu.
4. Lien ket van der Waals khien cho H2O2 co:
a. Tnc va Ts cao bat thng, Tnc = 0,410C va Ts = 150,20C.
b. o phan cc ln va o ien ly ln nen H2O2 la mot dung moi ion hoa rat tot, hoa tan
vo han trong nc.
5. Do tac dung phan cc manh cua hydro trong HOOH nen H2O2 kem ben, phan huy
cham nhiet o thng.
H2O2 H2O + O2
H0 = 23,6 kcal/mol
Chng 14
Oxygen
151
6. Tnh acid-baz: H2O2 la mot acid rat yeu, pKa = 11,70.

H2O2
H+ + HO2
nen no phan ng vi mot so hydroxid kiem va kiem tho e tao thanh peroxyd:
H2O2 + 2NaOH Na2O2 + 2H2O
7. Tnh oxi hoa-kh: Gia tr the oxi hoa-kh cua H2O2:
2H2O2 + 2H+ + 2e 2H2O
E0 = +1,77V
O2 + 2H+ + 2e H2O2
E0 = +0,68V
8. V vay, cung nh cac peroxid khac, H2O2 va co tnh oxi hoa va co tnh kh.
a. Tnh oxi hoa trong moi trng acid manh hn trong kiem.
b. Toc o oxi hoa trong moi trng kiem nhanh hn trong acid.
c. H2O2 ch the hien tnh kh vi chat oxi hoa manh nh KMnO4, Cl2,
9. Tnh tao phc: Cung nh nc, H2O2 co kha nang lam phoi t tao phc hydroperoxo va
tao cac peroxohydrat ket tinh.
10. ng dung: Do co tnh oxi hoa, H2O2 c s dung:
Lam chat tay trang trong vai, si,
Lam chat sat trung
Lam chat oxi hoa trong cac phan ng tong hp hoa hoc
14.4.3.3
Cac dan xuat cua hydroperoxyd
1. Cac dan xuat cua H2O2 co the :
Dang n gian nh Na2O2, BaO2,
Dang phc tap nh HSO3O2H, HSO3O2SO3H,
a. Cac dan xuat n gian

1. Do cac cation khac co tac dung phan cc yeu hn hydro nen cac muoi n gian cua
H2O2 nh Na2O2, BaO2, ben hn H2O2.
2. Tnh acid-baz: Do H2O2 la mot acid rat yeu nen cac muoi nay se co tnh baz, khi thuy
phan cho moi trng kiem va H2O2.
Na2O2 + 2H2O H2O2 + 2NaOH
BaO2 + 2H2SO4 H2O2 + BaSO4
3. Tnh oxi hoa-kh: Cung nh H2O2, cac muoi nay va co tnh oxi hoa va co tnh kh.
4. Chung thng c s dung e oxi hoa trang thai nong chay.
Na2O2 + Cr2O3 2Na2CrO4 + Na2O
b. Cac dan xuat phc tap
1. Cac dan xuat phc tap co mach OO co the noi vi cac nhom giong nhau hay khac
nhau.
152
Chng 14
Oxygen
2 nhom giong nhau
2 nhom khac nhau
HSO3OOSO3H
HSO3OOH
2. Cac dan xuat loai nay thng c hnh thanh khi cho H2O2 phan ng vi cac chat
tng ng cha oxygen.
HOOH + HNO3 HOONO2 + H2O
3. Cac dan xuat loai nay thng kem ben va b thuy phan cho H2O2.
HSO3OOH + H2O H2SO4 + HOOH
Chng 15
Phan nhom 7A: Halogen
153
Chng 15
15.1
1. Cac d lieu quan trong cua cac nguyen to halogen:
Tnh chat
Ten goi
Cl
Br
At
Fluor
Clor
Brom
Iod
Astatin
rcht
64
99
114
133
1,33
1,81
1,96
2,20
2,30
I1
eV
17,43
13,01
11,84
10,45
A1
eV
3,5
3,6
3,5
3,3
2,8
2,2
2. Cac nguyen to muon halogen thuoc phan nhom 7A, co cau truc ien t ns2 np5.
3. ac biet la fluor la nguyen to co o am ien ln nhat nen ch co so oxi hoa 1.
4. Theo quy tac Mendeleev, cac so oxi hoa thong thng cua nhom halogen la:
SOXH = So nhom 2n = +7, +5, +3, +1, 0 va 1
5. Cac so oxi hoa d thng nh +4 (ClO2), +6 (ClO3) khong ben.

6. Phan nhom halogen la phan nhom khong kim loai ien hnh.
7. Khi i t tren xuong di trong phan nhom:
a. Ban knh tang, r
b. o am ien giam,
c. Tnh oxi hoa giam tnh kh tang
d. Tnh khong kim loai giam tnh kim loai tang
e. Hp chat oxihydroxid co tnh acid giam tnh baz tang
f.
So oxi hoa dng cao nhat kem ben do hieu ng co d va co f
g. So phoi tr ben tang t 4 len 6
154
Chng 15
h. Phc oxo (=O) kem ben dan do lien ket pp va dp kem ben khi ban knh tang, nen
phc hydroxo (OH) vi lien ket ben dan iod.
V du:
Nguyen to chu ky 3
Nguyen to chu ky 5
NTTT:
Cl
HClO4
H5IO6
Dang ton tai:
Hnh 15.1
Mo hnh phan t HClO4 va H5IO6
12. So phoi tr tang khi i t tren xuong di do:

a. Ban knh tang
b. Cac van ao ns, np va nd co mc nang lng gan nhau nen de dang lai hoa vi
nhau tao thanh cac cac van ao sp3d2, sp3d,
13. Clor chu ky 3 vi van ao d ngoai co mc nang lng cao nen thng co lai hoa sp3
vi cac so phoi tr 4, 3 va 2. V du nh ClO4, ClO3, ClO2,
14. Brom va iod chu ky 4 va 5 co lai hoa vi s tham gia cua van ao d nen so phoi tr cao
hn (7, 6, 5, 4, 3). V du nh IF7, H5IO6, BrF5,[BrF4],
15. So phoi tr ben cua brom la 4 va cua iod la 6.
15.2
Trang thai t nhien
1. Cac d lieu quan trong ve trang thai t nhien cua cac nguyen to halogen:
Nguyen to
Fluor
Clor
Brom
Iod
Ham lng, %NT vo trai at
8.102
4,5.102
3.105
1.104
Nguon nguyen lieu chnh
15.3
15.3.1
Fluorit
CaF2
Fluoroapatit 3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2
Cryolit
Na3[AlF6]
Nc bien va muoi mo
n chat
Cau truc va ly tnh
1. Cac halogen ton tai dang phan t X2: XX.

2. Trong cac phan t X2:
a. Ngoai lien ket con co phan lien ket dp gia van ao d trong va oi ien t t do
cua van ao p cua 2 nguyen t lien ket.
Chng 15
155
b. o ben cua lien ket dp giam manh khi ban knh nguyen t tang.
c. Fluor kem ben hn clor v khong co van ao d nen khong tao c lien ket dp.
EXX
F2
Cl2
Br2
151
239
199
kJ/mol
3. Cac d lieu quan trong ve cac n chat cua halogen:

Tnh chat
Fluor
Clor
Brom
Iod
dXX
1,42
2,00
2,29
2,67
EXX
kJ/mol
159
243
192
151
Tnc
219,6
102,4
7,2
113,6
Ts
187,9
34,0
58,2
184,2
2,85
1,36
1,07
0,54
Vang nhat
Vang lua
o sam
Tm en
E0
Mau sac
4. Cac halogen ran co mang tinh the phan t, o phan cc cua phan t nho.
5. V vay, cac halogen co nhiet o nong chay va soi thap.
6. Khi i t tren xuong di, the tch phan t tang nen Tnc va Ts tang theo.
7. Cac halogen t tan trong nc, de tan trong cac dung moi hu c.
Tnh chat
Fluor
Clor
Brom
Iod
Tnc
219,6
102,4
7,2
113,6
Ts
187,9
34,0
58,2
184,2
Vang nhat
Vang lua
o sam
Tm en
C
C
Mau sac
15.3.2
Hoa tnh
a. Tnh oxi hoa

1. Cac halogen la cac khong kim loai hoat ong nhat nen co tnh oxi hoa manh.
a. o am ien giam
b. Tnh oxi hoa giam
c. Tnh khong kim loai giam
156
Chng 15
d. Do o, so oxi hoa cua cac nguyen t b halogen oxi hoa cung giam. V du:
2Fe + 3Cl2 2FeIIICl3
II
(a)
III
3Fe + 4I2 Fe I2.2Fe I3
( Fe3I8 Fe3O4) (b)
b. Tnh kh
1. Cac halogen co tnh kh yeu. Tnh kh tang khi i t tren xuong di trong phan nhom.
2. Fluor la nguyen to co o am ien ln nhat nen khong co tnh kh.
3. San pham cua qua trnh kh thng la cac:
Anion phc oxo
Halogen halogenur
ClO4, ClO3, ClO2, ClO
IF3, IF5, IF7, ICl, ICl3, ICl5
5. S ton tai cation I+, I3+ trong moi trng khong nc chng to iod a co tnh kim loai.
c. Phan ng d phan
1. F2 ch oxi hoa nuc giai phong O2:
F2 + H2O 2HF + O2
2. Cl2, Br2, va I2 d phan vi nc tuy thuoc nhiet o theo mot trong hai phng trnh sau:
X2 + H2O
HX + HXO
3X2 + 3H2O
Clor nhiet o thng
15.3.3
5HX + HXO3
Clor nhiet o cao
Brom va iod moi nhiet o
ieu che
1. Cac halogen thng c ieu che bang cach kh cac halogenur vi:
ien phan trong KF nong chay
2HF
H2 + F2
a. Dong ien:
ien phan
2NaCl + H2O
2NaOH + H2 + Cl2
b. Chat oxi hoa manh hn:
15.3.4
2KMnO 4 + 16HCl 5Cl2 + 2MnCl2 + 8H2O
ng dung
1. Fluor
S dung e tong hp polymer, thuy tinh, lam chat oxi hoa,
2. Clor
S dung e ieu che cac dan xuat clor, chat tay trang, chat kh trung,
3. Brom va iod
S dung trong cong nghiep dc, thuoc nhuom, ien anh, phan tch,
15.4
15.4.1
Cac hp chat cua cac halogen

Cac hydracid HX va cac dan xuat cua chung
1. Cac hydracid cua cac halogen la HF, HCl, HBr va HI.
Chng 15
157
a. Tnh oxi hoa-kh

