Rules of Chess - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

15/11/2015
RulesofchessWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Rulesofchess
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Therulesofchess(alsoknownasthelawsofchess)arerules
governingtheplayofthegameofchess.Whiletheexact
originsofchessareunclear,modernrulesfirsttookformduring
theMiddleAges.Therulescontinuedtobeslightlymodified
untiltheearly19thcentury,whentheyreachedessentiallytheir
currentform.Therulesalsovariedsomewhatfromplaceto
place.TodayFdrationInternationaledeschecs(FIDE),also
knownastheWorldChessOrganization,setsthestandard
rules,withslightmodificationsmadebysomenational
organizationsfortheirownpurposes.Therearevariationsof
therulesforfastchess,correspondencechess,onlinechess,and
chessvariants.
Chessisagameplayedbytwopeopleonachessboard,with
sixteenpieces(ofsixtypes)foreachplayer.Eachtypeofpiece
movesinadistinctway.Thegoalofthegameistocheckmate,
thatis,tothreatentheopponent'skingwithinevitablecapture.
Gamesdonotnecessarilyendwithcheckmateplayersoften
resigniftheybelievetheywilllose.Inaddition,thereare
severalwaysthatagamecanendinadraw.
Stauntonstylechesspieces.Lefttoright:
king,rook,queen,pawn,knight,bishop
Besidesthebasicmovementofthepieces,rulesalsogovernthe
equipmentused,thetimecontrol,theconductandethicsof
players,accommodationsforphysicallychallengedplayers,the
recordingofmovesusingchessnotation,aswellasprovide
proceduresforresolvingirregularitieswhichcanoccurduringa
game.
AgameinapublicparkinKiev,usinga
chessclock
Contents
1 Initialsetup
2 Gameplay
2.1 Movement
2.1.1 Basicmoves
2.1.2 Castling
2.1.3 Enpassant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chess
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2.1.3 Enpassant
2.1.4 Pawnpromotion
2.2 Check
3 Competitionrules
3.1 Actofmovingthepieces
3.2 Touchmoverule
3.3 Timing
3.4 Recordingmoves
3.5 Adjournment
4 Irregularities
4.1 Illegalmove
4.2 Illegalposition
5 Conduct
6 Equipment
7 Endofthegame
7.1 Checkmate
7.2 Resigning
7.3 Draws
7.4 Timecontrol
8 History
8.1 Codification
9 Variations
10 Seealso
11 References
12 Furtherreading
13 Externallinks
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13 Externallinks
Initialsetup
Chessisplayedonachessboard,asquareboarddividedinto64
squares(eightbyeight)ofalternatingcolor,whichissimilarto
thatusedindraughts(checkers)(FIDE2008).Nomatterwhat
theactualcolorsoftheboard,thelightercoloredsquaresare
called"light"or"white",andthedarkercoloredsquaresare
called"dark"or"black".Sixteen"white"andsixteen"black"
piecesareplacedontheboardatthebeginningofthegame.The
boardisplacedsothatawhitesquareisineachplayer'snear
rightcorner.Horizontalrowsarecalledranksandverticalrows
arecalledfiles.
Eachplayercontrolssixteenpieces:
Number
King Queen Rook Bishop Knight Pawn

1
1
a
Piece
Startingposition
Symbols
Atthebeginningofthegame,thepiecesarearrangedasshowninthediagram:foreachsideoneking,one
queen,tworooks,twobishops,twoknights,andeightpawns.Thepiecesareplaced,oneonasquare,as
follows:
Therooksareplacedontheoutsidecorners,rightandleftedge.
Theknightsareplacedimmediatelyinsideoftherooks.
Thebishopsareplacedimmediatelyinsideoftheknights.
Thequeenisplacedonthecentralsquareofthesamecolorofthatoftheplayer:whitequeenonthe
whitesquareandblackqueenontheblacksquare.
Thekingtakesthevacantspotnexttothequeen.
Popularphrasesusedtorememberthesetup,oftenheardinbeginners'clubs,are"queenonherowncolor"
and"whiteonright".Thelatterreferstosettinguptheboardsothatthesquareclosesttoeachplayer'sright
iswhite(Schiller2003:1617).
Gameplay
Theplayercontrollingthewhitepiecesisnamed"White"theplayercontrollingtheblackpiecesisnamed
"Black".Whitemovesfirst,thenplayersalternatemoves.Makingamoveisrequireditisnotlegaltoskip
amove,evenwhenhavingtomoveisdetrimental.Playcontinuesuntilakingischeckmated,aplayer
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resigns,oradrawisdeclared,asexplainedbelow.Inaddition,ifthegameisbeingplayedunderatime
controlplayerswhoexceedtheirtimelimitlosethegame.
TheofficialchessrulesdonotincludeaprocedurefordeterminingwhoplaysWhite.Instead,thisdecision
isleftopentotournamentspecificrules(e.g.aSwisssystemtournamentorRoundrobintournament)or,in
thecaseofnoncompetitiveplay,mutualagreement,inwhichcasesomekindofrandomchoiceisoften
employed.Acommonmethodisforoneplayertoconcealapiece(usuallyapawn)ofeachcolorineither
handtheotherplayerchoosesahandtoopenandrevealtheircolor.Playthencommenceswithwhite.
Movement
Basicmoves
Eachtypeofchesspiecehas
itsownmethodofmovement.
Apiecemovestoavacant
squareexceptwhencapturing
anopponent'spiece.
Exceptforanymoveofthe
knightandcastling,pieces
cannotjumpoverotherpieces.
Apieceiscaptured(ortaken)
whenanattackingenemy
piecereplacesitonitssquare
(enpassantistheonly
exception).Thecapturedpiece
istherebypermanently
removedfromthegame.[1]
Thekingcanbeputincheck
butcannotbecaptured(see
below).
