Lab #9
What’s in that Bottle? \y//()
Unknown Challenge
Introduction
Various properties of materials suit them for a given application. For example, we do not make electrical wires
of glass because glass tends to be fragile and nonconductive, whereas copper and aluminum are malleable and
conductive. What makes materials behave the way they do? To a large extent, the forces between the material’s
atoms and its molecules determine its properties
Concepts
* Chemical bonds + Ionic bonding _« Intramolecular Forces
* Covalent bonding + Metallic bonding + Intermolecular Forces
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Background
When atoms combine to make a compound, intramolecular forces hold them together (within the molecule
itself). Two general types of these forces are ionic and covalent, Bonds are typically described on the basis of
which of these two characters is exhibited more strongly. For example, the bond between a metal and a
nonmetal has more an ionic than a covalent character and is referred to as an an ionic bond. In an ionic bond,
electrostatic attraction between two ions holds the compound together. The bond between two nonmetals is
typically considered covalent. In a nonpolar covalent bond, electrons are shared equally. Ina covalent bond
with a bit more jonic character, the electrons are shared but unequally; the atom with greater clectronegativity
attracts the electrons more strongly. This unequal sharing creates poles of charges, and these bonds are termed
polar covalent bonds. While intramolecular forces are stronger than intermolecular forces (between different
molecules), both forces determine a material's properties:
onic solids ‘are Those Tormed by The aliraction betreon ionic compounds. In an ionic solid, the particles are
attracted to one another electrostatically. This forms lattice structures in which the ions are held together tightly
in three dimensions with ionic bonds; an example is the sodium and chlorine ions in sodium chloride. In ionic
solids, smaller ions and ions with higher charges have strong coulombic forces (attraction between positive and
negative charges). Because of these forces, ionic solids have high melting points; the greater the coulombic
forces, the higher the melting points of the solids. These coulombic forces also cause them to have low vapor
pressure. In addition to high melting points, ionic solids are brittle, due to the repulsion of similar charges when
the ions slide across each other during fracture. Ionic solids do not conduct electricity in their solid forms
because the electrons are not free to move; however, in the liquid state or when dissolved in a polar solvent such
as water, the ions of an ionic compound can transfer electrons from one electrode to another,
Covalent network solids are compounds in which there are covalent bonds between all of the atoms, such as
diamonds or quartz (silicon dioxide). These atoms are bonded together in two- or three-dimensional networks
Because of the strong covalent bond (forees stronger than intermolecular forces), these solids also have high
melting points. The fixed covalent bond angles cause these substances to be very hard. In many cases, the
humerous covalent bonds do not allow for free electrons to conduct electricity. In some cases when there is only
a two-dimensional network such as in graphite, they are able to conduct.
Unlike covalent network solids and ionic solids, molecular solids do not have hiigh boiling points. If these solids
are compounds, they have discrete, covalently bonded molecules that do not form covallent bonds with
neighboring particles. These solids tend to be comprised of atoms (such as argon), diatomic elements (such as
oxygen), or molecules (such as methane) that are held together only by intermolecular forces (hydrogen
bonding dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces). This weaker bonding allows these particles
to be separated more easily, accounting for both the low boiling point and the tendency toward softness in
molecular solids. Because the individual molecules in molecular solids exhibit covalent boning and have no free
electrons, these solids do not conduct electricity.Elements such as iron and silver are metallic solids, crystalline solids in which only metal atoms are packed
together. While these atoms do not form ionic or covalent bonds, their attraction is greater than can be attributed
only to London dispersion forces. These atoms have delocalized valence electrons that move around the core of
the atoms in what is often referred to as an electron sea. The sharing of electrons in this manner is termed
metallic bonding, Because their electrons are free to move, metals are very good electrical conductors. Also
due to the arrangement of electrons, metallic solids are ductile (able to be drawn into thin wires) and malleable
(able to be hammered into shapes). Metals vary greatly in their melting points and hardness because of the
range in atomic size and in number of electrons.