1. Trong cac hp chat hydracid va dan xuat cua chung, X co so oxi hoa 1 nho nhat nen
ch co tnh kh.
2. Khi i t tren xuong di, tnh kh tang dan.
b. Tnh tao phc
1. Do lien ket trong phc chat la lien ket cong hoa trcho nhan nen o ben cua lien ket
phu thuoc vao cac yeu to:
a. Mc o ong nang cua cac van ao lien ket
b. The tch xen phu cua cac van ao lien ket
c. Mat o cua ien t tham gia lien ket
2. Khi i t tren xuong di, cac halogenur co:
a. Ban knh tang dan
a. The tch xen phu tang
Xen phu
c. Mat o ien t giam manh
Mat o
d. Kha nang tao phc kem ben dan.
Do o, fluorur va clorur thng la ligand tao phc ben, con bromur va iodur
thng tao phc kem ben.
Fluorur co ban knh nho nen de tao hp chat vi so phoi tr ln.
15.4.1.1
Cac hydracid HX
1. Cac d lieu quan trong ve cac hydracid:

Tnh chat
pKa
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
3,17
10
1,33
1,81
1,96
2,20
dXX
0,92
1,28
1,41
1,60
EHX
kJ/mol
565
431
364
297
Tnc
83
114,2
88
50,8
Ts
19,5
84,9
66,7
35,3
C
C
2. Do ion hydro co tac dung phan cc vo cung ln nen lien ket XH co ban chat cong hoa
tr phan cc tao ieu kien phong thch H+. V vay, cac hydracid co tnh acid.
o am ien giam cham hn so vi ban knh tang nhanh hn.
V vay, lien ket XH co o phan cc giam cham hn so vi o ben giam nhanh hn.
He qua la kha nang phan ly H+ tang.
158
Chng 15
4. Lien ket kem ben dan khien cho kha nang phong thch H+ tang nen tnh acid tang.
5. Ch co HF la acid yeu va co lien ket hydrogen. Cac acid con lai la acid manh.
6. Cac hydracid co lien ket XH ben nen co o ben nhiet cao.
7. Khi i t tren xuong di, lien ket kem ben dan khien cho o ben nhiet giam dan. Kh HI
co o phan ly = 0,19 3000C.
15.4.1.2
Cac dan xuat AnX cua cac hydracid HX
1. Tnh chat acid-baz cua cac dan xuat phu thuoc vao o ben va o phan cc cua lien ket
XA.
2. Khi lien ket AX cang kem ben va o phan cc cua lien ket XA cang ln th cac dan
xuat cang co tnh acid.
3. V du: Xet day hp chat the bang halogen cua HF lan lt la ClF, BrF va IF. Khi i t
tren xuong di trong phan nhom 7A, cac hp chat AF nay co:
a. Ban knh A (Cl, Br va I) tang
b. o ben cua lien ket FA giam
c. Tnh acid cua AF tang
4. Cac dan xuat va muoi se thuy phan cung nh tien hanh cac phan ng phu thuoc vao
tnh acid-baz cua no.
(a)
SiF4 + 4H2O H4SiO4 + 4HF

Dan xuat acid
(b)
SnF4 + ZnF2 Zn[SnF6]

Dan xuat acid
(c)
Muoi baz
ZnCl2 + 2KCl K2[ZnCl4]

Muoi acid
Muoi baz
5. Mot so dan xuat cong hoa tr cua cac halogenur nh CF4, CCl4, SF6, tr ve mat hoa
hoc do lien ket cong hoa tr trong cac tieu phan nay co o ben cao ac biet ac trng
cho cac nguyen to thuoc chu ky 2 nh C, F,
6. Chung khong thuy phan nhiet o thng nhng se thuy phan nhiet o cao.
CCl4 + 3H2O
H2CO3 + 4HCl
7. o ben nhiet cua cac dan xuat cua hydracid phu thuoc vao o ben cua lien ket AX
mang ban chat cong hoa tr.
15.4.2
Cac oxihydroxid HXOn va cac dan xuat cua chung
1. Cac oxihydroxid thong thng cua cac halogen la:

So oxi hoa
+1
+3
+5
+7
Cl
HClO
HClO2
HClO3
HClO4
Br
HBrO
HBrO2
HBrO3
HBrO4
HIO
HIO2
HIO3
H5IO6
Chng 15
159
a. Tnh oxi hoa-kh

1. Trong cac hp chat oxihydroxid va dan xuat cua chung, X+ co so oxi hoa dng nen
chu yeu co tnh oxi hoa.
2. Khi so oxi hoa trung gian th X+ con co tnh kh.
3. Khi i t tren xuong di, o am ien giam khien cho tnh oxi hoa giam.
4. oi vi cac oxihydroxid cua cung mot nguyen to X co so oxi hoa khac nhau, khi so oxi
hoa cang cao th tnh oxi hoa thay v cang tang lai co xu hng giam.
E0ClOx/Cl, V
Tieu phan
ClO
ClO2
ClO3
ClO4
Trong moi trng acid
1,50
1,56
1,45
1,38
Trong moi trng baz
0,88
0,77
0,63
0,56
5. o la do s hnh thanh cac lien ket d p ngay cang tang, ien t c phan bo cong
hng tren nhieu lien ket khien cho cac lien ket cang tr nen ben vng.
6. Tuy nhien, s bien oi tnh oxi hoa-kh cua cac oxihydroxid HXOn nay khong ln nh a
c trnh bay trong bang tren.
7. D lieu nay cho thay moi lien he gia so oxi hoa va tnh oxi hoa khong tuyen tnh.
8. HBrO4 co tnh oxi hoa ac biet manh do hieu ng co d khien cho 2 ien t s co kha nang
xam nhap vao gan hat nhan nen rat kho mat.
ClO
ClO2
ClO3
ClO4
b. Tnh tao phc

1. Cac anion XOn co ban knh ln, mat o ien t thap nen kho cho oi ien t se gan nh
khong tao phc hoac tao phc rat yeu.
15.4.2.1
Cac oxihydroxid HXOn
a. Tnh acid-baz
1. oi vi cac oxihydroxid cua cac nguyen to X co cung so oxi hoa:
V du:
HClO, HBrO va HIO

HClO3, HBrO3 va HIO3
Xet mo hnh:
X+ O H
Khi i t tren xuong di trong phan nhom:
160
Chng 15
a. So O* khong oi
b. o am ien cua X giam
c. Ban knh cua X tang
d. Tac dung phan cc cua X giam
e. Tnh ion cua lien ket XOH tang
f.
Tnh acid cua oxihydroxid giam
Ta co:
HClO > HBrO > HIO
pKa: 7,55 < 8,69 < 10,64
HClO3 > HBrO3 > HIO3
pKa: (<0) < 0,70 < 0,77
2. oi vi cac oxihydroxid khac nhau cua cung mot nguyen to X:

V du:
HClO, HClO2, HClO3 va HClO4

HBrO, HBrO2, HBrO3 va HBrO4
Xet mo hnh:
O*1 X+ O H
Khi X co so oxi hoa cang ln:

a. So lng O* cua X tang
b. So oxi hoa cua X tang
c. Ban knh cua X giam
d. Tac dung phan cc cua X tang
e. Tnh ion cua lien ket XOH giam
f.
Tnh acid cua oxihydroxid tang

V du:
HClO < HClO2 < HClO3 < HClO4
[OClO]
[O=Cl=O]
O
[OClO]
[ClO]
HBrO < HBrO2 < HBrO3 < HBrO4
3. HXO khong co O* la acid rat yeu trong luc HXO4 co 3O* la acid rat manh.
4. Rieng iod chu ky 5 co ban knh ln nen lien ket ben hn lien ket se co so phoi tr 6
ben, HIO4 ton tai dang H5IO6 ch co 1O* nen tnh acid yeu.
b. o ben nhiet
1. Khi i t tren xuong di, o ben nhiet giam do o ben cua lien ket giam.
Tnh chat
ClO
ClO2
ClO3
ClO4
dOX
1,70
1,64
1,57
1,45
EOX
kJ/mol
209
244,5
243,6
363,5
>1
>1
1,5
111
106
109,28
o boi lien ket

Goc lien ket
Chng 15
161
2. oi vi cac oxihydroxid HXOn cua cung mot nguyen to X, khi so oxi hoa cang cao th o
ben tang do s hnh thanh cac lien ket d p ngay cang nhieu khien cho lien ket cang
tr nen ben vng.
3. Cac HXO ch ton tai trong dung dch loang, HXO4 ton tai c pha ran.
15.4.2.2
Cac dan xuat XnBm cua cac oxihydroxid HXOn
1. Tnh chat acid-baz cua cac dan xuat phu thuoc vao tac dung phan cc cua hp phan
phan cc dng.
2. Khi tac dung phan cc cua hp phan phan cc dng cang manh th:
a. Lien ket BX cua cac dan xuat cang co tnh cong hoa tr
b. Cac dan xuat cang co tnh acid
3. Cac dan xuat va muoi se tien hanh cac phan ng cung nh thuy phan phu thuoc vao
IF7 + 6H2O H5IO6 + 7HF
(a)
Dan xuat acid

SbF5 + BrF3 [BrF2][SbF6]
Dan xuat acid
Dan xuat baz
BrF3 + KF K[BrF4]
Dan xuat acid
(c)
Dan xuat baz
NaOCl + H2O NaOH + HClO

Muoi baz
(b)
(d)
162
Chng 16
Phan nhom 6A: Chalogen
Chng 16
Phan nhom 6A: Chalcogen
16.1
1. Cac d lieu quan trong cua cac chalcogen:
Tnh chat
Se
Te
Po
Ten goi
Oxygen
Lu huynh
Selen
Tellur
Poloni
rcht
0,66
1,04
1,14
1,32
rcht
1,60
1,70
1,70
r2
1,36
1,82
1,93
2,11
I1
eV
13,62
10,36
9,75
9,01
8,4
A1
eV
1,47
2,08
2,02
1,35
3,5
2,6
2,55
2,30
2. Cac nguyen to muon chalcogen thuoc phan nhom 6A, co cau truc ien t ns2 np4.
3. Theo quy tac Mendeleev, cac so oxi hoa thong thng cua nhom chalcogen la:
SOXH = So nhom 2n = +6, +4, +2, 0, 2
4. Cac so oxi hoa khac khong ben.