Thekingmovesexactly
onesquarehorizontally,
vertically,ordiagonally.
Aspecialmovewiththe
kingknownascastling
isallowedonlyonceper
player,pergame(see
below).
Arookmovesany
numberofvacant
squaresinahorizontal
orverticaldirection.It
alsoismovedwhen
castling.
Abishopmovesany
numberofvacant
Basicmovesoftheking
a
Movesofarook
Movesofabishop
a
Movesofthequeen
h
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squaresinanydiagonal
Movesofaknight
direction.
a b c d e f g h
Thequeenmovesany
8
8
numberofvacant
squaresinahorizontal,
7
7
vertical,ordiagonal
6
6
direction.
5
5
Aknightmovestothe
4
4
nearestsquarenoton
3
3
thesamerank,file,or
diagonal.(Thiscanbe
2
2
thoughtofasmoving
1
1
twosquareshorizontally
a b c d e f g h
thenonesquare
vertically,ormoving
onesquarehorizontally
thentwosquares
verticallyi.e.inan"L"
pattern.)Theknightis
notblockedbyother
pieces:itjumpstothenewlocation.
Pawnshavethemostcomplexrulesofmovement:
Movesofapawn
a
1
a
Thewhitepawnscanmovetothe
squaresmarked""infrontof
them.Thepawnonc6canalsotake
eitherblackrook.
Apawnmovesstraightforwardonesquare,ifthatsquareisvacant.Ifithasnotyetmoved,a
pawnalsohastheoptionofmovingtwosquaresstraightforward,providedbothsquaresare
vacant.Pawnscannotmovebackwards.
Pawnsaretheonlypiecesthatcapturedifferentlyfromhowtheymove.Apawncancapturean
enemypieceoneitherofthetwosquaresdiagonallyinfrontofthepawn(butcannotmoveto
thosesquaresiftheyarevacant).
Thepawnisalsoinvolvedinthetwospecialmovesenpassantandpromotion(Schiller2003:1719).
Castling
Mainarticle:Castling
Castlingconsistsofmoving
thekingtwosquarestowardsa
rook,thenplacingtherookon
theothersideoftheking,
adjacenttoit.[2]Castlingis
onlypermissibleifallofthe
followingconditionshold:
Thekingandrook
involvedincastling
mustnothave
previouslymoved
Theremustbenopieces
betweenthekingand
Positionofpiecesbeforecastling
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therook
Thekingmaynot
currentlybeincheck,
normaythekingpass
throughorendupina
squarethatisunder
attackbyanenemy
piece(thoughtherook
ispermittedtobeunder
attackandtopassover
anattackedsquare)
Thekingandtherook
mustbeonthesame
rank(Schiller
2003:19).[3]
1
a
Positionsofthekingandrookafter
kingside(White)andqueenside
(Black)castling
Enpassant
Mainarticle:Enpassant
Whenapawnadvancestwosquaresfromitsoriginalsquare
andendstheturnadjacenttoapawnoftheopponent'sonthe
samerank,itmaybecapturedbythatpawnofthe
opponent's,asifithadmovedonlyonesquareforward.This
captureisonlylegalontheopponent'snextmove
immediatelyfollowingthefirstpawn'sadvance.The
diagramsontherightdemonstrateaninstanceofthis:ifthe
whitepawnmovesfroma2toa4,theblackpawnonb4can
captureitenpassant,movingfromb4toa3whilethewhite
pawnona4isremovedfromtheboard.
Pawnpromotion
Mainarticle:Promotion(chess)
Ifaplayeradvancesapawntoitseighthrank,thepawnisthenpromoted(converted)toaqueen,rook,
bishop,orknightofthesamecoloratthechoiceoftheplayer(aqueenisusuallychosen).Thechoiceisnot
limitedtopreviouslycapturedpieces.Henceitistheoreticallypossibleforaplayertohaveuptonine
queensoruptotenrooks,bishops,orknightsifalloftheirpawnsarepromoted.Ifthedesiredpieceisnot
available,theplayershouldcallthearbitertoprovidethepiece(Schiller2003:1719).[4]
Check
Mainarticle:Check(chess)
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Akingisincheckwhenitisunderattackbyatleastoneenemy
piece.Apieceunabletomovebecauseitwouldplaceitsown
kingincheck(itispinnedagainstitsownking)maystilldeliver
checktotheopposingplayer.
Aplayermaynotmakeanymovewhichplacesorleaveshis
kingincheck.Thepossiblewaystogetoutofcheckare:
Movethekingtoasquarewhereitisnotthreatened.
Capturethethreateningpiece(possiblywiththeking).
Blockthecheckbyplacingapiecebetweenthekingand
theopponent'sthreateningpiece(Just2014),(Polgar&
Truong2005:32,103),(Burgess2009:550).
Ifitisnotpossibletogetoutofcheck,thekingischeckmated
andthegameisover(seethenextsection).
Ininformalgames,itiscustomarytoannounce"check"when
makingamovethatputstheopponent'skingincheck.However,
informalcompetitionscheckisrarelyannounced(Just2014).
1
a
Black'skingisincheck.Hecangetoutof
checkbymovinghiskingtoan
unattackedsquare,bymovingthebishop
toe5ortheknighttof4toblockthe
check,orbycapturingthewhitebishop
withtheknight. (Harkness1967)
Competitionrules
Theserulesapplytogamesplayed"overtheboard".Therearespecialrulesforcorrespondencechess,blitz
chess,computerchess,andforhandicappedplayers.
