Sách Lược Xâm Lăng Của Cộng Sản

MINH VO
SCH-LC
XM-LNG
CA
CNG-SN
in lan th ba
CALIFORNIA -- 2007
Sch Lc Xm Lng ca Cng Sn

MINH V
Hng c trnh by
In ln th III, California thng 10 nm 2007
Tc gi xut bn v gi bn quyn
Xut bn ln th I nm 1963 ti Si Gn
Ti bn nm 1970 ti Si Gn
In ti Hoa K
TI LIU TRCH DN
A. SCH
1. Domenach (J.M.): La Propagande Politique (Editions
Que-sais-je?)
2. Dulles (Allen) nguyn Gim-c Trung-ng Tnh-bo
M: Mun thng Cng-sn trc ht phi bit r Cngsn (S. Readers Digest)
3. ng (Mao-trch) lnh-t Trung-cng: Chin-tranh dukch Trung-Hoa v du-kch qun (Bn dch ca Phng
Qun Hun, B Tng Tham-Mu)
4. ng (Mao-Trch) lnh-t Trung-cng: Mao-trchng tuyn tp (Cun 1) nh xut bn X-hi
5. ng (Lm-ng): B-Danh (Bn dch ca Ngn Lun,
Saigon (1958)
6. Green Pagoda Press: A decade under Mao Tse Tung
(G.P.P. 1960)
7. Ha (Phan Xun): Lch-s Vit-Nam hin i (V)
8. Inkles (Alexis): Public Opinion in Soviet Russia
9. Kennedy (John F.) Tng-thng M: Bo-co c trc
Quc Hi Hoa-k v cuc du-hnh u-chu 1961 (Tiliu phin dch ca S Thng-Tin Hoa-k)
10. Khroutchev (Nikita) Th-tng chnh-ph v nht bth Nga-cng: Bo-co v i-hi 81 ng Cng-sn
hp thng 11-1960 ti Mc-T-Khoa (bn dch Php ng
ca tp ch Tin Tc, nh xut bn X-hi
11. Labin (Suzanne): Il est moins cinq (2 dition)
12. Malik (Charles) nguyn ch-tch i hi-ng Lin-HipQuc: Est-il trop tard de vaincre le communisme?
3
13. Minh (H-Ch): Cc li ku gi ca H Ch-tch, S

Tht 1956
14. Nghim (Thi-Lng): on-kt lun: Kinh Dng, 1957
15. Pirenne (Jacques): Les grands courants de lhistoire
universelle (VI) ditions Albin Michel, Paris, 1955
16. Politzer, mt cn-b Php-cng: Nhng nguyn tc trit
hc cn bn
17. Quang (Trn): Th on ca H-ch-Minh
18. Sauvy (Alfred de): LOpinion politique, ditions Quesais-je?
19. Staline (Joseph): Les principes du lninisme
20. Staline (Joseph): Staline ton tp (cun I): nh xut bn
X-hi
21. Stowe (Leland) nguyn Gim c Thng-Tin ca h
thng V-tuyn Truyn-thanh u-chu: La Chine Rouge
dans lhgmonie mondiale
22. Thch (Tng-Gii) Tng-thng Trung-Hoa Dn-quc:
Phn Cng khng Nga C Bn Lun
23. Thomas (Lowell): Terror in Tibet
24. Ch (Hong-Vn): Trm hoa ua n trn t Bc (Mttrn Bo-v T-do Vn-ha 1959)
25. Union Research, Institute (Hong Kong): Communism in
China (U.R.I. Hongkong, 1959)
B. BO CH
26. i Hc Qun S: s 7-1961
27. Vn Hu: s 9 thng 2-1961
28. Vit-Nam Thng-tn-x: Bn tin hng ngy t 1-6-1959
n 31-12-1959 (vn bin-gii n v v Kerala)
n 31-05-1961 (Bin-c Ai-Lao v hi-ngh Genve)
n 31-08-1961 (v B-Linh)
31. Journal dExtrme Orient: ngy 30-05-1961
32. Selection Readers Digest: Thng 4-1961
C. TI LIU VIT CNG

33. Bc th ca Quc-t Cng-sn v vic thnh-lp ngDng Cng-sn ng.
34. Bc ngot v-i ca lch-s cch-mng Vit-Nam (y
ban Nghin-cu Lch-s ng, nh xut bn S Tht,
1960)
35. Cng-lnh Mt-trn Dn-tc Gii-phng Min Nam.
36. Lun-cng chnh-tr ng-Dng Cng-sn ng
37. Ngh quyt ca i-hi ng Lao-ng Vit-Nam ln th
3 t 5 n 10-9-1960
38. Nguyt san Hc Tp s c bit thng 11-960
39. Nguyt san Hc Tp thng 7-1960
40. Nguyt san Nhn-dn s 1 v s 2-1957
41. Nht bo Nhn-dn
42. Tuyn ngn ca i-hi ln th 3 ca ng X-hi VitNam thng 12-1960
43. Tuyn ngn khng Nht ca ng Cng-sn Trung-Hoa 77-1937
44. V cc ti-liu tuyn-truyn v hun luyn khc ca Vitcng
Cng bn c hi ngoi
(Vit cho ln in u hi ngoi)
au nam 1992, khi mi sang My c vai thang, trong