5. ac biet la oxygen co o am ien ln th nh nen rat kho at so oxi hoa cao.
6. Phan nhom 6A la phan nhom khong kim loai kem ien hnh.
a. Ban knh tang, r
b. o am ien giam,
f.
Chng 16
163
g. So phoi tr tang t 4 len 6

phc hydroxo (OH) vi lien ket ben dan Te.
V du:
Nguyen to chu ky 3
Nguyen to chu ky 5
NTTT:
Te
H4SO4
H6TeO6
Dang ton tai:

a. Ban knh tang
b. Cac van ao ns, np va nd co mc nang lng gan nhau nen de dang lai hoa vi
nhau tao thanh cac cac van ao sp3d, sp3d2,
9. S chu ky 3 vi van ao d ngoai co mc nang lng cao nen thng co lai hoa sp3 vi
cac so phoi tr 4, 3 va 2. V du nh SO42, SO32, SO2,
10. Se va Te chu ky 4 va 5 a co lai hoa vi s tham gia cua van ao d nen so phoi tr cao
hn (8, 6, 5, 4, 3). V du nh Cs2[TeF8], H6TeO6, HTeOF5, HSeO3Cl,
11. So phoi tr ben cua Se la 4 va cua Te la 6.
16.2
Trang thai t nhien
1. Cac d lieu quan trong ve trang thai t nhien cua cac nguyen to chalcogen:
Nguyen to
Ham lng (trong vo trai at), %NT

Nguon nguyen lieu chnh
16.3
Oxygen
Lu huynh
Selen
Tellur
58,0
0,03
105
107
Khong kh
Quang mo
i kem vi lu huynh
n chat
16.3.1
Cau truc va ly tnh
1. Cac d lieu quan trong ve cac n chat cua chalcogen:

Tnh chat
Dang ton tai
Oxygen
Lu huynh
Selen
Tellur
O2
S8 va S
Se8 va Se
Te
Tnc
218,8
119,3
217
449,8
Ts
183,0
444,6
685
990
0,401
0,48
0,92
1,14
Khong mau
Vang
Xam va o
Trang bac
E0 (baz)
Mau sac
S8
164
Chng 16
2. Trong phan t chalcogen:

a. Ngoai lien ket con co phan lien ket dp gia van ao d trong va oi ien t t do
cua van ao p cua 2 nguyen t ke can.
b. o ben cua lien ket dp giam manh khi ban knh nguyen t tang.
c. Oxygen khong co van ao d nen khong tao c lien ket dp.
d. Khac vi fluor, oxygen kha ben do hnh thanh c lien ket oi pp.
3. Cac chalcogen co o phan cc nho nen t tan trong nc, tan trong dung moi hu c.
16.3.2
Hoa tnh
a. Tnh oxi hoa

1. Cac chalcogen la cac khong kim loai nen co tnh oxi hoa.
a. o am ien giam
b. Tnh oxi hoa giam
c. Tnh khong kim loai giam, Te a the hien tnh kim loai
b. Tnh kh
1. Cac chalcogen co tnh kh yeu.
2. Tnh kh tang khi i t tren xuong di trong phan nhom.
3. Oxygen co tnh kh rat yeu do co o am ien rat ln.
Anion phc oxo
Chalcogen halogenur
SO42, SO32, SeO42, SeO32
SF6, SCl4, SOCl2, TeCl6, [TeCl6]2
c. Phan ng d phan
1. Lu huynh d phan trong moi trng kiem nong chay:
3S + 6NaOH 2Na2S + Na2SO3 + 3H2O
16.3.3
ieu che
1. Lu huynh c ieu che bang cach nau chay trc tiep lu huynh t nhien trong long
at roi bm len mat at.
2. Se va Te c thu hoi t ba thai cua nha may che tao acid sulfuric.
16.3.4
ng dung
1. Lu huynh
San xuat acid sulfuric, thuoc tr sau, lu hoa cao su,
2. Se va Te
San xuat cac chat ban dan, te bao quang ien, chat tang trng,
Chng 16
16.4
165
Cac hp chat cua cac chalcogen
16.4.1
Cac hydracid H2E va cac dan xuat cua chung
1. Cac hydracid cua cac chalcogen la:

H2O, H2S, H2Se, H2Te
a. Tnh oxi hoa-kh
1. Trong cac hp chat hydracid va dan xuat cua chung, E co so oxi hoa 2 nho nhat nen
ch co tnh kh.
b. Tnh tao phc

1. O2 va S2 co ban knh u nho nen co kha nang tao phc.
2. Cac chalcogenur khac khong co kha nang tao phc.
16.4.1.1
Cac hydracid H2E
Tnh chat
pKa
H2O
H2S
H2Se
H2Te
14
6,99 va 12,89
3,89 va 11,0
2,64 va 11
1,36
1,82
1,93
2,11
dXE
0,96
1,33
1,47
1,69
EHE
kJ/mol
463
374
276
238
Tnc
85,60
60,4
51
Ts
100
60,75
41,5
18
C
C
o am ien giam cham hn so vi ban knh tang nhanh hn.
V vay, lien ket XH co o phan cc giam cham hn so vi o ben giam nhanh hn.
He qua la kha nang phan ly H+ tang.
3. Lien ket kem ben dan khien cho kha nang phong thch H+ tang nen tnh acid tang.
4. Ch co H2O la lng tnh (trung tnh) va co lien ket hydrogen.
5. Cac acid con lai la acid yeu co chc th hai rat yeu so vi chc th nhat (Ka2 rat nho).
6. Cac hydracid co lien ket EH khong ben bang lien ket XH nen o ben nhiet khong cao.
7. Khi i t tren xuong di, lien ket kem ben dan khien cho o ben nhiet giam dan nen
nhiet o phan huy giam dan.
166
Chng 16
16.4.1.2
Cac dan xuat AnE cua cac hydracid H2E
EA.
2. Khi lien ket EA cang kem ben va o phan cc cua lien ket EA cang ln th cac dan
SiS2 + 4H2O H4SiO4 + 2H2S
(a)
Dan xuat acid

Na2S + 4H2O 2NaOH + H2S
(b)
Muoi baz
4. Cac sulfur thng t tan ngoai tr sulfur cua kim loai kiem va kiem tho.
5. Cac sulfur cong hoa tr khong tan hoac khi tan se thuy phan cho moi trng acid.
6. Mot so dan xuat kim loai cua cac chalcogenur vi kim loai chuyen tiep nh Co9S8,
Cr7S8, co lien ket kim loai vi ham lng kim loai cao hn cong thc thong thng.
16.4.2
Cac oxihydroxid H2EOn va cac dan xuat cua chung
1. Cac oxihydroxid thong thng cua cac chalcogen la:
So oxi hoa
+4
+6
OxId
Oxihydroxid
OxId
Oxihydroxid
SO2
H2SO3
SO3
H2SO4
Se
SeO2
H2SeO3
SeO3
H2SeO4
Te
TeO2
H2TeO3
TeO3
H6TeO6
a. Tnh oxi hoa-kh

1. Trong cac hp chat oxihydroxid va dan xuat cua chung, ngoai tr oi vi oxygen, E co
so oxi hoa dng vi o am ien khong cao nen chung co tnh oxi hoa yeu.
SO42 + 4H+ + 2e H2SO3 + H2O
E0 = +0,17V
(a)
SO42 + 8H+ + 6e S + 4H2O
E0 = +0,36V
(b)
SO42 + 10H+ + 8e H2S + 4H2O
E0 = +0,34V
(c)
2. Khi so oxi hoa trung gian th chung co tnh kh kha manh.

3. Khi i t tren xuong di trong phan nhom, do o am ien giam nen tnh oxi hoa giam.
Nguyen to
E0EO4/EO3, V
Trong moi trng acid

Trong moi trng baz
Se
+0,17
0,93
+1,15
0,05
Chng 16
167
b. Tnh tao phc

1. Cac anion EO42, EO32 tao phc rat yeu do cac anion nay kho cho oi ien t t do v:
a. Ban knh qua ln
16.4.2.1
b. Mat o ien tch nho
Cac oxihydroxid H2EOn
1. oi vi cac oxihydroxid cua cac nguyen to E co cung so oxi hoa:

V du:
H2SO3, H2SeO3 va H2TeO3

H2SO4, H2SeO4 va H6TeO6
Xet mo hnh:
X+ O H
Khi i t tren xuong di trong phan nhom:

a. So O* khong oi
b. o am ien giam
c. Ban knh tang
d. Tac dung phan cc giam
e. Tnh ion cua lien ket EOH tang
f.
Tnh acid cua oxihydroxid giam
Ta co:
H2SO3 > H2SeO3 > H2TeO3
pKa1: 7,20 < 8,32 < 10,70
H2SO4 ~ H2SeO4 H6TeO6
pKa2: 1,95 < 1,66 < 10,96
H2SeO4 co tnh acid tng ng H2SO4 la do hieu ng co d nen kho mat 2 ien t s.
2. oi vi cac oxihydroxid khac nhau cua cung mot nguyen to X:
V du:
H2SO3 va H2SO4
Xet mo hnh:
O* X+ O H

a. So lng O* cua X tang
b. ien tch cua X tang
c. Ban knh giam
d. Tac dung phan cc tang
e. Tnh ion cua lien ket EOH giam
f.
Tnh acid cua oxihydroxid tang
Ta co:
H2SO3 < H2SO4
3. Rieng Te chu ky 5 co ban knh ln nen lien ket ben hn lien ket se co so phoi tr 6
ben. H2TeO4 ton tai dang H6TeO6 khong co O* nen tnh acid rat yeu.
16.4.2.2
Cac dan xuat EnBm cua cac oxihydroxid H2XOn
phan cc dng.
168
Chng 16
a. Lien ket AE cua cac dan xuat cang co tnh cong hoa tr
b. Hp chat cang co tnh acid
SO2Cl2 + 2H2O H2SO4 + 2HCl
(a)
Dan xuat acid

Na2SO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + 2H2SO3
(b)
Muoi baz
16.4.3
S tao mach EE
1. oi vi oxygen va lu huynh, co the thay the cac nguyen t E trong cac hp chat bang
mach EE.
V du:
(a)
H O H H O O H
+6
+6
+4
H2 S O 4 H2 S S O 3 H2 S S O 3
(b)
2. Cac mach nay khong ben va de b phan huy nen khong dai: < 4 oi vi oxygen, < 26 oi
vi lu huynh.
3. i t tren xuong mach EE cang kem ben.
4. Do co so oxi hoa trung gian nen cac hp chat nay eu co ca tnh oxi hoa lan kh cung
nh t oxi hoa-kh.
a. Mach cua oxygen co
tnh oxi hoa > tnh kh
b. Mach cua lu huynh co
tnh kh > tnh oxi hoa
V du:
H2S2O3 H2SO3 + S
Chng 17
Phan nhom 5A
169
Chng 17
Phan nhom 5A
17.1
1. Cac d lieu quan trong cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A:
Nguyen to
Ten goi
As
Sb
Bi
Nitrogen
Phospho
Arsen
Antimon
Bismut
rcht
0,70
1,10
1,18
1,36
1,46
rkl
0,71
1,30
1,48
1,61
1,82
r3
1,48
1,86
1,91
2,08
2,13
r5+
0,15
0,35
0,47
0,62
0,74
eV
14,45
10,49
9,82
8,64
7,29
3,0
2,1
2,0
1,9
1,9
I1
2. Cac nguyen to muon thuoc phan nhom 5A co cau truc ien t ns2 np3.
3. Theo quy tac Mendeleev, cac so oxi hoa thong thng cua nguyen to phan nhom 5A la:
SOXH = So nhom 2n = +5, +3, (+1), 0, (1), 3
4. Cac so oxi hoa d thng nh +2 (NO), +4 (NO2) khong ac trng.