Actofmovingthepieces
Themovementofpiecesistobedonewithonehand.Oncethehandistakenoffapieceaftermovingit,the
movecannotberetractedunlessthemoveisillegal.Whencastling,theplayershouldfirstmovetheking
withonehandandthenmovetherookwiththesamehand(Schiller2003:1920).
Inthecaseofapawnpromotion,iftheplayerreleasesthepawnontheeighthrank,theplayermustpromote
thepawn.Afterthepawnhasmoved,theplayermaytouchanypiecenotontheboardandthepromotionis
notfinalizeduntilthenewpieceisreleasedonthepromotionsquare(Just2014).
Touchmoverule
Mainarticle:Touchmoverule
Inseriousplay,ifaplayerhavingthemovetouchesapieceasifhavingtheintentionofmovingit,thenthe
playermustmoveitifitcanbelegallymoved.Solongasthehandhasnotleftthepieceonanewsquare,
anylegalmovecanbemadewiththepiece.Ifaplayertouchesoneoftheopponent'spiecesthenthatpiece
mustbecapturedifthereisalegalmovethatdoesso.Ifnoneofthetouchedpiecescanbemovedor
capturedthereisnopenalty(Schiller2003:1920).
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Whencastling,thekingmustbethefirstpiecetouched.[5]Iftheplayertouchestherookatthesametimeas
touchingtheking,theplayermustcastlewiththatrookifitislegaltodoso.Iftheplayercompletesatwo
squarekingmovewithouttouchingarook,theplayermustmovethecorrectrookaccordinglyifcastlingin
thatdirectionislegal.Ifaplayerstartstocastleillegally,anotherlegalkingmovemustbemadeifpossible,
includingcastlingwiththeotherrook(Schiller2003:20).
Ifaplayermovesapawntoitseighthrank,itcannotbesubstitutedforadifferentmoveofthepawnwhen
theplayerhasstoppedtouchingit.However,themoveisnotcompleteuntilthepromotedpieceisreleased
onthatsquare.
Ifaplayerwishestotouchapiecewiththeintentionofadjustingitspositiononasquare,theplayermust
firstalerttheopponentofthisintentionbysayingJ'adoubeor"Iadjust".Oncethegamehasstarted,only
theplayerwiththemovemaytouchthepiecesontheboard(Schiller2003:1920).
Timing
Tournamentgamesareplayedundertimeconstraints,called
timecontrols,usingagameclock.Eachplayermustmakehis
moveswithinthetimecontrolorforfeitthegame.Thereare
differenttypesoftimecontrols.Insomecaseseachplayerwill
haveacertainamountoftimetomakeacertainnumberof
moves.Inothercaseseachplayerwillhavealimitedamountof
timetomakeallofhismoves.Also,theplayermaygaina
smallamountofadditionaltimeforeachmovemade,eitherby
asmallincrementaddedforeachmovemade,orbytheclock
delayingasmallamountoftimeeachtimeitisstartedafterthe
opponent'smove(Schiller2003:2124).
Digitalgameclock
Ifaplayerdeliversacheckmate,thegameisoverand
thatplayerwins,nomatterwhatissubsequentlynoticedaboutthetimeontheclock.
IfplayerAcallsattentiontoplayerBbeingoutoftimewhileplayerAisnotoutoftimeandsome
sequenceoflegalmovesleadstoBbeingcheckmatedthenplayerAwinsautomatically.
IfplayerAdoesnothavethepossibilityofcheckmatingBthenthegameisadraw(Schiller
2003:28).
TheUnitedStatesChessFederation(USCF)ruleisdifferent.USCFRule14Edefines"insufficientmaterial
towinontime",thatisloneking,kingplusknight,kingplusbishop,andkingplustwoknightsopposedby
nopawns,andthereisnoforcedwininthefinalposition.Hencetowinontimewiththismaterial,the
USCFrulerequiresthatawincanbeforcedfromthatposition,whiletheFIDErulemerelyrequiresawin
tobepossible.(SeeMonikaSokorulesappealin2008andWomen'sWorldChessChampionship2008for
afamousinstanceofthisrule.)
Ifaplayerisoutoftimeandalsocallsattentiontohisopponentrunningoutoftime,then:
Ifasuddendeathtimecontrolisnotbeingused,thegamecontinuesinthenexttimecontrol
period(Schiller2003:23).
ifthegameisplayedunderasuddendeathtimecontrol,thenifitcanbeestablishedwhich
playerranoutoftimefirst,thegameislostbythatplayerotherwisethegameisdrawn
(Schiller2003:29).
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Ifaplayerbelievesthathisopponentisattemptingtowinthegameontimeandnotbynormalmeans(i.e.
checkmate),ifitisasuddendeathtimecontrolandtheplayerhaslessthantwominutesremaining,the
playermaystoptheclocksandclaimadrawwiththearbiter.Thearbitermaydeclarethegameadrawor
postponethedecisionandallottheopponenttwoextraminutes(Schiller2003:2124,29).[6]
Recordingmoves
Mainarticles:ChessnotationandAlgebraicchessnotation
Namingthesquaresinalgebraic
notation
Eachsquareofthechessboardis
identifiedwithauniquepairofaletter
andanumber.Theverticalfilesare
labeledathroughh,fromWhite'sleft
(i.e.thequeenside)toWhite'sright.
Similarly,thehorizontalranksare
numberedfrom1to8,startingfrom
theonenearestWhite'ssideofthe
board.Eachsquareoftheboard,then,
isuniquelyidentifiedbyitsfileletter
andranknumber.Thewhiteking,for
example,startsthegameonsquaree1.
Theblackknightonb8canmoveto
a6orc6.
