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    12 views13 pages

    Offshore Indus Seismic Stratigraphy Akbar Ali Asif PDF

    Uploaded by

    Mussawer Hasnain
    hgfhg

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    mot faa 21. Seismic stratigraphy of the offshore Indus Basin ‘a hs VIM DALEY! & ZAHEER ALAM? peeee ve Mesmo (END) Venesuela BY, Piso 11, Torve Este, Centro Lido, El Rosal, Avenida Francisco dle Miranda, 61 Rosal, Caracas, Venezuela Summ, HA 2Gavernment of Pakistan, Director General, Petroleum Concession, Department of Petrofewm ten ina and Energy Resources, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Resources, 1019-4, 19-A, Pak -e-Haq Roud, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan smo Oi Pkisan Lid (Lasmo) gained significant positon in the offtore Indus Besin with the award of the Indus A and B Blocks. The ain Mycmcatboo play amprises Miocene shelf-dea sands interbedded wth eraonavioal shale seals ad soared by gaeprone olfihote equivalenis.Approsinaisiy 12000 km of scsi data have. Been imerprcted in te died evaluation ofthese blocks However only four wis hie tested The play type and no core or rsk data were svalable tn provide urbe Insights ia Facies or age dating. Log data from two key wells inthe offshore tnd aren fecrd the initial infiig of te basi by shalesdoninaed basil outer sell sediments, followed by sacked Mhisbeid sondstone-shole wquenes of a shell-delia nature. Azone of progdaional squenes marks the transition between the 10, but ao ater workable sratgraphdvisons were apparert, Regional seismic correlation caabltd the dachronois nalure of the prograding shelf package and this was matched ly diet bands of sewie porades. A series Of simple palacopeogrphies of the prograding shelf margin were developed. showing intl Sedimers input tom the non and rapt poration towards the south and ses The Oligo Miocene fusin ll ofthe oflshre Indus Basi appests fo Be a “one-step” ll process of 8 ‘Spnfcant depocenre created between the Karach Pato and the Murray Rie Canyons fre a very distinc feature on seis profiles and Iwo main phases of development are spare The eather phase i interpreted fo be of Early Miocene ae. Dowsing at this ime rarely exceoded 400m, The second phe of canyon development oscume! during” Po Pleistocene time, and these younger sayons of dominate the sallow section, with lie pases of downcuting sometimes exceeding 1000 m. Whete delle. canyons of bath ages have Beem fun 1 he shale prone These drilled canons ate interpreted tobe on the palaersope ‘shore erosion and sediment by-pass oosurrd daring the ative phase. and were weeny Files hy ne-praned depots afer abandonment, The two phases of eanvoning ste wonders to relate to phases of icetomie activity inthe collision zone between the western Margin of the Tndo-Paksan plate and the Eurasian plate Lasmo Oil Pakistan Ll ('Lasmo") signed explora- 850 km of scismi -qusition. The outlines of the tion agreements with DGPC of Pakistan on 21 Indus A and F blocks are shown in Sigures as September 1997 for two substantial offshore reference to the main study are, blocks, Indus A and B, totalling 14704 km? The A seismie acquisition campaign collected inal exploration term was for 3 years, but at 3689 km of 2D data aeross the A and F blocks in teach anniversary. the blocks could be relinguished November and December 1998, infilling and eatieely, or renewed upon commiting 10 a pre- extending existing coverage across both blocks. agreed minimum work programme. The fest re- During 1999, Lasmo interpreted and incorporated Pewal required 1500 km seismic acquisition per Bock and the second required one exploratory wall to be drilled in each block, On the basis of the prospectivity perceived after Year 1. Lasmo lected 10 fenew the A Block but relinquished the B Block. Offshore Indus F Block was a new block successfully applied for. and awarded on | De cember 998. It covered 6% of the original Block and carried a fist year commitment of From: Cure, BD. KROWS, D. GAEDICKL. C. & CRAG, (a) 20 i, Golagical Sosy, London, Spi Publican the nian Soa Re all the new data but did not clect to renew either licence on their anniversary dates The Indus A and F blocks Tie in the nearshore zone, south and east of Karachi and offshore from the presentay Indus delta, The regional water depth map (Fig. 1) shows that the blocks are Tocated within the broad (60-80 km wide) she Water depths increase. gradually to 200m and thereafter, slopes increase 10 1000.) or mote he Tectonic and Cts ate Eval IMISA7I90251800 1 The Geological Society of Landon 2002 260 1. DALEY & Z, ALAM 1 shows clearly the present Indus canyon During the course of this evaluation, $519 km citing into the shelf east of F Block and also the of seismic data were reprocessed and’ a further NE-trending sea-botiom topography of the Murray 2567 km purchased as processed digital pes, Ridge, tothe