2NO2 N2O4
2NO2 + H2O HNO3 + HNO2
5. NO co o boi lien ket la 2,5 nen co hoat tnh hoa hoc rat thap.
Cau truc ien t
NO: (slk)2 (splk)2 (plk)4 (plk)2 (pplk)1
Chat
O2
NO
N2
o boi
2,5
Hoat tnh hoa hoc
Kha tr
Tr
Rat tr
6. Phan nhom 5A la phan nhom khong kim loai khong ien hnh.
Chng 17
170
Phan nhom 5A
a. Ban knh tang, r

b. o am ien giam,
f.

phc hydroxo (OH) vi lien ket ben dan t As.
V du:
Nguyen to chu ky 3
Nguyen to chu ky 4
NTTT:
As
H3PO4
H3[As(OH)6]
Dang ton tai:

a. Ban knh tang
b. Cac van ao ns, np va nd co mc nang lng cang gan nhau nen chung de dang lai
hoa vi nhau tao thanh cac cac van ao lai hoa sp3d, sp3d2,
11. N chu ky 2 va P chu ky 3 vi van ao d ngoai co mc nang lng cao nen thng co
so phoi tr 4, 3 va 2. V du nh NH4+ (sp3), NO3 (sp2), NO2 (sp),
12. Sb va Bi chu ky 4 va 5 a co lai hoa vi van ao d ngoai co mc nang lng thap nen
co so phoi tr cao hn: 6, 5, 4, 3. V du nh [SbF6], BiF5,
13. So phoi tr ben cua Sb a la 4 va 6.
17.2
Trang thai t nhien
1. Cac d lieu quan trong ve trang thai t nhien cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A:
Nguyen to
Ham lng, %NT

cua vo trai at
Nguon nguyen lieu
chnh
17.3
17.3.1
Nitrogen
Phospho
Arsen
Antimon
Bismut
0,03
0,04
1.104
5.106
2.106
Khong kh
Quang
phosphat
Quang sulfur
n chat
Cau truc va ly tnh
1. Khi i t tren xuong di trong phan nhom, s khac biet tnh chat cua cac nguyen to
phan nhom 5A rat ro rang.
2. Nitrogen va phospho la cac khong kim loai, arsen the hien tnh a kim con antimon va
bismut la cac kim loai.
3. Cac d lieu quan trong ve cac n chat cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A:
Chng 17
Tnh chat
Phan nhom 5A
171
Nitrogen
Phospho
Arsen
Antimon
Bismut
N2
P4 trang,
o, en
Vang, xam
Kim loai
Kim loai
Dang ton tai

Tnc
209,86
429th, 1000
818
630,5
271,3
Ts
195,8
280
616
1440
1627
C
C
17.3.2
Hoa tnh
a. Tnh oxi hoa

1. Cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A la cac khong kim loai kem ien hnh nen co tnh oxi hoa
khong manh.
2. Ch rieng nitrogen thuoc chu ky 2 co ban knh nho nen mi co o am ien cao hn han
cac nguyen to con lai.
Bang 17.1
S gia tang tnh kim loai theo chu ky cua cac nguyen to phan nhom A
Phan nhom
Chu ky
3A
4A
5A
6A
7A
Al
Si
Cl
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
In
Sn
Sb
Te
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Khong kim loai
A kim
Kim loai

a. o am ien giam
b. Tnh oxi hoa giam
d. en As thuoc chu ky 4 a the hien tnh kim loai
b. Tnh kh
1. Cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A co tnh kh tang khi i t tren xuong di.
2. Nitrogen co tnh kh yeu do co o am ien ln.
Anion phc oxo
NO3,
NO2,
PO43,
HPO32
Halogenur
NCl3, PF5, POCl3
172
Chng 17
Phan nhom 5A
c. Phan ng d phan
1. Phospho d phan trong dung dch kiem nong:
4P + 3NaOH + 3H2O PH3 + 3NaH2PO2
17.3.3
ieu che
1. Nitrogen c ieu che bang cach:

a. Trong ky thuat
Chng cat khong kh long
Phan huy NH4NO2
NH4NO2
N2 + 2H2O
2. Phospho c ieu che bang phan ng kh apatit bang carbon khi nung trong lo ien
15000C vi s co mat cua oxid silic:
0
1500 C
2Ca3(PO4)2 + 6SiO2 + 10C
6CaSiO3 + 10CO + P4
3. Arsen, antimon va bismut (E) c ieu che bang cach ot chay cac quang sulfur cua
chung tao thanh oxid:
2E2S3 + 9O2 6SO2 + 2E2O3
Sau o kh oxid nay bang C e thu san pham E:
E2O3 + 3C 2E + 3CO
17.3.4
ng dung
1. Nitrogen
S dung e san xuat amoniac, phan am, moi trng tr,
2. Phospho
S dung e ieu che phan lan, thuoc tr sau, diem quet,
3. As, Sb va Bi
S dung e san xuat cac hp kim, thuoc diet moi,
17.4
17.4.1
Cac hp chat cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A

Cac hydracid H3E va cac dan xuat cua chung
1. Cac hydracid cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A la:

NH3, PH3, AsH3, SbH3, BiH3.
a. Tnh oxi hoa-kh
1. Trong cac hp chat hydracid va dan xuat cua chung,
E co so oxi hoa 3 nho nhat nen ch co tnh kh.
b. Tnh tao phc
1. Cac phan t H3E tao phc bang cach cho oi ien t t do.
2. Kha nang cho giam dan t tren xuong di trong phan nhom do mat o ien t giam.
Chng 17
17.4.1.1
Phan nhom 5A
173
Cac hydracid H3E

Tnh chat
NH3
PH3
AsH3
SbH3
r3
1,48
1,86
1,91
2,08
dHE
1,01
1,42
1,52
1,70
107
93,5
92
91
kJ/mol
380
323
281
256
HEH
EHE
Tnc
78
133
116
88
Ts
33
88
62
18
4,75
C
C
pKb
2. Khi i t tren xuong di, lien ket kem ben dan, cac hydracid de b phan huy.
3. BiH3 b phan huy ngay khi c tao thanh.
4. Goc lien ket cho thay s lai hoa sp3 giam dan khi i t tren xuong di tng t nh oi
vi cac hydracid cua phan nhom 6A.
5. ac biet, tnh baz cua cac hp chat nay la do kha nang cho oi ien t t do cua
nguyen t trung tam chu yeu ch xay ra NH3.
6. Cac chat con lai co tnh baz rat thap, ch the hien khi phan ng vi cac acid manh nhat.
Tnh chat
HEH
17.4.1.2
NH3
PH3
AsH3
SbH3
107
93,5
92
91
Cac dan xuat AnE cua cac hydracid H3E
AE.
2. Khi lien ket AE cang kem ben va o phan cc cua lien ket AE cang ln th cac dan
Cl3N + 3H2O 3HClO + NH3
(a)
Dan xuat acid

Na3N + 3H2O 3NaOH + NH3
(b)
Muoi baz
4. Cac hp chat co cau truc polimer nh la BN, Sn3N4 la nhng chat ran ben nhiet co nhiet
o nong chay rat cao va ch phan huy khi nau chay vi kiem.
Si3N4 + 12NaOH 3Na4SiO4 + 4NH3
Chng 17
174
Phan nhom 5A
5. Cac dan xuat kim loai cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A vi kim loai chuyen tiep nh:
W2N3, FeN, CrN,
co lien ket kim loai vi ham lng kim loai cao hn cong thc thong thng.
17.4.2
Cac oxihydroxid HxEOn va cac dan xuat cua chung
1. Cac oxihydroxid thong thng cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 5A la:
So oxi hoa
As
Sb
Bi
+1
N2O
H3PO2
+3
HNO2
H3PO3
HAsO2
Sb(OH)3
Bi(OH)3
+5
HNO3
H3PO4
H3AsO4
Sb(OH)5
BiF5
2. oi vi Bi(V), ngi ta ch mi ieu che c BiF5.

a. Tnh oxi hoa-kh
1. Trong cac hp chat oxihydroxid va dan xuat cua chung, ngoai tr oi vi nitrogen, E co
so oxi hoa dng vi o am ien thap nen chung thng co tnh oxi hoa yeu.
H3PO4 + 2H+ + 2e H3PO3 + H2O
E0 = 0,276V
2. Vi so oxi hoa +5, H3AsO4 va nhat la Bi(OH)5, neu co, se co tnh oxi hoa ac biet manh
do hieu ng co d va co f.
3. Khi so oxi hoa trung gian th chung con co tnh kh kha manh.
4. Khi i t tren xuong di, do o am ien giam, tnh oxi hoa giam, tnh kh tang.
b. Tnh tao phc
1. Cac anion EO43, EO32 tao phc yeu do ban knh qua ln khien cho mat o ien tch
nho nen kho cho ien t.
17.4.2.1
Cac oxihydroxid HxEOn
1. Ch co HNO3 la acid manh, con lai la cac acid yeulng tnh.