Ascoresheetfromagameby
Capablanca,indescriptive
notation
Informalcompetition,eachplayerisobligedtorecordeachmoveasitis
playedinachessnotationinordertosettledisputesaboutillegalpositions,
oversteppingtimecontrol,andmakingclaimsofdrawsbythefiftymove
ruleorrepetitionofposition.Algebraicchessnotationistheacceptedstandardforrecordinggamestoday.
ThereareothersystemssuchasICCFnumericnotationforinternationalcorrespondencechessandthe
obsoletedescriptivechessnotation.Thecurrentruleisthatamovemustbemadeontheboardbeforeitis
writtenonpaperorrecordedwithanelectronicdevice.[7][8]
Bothplayersshouldindicateoffersofadrawbywriting"="atthatmoveontheirscoresheet(Schiller
2003:27).Notationsaboutthetimeontheclockscanbemade.Ifaplayerhaslessthanfiveminutesleftto
completealloftheirmoves,theyarenotrequiredtorecordthemoves(unlessadelayofatleastthirty
secondspermoveisbeingused).Thescoresheetmustbemadeavailabletothearbiteratalltimes.Aplayer
mayrespondtoanopponent'smovebeforewritingitdown(Schiller2003:2526).
Adjournment
SeeAdjournmentChess.
Irregularities
Illegalmove
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Aplayerwhomakesanillegalmovemustretractthatmoveandmakealegalmove.Thatmovemustbe
madewiththesamepieceifpossible,becausethetouchmoveruleapplies.Iftheillegalmovewasan
attempttocastle,thetouchmoveruleappliestothekingbutnottotherook.Thearbitershouldadjustthe
timeontheclockaccordingtothebestevidence.Ifthemistakeisonlynoticedlateron,thegameshouldbe
restartedfromthepositioninwhichtheerroroccurred(Schiller2003:2425).Someregionalorganizations
havedifferentrules.[9]
Ifblitzchessisbeingplayed(inwhichbothplayershaveasmall,limitedtime,e.g.fiveminutes)therule
varies.Aplayermaycorrectanillegalmoveiftheplayerhasnotpressedtheirclock.Ifaplayerhaspressed
theirclock,theopponentmayclaimawinifheorshehasn'tmoved.Iftheopponentmoves,theillegal
moveisacceptedandwithoutpenalty(Schiller2003:77).[10]
AccordingtotheFIDELawsofChess,thefirstcompletedillegalmoveispenalizedbyawardingthe
opponenttwoadditionalminutesontheclock.Thesecondcompletedillegalmovebythesameplayer
resultsinthelossofthegame,unlessthepositionissuchthatitisimpossiblefortheopponenttowinby
anyseriesoflegalmoves(e.g.iftheopponenthasabareking)inwhichcasethegameisdrawn.[11]Amove
iscompletedwhenithasbeenmadeandtheplayerhaspressedtheclock.[12]Inrapidchessandblitzchess,
thefirstcompletedillegalmoveresultsinaloss.[13]
Illegalposition
Ifitisdiscoveredduringthegamethatthestartingpositionwasincorrect,thegameisrestarted.Ifitis
discoveredduringthegamethattheboardisorientedincorrectly,thegameiscontinuedwiththepieces
transferredtoacorrectlyorientedboard.Ifthegamestartswiththecolorsofthepiecesreversed,thegame
continues(unlessthearbiterrulesotherwise)(Schiller2003:24).Someregionalorganizationshavedifferent
rules.[14]
Ifaplayerknocksoverpieces,itistheirresponsibilitytorestorethemtotheircorrectpositionontheirtime.
Ifitisdiscoveredthatanillegalmovehasbeenmade,orthatpieceshavebeendisplaced,thegameis
restoredtothepositionbeforetheirregularity.Ifthatpositioncannotbedetermined,thegameisrestoredto
thelastknowncorrectposition(Schiller2003:2425).
Conduct
Playersmaynotuseanynotes,outsidesourcesofinformation(includingcomputers),oradvicefromother
people.Analysisonanotherboardisnotpermitted.Scoresheetsaretorecordobjectivefactsaboutthegame
only,suchastimeontheclockordrawoffers.Playersmaynotleavethecompetitionareawithout
permissionofthearbiter(Schiller2003:3031).
Highstandardsofetiquetteandethicsareexpected.Playersshouldshakehandsbeforeandafterthegame.
Generallyaplayershouldnotspeakduringthegame,excepttoofferadraw,resign,ortocallattentionto
anirregularity.Anannouncementof"check"ismadeinamateurgamesbutshouldnotbeusedinofficially
sanctionedgames.Aplayermaynotdistractorannoyanotherplayerbyanymeans,includingrepeatedly
offeringadraw(Schiller2003:3031,4952).
Equipment
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Mainarticles:Chesspiece,Chessboard,StauntonchesssetandGameclock
Thesizeofthesquaresofthechessboardshouldbe
approximately1.25to1.3timesthediameterofthebaseof
theking,or50to65mm.Squaresofapproximately57mm
(214inches)normallyarewellsuitedforpieceswiththekings
inthepreferredsizerange.Thedarkersquaresareusually
brownorgreenandthelightersquaresareoffwhiteorbuff.
Piecesofthe
Stauntonchess
setdesignare
Piecesatthestartofagameandananalog
thestandardand
chessclock
areusually
madeofwood
orplastic.Theyareoftenblackandwhiteothercolorsmay
beused(likeadarkwoodorevenredforthedarkpieces)but
OriginalStauntonchesspieces,introducedin
theywouldstillbecalledthe"white"and"black"pieces(see
1849.Lefttoright:pawn,rook,knight,
WhiteandBlackinchess).Theheightofthekingshouldbe
bishop,queen,andking
[15]
85to105millimetres(3.354.13inches). Aheightof
approximately95to102mm(3344inches)ispreferredbymostplayers.Thediameterofthekingshould
be40to50%ofitsheight.Thesizeoftheotherpiecesshouldbeinproportiontotheking.Thepieces
shouldbewellbalanced(Just2014).[16]
Ingamessubjecttotimecontrol,agameclockisused,consistingoftwoadjacentclocksandbuttonstostop
oneclockwhilestartingtheother,suchthatthetwocomponentclocksneverrunsimultaneously.Theclock
canbeanalogordigital.Beforethestartofthegamethearbiterdecideswherethechessclockisplaced.
