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Complex Numbers A Variable in Algebra

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1, 2, 3, . . . and so on

i 2 = 1, i 3 = i, i 4 = 1

i 4m = 1, i 4m + 1 = i, i 4m + 2 = 1, and i 4m + 3 = i, where m P

1=

1 = ( 1) ( 1) = 1 1 = i i =

a b = ab

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i5
i5 = i2 i 2 i = 1 1 i = i
i 67
i 64 i 2 i = i
i 49
1
48

i i

1
i

= i3
i n + in + 1 + in + 2 + i n + 3 = 0

i n(1 + i + i 2 + i 3) = i n(1 + i 1 i) = 0

a + ib
a, b, x y
z = x + iy

x + iy

z
x

Re(z)

Im(z)
y
x

Im(z)

Re(z)

0 = 0 + i0
C

z1

z2

z 1 = x 1 + iy 1
z 2 = x 2 + iy 2

x1

x2

(a + ib) + (c + id) = (a + c) + i(b + d)

(a + ib) (c + id) = (a c) + i(b d)

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2

(a + ib) (c + id) = ac + ibc + iad + bdi = (ac bd) + i(bc + ad)

a + ib (a + ib)(c id) (ac + bd) + i(bc ad)

=
=
c + id
(c + id)(c id)
c2 + d2

z = x + iy
z = x iy z
z

z1 = z2 z1 = z2
x 1 = x2

y1 = y 2

(z) = z

z = x iy

z = x + iy
z + z = 2Re(z)

(z) = x ( iy) = x + iy = z

z + z = x + iy + x iy = 2x = 2Re(z)
z z = 2iIm(z)
z z = x + iy (x iy) = 2iy = 2iIm(z)
z = z z
x + iy = x iy 2iy = 0 y = 0
z=x
z = z
z + z = 0 z

zz = [Re(z)] 2 + [Im(z)] 2
zz = (x + iy)(x iy) = (x 2 + y 2) = [Re(z)] 2 + [Im(z)] 2

z1 + z2 = z1 + z2

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z 1 + z 2 = (x 1 + iy 1) + (x 2 + iy 2)

(x 1 + x 2) + i(y 1 + y 2) = (x 1 + x 2) i(y 1 + y 2)

(x 1 iy 1) + (x 2 iy 2) = z 1 + z 2

z1 z2 = z1 z2

z 1z 2 = z 1 z 2

()
z1
z2

P(z) = a 0 + a 1z + a 1z 2 + . . . + a nz n

z1

if z 2 0.

z2

a 0, a 1, . . . , a n

P(z) = a 0 + a 1 (z) + a 2 (z) 2 + . . . + a n (z) n = P(z)

= a + a z + a z2 + . . . + a zn
Pz
0
1
2
n

R(z) =

P(z)

Q(z) 0,

Q(z)

R(z) =

P(z)

Q(z)

a1
z = b1
c1

a2 a3

a1

a2

a3

b 2 b 3 , then z = b
1
c2 c3

c1

b2

b3

c2

c3

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a i, b i, c i(i = 1, 2, 3)

x 2 + y 2

|z|

z
|z| 0 z C

|z| = 0 z = 0
x 2 + y 2 = 0 x = 0 and y = 0 z = 0
| z | = | z | = | z | = | z |
x2 + y2
| z | Re(z) | z |
(x 2 + y 2) x 2 (x 2 + y 2)
| z | Im(z) | z |
(x 2 + y 2) y 2 (x 2 + y 2)
zz = | z | 2
(x + iy)(x iy) = x 2 + y 2 = | z | 2
z1

z2

| z 1z 2 | = | z 1 | | z 2 |

(x x

| z 1z 2 | = | x 1x 2 y 1y 2 + i(x 1y 2 + x 2y 1) |

(x

1 2

y 1y 2) 2 + (x 1y 2 + x 2y 2) 2

+ y 1) 2(x 2 + y 2) 2 = | z 1 | | z 2 |

||
z1
z2

| z1 + z2
| z1 z2

|2
|2

= | z1
= | z1

|2
|2

+ | z2
+ | z2

|2
|2

| z1 |
z2

+ z 1z 2 + z 1z 2

| z1

|2

| z1

|2

z 1z 2 z 1z 2

, if z 2 0.

+ | z2

|2

+ | z2

|2

+ 2Re(z 1z 2)

2Re(z 1z 2)

| z 1 + z 2 | 2 + | z 1 z 2 | 2 = 2( | z 1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2)
a

z1

z2

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9. Complex Numbers A Variable in Algebra

| az 1 + bz 2 | 2 + | bz 1 az 2 | 2 = (a 2 + b 2)( | z 1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2)
z1
z 1, z 2 0
| z1 + z2 | 2 = | z 1 | 2 + | z 2 | 2 z
1

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z1

http://10hash.com/algebra/complex_numbers/

| z1 + z2 | | z1 | + | z2 | .

z2

| z1 z2 | | z1 | + | z2 | , | | z1 | | z2 | | | z1 | + | z2 |
| z1 z2 | | | z1 | | z2 | | .