2. oi vi cac oxihydroxid cua cac nguyen to E co cung so oxi hoa, khi i t tren xuong
di trong phan nhom:
a. o am ien giam
b. Ban knh tang
c. Tac dung phan cc giam
d. Tnh ion cua lien ket EOH tang
e. Tnh acid cua oxihydroxid giam
V du:
HNO3 > H3PO4 > H3AsO4

HNO2 ~ H3PO3 > HAsO2
Chng 17
Phan nhom 5A
Xet mo hnh
175
X+ O H
Khi t tren xuong di trong phan nhom:
o am ien giam, ban knh tang
Tac dung phan cc cua X giam
Tnh acid giam
3. oi vi cac oxihydroxid khac nhau cua cung mot nguyen to E, khi so oxi hoa cang cao:
a. Tac dung phan cc cua NTTT tang
b. Tnh ion cua lien ket EOH giam
c. Tnh acid cua oxihydroxid tang
V du:
H3PO3 < H3PO4
Xet mo hnh
O* X+ O H
ien tch cua X tang, ban knh giam
Tac dung phan cc cua X tang
So lng O* keo ien t cua X cang ln Tnh acid tang
4. As, Sb va Bi co so phoi tr 6 ben nen ta co cac phc chat:

[E(OH)6]3, [EX6]3, [E(OH)6], [EX6]
17.4.2.2
Cac dan xuat EnBm cua cac oxihydroxid HxXOn
phan cc dng.
a. Lien ket AX cua cac dan xuat cang co tnh cong hoa tr
PCl5 + 4H2O H3PO4 + 5HCl
(a)
Dan xuat acid

AsCl3 + 3H2O As(OH)3 + 3HCl
(b)
Dan xuat lng tnh

Na3[Sb(OH)6] + 3HCl 3NaCl + Sb(OH)3 + 3H2O
Muoi baz
(c)
176
Chng 18
Phan nhom 4A
Chng 18
Phan nhom 4A
18.1
1. Cac d lieu quan trong cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 4A:
Nguyen to
Ten goi
Si
Ge
Sn
Pb
Carbon
Silic
Germani
Thiec
Ch
rcht
0,77
1,17
1,22
1,40
rkl
1,34
1,39
1,58
1,75
r2+
0,65
1,02
1,26
r4+
0,20
0,39
0,44
0,67
0,76
eV
11,26
8,15
7,90
7,34
7,42
2,5
1,8
2,0
1,8
1,6
I1
2. Cac nguyen to muon thuoc phan nhom 4A co cau truc ien t ns2 np2.
3. Theo quy tac Mendeleev, cac so oxi hoa thong thng cua nguyen to phan nhom 4A la:
SOXH = So nhom 2n = +4, (+2), 0, (2), 4
4. Cac so oxi hoa khac khong ac trng.

5. Phan nhom 4A la phan nhom chuyen tiep gia khong kim loai va kim loai.
a. Ban knh tang, r
b. o am ien giam,
c. Tnh oxi hoa giam, tnh kh tang
d. Tnh khong kim loai giam, tnh kim loai tang
e. Hp chat oxihydroxid co tnh acid giam, tnh baz tang
f.
Chng 18
Phan nhom 4A
177
phc hydroxo (OH) vi lien ket ben dan t Sn.
V du:
Nguyen to chu ky 3
Nguyen to chu ky 4
NTTT:
Si
Sn
H4SiO4
H2[Sn(OH)6]
Dang ton tai:
Bang 18.1
S gia tang so phoi tr theo chu ky cua cac hp chat oxihydroxid thuoc cac
phan nhom A
Phan nhom
Chu ky
3A
4A
5A
6A
H3BO3
H2CO3
HNO3
H2O
H3[Al(OH)6]
H4SiO4
H3PO4
H2SO4
HClO4
H2[Sn(OH)6]
H3[As(OH)6]
H2SeO4
HBrO4
H6TeO6
H5IO6
4
5
7A
7. So phoi tr tang khi i t tren xuong di do ban knh tang va nang lng cua cac van
ao ns, np va nd cang gan nhau nen de dang lai hoa vi nhau.
8. Carbon khong co van ao d thng co lai hoa sp3 , sp2 , sp vi cac so phoi tr 4, 3 va 2:
So phoi tr
V du
CH4
CO 32
CO 2
Cau truc
HCH
OC
O=C=O
O
9. thiec va ch a co lai hoa vi s tham gia cua van ao d nen so phoi tr cao hn (6, 5,
4, 3). So phoi tr ben cua thiec a la 4 (SnCl4) va 6 (K2[SnCl6]).
18.2
Trang thai t nhien
1. Cac d lieu quan trong ve trang thai t nhien cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 4A:
Nguyen to
Ham lng, %NT

(trong vo trai at)
Nguon nguyen
lieu chnh
Carbon
Silic
Germani
Thiec
Ch
0,14
20,0
2.104
4.103
1,6.104
Than a,
carbonat,
dau kh,
Silicat
Quang
sulfur
Quang oxid
Quang
sulfur
178
Chng 18
18.3
n chat
18.3.1
Phan nhom 4A
Cau truc va ly tnh
1. Cac d lieu quan trong ve cac n chat cua nguyen to phan nhom 4A:
Chat
Dang ton tai
C?
C607080
Kim cng
Graphit
Carbin?
Fulleren
1,3551,467
dCC
1,545
1,415
1,284
dlp-mach
3,35
2,95
Tnc
3900
3800
Ts
5000
4000
g/cm3
3,51
2,27
o cng
Mohr
10
Silic
Germani
Thiec
Ch
Xam (kc)
Trang (kc)
Xam (kc),
Trang (kl)
Xam (kl)
Nguyen to
Dang ton tai

Tnc
1415
937
232
327,5
Ts
3250
2850
2620
1745
Tchph
C
C
13,2
g/cm3
2,33
5,350
o cng
Mohr
5,75 7,31
11,337
2. Cac nguyen to phan nhom 4A ton tai nhieu dang thu hnh khac nhau nh c trnh
bay trong hai bang tren.
3. ac biet la carbon khong nhng co dang cau truc cau trong fulleren ma con co cau truc
ong nano.
18.3.2
Hoa tnh
a. Tnh oxi hoa

1. Cac nguyen to phan nhom 4A la cac nguyen to trung gian ien hnh nen co tnh oxi hoa
yeu.
2. Khi i t tren xuong di:
a. o am ien giam
b. Tnh oxi hoa giam
d. en Si thuoc chu ky 3 a the hien tnh kim loai
Chng 18
Phan nhom 4A
Hnh 18.1
179
Cac dang thu hnh cua carbon
b. Tnh kh
1. Cac nguyen to phan nhom 4A co tnh kh tang khi i t tren xuong di.
Anion phc oxo, chalcogeno
Halogenur
CO32, SiO32, CO, CS2
CCl4, COCl2, CHCl3
c. Phan ng d phan
1. Silic ch d phan vi oxid kiem nong:
5Si + 6MnO 2Mn3Si + 3SiO2
Chng 18
180
18.3.3
Phan nhom 4A
ieu che
1. Carbon c ieu che phu thuoc vao trang thai thu hnh.
a. Kim cng (sp3)
Nung graphit nhiet o va ap suat rat cao ~ 10910 atm va 20000C
Ket tinh tren mam tinh the kim cng trong hi hydrocarbon khoang 10000C
b. Graphit (sp2)
Nung than a vo nh hnh (antraxit) 2500 30000C khi khong co khong kh
c. Than coc
Nung than a vo nh hnh (antraxit) 100012000C khi khong co khong kh
d. Than hoat tnh

Nung cac hp chat hu c thieu hay khong co khong kh
2. Silic c ieu che bang phan ng kh SiO2 hay SiX4 nhiet o cao:
SiO2 + 2C Si + 2CO
SiCl4 + 2Zn Si + 2ZnCl2
3. Germani, thiec va ch c ieu che bang cach kh quang oxid (hay sulfur) cua chung
bang C nhiet o cao.
ES2 + 2O2 2SO2 + EO2
EO2 + 2C E + 2CO
18.3.4
ng dung
1. Kim cng
S dung e san xuat o trang sc, bot mai, mui khoan,
2. Graphit
S dung lam ien cc, viet ch,
3. Than hoat tnh
S dung lam chat kh mau-mui, bot mau, chat on,
4. Silic
S dung e ieu che phan lan, thuoc tr sau, diem quet,
5. Germani
S dung lam chat ban dan,
6. Thiec
S dung lam bao b thc pham, trong ky thuat ien,
7. Ch
S dung lam ac qui, phong ch, chat can tia phong xa,
18.4
18.4.1
Cac hp chat cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 4A

Cac hp chat H4E va cac dan xuat cua chung
1. Cac hp chat H4E cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 4A la:

CH4, SiH4, GeH4, SnH4, PbH4
vi nang lng lien ket giam t C en Pb.
Lien ket
kJ/mol
CH
CO
Si H
Si O
414
359
319
445
Chng 18
Phan nhom 4A
181
2. Ge, Sn va Pb do o am ien cua E khong cao nen ch tao cac hp chat co so oxi hoa 4
vi cac kim loai hoat ong hn vi lien ket co tnh kim loai.
3. Tnh oxi hoa-kh: Trong cac hp chat H4E va dan xuat cua carbon va silic, E co so oxi
hoa 4 nen ch co tnh kh. Khi i t tren xuong di, tnh kh tang dan.
18.4.1.1
Cac hp chat H4E
1. CH4 (H4C) la mot nhien lieu kh quan trong t kh thien nhien.

2. Khi i t tren xuong di, lien ket kem ben dan:
a. SiH4 (silan) de b phan huy.
b. PbH4 kem ben en mc ch chng minh c s ton tai cua no mot cach gian tiep.
18.4.1.2
Cac dan xuat AnE cua cac hp chat HnE
a. Carbur kieu muoi

1. Cac dan xuat carbur kieu muoi la cac cabur kim loai vi lien ket ioncong hoa tr.
2. Chung co tinh the kieu muoi va thuy phan tao thanh cac hydrocarbon tng ng.
Dan xuat
V du
Metan CH4
Etan C2H6
Etylen C2H4
Acetylen C2H2
Li4C, Be2C,
Al4C3, Mg2Si
Li6Si2
UC2
CaC2, Ag2C2
3. Phan ng phan huy cua cac dan xuat:

Metan
Al4C3 + 12H2O
3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3
Mg2Si + 4HCl
SiH4 + 2Mg(OH)2
Etan
Li6Si2 + 6HCl
Si2H6 + 6LiCl
Acetylen
2UC2 + 8H2O
2CH4 + C2H4 + 2UO2(OH)2
CaC2 + 2H2O
C2H2 + Ca(OH)2
Mg2C3 + 4H2O
C3H8 + 2Mg(OH)2
b. Carbur kim loai

1. Cac dan xuat carbur kieu kim loai thng la cac cabur cua cac kim loai thuoc phan
nhom 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B va 8B.
2. Trong carbur kim loai, carbon xam nhap vao cac lo trong bat dien cua tinh the kim loai.
3. Cac carbur kim loai thng co thanh phan MC, M2C va M3C.
Thanh phan
V du
MC
TiC, ZrC, HgC, VC,