Endofthegame
Checkmate
Mainarticle:Checkmate
Ifaplayer'skingisplacedincheckandthereisnolegalmovethatplayercanmaketoescapecheck,then
thekingissaidtobecheckmated,thegameends,andthatplayerloses(Schiller2003:2021).Unlikeother
pieces,thekingisneveractuallycapturedorremovedfromtheboardbecausecheckmateendsthegame
(Burgess2009:502).
Thediagramshowsanexamplecheckmateposition.Thewhitekingisthreatenedbytheblackqueenthe
squaretowhichthekingcouldmoveisalsothreateneditcannotcapturethequeen,becauseitwouldthen
beincheckbytherook.
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1
a
WhiteisincheckmateBlackwins.
(Harkness1967)
Resigning
Eitherplayermayresignatanytimeandtheiropponentwinsthegame.Thisnormallyhappenswhenthe
playerbelievesheorsheisverylikelytolosethegame.Aplayermayresignbysayingitverballyorby
indicatingitontheirscoresheetinanyofthreeways:(1)bywriting"resigns",(2)bycirclingtheresultof
thegame,or(3)bywriting"10"ifBlackresignsor"01"ifWhiteresigns(Schiller2003:21).Tipping
overthekingalsoindicatesresignation,butitisnotfrequentlyused(andshouldbedistinguishedfrom
accidentallyknockingthekingover).Stoppingbothclocksisnotanindicationofresigning,sinceclocks
canbestoppedtocallthearbiter.Anofferofahandshakeisnotnecessarilyaresignationeither,sinceone
playercouldthinktheyareagreeingtoadraw(Just2014).
Draws
Mainarticle:Draw(chess)
Thegameendsinadrawifanyoftheseconditionsoccur:
Thegameisautomaticallyadrawiftheplayertomoveisnotincheckbuthasnolegalmove.This
situationiscalledastalemate.Anexampleofsuchapositionisshowninthediagramtotheright.
Thegameisimmediatelydrawnwhenthereisnopossibilityofcheckmateforeithersidewithany
seriesoflegalmoves.Thisdrawisoftenduetoinsufficientmaterial,includingtheendgames
kingagainstking
kingagainstkingandbishop
kingagainstkingandknight
kingandbishopagainstkingandbishop,withbothbishopsonsquaresofthesamecolor(see
Checkmate#Unusualmates).[17]
Bothplayersagreetoadrawafteroneoftheplayersmakessuchanoffer.
Theplayerhavingthemovemayclaimadrawbydeclaringthatoneofthefollowingconditionsexists,or
bydeclaringanintentiontomakeamovewhichwillbringaboutoneoftheseconditions:
Fiftymoverule:Therehasbeennocaptureorpawnmoveinthelastfiftymovesbyeachplayer.
Threefoldrepetition:Thesameboardpositionhasoccurredthreetimeswiththesameplayertomove
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andallpieceshavingthesamerightstomove,including
therighttocastleorcaptureenpassant.
Iftheclaimisproventrue,thegameisdrawn(Schiller
2003:21,2628).
Atonetime,ifaplayerwasabletochecktheopposingking
continually(perpetualcheck)andtheplayerindicatedtheir
intentiontodoso,thegamewasdrawn.Thisruleisnolongerin
effecthowever,playerswillusuallyagreetoadrawinsucha
situation,sinceeithertheruleonthreefoldrepetitionorthefifty
moverulewilleventuallybeapplicable(Staunton1847:2122),
(Reinfeld1954:175).
1
a
Blacktomoveisinstalemate,sincehis
kinghasnolegalmove,butisnotin
check.Thegameisdrawn.
(Harkness1967)
Timecontrol
Mainarticle:Timecontrol
Agameplayedundertimecontrolwillendasalossforaplayerwhousesupalloftheirallottedtime,
unlesstheopponentcannotpossiblycheckmatehim(seetheTimingsectionabove).Therearedifferent
typesoftimecontrol.Playersmayhaveafixedamountoftimefortheentiregameortheymayhaveto
makeacertainnumberofmoveswithinaspecifiedtime.Also,asmallincrementoftimemaybeaddedfor
eachmovemade.
History
TherulesofchesshaveevolvedmuchoverthecenturiesfromtheearlychesslikegamesplayedinIndiain
the6thcentury.Formuchofthattimetheruleshavevariedfromareatoarea.Themodernrulesfirsttook
forminItalyduringthe13thcentury,givingmoremobilitytopiecesthatpreviouslyhadmorerestricted
movement(suchasthequeenandbishop).Suchmodifiedrulesenteredintoanacceptedformduringthe
late15thcentury(Hooper&Whyld1992:41,328)orearly16thcentury(Ruch2004).Thebasicmovesof
theking,rook,andknightareunchanged.Pawnsoriginallydidnothavetheoptionofmovingtwosquares
ontheirfirstmoveandpromotedonlytoaqueeniftheyreachedtheeighthrank.Thequeenwasoriginally
thefersorfarzin,whichcouldmoveonesquarediagonallyinanydirection.InEuropeanchessitbecame
abletoleaptwosquaresdiagonally,forwards,backwards,ortoleftorrightonitsfirstmovesomeareaalso
gavethisrighttoanewlypromotedpawn.InthePersianandArabicgamethebishopwasapl(Persian)or
fl(Arabic)(meaning"elephant")whichmovedtwosquaresdiagonallywithjump(Davidson1949:13).In
theMiddleAgesthepawncouldonlybepromotedtotheequivalentofaqueen(whichatthattimewasthe
weakestpiece)ifitreacheditseighthrank(Davidson1949:5961).Duringthe12thcenturythesquareson
theboardsometimesalternatedcolors,andthisbecamethestandardinthe13thcentury(Davidson
1949:146),whencetheword"chequered"/"checkered".