OP =

x 2 + y 2 = | z | .

|z|

2n +
<

nI

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arg(z) = tan 1

()
y
x

arg(z) = tan 1

arg(z) = + tan 1

arg(z) = tan 1

( )
( )
( )
y

|x|
|y|
|x|
|y|
x

z = r(cos + isin)
r = | z | and = arg(z).
z = r(cos(2n + ) + i sin(2n + ))

cos + i sin

e i

n I.

z, z 1 and z 2

arg((z)) = arg(z)

z = x + iy

z = x iy

arg(z 1z 2) = arg(z 1) + arg(z 1) + 2n

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k=

0 if

< arg(z 1) + arg(z 2)

1 if

2 < arg(z 1) + arg(z 2)

1if

< arg(z 1) + arg(z 2) 2

arg(z 1, z 2) = arg(z 1) arg(z 2)

arg

()
z1
z2

= arg(z 1) + arg(z 2) + 2n

| z 1 + z 2 | = | z 1 z 2 | arg(z 1) arg(z 2) = / 2
| z 1 + z 2 | = | z 1 | + | z 2 | arg(z 1) = arg(z 2)
| z 1 + z 2 | 2 = r 21 + r 22 + 2r 1r 2cos( 1 2)
| z 1 z 2 | 2 = r 21 + r 22 + 2r 1r 2cos( 1 + 2)

OP

OP

z 1 = x 1 + iy 1

x 2 + iy 2

P1

P2

z 1 + z 2 = (x 1 + x 2) + i(y 1 + y 2).

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P 2L, P 1M and P N

P 2, P 1 and P

PN

OP 2L

P 1K

P 1P 2K

OP = OP 1 + OP 2

180 .

P2

z 1 z 2 = P 2P 1

z 1z 2 = r 1r 2(cos( 1 + 2) + isin( 1 + 2))

z1
z2

r1
r2

(cos( 1 + 2) isin( 1 2))

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z 1 z 2 = OP OQ = QP

| z 1 z 2 | = | QP | = QP,
z1

arg(z 1 z 2)

z 2.

QP

= = arg(z 3 z 1) arg(z 2 z 1)

= arg

z3 z 1
z2 z 1

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z 1, z 2, z 3 and z 4

arg

x + iy

z 2 z4 z1 z3
z 1 z4 z2 z3

=0

y0

(x + iy) n = a, x + iy = a n
an

x + iy

an

z = x + iy

x + iy = a + ib
x + iy = (a 2 b 2) + 2abi

x = a 2 b 2 and y = 2ab

a 2 + b 2 = (a 2 b 2) 2 + (2ab) 2

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x = x3

http://10hash.com/algebra/complex_numbers/

a=

x 2 + y 2 + x

b=

x 2 + y 2 x

)
)

and

and

x 3 1 = 0.

(x 1) + (x 2 + x + 1) = 0

x = 1, x =

13

1 + i3

1,

1 i3

1 i3

and

1 + i3
2

1, and .
1 + + 2 = 0
3 = 1.

1 = cos0 + isin0
1

= 1 n = (cos0 + isin0) n
= cos

2k + 0
2k + 0
+ isin
, where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . . (n 1)
n
n
=e
= 1, e

i2
n

,e

i4
n

i2k
n

,...,e

i2 ( n 1 )
n

= 1, , 2, . . . , n, where = e

i2
n

1 + + 2 + n 1 = 0

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2

1.. . . . . .

n1

= ( 1)

n1

(cos + isin) n = cosn + isinn

(cos + isin) n = cosn + isinn

(cos + isin) 0 = 1

(cos + isin) 2 = (cos 2 sin 2 + i2cossin)

cos2 + isin2
(cos + isin) 3 = cos3 + isin3
n1
(cos + isin) ( n 1 ) = cos(n 1) + isin(n 1)
(cos + isin) n = cosn + isinn

z 1 = x 1 + iy 1, z 2 = x 2 + iy 2

z = z + iy

m; n

x=

mx 2 + nx 1
m+n

, and y =
z=

my 2 + ny 1
m+n
mz 2 + nz 1
m+n

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m=1

A(z 1)

B(z 2)

n=1

http://10hash.com/algebra/complex_numbers/
1
(z + z 2)
2 1

AB = | z 1 + z 2 |

z1

z2

z1

z1

1
1 =0

z2

z2

z z1

z z1

z1 z2

z1 z2

z = iz 1 + (1 t)z 2

z 1, z 2 and z 3

z1

z1

z2

z2

1
1 =0

z3

z3

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z3

A(z 1), B(z 2), C(z 3)

D(z 4)

z 1 + z 3 = z 2 + z 4.