NW ofthe A Block, Despite the relatively shallow waters, the off shore Indus province remains father unexplored with respect to Aydocarbons, Before Lasmo's walveméat, there had been extensive 2D seismic coverage across the region, armousting to fn excess of 28000km. However, of this, 15000 km pre dated 1972 and the most recent survey was from 1988, Exploration dilling offshore Is very sparse, totalling only five wells in the nearshore area and another five further offahore, Encouragingly, Pak- ccaneI testo gas in 1986 front a Miocene clastic reseevole at etes of p19 8.3 tillion cubic f 86" 5 CCEA tp, eee es 66"E Fig Reo These data, when combined with the new acquis vion of 1988, resulted in @ otal of 11745 km of seismic data’ being available for 2 workstation based interpretation, Across much of the high araded area there is now a grid of data spaced at I-12 km by 2-3km, Figure 2 shows the istribution of che available well and digital seisme data ‘Tectonic elements The main tectonics of the region are depicted in Fig, 3, adapted from Kolla & Coumes (1990), with Neogene ectonic elements emphosized. The or a ei 24°N % fue caret Sl — water depth (contours ia rete) Line outlines indicate iced are tthe time ofthe study and the Lake A ahd blosks are indicate. Exploration wells within or close to the asm Mocks are SPISMIC STRATIGRAPHY OF OFFSHORE INDUS BASIN 261 2, 5519 km fa further jal tapes ew acquisi- 743 km of rorkstation- the high a spaced at shows. the ind. digital depicted in 125 (1990), sized. The hor amicine axes labelled. Eastern ‘states symbol ass In A Fig.3. Miosone tcctonie element. Moin Mutay Rize Anilnorur Finits of Makran and Kira Fol Bet provinces are indicate by test sn blocks are igh 202 T Indus A and F blocks We mastly © the SE of the NE-tending Murray Ridge, which is poorly ion aged by sparse seismie data, However, tis clearly ‘major structural high because he Miooone (and younger) beds are tied and erovled at the sea floor on its flanks, Googeaphicaly, itis the off shore extension of the Kindar Fold Belt but a detailed study of the tectonie history of the Murray Ridge is beyond Yhe seope ofthis stady. Figure 3 shows the north-south-tronding shelf boundary at mid: Eocene time, the westor limit of the Karachi Platform. Between tho Murray Ridge and the Karachi Plafoem there is a significant depocentre containing km or more of Tertiary sediments and here called the ofhore. Indus Basin, The relationship of the Karechi Platform and the offshore Indus Basin is iMustated by a regional seismic line depicted in Fig, 4 and the stratigraphy of the owe regions is summatized in Fig. 5. “The Karachi Platform is a monoctinally SW- dipping unit. The poston ientified in Fig. & a “Paleogene shel” is dominated by shelf eerbonates «anging from mid-Eooene to Oligocene age, which tare equivalents of the onshore Laki, Kiehar and [Nati formations. Desper penetrations from 4ome af the nearshore drilling have encountered older formations, eanging down through Ranikot (Paleo- Fig. 4. Regional seismic tine DALEY & Z. ALAM ene) t0 Gor (Lower Cretaceous) formations rcsly shale dominated but with some sands in the Ranikot and Pab. formations. The westem smargia of the Karachi Platform is abruptly tori fated by a series of down-to-basin normal Fults, although this limit may also coincide in places with the westem timit of progradation of the Tertiary carbonate shelf. ‘To the west, a considerable thickness of pos Lower Eocene sediments is observed, much of it seismically rather indistinct and appearing 10 be passively infilling the steep eastern margin. Be- cause af their great thickness, these strata are ‘untsio yeiling and they are therefore by seismic correlation to be of Oligocene Early Miocene age, However, the uppermost pars of this basinal A were drilled by the deepest sections of Pakcan-l and IM-BI, both of which encountered shaley sections. The apparently “pas sive’ fill of he depocentre i capped by a prograd ing stismie unit charactrisd by seis sigmoidal reflectors downfapping in Subsequently, the offthote Indus Bas chi Platform received thick Geposits (1000. 2000 m) of intrboddod sands and shales of Mid to Late Miocene age that are interpreted as shallow-water shelf or deltaic deposits. Overlying, this is a widespread muddy shelf unit of Pliocene SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY OF OFFSHORE INDUS BASIN 263 mations, aw sands NE Fomation Names y wos, sy ters faults, rata are 10. e inferred gene and nost parts e deepest of which ally “pas paged he basin. and Kar. : (1000 = of Mid- Gaia ‘Agein Myr. a irthar i Deeper Lak Ofthore Raikot ce Unis Nee [jefe 7 Pay oo tal %: — Pash 100° uo. Sembar 120 Gorw Fig 8. OFhoce Indus sratigrphic column, age, which has been successive by extensive canyon phases ofthe proto Indus Unforunatey, biostratigraphie ages. From well reports are of only broad help at best and n0 saimples oF core