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Between1200and1600severallawsemergedthatdrasticallyalteredthe
game.Checkmatebecamearequirementtowinaplayercouldnotwinby
capturingalloftheopponent'spieces.Stalematewasadded,althoughthe
outcomehaschangedseveraltimes(seeHistoryofthestalematerule).
Pawnsgainedtheoptionofmovingtwosquaresontheirfirstmove,andthe
enpassantrulewasanaturalconsequenceofthatnewoption.Thekingand
rookacquiredtherighttocastle(seeVariationsthroughouthistoryof
castlingfordifferentversionsoftherule).
Between1475and1500thequeenandthebishopalsoacquiredtheir
currentmoves,whichmadethemmuchstrongerpieces[18](Davidson
1949:1417).Whenallofthesechangeswereacceptedthegamewasin
essentiallyitsmodernform(Davidson1949:1417).
Philidor
Therulesforpawnpromotionhavechangedseveraltimes.Asstatedabove,originallythepawncouldonly
bepromotedtothequeen,whichatthattimewasaweakpiece.Whenthequeenacquireditscurrentmove
andbecamethemostpowerfulpiece,thepawncouldthenbepromotedtoaqueenorarook,bishop,or
knight.Inthe18thcenturyrulesallowedonlythepromotiontoapiecealreadycaptured,e.g.therules
publishedin1749byFranoisAndrDanicanPhilidor.Inthe19thcenturythisrestrictionwaslifted,which
allowedforaplayertohavemorethanonequeen,e.g.the1828rulesbyJacobSarratt(Davidson1949:59
61).
Twonewrulesconcerningdrawswereintroduced,eachofwhichhavechangedthroughtheyears:
Thethreefoldrepetitionrulewasadded,althoughatsometimesuptosixrepetitionshavebeen
required,andtheexactconditionshavebeenspecifiedmoreclearly(seeThreefold
repetition#History).
Thefiftymoverulewasalsoadded.Atvarioustimes,thenumberofmovesrequiredwasdifferent,
suchas24,60,70,or75.Forseveralyearsinthe20thcentury,thestandardfiftymoveswasextended
toonehundredmovesforafewspecificendgames(seeFiftymoverule'shistory).
Anothergroupofnewlawsincluded(1)thetouchmoveruleandtheaccompanying"j'adoube/adjust"rule
(2)thatWhitemovesfirst(in1889[19])(3)theorientationoftheboard(4)theprocedureifanillegalmove
wasmade(5)theprocedureifthekinghadbeenleftincheckforsomemovesand(6)issuesregardingthe
behaviorofplayersandspectators.TheStauntonchesssetwasintroducedin1849anditbecamethe
standardstyleofpieces.Thesizeofpiecesandsquaresoftheboardwasstandardized(Hooper&Whyld
1992:22021,laws,historyof).
Untilthemiddleofthe19thcentury,chessgameswereplayedwithoutanytimelimit.Inan1834match
betweenAlexanderMcDonnellandLouisCharlesMahdeLaBourdonnais,McDonnelltookaninordinate
amountoftimetomove,sometimesupto1hours.In1836PierreCharlesFournierdeSaintAmant
suggestedatimelimit,butnoactionwastaken.Atthe1851Londontournament,Stauntonblamedhisloss
inhismatchagainstElijahWilliamsonWilliams'slowplayonegamewasadjournedforthedayafteronly
29moves.[20]ThenextyearamatchbetweenDanielHarrwitzandJohannLwenthalusedalimitof20
minutespermove.Thefirstuseofamodernstyletimelimitwasinan1861matchbetweenAdolph
AnderssenandIgncKolisch(Sunnucks1970:459).
Codification
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Thefirstknownpublicationofchessruleswasina
bookbyLuisRamrezdeLucenaabout1497,
shortlyafterthemovementofthequeen,bishop,
andpawnwerechangedtotheirmodernform(Just
2014).Inthe16thand17thcenturies,therewere
differencesofopinionconcerningrulessuchas
castling,pawnpromotion,stalemate,anden
passant.Someofthesedifferencesexisteduntilthe
19thcentury(Harkness1967:3).RuyLpezde
Seguragaverulesofchessinhis1561bookLibro
delainvencionliberalyartedeljuegodelaxedrez
(Sunnucks1970:294).
Aschessclubsaroseandtournamentsbecame
common,therewasaneedtoformalizetherules.In
OfficialChessRulebook,
1749Philidor(17261795)wroteasetofrulesthat
FIDErulebook,1989
byHarkness(1970edition)
werewidelyused,aswellasrulesbylaterwriters
suchasthe1828rulesbyJacobSarratt(1772
1819)andrulesbyGeorgeWalker(18031879).Inthe19thcentury,manymajorclubspublishedtheirown
rules,includingTheHaguein1803,Londonin1807,Parisin1836,andSt.Petersburgin1854.In1851
HowardStaunton(18101874)calledfora"ConstituentAssemblyforRemodelingtheLawsofChess"and
proposalsbyTassilovonHeydebrandundderLasa(18181889)werepublishedin1854.Stauntonhad
publishedrulesinChessPlayer'sHandbookin1847,andhisnewproposalswerepublishedin1860in
ChessPraxistheyweregenerallyacceptedinEnglishspeakingcountries.Germanspeakingcountries
usuallyusedthewritingsofchessauthorityJohannBerger(18451933)orHandbuchdesSchachspielsby
PaulRudolfvonBilguer(18151840),firstpublishedin1843.