NbC, TaC,
M2C
Mo2C, W2C,
M3C
Mn3C, Fe3C, Co3C,
182
Chng 18
Phan nhom 4A
4. Carbur kim loai thng:

a. Co tinh the anh kim, dan ien.
b. Tao vi cac kim loai khac dung dch ran co o cng rat ln va nhiet o nong chay
rat cao.
5. Cac carbur co cong thc MC va M2C thng co nhiet o nong chay rat cao va chong an
mon.
Kim loai
Ti
Zr
Hg
Nb
Ta
Mo
Mn
Fe
Tnc, 0C
1668
1852
2200
1919
2460
3000
2620
3380
1244
1539
Carbur
TiC
ZrC
HgC
VC
NbC
TaC
Mo2C
W2C
Mn3C
Fe3C
Tnc, 0C
3150
3580
3670
2800
3500
3880
2690
2800
1520
1650
6. Cac carbur M3C thng co nhiet o nong chay thap hn va b acid pha huy.
Mn3C + 6HCl 3MnCl2 + CH4 + H2
7. Khi i t MC M3C th ham lng kim loai trong carbur tang nen lien ket co tnh kim
loai tang va tnh cong hoa tr giam khien cho o cng va Tnc giam.
8. Cac carbur kim loai c s dung trong nganh c kh e san xuat cac hp kim sieu
cng va kho nong chay.
9. Cac carbur kim loai thng c san xuat bang cach nung chay bot kim loai hay oxid
kim loai vi carbon nhiet o cao.
V2O5 + 7C 2VC + 5CO
10. Carbur thu c se c tao hnh vi chat ket dnh thng la cobalt hay nikel.
c. Carbur cong hoa tr

1. Ch co B va Si tao c carbur cong hoa tr SiC va B4C do co ban knh, o am ien
tng ng va cung so phoi tr 4.
2. Trong o, SiC co cau truc kim cng vi o cng rat cao, nhiet o nong chay cao, o
dan ien rat thap va ben hoa hoc nen c s dung lam bot mai, a mai, thanh ien tr
cua lo nung,
d. Cac dan xuat khac

AX.
2. Khi lien ket AX cang kem ben va o phan cc cua lien ket AX cang ln th cac dan
3. Cac dan xuat va muoi thuy phan trong nc tao moi trng acid hay baz tuy theo ban
chat cua lien ket trong hp chat.
Li6Si2 + 6HCl Si2H6 + 6LiCl
Muoi baz
Chng 18
Phan nhom 4A
183
4. Cac silicur co ham lng silic cao nh MoSi, MoSi2,

a. The hien tnh acid khi:
Khong phan ng vi acid
Phan huy trong kiem
b. Rat ben c qua trnh oxi hoa khi un nong
18.4.2
Cac oxihydroxid HxEOn va cac dan xuat cua chung
1. Cac oxihydroxid thong thng cua cac nguyen to phan nhom 4A la:
So oxi hoa
Si
Ge
Sn
Pb
+2
CO
Ge(OH)2
Sn(OH)2
Pb(OH)2
+4
H2CO3
H2SiO3
H2GeO3
Sn(OH)4
Pb(OH)4
a. Tnh oxi hoa-kh

1. Trong cac hp chat oxihydroxid va dan xuat cua chung, E co so oxi hoa dng vi o
am ien thap nen chung thng co tnh oxi hoa yeu.
H2SiO3 + 4H+ + 4e Si + 3H2O
E0 = 0,79V
(a)
2. H2GeO3 do hieu ng co d va nhat la PbO2 do ca hieu ng co d lan co f khien cho 2 ien

t s kho mat nen co tnh oxi hoa.
H2GeO3 + 4H+ + 4e Si + 3H2O
E0 = 0,13V
(b)
Sn4+ + 4e Sn
E0 = +0,01V
(c)
PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e Pb2+ + 2H2O
E0 = +1,455V
(d)
b. Tnh tao phc

1. Cac anion EO43, EO32 tao phc yeu do ban knh qua ln nen kho cho ien t.
18.4.2.1
Cac oxihydroxid HxEOn
1. Ch co HxEOn la cac acid yeulng tnh.

2. oi vi cac oxihydroxid cua cac nguyen to E co cung so oxi hoa, khi i t tren xuong
di trong phan nhom:
a. o am ien giam
b. Ban knh tang
c. Tac dung phan cc giam
d. Tnh ion cua lien ket EOH tang
e. Tnh acid cua oxihydroxid giam
V du:
pKa1
H2CO3
H2SiO3
H2GeO3
H4SnO4
6,37
9,80
8,73
9,24
184
Chng 18
Phan nhom 4A
Xet mo hnh
X+ O H
Khi t tren xuong di trong phan nhom:
o am ien giam, ban knh tang
Tac dung phan cc cua X giam
Tnh acid giam
Tuy nhien, H2GeO3 va H4SnO4 co tnh acid ln hn H2SiO3 la do hieu ng co d

va co f khien cho ien tch hat nhan tang manh nen keo ien t manh.
3. oi vi cac oxihydroxid khac nhau cua cung mot nguyen to E, khi so oxi hoa cang cao:
a. Tac dung phan cc cua NTTT tang
b. Tnh ion cua lien ket EOH giam
c. Tnh acid cua oxihydroxid tang
V du:
Ge(OH)2 < H2GeO3
Xet mo hnh
O* X+ O H
ien tch cua X tang, ban knh giam
Tac dung phan cc cua X tang
So lng O* keo ien t cua X cang ln Tnh acid tang
4. Ge, Sn va Pb co so phoi tr 6 ben nen ta co cac phc chat:

[E(OH)6]4, [EX6]4, [E(OH)6]2, [EX6]2
18.4.2.2
Cac dan xuat EnBm cua cac oxihydroxid HxXOn
1. Tnh chat acid-baz cua cac dan xuat phu thuoc vao tac dung phan cc cua cationhp
phan phan cc dng.
2. Khi tac dung phan cc cua cationhp phan phan cc dng cang manh th:
a. Lien ket AX cua cac dan xuat cang co tnh cong hoa tr
SnCl4 + 6H2O H2[Sn(OH)6] + 4HCl
(a)
Dan xuat acid

PbF2 + 2KF K2[PbF4]
(b)
PbF2 + SiF4 Pb[SiF6]
(c)
Dan xuat lng tnh

Na2SiO3 + 2H2O H2SiO3 + 2NaOH
Muoi baz
(d)
Chng 19
Danh phap cac hp chat vo c
185
Chng 19
Danh phap cac chat vo c
19.1
ai cng
19.1.1
M au
1. Danh phap khoa hoc la mot he thong cach goi ten cac hp chat e co the phan biet
c cac chat va xac nh cong thc cua hp chat t ten goi mot cach n gian.
2. Ngoai ra con co danh phap thong dung goi ten theo thoi quen va cac ten goi ky thuat
hoac thng mai mang tnh ac thu cua nganh nghe, a phng hay co tnh lch s.
Th du:
Chat
KMnO4
(NH4)2Cr2O7
Ten he thong
Kali tetraoxomanganat(VII)
Amonium heptaoxodicromat(VI)
Ten thong dung
Kali permanganat
Amonium bicromat
Ten thng mai
Thuoc tm
Bi chay
3. Hien nay ngi ta thng s dung quy c a c thong nhat cua Lien oan Quoc te
Hoa hoc ly thuyet va Thc hanh (danh phap IUPAC: International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry).
4. Theo danh phap he thong (quy c cua IUPAC), co the s dung song song hai cach goi
ten:
a. Theo he thong (danh phap IUPAC): Ten cua hp chat vo c c goi theo:
Ten cua ion n gian tao thanh hp chat
Ten cua phc chat oi vi ion phc tap
b. Theo danh phap thong dung: Nhieu hp chat vo c c goi di cac ten goi thong
dung a tr nen qua quen thuoc, th du nh acid sulfuric, acid clohydric,
Danh phap thong dung ay khong ke en cac ten goi ky thuat, thng mai.
7. Viec s dung song song hai cach goi ten nay cho phep n gian hoa ten goi nhieu hp
chat nh trong th du tren (NH4)2Cr2O7 va KMnO4 goi ten theo danh phap thong dung se
ngan gon hn.
186
19.1.2
Chng 19
Nguyen tac c ban
1. Tat ca cac hp chat eu co the phan thanh 2 hp phan la:

a. Hp phan phan cc dng
V du:
b. Hp phan phan cc am
Na+Cl, NH4+NO3, (NH4)+2SO4, C+O2, H+2O, H+3N, S+F6,
2. Cong thc cua hp chat c viet vi hp phan phan cc dng trc va hp phan
phan cc am sau.
V du:
NaCl, CaSO4, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4,

CO2, H2O, H3N, PF5, SF6,
Lu y la do thoi quen, ngi ta thng viet la NH3 thay v H3N.

3. Danh phap (ten goi) cua hp chat c oc cung vi hp phan phan cc dng trc va
hp phan phan cc am sau.
V du:
Natri clorur (NaCl), calci sulfat (CaSO4),

Carbon dioxid (CO2), hydro oxid (H2O),
19.2
Danh phap cua cac nguyen to
1. Cac nguyen to c oc ten theo tieng La tinh cua nguyen to nhng co bo bt tiep v
ng (uoi) um.
V du:
Ten La tinh
Danh phap Viet nam
Natrium
Natri
Calcium
Calci
2. Mot so ten nguyen to a c Viet hoa th oc ten theo tieng Viet.