were available during this study to confirm ages of the tormations, of to aid the imerpretation oftheir Faxies, Seismic data and stratigraphy Regional seismic correlations quickly established the tclationships of the sections drilled to dae and it was recognized where canyon fil facies bad been penetrated, helping to. pul reported eteemtinations into context (Fig 6). Only thee wells have penetrated the eargeted Miocene clastic rack reservoir seal system and, of these, sands at Sadat-1-are thinger’ and more disto) innate Several of the shale packages encountered inthe existing wells are canyon fill deposits, and at some levels, this impedes Tog corrslation. Its elear that the sandy shel facies are diachronous, altho the overlying Plineene muddy unit appears 10 represent fasly abrupt and possibly synchronous fevent across the region. tis also wort emphasiz ing that this cortelation shows that IM-LA.o just penetrated the Upper Miocene sediments, Fig 6 Schicmatic correlation of Otgo-Mioce it T DALEY & 7 Examining well og data across the sandy Miocene shelf strata from Pakcan-1 and IM-BI not reveal any clear stratigraphic divisions and certainly” few distinctive seismic pack notable, The log of IM-BU (Fig. 7) il rather monotonous stacking of inter states the ide snd stones and shales om 608) to 2200 m depth, The tion does, however, reveal as evarsening-upwards pars Several distinctive low-veloety shales in this sestion te wo high-ampliude Seismic events (Fig. 8). These “slow shales are thought 10 represent higher organic content applies, perkaps relatively condcnsed and deposited during ® time spanned by a maximum ooding event. The resulting seismic markers are readily corclatable across a semi-regional extent, Well log data from close wo the base of the cat] show a similar patter fof log eyelicity 10 that at IM-BI (Fig. 9). a c his Been tentatively smc interpretation, However omplete ssquenee of 250m corresponds to less than two seismic wavelets, This log packaze deepest logged eyeliciy, interpre Sequence set, does correlate in the Pakean-1 area withthe op of the obliquely dippine, seismic-scale progeades shown in Fig. 10, and. is interpreted a6. the NE w Canyon Fit Bsrae [53] Shot Detaies! EB bosin Fn EB sumpsifans? FB Carbonaty snot i, st Rim coe ndisates poste Mydycatbon reser, Sin damon nats posable Hydacardon soit the sandy nd IMB visions and ages were iseates the ed sand degth. The cards paris nevelocity ide seismic Thought 16 es, pethaps ing a tine vent. T orrelatable ase of the lar pattern Fig. 9). A entativ However sponds 10 og package | mie top of Drogrides oJ asthe Ne Sandy shelf delta > Prograding Unit SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY OF OFFSHORE INDUS BASIN ss Sandier +1000 Depth (m) 2000 Figures Basinal Unit below, to 3800m (not logged) ig. 7. Gamma wl log rom IMB, indicating the vmsin snd KK 18 z = 20 Sw tive rise to distinet seismic markers + Fig. 8 Pan of wellossii te fr IME, “Sy smite lamar transition between dominantly basinal facies be Tow and stacked shelf facies above: the result of ‘overall basin fill and subsequent progradation of the shel The seismic line shown in Fig. 11, dip ine along strike to IMGBI, highlights the compeling correlations that the” highersimplitede seismic events allow across faults. However, Turther 23s theie character fades, perhaps reflecting the prow imal limit of these maximum Mooding sures 3s distinctive liho-fisies, Mapping at an intea-Lower Mincone markce (Fig. 12) shows the monoclinal dip down to the SW, ranging from two-vay time fof Fs (e150 m)t9 35 (e, 4800 m), The normal down-to-the-basin faults, seen as fairy planar in Seismic eroseaections, are port of & 60 km long ‘gently curved, fault system, with antithetic Eaults Sedimentary wrowth across these faults is, mostly ‘contained within shale-prone "pre-shell” sod ments, ara thet throws decline upwards 10 760 into the sandy elastic rocks above Relining regional seismic cortelations and deli- he seismic pengeading units leads 10 a simple, teltive age, stratigraphy and facies scheme (Fig. 13), Progeadation of the shelf was mapped (Fig. 1), which appears t0 originate in the north, and at fist has a strong. southerly ‘component, hater, more southwestwand progra 266 T. DALEY & Z. ALAM iogtorPasean = : . 1 | t . v ath Fig. Ey” Vo- he , Pee |” oar i Fig & Part of wel lg from Pakearet across *Prgrading Unit. CSB, candidate sequence boundary: HST, highstand ‘syste ent TST, hanessve systems track LS, lovstand systems tact: MPS, maximum flooding surface; TW ‘o-way tel time rig. reteren dation conte Sada iit Fig. 10, Seismic cal peograesilstated i scsi date trough Paks SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHY OF OFFSHORE INDUS BASIN 267 Fig. 11 Scismic dip tine long strike to IMB, showing down. Basin onal us (SW dipping) and amithtcs (OME eiping. igstand

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