In1924,FdrationInternationaledeschecs(FIDE)wasformedandin1929ittookupthetaskof
standardizingtherules.AtfirstFIDEtriedtoestablishauniversalsetofrules,buttranslationstovarious
languagesdifferedslightly.AlthoughFIDEruleswereusedforinternationalcompetitionundertheir
control,somecountriescontinuedtousetheirownrulesinternally(Hooper&Whyld1992:22021).In
1952FIDEcreatedthePermanentCommissionfortheRulesofChess(alsoknownastheRules
Commission)andpublishedaneweditionoftherules.Thethirdofficialeditionofthelawswaspublished
in1966.ThefirstthreeeditionsoftheruleswerepublishedinFrench,withthatastheofficialversion.In
1974FIDEpublishedtheEnglishversionoftherules(whichwasbasedonanauthorized1955translation).
Withthatedition,Englishbecametheofficiallanguageoftherules.Anothereditionwaspublishedin1979.
Throughoutthistime,ambiguitiesinthelawswerehandedbyfrequentinterpretationsthattheRules
Commissionpublishedassupplementsandamendments.In1982theRulesCommissionrewrotethelawsto
incorporatetheinterpretationsandamendments(FIDE1989:78).In1984FIDEabandonedtheideaofa
universalsetoflaws,althoughFIDErulesarethestandardforhighlevelplay(Hooper&Whyld1992:220
21).Withthe1984edition,FIDEimplementedafouryearmoratoriumbetweenchangestotherules.Other
editionswereissuedin1988and1992(FIDE1989:5),(Just2014).
TherulesofnationalFIDEaffiliates(suchastheUnitedStatesChessFederation,orUSCF)arebasedon
theFIDErules,withslightvariations(Just2014).[21]KennethHarknesspublishedpopularrulebooksinthe
UnitedStatesstartingin1956,andtheUSCFcontinuestopublishrulebooksforuseintournamentsit
sanctions.
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In2008FIDEaddedthevariantChess960totheappendixofthelawsofchess.Chess960usesarandom
initialsetupofmainpieces,withtheconditionsthatthekingisplacedsomewherebetweenthetworooks,
andbishopsonoppositecolorsquares.Thecastlingrulesareextendedtocoverallthesepositions.[22]
Variations
Onecaseofaminorextrarulebeingaddedforaparticularmatchis"nodrawingorresigningduringthe
first30moves"intheLondonChessClassicon815December2009atOlympia,London.[23]
Seealso
Algebraicchessnotation
Cheatinginchess
Chess
Chesspiece
Chessboard
Chesstournament
Chessterminology
Gameclock
Specificrules
Adjournment(games)(rarenow)
Castling
Check
Checkmate
Draw
Drawbyagreement
Enpassant
Fiftymoverule
Perpetualcheck(formerrule)
Promotion
Stalemate
Threefoldrepetition
Timecontrol
Touchmoverule
References
1. Whenpromotingapawn,apiecepreviouslycapturedandremovedfromtheboardisoftenusedasthe"new"
promotedpiece.Thenewpieceisneverthelessregardedasdistinctfromtheoriginalcapturedpiecethephysical
pieceisusedsimplyforconvenience.Moreover,theplayer'schoiceforpromotionisnotrestrictedtopiecesthat
werepreviouslycaptured.
2. Itisnotallowedtomovebothkingandrookinthesametime,because"eachmovemustbemadewithonehand
only"(article4.1ofFIDELawsofchess).
3. Withoutthisadditionalrestriction,itwouldbepossibletopromoteapawnontheefiletoarookandthencastle
verticallyacrosstheboard(aslongastheotherconditionsaremet).Thiswayofcastlingwas"discovered"by
MaxPamandusedbyTimKrabbinachesspuzzlebeforetheFIDEruleswereamendedin1972todisallowit.
SeeChessCuriositiesbyKrabb,seealsode:PamKrabbRochadeforthediagramsonline.
4. AccordingtoInternationalArbiterEricSchiller,iftheproperpieceisnotavailable,aninvertedrookmaybeused
torepresentaqueen,orthepawnonitssidecanbeusedandtheplayershouldindicatewhichpieceitrepresents.
Inaformalchessmatchwithanarbiterpresent,thearbitershouldreplacethepawnorinvertedrookwiththe
properpiece(Schiller2003:1819)
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5. TheUnitedStatesChessFederationhasavariationthattournamentdirectorscanuse.Ifaplayerintendingto
castletouchestherookfirst,thereisnopenalty.However,ifcastlingisillegal,thetouchmoveruleappliestothe
rook.Thisvariationdoesnothavetobeannouncedinpretournamentpublicitybutshouldbeannouncedatthe
startofthetournament."RulebookChanges"(pdf).
6. TheUSCFdoesnothavethisexactrule.However,underUSCFrules,ifaplayerhaslessthantwominutesleft
inasuddendeathtimecontrol,hemayclaimadrawbecauseof"insufficientlosingchances".Ifthedirector
upholdshisclaim,thegameisdrawn.ThatisdefinedasapositioninwhichaclassC(14001599rating)player
wouldhavealessthan10%chanceoflosingthepositiontoamaster(2200anduprating),ifbothhavesufficient
time(Just2014).