AC

BD
1

z1 + z3 = z2 + z4

AC

(z 1 + z 3) =

A(z 1), B(z 2), C(z 3)

D(z 4)

(z + z 4)
2 2
z1 + z3 = z2 + z4

| z4 z1 | = | z2 z1 | .

BD
1
1
(z 1 + z 3) = (z 2 + z 4)
2
2
z1 + z3 = z2 + z4

AD = AB
| z4 z1 | = | z2 z1

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A(z 1), B(z 2), C(z 3)

z 1 + z 3 = z 2 + z 4, | z 4 z 1 | = | z 2 z 1 |

AC

D(z 4)
| z3 z1 | = | z4 z2 | .

BD
1
2

(z 1 + z 3) =

1
2

(z 2 + z 4) z 1 + z 3 = z 2 + z 4

AD = AB
| z4 z1 | = | z2 z1
AC = BD

A(z 1), B(z 2), C(z 3)

z 1 + z 3 = z 2 + z 4, | z 4 z 1 |

| z3 z1 | = | z4 z2 | .

D(z 4)

| z3 z1 | = | z4 z2 | .

AC

A(z 1), B(z 2)

C(z 3)

BD

ABC.

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ABC

G(z)

z=

A(z 1), B(z 2)

C(z 3)

I(z)

ABC.

triangleABC

z=

a, b

1
(z + z 2 + z 3)
3 1

az 1 + bz 2 + cz 3
a+b+c

S(z)

ABC

ABC

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2

z=

(z 2 z 3) | z 1 | + (z 3 z 1) | z 2 | + (z 1 z 2) | z 3 |

z 1(z 2 z 3) + z 2(z 3 z 1) + z 3(z 1 z 2)

| z1 | 2

z1 1

| z2 | 2

z2 1

| z3 | 2

z3 1

z=

z1 z1

z2 z2

z3 z3

z=

H(z)

ABC

z 1sin2A + z 2sin2B + z 3sin2C

sin2A + sin2B + sin2C

ABC

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z 21

z1

| z1 | 2

z1 1

z 22 z 2

2
1 + | z2 |

z2 1

| z3 | 2

z3 1

z 23

z3

z=

z1 z1 1

z2 z2 1

z3 z3 1
or
z=

z=

tanAz 1 + tanBz 2 + tanCz 3

tanA + tanB + tanC

or
asecAz 1 + bsecBz 2 + csecCz 3
asecA + bsecB + csecC

H
G

2 : 1.

az + az + b = 0(a C, b R)

A()

| a + a + b |
p=
2|a|

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z0

z = z 0 + re i, 0 2

| z z0 | = r

zz z 0z z 0z + z 0z 0 r 2 = 0

zz az + az + b = 0

aa b 0.

aa b.

z1

z2

(z z 1)(z z 2) + (z z 1)(z z 2) = 0
z1

z2

(z z 1)(z z 2) + (z z 1)(z z 2) + k z 1

z1

z2

z2

1
1 =0

k
A(z 1), B(z 1)
C(z 3)

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P(z)

ACB = APB or ACB + APB =

arg

arg

( ) (
( ) (
[
[
z3 z 2
z3 z 1
z3 z 2
z3 z 1

arg

arg

arg

+ arg

z z2
z z1
z z2
z z1

(z 3 z 2)(z z 1)
(z 3 z 1)(z z 2)
(z z 1)(z 3 z 2)

(z z 2)(z 3 z 1)

)
)
]
]

=0

=0

(z z 1)(z 3 z 2)
(z z 2)(z 3 z 1)

(z z 1)(z 3 z 2)

(z z 2)(z 3 z 1)

P(z)
D(z 4)

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(z 4 z 1)(z 3 z 2)
(z 4 z 2)(z 3 z 1)

arg(z z 0) =

arg(z z 0) =

z0
z0

z0

arg(z) =

z2

x
| z z1 | = | z z2 |

z2
A(z 1)

z1

z1

z0

B(z 2).

z, z 1

z
z2

k > 0, k 1
| z z1 |
| z z2 |

=k

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| z z 1 | + | z z 2 | = k.
k > | z z2 | ,

z1

z2

| z z1 | + | z z2 | = k

A(z 1)

B(z 2)

k.

k = | z z2 |

z1

z 2.

k < | z z2 |
| z z 1 | | z z 2 | = k.

z1

z2

k | z z2 |

A(z 1)

k = | z1 z2 | ,

A(z 1)

B(z 2).

B(z 2)

AB.

| z z1 | 2 + | z z2 | 2 = | z1 z2 | 2
z1

arg

z z1
z z2

z1

z2

z2

z1

z1

0 .

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0<<

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/ 2,

A(z 1)

B(z 2).

= /2

A(z 1)

B(z 2).

A(z 1)

B(z 2)

AB.

=0

A(z 1)

B(z 2).

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