Experiment Overview
‘The purpose of this lab is to identify one unknown solids based on systematic testing of their physical and
chemical properties observed from testing from known solids. You will work in a team to develop a set of
criteria for determining the type of solid that a sample represents.
Pre-Lab Questions
1. Explain the differenee betw cen intermoleculagforess and intramol ve
a ea PL EN SNA RE NSE
2. How would you be able to determine whether a given compound were:
a. ionic solid or a covalent network solid? wt {ov /
b. A metallic solid or an ionic solid? |).
¢. A covalent network solid or a molecular solid?/“7\/-\\7
‘Table 1. Properties and Bond Types of Solid Compounds
‘Compound Observations [MP(°C) | Solubility in 25% Types of | Type of Bond
Water Elements
(Metal,
Nonmetal)
Poiassium White Solid [993 | Yes MINM | Tonic
Chloride (KCI)
Sucrose White Solid [786 [Yes NMINM _ | Polar Covalent
(CaH20u1)
Todine (I) | Dark gray 114 [Slightly soluble | NM/NM__ | Nonpolar
Solid Covalent
Zine (Zn) Gray, shiny [1535 [No M Metallic
metal
Using Table T, answer questions 3-4.
3. Compare the type of bond with regard to the properties below using Table I and explain any
teationships, HINT: Think of what i happening between the bonded atoms as well x what curs
between the particles,
a. Melting point /'! |) ~ i Wa
b. Solubility in 25°C, \o
4,_ Predict the properties of each substance below based on Table 1
‘Compounds Bond Type: Relative Melting Solubility in 25°C
Nonpolar Covalent, | Point (High or Low) | Water
Polar Covalent,
Meiallic, Jonic .
Fexane (Co ig) YY Kr a Yu t = |
Bromobenzenc - >,
(CoEIsBr) wale r low.
Sodium Chloride Tonic
(Nach ial
Tron (Fe) Dela tha
5, Read the laboratory procedure and diagram the steps using Mustrafions or a flow chart. Ensure that your
diagrams are labeled with quantities and descriptions.‘Appearance | Result of ‘Conductivity | Solubility | Conductivity of Melting
Crushing! of Solid Aqueous Point
Malleability Solution
Paraffin [Sp,oorn, | Ges, Low nore, Ow ON
Wax ‘ bendy No ie
Ar [Mie | Yes
Copper Shin, — [dented Korver ~ Pyer
Ad [RAS "| ener osred nigh | No
Sucrose:
AS. [G06 |ceresaen | nore | Yes | ow |
‘NaCl Civpiat NO. Low, Lah’
Be ta Mer 40h
akoows Tne | 5 LOU, \ ine
AS log |e [nme | NS | gin
Unknown i
oer os) FING lo ve
Kio | 80% | 108 Wirone| yes | Low
pH
Unkenown Grand [ard +o Ferg”
iN acel wh Oe
ol
if Aud ralhen\nilet
Smal
aM shes Lo
Unknown ate on A none
Post Lab Questions
1. On the basis of the collected data, determine what type of solid each sample is, Provide an explanation
for each sample, =
Sample | Type of Solid | Explanation
A Oe eX yl
B Vola Low fo, 1 1 _|
Cc VT Wy
DT Wonk Lon AL Be
2. Materials have different purposed, due to theixproperties. Which material(s) from your lab activity
would serve each of the following usds. Explain,
‘To conduct electricity through Wires in-high temperature environment. CO(OC A>,
BG To insulate against conducting electricity in a high temperature environment, (JO , SQ'+
To form an electrolyte and conduct electricity to allow water to be hydrolyz
~ To melt at a low temperature and pour into molds for modeling. (NOY, SY. LBS
3. Explain the difference in the melting points of iodine and sodium chloride sardples on the basi¢ oF their
bonding and intermolecular forces. Which sample had strong intermolecular forces and why?
4. Explain the difference in conductivity (if any) between samples of potassium chloride and sucrose.
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