V du:
Ten La tinh
Danh phap Viet nam
Copper
ong
Argentum
Bac
Sulfur
Lu huynh
3. Cac ten nguyen to Viet hoa nay c tiep tuc s dung trong cac hp phan phan cc
dng nhng bat buoc phai s dung ten La tinh trong cac hp phan phan cc am.
V du:
19.3
19.3.1
Cong thc
Danh phap Viet nam
Cu(NO3)2
ong nitrat
Na[CuI2]
Natri diiodocuprat
Danh phap cua cac cation

Cation n gian (mot nguyen t)
1. Goi theo ten cua nguyen to tng ng co ghi them so oxi hoa cua no bang so la ma
trong ngoac n ngay ke tiep khong cach khoang. oi vi cac nguyen to ch co mot so
oxi hoa nh hydro, kim loai kiem, kim loai kiem tho th khong can ghi so oxi hoa.
Th du:
Cu2+
(ion) ong(II)
Na+
(ion) natri
Chng 19
19.3.2
187
Cation phc tap (nhieu nguyen t)
1. Cation do s ket hp cua cac phan t hay ion co tnh baz vi proton se c goi ten
theo phan goc cua ten nguyen to tao nen phan t hay ion ban au co them tiep v ng
onium.
Th du:
NH4+
ammonium
H3O+
oxonium
PH4+
phosphonium
AsH4+
arsonium
Cac dan xuat the t cac ion nay cung c goi ten tng t.
Th du:
(CH3)4Sb+
tetrametylstibonium
PCl4+
tetraclorophosphonium
2. Cation phc tap co nguyen t trung tam la cation kim loai va cac ligand (phoi t) la cac
anion, nguyen t hay phan t trung hoa se goi ten theo phc chat.
Th du:
[Cu(NH3)4]2+
(ion) tetraammincuprum(II)
[Al(H2O)6]3+
(ion) hexaaquoaluminium(III)
[CoCl(NH3)5]2+ (ion) cloropentaammincobalt(II)

3. Cation la nhom chc (goc) se goi ten theo nhom chc (goc) tng ng (ten mot so
nhom chc (goc) c trnh bay trong Muc 1.4).
Th du:
19.4
19.4.1
NO+
(ion) nitrosyl
NO2+
(ion) nitryl
SO2+
(ion) thionyl
SO22+
(ion) sulfuryl
PO3+
(ion) phosphoryl
CO2+
(ion) carbonyl
Danh phap cua cac anion

Anion n gian (mot nguyen t)
1. Gi nguyen phan ten goc cua nguyen to va them tiep v ng ur (ten Quoc te la ide
chuyen sang cach goi ten Viet Nam la ur).
Th du:
Ngoai le:
19.4.2
(ion) hydrur
(ion) fluorur
S2
(ion) sulfur
Cl
(ion) clorur
Si4
(ion) silisur
Br
(ion) bromur
(ion) oxid
Anion phc tap (nhieu nguyen t)
1. Mot so anion nhieu nguyen t n gian co tiep v ng id (tr mot so ngoai le co tiep v
ng ur).
Th du:
O22
(ion) peroxyd
NH2
O2
(ion) superoxyd
NH2
(ion) hydroxid
NH2OH
(ion) ozonur
CN
OH
Ngoai le:
O3
2. Anion phc tap se goi ten theo phc chat.
(ion) amid
(ion) imid
(ion) hydroxylamid
(ion) cyanur
188
Chng 19
Th du:
[Zn(OH)4]2
(ion) tetrahydroxozincat(II)
[Fe(CN)6]3
(ion) hexacyanoferrat(III)
SO32
(ion) trioxosulfat(IV)
SO42
(ion) tetraoxosulfat(VI)
[SO3S]2
(ion) trioxothiosulfat(VI) (thng viet S2O32)
3. oi vi cac anion cua cac oxihydroxid cung nh cac dan xuat cua chung, ngi ta
thng s dung danh phap thong dung:
a. Neu acid co tiep v ng la ic th anion se oi thanh tiep v ng at.
b. Neu acid co tiep v ng la th anion se oi thanh tiep v ng it.
Th du:
NO2
(ion) nitrit
SO32
(ion) sulfit
NO3
(ion) nitrat
SO42
(ion) sulfat
4. Anion nhieu nguyen t co cha nguyen t hydrogen th them t hydro pha trc ten cua
anion tng ng.
Th du:
19.5
HS
(ion) hydrosulfur
HSO3
(ion) hydrosulfit
HO2
(ion) hydroperoxyd
H2PO4
(ion) dihydrophosphat
Danh phap cua cac nhom chc (goc)
1. Cac nhom chc (goc) thng gap trong nhieu hp chat c hnh thanh t cac nguyen
to khong kim loai hoac t nguyen to kim loai vi oxygen.
2. Ten cua chung thng co tiep v ng yl.
Th du:
19.6
19.6.1
OH
hydroxyl
CO
carbonyl
NO
nitrosyl
NO2
nitryl
SO
thionyl (sulfinyl)
SO2
sulfuryl (sulfonyl)
ClO
clorosyl
ClO2
cloryl
ClO3
percloryl
PO
phosphoryl
UO2
uranyl
CrO2
cromyl
Danh phap cua cac hp chat

Quy tac goi ten
1. Mot hp chat bat ky eu co the xem nh c hnh thanh t cac hp phan phan cc
dng (cation) va cac hp phan phan cc am (anion).
2. Ten cua hp chat c goi theo th t: ten cua cation trc, ten cua anion sau.
Th du:
Na2SO4
natri sulfat, natri tetraoxosulfat(VI)
FeCl3
sat(III) clorur
P2O5
phosphor(V) oxid
CO
carbon(II) oxid
Chng 19
189
3. Neu hp chat co nhieu hp phan phan cc dng (cation) hay nhieu hp phan phan cc
am (anion) th van goi ten theo quy tac tren vi ten goi cua cac cation (hay cua cac
anion) c xep theo th t abc.
Th du:
COCl2
carbon clorur oxid (carbonyl clorur)
MgCl(OH)
magne clorur hydroxyd
KMgF3
kali magne fluorur
MgNH4PO4.6H2O ammonium magne phosphat hexahydrat

4. Ghi chu: Nhieu tai lieu thng goi ten khac i mot chut so vi cach trnh bay tren cho
khong ghi so oxi hoa cua cac nguyen to, thay vao o:
a. So lng cua cac hp phan dng hoac am n gian c bieu dien bang cac tiep
au ng mono, di, tri, tetra,. Tiep au ng mono co the khong can ghi.
b. Neu cac hp phan o la ion phc tap th cac tiep au ng se la bis, tris, tetrakis,
Th du:
19.6.2
P2O5
diphospho pentaoxyd
NO2
nitrogen dioxyd
S2Cl2
disulfur diclorur
Ten cua cac oxihydroxid
1. Danh phap thong dung:

a. oi vi cac oxihydroxid, ngi ta lay ten phan goc cua nguyen to tao acid co them
tiep v ng hoac ic e phan biet so oxi hoa cua nguyen to o.
b. Cach goi ten trong cac trng hp nguyen to tao acid vi nhieu so oxi hoa khac
nhau nh sau:
So oxi hoa cua
nguyen to tao acid
Ten goi
Th du
Thap nhat
acid hypoten nguyen to
HClO
acid hypoclor
Thap
acid ten nguyen to
HClO2
acid clor
Cao
acid ten nguyen toic
HClO3
acid cloric
Cao nhat
acid perten nguyen toic
HClO4
acid percloric
c. Ghi chu: Trng hp nguyen to ch tao c mot oxihydroxid th dung tiep v ng ic

e goi ten. Th du: H2SiO3 acid silicic.
d. Ngi ta phan biet mot nguyen to cung so oxi hoa tao thanh nhieu oxihydroxid co
ham lng nc khac nhau bang cach them tiep au ng nh sau:
Ham lng nc
trong oxihydrocid
Ten goi
Th du
t nhat
acid meta ten oxoacid
(HPO3)n
acid metaphosphoric
Nhieu nhat
acid orto ten oxoacid
H3PO4
acid ortophosphoric
Hai oxihydroxid mat 1 H2O
acid pyroten oxoacid
H4P2O7
acid pyrophosphoric
190
Chng 19
2. Danh phap he thong: Cac oxihydroxid co the goi ten theo danh phap phc chat.
Th du:
19.6.3
H2SO4
hydro tetraoxosulfat(VI)
hay acid tetraoxosulfuric(VI)
H2SO3
hydro trioxosulfat(IV)
hay acid trioxosulfuric(IV)
HMnO4
hydro tetraoxomanganat(VII)
hay acid tetraoxomanganic(VII)
H2MnO4
hydro tetraoxomanganat(VI)
hay acid tetraoxomanganic(VI)
Ten cua cac acid dan xuat t oxihydroxid
1. Cac acid dan xuat t oxihydroxid la cac oxihydroxid co mot so oxygen trong phan t
oxihydroxid c thay the bang cac nguyen t hay cac nhom nguyen t khac.
2. Ten goi cua cac acid dan xuat o la ten cua oxihydroxid nhng co them tiep au ng e
ch s thay the a c thc hien.
a. Peroxoacid: Neu oxi O c thay bang nhom peroxid OO.
Th du:
HNO4
acid peroxonitric
H3PO5
acid peroxomononitric
H2SO5
acid peroxomonosulfuric
H2S2O8
acid peroxodisulfuric
b. Thioacid: Neu oxi O c thay bang lu huynh S.

Th du:
19.6.4
H2S2O2
acid thiosulfur
dan xuat t H2SO3
acid sulfur
H2S2O3
acid thiosulfuric
dan xuat t H2SO4
acid sulfuric
HSCN
acid thiocyanic
dan xuat t HOCN
acid cyanic
Ten cua cac acid polimer
1. Nhieu oxihydroxid b dimer, trimer, polymer hoa tao thanh cac acid co cau truc phc
tap c goi la cac acid polymer hoa.
2. Ten goi cua cac acid nay cung la ten cua oxihydroxid nhng them tiep au ng di, tri,
poly e ch mc o polimer hoa.
Th du:
19.6.5
H2S2O7
acid disulfuric
H4P2O7
acid diphosphoric
H5P3O10
acid triphosphoric
H2Cr2O7
acid dicromic
H2Cr4O13
acid tetracromic
Tiep au ng ch so lng
1. Tiep au ng ch so lng cua moi hp phan c viet lien ngay trc ten cua hp phan
o.
2. Cac tiep au ng thong thng c i kem vi cac hp phan co ten n gian.
3. Cac tiep au ng phc tap c i kem vi cac hp phan co ten phc tap hn.
4. Cac tiep au ng c trnh bay trong Bang 19.1 va 19.2.
Chng 19
Bang 19.1
191
Cac tiep au ng thong thng va phc tap

Tiep au ng
thong thng
So lng
mono
di
Tiep au ng
phc tap
Tiep au ng
thong thng
So lng
Tiep au ng
phc tap
hexa
hexakis
bis
hepta
heptakis
tri
tris
octa
octakis
tetra
tetrakis
nona
nonakis
penta
pentakis
10
deca
decakis,
Bang 19.2
Cac tiep au ng thong thng
So lng
Tiep au ng
thong thng
Tiep au ng
thong thng
So lng
So lng
Tiep au ng
thong thng
11
undeca
20
icosa
50
pentaconta
12
dodeca
21
henicosa
52
dopentaconta
13
trideca
22
docosa
60
hexaconta
14
tetradeca
23
tricosa
70
heptaconta
15
pentadeca
30
triaconta
80
octaconta
16
hexadeca
31
hentriaconta
90
nonaconta
17
heptadeca
35
pentatriaconta
100
hectaconta
18
octadeca
40
tetraconta
19
nonadeca
48
octatetraconta
19.7
Danh phap bang tieng Anh
19.7.1
Danh phap cua cac nguyen to hoa hoc bang tieng Anh
Bang 19.3
Ten goi, ky hieu va so th t Z cua cac nguyen to hoa hoc