7. Inavariationoftherules,aUSCFdirectormayallowplayerstowritetheirmoveonapaperscoresheet(butnot
enteritelectronically)beforemakingthemove.Ref:USCFrulechangesasofAugust2007
(http://main.uschess.org/content/view/7594/28/)(requiresregistration)orPDF
(http://www.uschess.org/docs/gov/reports/RulebookChanges.pdf)retrievedDec4,2009."Rule15A.(VariationI)
Paperscoresheetvariation.Theplayerusingapaperscoresheetmayfirstmakethemove,andthenwriteitonthe
scoresheet,orviceversa.Thisvariationdoesnotneedtobeadvertisedinadvance."
8. Beforethiswastherule,MikhailTalandotherswereinthehabitofwritingthemovebeforemakingitonthe
board.Unlikeotherplayers,Taldidnothidethemoveafterhehadwrittenithelikedtowatchforthereaction
ofhisopponentbeforehemadethemove.Sometimeshecrossedoutamovehehadwrittenandwroteadifferent
moveinstead(Timman2005:83).
9. TheUSCFrequiresthatonlyanillegalmovewithinthelasttenmovesbecorrected.Iftheillegalmovewasmore
thantenmovesago,thegamecontinues(Just2014).
10. Iftheplayerhaspressedtheirclock,thestandardUSCFruleisthattwominutesareaddedtotheoffender's
opponent'sclock.AnalternativeUSCFruleisthattheopponentcanclaimawinbyforfeitiftheplayerhasnot
touchedapiece.Iftheplayerhaslefttheirkingincheck,theopponentmaytouchthepiecethatisgivingcheck,
removetheopponent'sking,andclaimawin(Just2014).
11. FIDELawsofChess(http://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=171&view=article),article7.5.b
12. FIDELawsofChessarticle6.2.a
13. FIDElawsofchess,articleA.4.b
14. TheUSCFrulesaredifferent.IfbeforeBlack'stenthmoveiscompleteditisdiscoveredthattheinitialposition
waswrongorthatthecolorswerereversed,thegameisrestartedwiththecorrectinitialpositionandcolors.If
thediscoveryismadeafterthetenthmove,thegamecontinues(Just2014).
15. The1988and2006FIDErulesspecify85105mm(FIDE1989:121)the2008rulessimplysay"about95mm".
16. TheUSChessFederationallowstheheightofthekingtobe86114mm(338412inches)(Just2014).
17. Withakingandbishopversusakingandbishop,acheckmateisnotpossibleofthebishopsareonthesame
colorofsquaresbutcheckmateispossibleiftheyareonoppositecolors.
18. AHistoryofChess
19. Scholar'sMateissue102(http://www.chessmath.org/scholarsmate/)
20. HowardStaunton,TheChessTournamentACollectionofGamesPlayedatthisCelebratedAssemblage,
London1852,p161
21. SchillerstatesthattheUnitedStatesistheonlycountrythatdoesnotfollowtheFIDErules.Someofthe
differencesintheUSChessFederationrulesare(1)aplayermusthaveareasonablycompletescoresheettoclaim
atimeforfeitand(2)theplayercanchoosewhetherornottouseaclockwithadelayperiodforeachmove
(Schiller2003:12324).Someotherdifferencesarenotedabove.
22. FIDEHandbookE.I.01B.Appendices(http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=125&view=article)
23. pagesW1andW2of"Weekend"supplementoftheDailyTelegraphnewspaperfor21November2009
Bibliography
Burgess,Graham(2009),TheMammothBookofChess(3rded.),RunningPress,ISBN9780762437269
Davidson,Henry(1949),AShortHistoryofChess(1981ed.),McKay,ISBN0679145508
FIDE(1989),TheOfficialLawsofChess,Macmillian,ISBN002028540X
FIDE(2008),FIDELawsofChess,FIDE,ISBN0959435522,retrieved20080910
Harkness,Kenneth(1967),OfficialChessHandbook,McKay
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15/11/2015
Hooper,DavidWhyld,Kenneth(1992),TheOxfordCompaniontoChess(2nded.),OxfordUniversityPress,
ISBN0192800493
Just,Tim(2014),U.S.ChessFederation'sOfficialRulesofChess(6thed.),McKay,ISBN0812935594
Polgar,SusanTruong,Paul(2005),AWorldChampion'sGuidetoChess,RandomHouse,ISBN97808129
36537
Reinfeld,Fred(1954),HowToBeAWinnerAtChess,Fawcett,ISBN044991206X
Ruch,Eric(2004),TheItalianRules,ICCF,retrieved20080910
Schiller,Eric(2003),OfficialRulesofChess(2nded.),Cardoza,ISBN9781580420921
Staunton,Howard(1847),TheChessPlayer'sHandbook,London:H.G.Bohn,pp.2122,ISBN0713450568
(1985Batsfordreprint,ISBN185958005X)
Sunnucks,Anne(1970),TheEncyclopaediaofChess,St.MartinsPress(2nded.),ISBN9780709146971
Timman,Jan(2005),Curaao1962:TheBattleofMindsthatShooktheChessWorld,NewinChess,ISBN978
9056911393
Furtherreading
Golombek,Harry,ed.(1976),TheLawsofChessandtheirInterpretations,Pitman,ISBN0273
001191
Golombek,Harry(1977),Golombek'sEncyclopediaofChess,CrownPublishing,ISBN0517
531461
Harkness,Kenneth(1970),OfficialChessRulebook,McKay,ISBN0679130284
Externallinks
FIDELawsofChess,FIDE
FIDEequipmentstandards,FIDE
Learntoplaychess,USCF
Let'sPlayChess(PDF),USCF
USCFclockrules(PDF),USCF
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules_of_chess&oldid=675281187"
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