Ten
Ky hieu
Actinium
Ac
89
Aluminium
Al
Americium
Ten
Ky hieu
Calcium
Ca
20
13
Californium
Cf
98
Am
95
Carbon
Antimony (Stibium)
Sb
51
Cerium
Ce
58
Argon
Ar
18
Chlorine
Cl
17
Arsenic
As
33
Chromium
Cr
24
Astatine
At
85
Cobalt
Co
27
Barium
Ba
56
Copper (Cuprum)
Cu
29
Berkelium
Bk
97
Curium
Cm
96
Beryllium
Be
Dysprosium
Dy
66
Bismuth
Bi
83
Einsteinium
Es
99
Boron
Erbium
Er
68
Bromine
Br
35
Europium
Eu
63
Cadmium
Cd
48
Fermium
Fm
100
Caesium
Cs
55
Fluorine
192
Chng 19
Ten
Ky hieu
Francium
Fr
87
Promethium
Pm
61
Gadolinium
Gd
64
Protactinium
Pa
91
Gallium
Ga
31
Radium
Ra
88
Germanium
Ge
32
Radon
Rn
86
Gold (Aurum)
Au
79
Rhenium
Re
75
Hafnium
Hf
72
Rhodium
Rh
45
Helium
He
Rubidium
Rb
37
Ho
67
Ruthenium
Ru
44
Samarium
Sm
62
Indium
In
49
Scandium
Sc
21
Iodine
53
Selenium
Se
34
Iridium
Ir
77
Silicon
Si
14
Iron (Ferrum)
Fe
26
Silver (Argentum)
Ag
47
Krypton
Kr
36
Sodium (Natrium)
Na
11
Lanthanum
La
57
Strontium
Sr
38
Sulfur (theion)
16
Tantalum
Ta
73
Technetium
Tc
43
Holmium
Hydrogen
Ten
Ky hieu
Lawrencium (Unniltrium)
Lr
103
Lead (Plumbum)
Pb
82
Lithium
Li
Lutetium
Lu
71
Tellurium
Te
52
Magnesium
Mg
12
Terbium
Tb
65
Manganese
Mn
25
Thallium
Tl
81
Mendelevium (Unnilunium)
Md
101
Thorium
Th
90
Mercury (Hydrargyrum)
Hg
80
Thulium
Tm
69
Molybdenum
Mo
42
Tin (Stannum)
Sn
50
Neodymium
Nd
60
Titanium
Ti
22
Neon
Ne
10
Tungsten (Wolfram)
74
Neptunium
Np
93
Unnilennium
Une
109
Nickel
Ni
28
Unnilhexium
Unh
106
Niobium
Nb
41
Unniloctium
Uno
108
Nitrogen (Azote)
Unnilpentium
Unp
105
Nobelium (Unnilbium)
No
102
Unnilquadium
Unq
104
Osmium
Os
76
Unnilseptium
Uns
107
Oxygen
Uranium
92
Palladium
Pb
46
Vanadium
23
Phosphorus
15
Xenon
Xe
54
Platinum
Pt
78
Ytterbium
Yb
70
Plutonium
Pu
94
Yttrium
39
Polonium
Po
84
Zinc
Zn
30
Potassium (Kalium)
19
Zirconium
Zr
40
Praseodymium
Pr
59
Cac ong v H va H cua hydrogen lan lt c goi la deuterium va tritium ng vi cac ky hieu D
va T nhng 2H va 3H c s dung nhieu hn. b Ten Hy lap nay dan en t goc thi cua lu huynh.
Chng 19
19.7.2
193
Danh phap anion cua cac oxihydroxid bang tieng Anh
Bang 19.4
Ten nguyen to
Ten nguyen to, t goc va ten anion cua cac oxihydroxid bang tieng Anh
T goc
Ten anion
Ten nguyen to
T goc
Ten anion
actinium
actin
actinate
niobium
niob
niobate
aluminium
alumin
aluminate
nitrogen
nitr
nitrate
antimony
antimon
antimonate,
stibate
osmium
osm
osmate
arsenic
arsen
arsenate
palladium
pallad
palladate
beryllium
beryll
beryllate
phosphorus
phosph
phosphate
bismuth
bismuth
bismuthate
platinum
platin
platinate
boron
bor
borate
radium
rad
radate
bromine
brom
bromate
rhenium
rhen
rhenate
cadmium
cadm
cadmate
rhodium
rhod
rhodate
carbon
carbon
carbonate
ruthenium
ruthen
ruthenate
cerium
cer
cerate
scandium
scand
scandate
chlorine
chlor
chlorate
selenium
selen
selenate
chromium
chrom
chromate
silicon
silic
silicate
cobalt
cobalt
cobaltate
silver
argent
argentate
copper
cupr
cuprate
sulfur
sulf
sulfate
gallium
gall
gallate
tantalum
tantal
tantalate
germanium
german
germanate
technetium
technet
technetate
gold
aur
aurate
tellurium
tellur
tellurate
hafnium
hafn
hafnate
thallium
thall
thallate
indium
ind
indate
tin
stann
stannate
iodine
iod
iodate
thorium
thor
thorate
iridium
irid
iridate
titanium
titan
titanate
iron
ferr
ferrate
tungsten
tungst
tungstate,
wolframate
lead
plumb
plumbate
uranium
uran
uranate
manganese
mangan
manganate
vanadium
vanad
vanadate
mercury
mercur
mercurate
xenon
xenon
xenonate
molybdenum
molybd
molybdate
zinc
zinc
zincate
nickel
nickel
nickelate
zirconium
zircon
zirconate
194
Tai lieu tham khao
Tai lieu tham khao

1. Nguyen Th To Nga, Hoa Vo c, Tap 1, 2 va 3, Nha xuat ban ai hoc Quoc gia Thanh
pho Ho Ch Minh, Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, 2002.
2. Hoang Nham, Hoa hoc Vo c, Tap 1, 2 va 3, Nha xuat ban Giao duc, Ha Noi, 2002.
3. Nguyen nh Chi, Hoa hoc ai cng, Nha xuat ban Giao duc, Ha Noi, 2007.
4. ao nh Thc, Cau tao Nguyen t va Lien ket Hoa hoc, Tap 1, va 2, Nha xuat ban Giao
duc, Ha Noi, 2005.
5. N. X. Acmetop, Hoa Vo c, Tap 1, va 2, Nha xuat ban ai hoc va Trung hoc chuyen
nghiep, Ha Noi, 1978.
6. J. E. Huheey, E. A. Keiter, R. L. Keiter, Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and
Reactivity, 4th edition, Prentice Hall; United States of America, 1997.
7. F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 5th edition, John Wiley &
Sons Inc; United States of America, 1988.
8. R. A. Liin, Tnh chat Ly Hoa hoc cac chat Vo c, Mir Publishers, Moscow, 1975.
9. Ju. Lurie, Handbook of Analytical Chemistry, Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc va Ky thuat, Ha
Noi, 2001.
10. . . , , , , 1987.

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NGUYEN HU KHANH HNG

HUYNH TH KIEU XUAN

Cc giai on pht trin ca Ha hc................................................................... 2

Xu hng hin i............................................................................................... 2

Phng php hc tp v Ni dung c bn mn hc.................................................. 3

Phng php hc tp.......................................................................................... 4

Chng 2 Lin kt trong ha hc............................................................................................. 7

Khi nim v tiu phn............................................................................................. 7

Bn cht lin kt ha hc..................................................................................... 8

Lin kt theo quan im nhit ng lc ha hc ................................................... 8

Cc thng s c trng cho lin kt ................................................................... 10

M hnh ca lin kt ion ..................................................................................... 10

iu kin hnh thnh lin kt ion ........................................................................ 11

Cc tnh cht ca lin kt ion ............................................................................. 11

Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt ion trong tinh th ........................ 11

Lin kt cng ha tr............................................................................................... 13

M hnh ca lin kt cng ha tr........................................................................ 13

iu kin hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr ........................................................... 13

Cc tnh cht ca lin kt cng ha tr ................................................................ 13

Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt cng ha tr ................................ 14

Lin kt cng ha tr , v ............................................................................ 14

Lin kt kim loi..................................................................................................... 19

M hnh ca lin kt kim loi theo quan im phi c hc lng t ....................... 19

M hnh ca lin kt kim loi theo l thuyt c hc lng t................................ 19

Cc tnh cht ca lin kt kim loi....................................................................... 21

Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt kim loi....................................... 21

Lin kt van der Waals ........................................................................................... 22

M hnh v iu kin hnh thnh lin kt van der Waals ...................................... 22

Cc tnh cht v bn ca lin kt van der Waals ............................................ 22

Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt van der Waals ............................ 22

Lin kt hydro ........................................................................................................ 23

M hnh v iu kin hnh thnh lin kt hydro.................................................... 23

Cc tnh cht v bn ca lin kt hydro.......................................................... 23

Cc loi lin kt hydro v nh hng n tnh cht ca phn t.......................... 24

Tc dng phn cc v tc dng b phn cc ........................................................... 25

Tc dng phn cc ............................................................................................ 25

Tc dng b phn cc ........................................................................................ 27

Phn bit tc dng phn cc ca ion v phn cc ca lin kt ....................... 28

S khng phn nh ranh gii gia cc loi lin kt ha hc.................................... 29

S bin i gia cc loi lin kt ha hc........................................................... 29

nh hng ca s bin i gia cc loi lin kt ha hc n cc tnh cht v

Chng 3 Phn ng ha hc................................................................................................. 31

Khi nim chung .................................................................................................... 31

Phn ng acid-baz ............................................................................................ 31

Phn ng oxi ha-kh ....................................................................................... 31

Kh nng phn ng................................................................................................ 32

Nhit ng lc hc ca phn ng....................................................................... 32

Mi lin h gia nhit ng lc hc v ng hc ca phn ng........................... 33

Quy c v iu kin phn ng.............................................................................. 34

Chng 4 Phn ng acid-baz................................................................................................ 35

nh ngha acid-baz ............................................................................................... 35

nh ngha acid-baz theo Arrhenius .................................................................... 35

nh ngha acid-baz theo Bronsted..................................................................... 35

nh ngha acid-baz theo Lewis.......................................................................... 36

nh ngha acid-baz theo Ubanovish .................................................................. 36

nh ngha acid-baz cng-mm.......................................................................... 36

Cng ca acid-baz .......................................................................................... 38

Phn loi acid-baz v c theo bn cht ha hc...................................................... 38

Cc hydracid, cc dn xut th v mui ca chng............................................. 39

Cc oxihydroxid, cc dn xut th v mui ca chng ........................................ 39

Tm lc v cc hydracid, oxihydroxid v cc dn xut ca chng ..................... 39

Cng acid-baz ca cc hydracid ................................................................. 40

Cng acid-baz ca cc dn xut v mui t cc hydracid............................ 41