chuyen i tham hai ngi ban ho Vu la cac anh Vu c Vinh
( Seattle) va Vu Duy Hien ( San Francisco) ca hai nay
eu a khuat bong , toi c anh Vu Duy Hien cho biet:
Trong danh muc sach Viet ng tai th vien Quoc Hoi thay
co cuon Sach Lc Xam-lang cua Minh Vo ay. Neu anh
muon xem, e toi mn cho. Nhng roi may thang sau anh
Hien ien thoai: La thc, toi la oc gia quen cua th vien,
ca chuc nam nay sach nao toi cung mn c. Ma khong
biet tai sao ho khong cho mn sach cua anh. No bao sach
nay con co mot ban, khong cho a ra ngoai. Muon oc ch
co cach ti oc tai cho.
Hai nam sau nha tng so Ha Lac Da Phu Viet Viem T
Le T Vinh, nhan en tham cu ngh s Pham Nam Sach luc
ay ang cong tac mat thiet vi t Van Thang cua Le T
Vinh, cung nh giao s Tran Ngoc Ninh va n s Minh c
Hoai Trinh..., a ghe tham toi vi t cach ban hoc hoi con
nho. Biet nha anh gan Th Vien Quoc Hoi, toi hoi anh co
the mn giup c khong. Sao lai khong c. Toi co
ngi than lam o. Nhng roi may lan goi sang, anh Vinh
eu khat lan: La qua, no khong cho mn anh a. Nhng toi
se co cach, the nao thang sau cung co sach cho anh.
Ba thang sau, mot Le T Vinh hoc hac, gay tong, tay trai
eo bang trang ot ngot ghe lai mang theo 3 ban sao cua
cuon sach. ay toi gi ung li ha nhe. No van khong cho
a sach ra ngoai. Xin sao chup, th no bat at coc 50 My
Kim, phai xong trong mot gi. Anh gi hai ban thoi. Cho toi
mot ban. No co ca ban dch tieng Anh na ay, va co ca
micro phim. Toi cha co dp ti xem co ung co ban dch
7
vi micro phim khong. Nhng trong thay c a con tinh

than au long (neu khong ke ba cuon dch thuat) toi cung
vui roi. Gi lam ky niem thoi. V trc khi i My toi a tm,
hoi khap ni ma khong au con ban nao. May cuon nha
th trong khi toi i tu, con toi a thu tieu het v s VC no bat
toi.
Nhng so con toi cha thanh ky niem. No muon chao
i them mot lan na. Cha la nha th Tam Vo Le, giam oc
Th Vien Viet-Nam Tren Mang biet toi co cuon sach cu,
muon c a len mang cong hien ban oc thch co van.
Toi ong y. Khi cac tnh nguyen vien phan ong la n
sinh-vien tuoi oi tam anh may lai, th ong giam oc
nhan thay ho xum lai va anh va oc mot cach thch thu.
Anh ay lay lam la, va ca toi cung ngac nhien. Th van
chng nay khong de nha. Lai la chuyen cu mem! Nhng
mot nam sau th Tam Vo Le cho biet, so lt ngi vao oc
len en ca tram ngan. Chung toi ben nay ra y kien bat a
con ra chao i lan na. The la co chuyen in lai Sach Lc
Xam-lang cua Cong-san.
***
Nhac lai lan in th hai nam 1970. Hoi ay toi coi chng
trnh nha Vo-tuyen Truyen-thanh Viet-Nam, thuoc bo
Thong-Tin. Mot hom ong th trng Thong-Tin Chung c
Mai goi toi len bo hop. Toi ngh, khong biet co chuyen g
ay, v 10 nam lam ai Phat Thanh toi cha hop vi bo
trng hay th trng bao gi. Sau may phut giao au, th
mi v nhe, ong th trng rut t hoc ban ra cuon sach boc
ky at tren ban va bao toi: Toi mua cuon sach nay cach nay
6 nam khi con lam dan bieu e Nhat Cong-Hoa. Bay gi
mi biet la anh viet. Anh tai ban i. Bo se giup giay in va
cap giay phep, v no co the co ch cho viec chung. Toi ong
y...
Khi in lan th hai nam 1970 toi a khong sa cha g.

ung ra la chup lai y nh ban au, ch bo mot oan cuoi, v
thay cha hoan chnh, nh a trnh bay trong li noi au.
Th lan nay toi cung se khong sa cha, them bt g.
Khong phai v no a hoan chnh. Nhng v muon e oc gia
thng thc ung cai v co lo s cua no, t van ti y, va
thi s. Tat ca eu a qua at ca. Co muon sa cung khong
sa c.
V vay co the co nhieu ban oc tre se lay lam kho hieu
mot vai kieu noi, hay t ng. V du nh ten cac nc ong
Au, ngay nay ngi ta thng viet theo phien am tieng Viet
ch khong viet theo phien am ch Han. Bun-ga-ri, ch
khong con la Bao-Gia-Li na. Lien Xo ch khong con la
Nga-so na. Lien Bang Nga, ch khong con la Lien Bang
So-Viet na v.v.. Nhng thiet ngh nhng tr ngai o khong
ln lam. Hy-vong ban oc hieu c y cua ngi viet la tot
roi.
Ban in ma ban ang cam tren tay nay la ban tac gia a
so sanh vi ban photo copy cua ban chnh th vien Quoc
Hoi My e sa cha lai nhng cho sai sot va bo tuc may
oan thieu tren ban anh may lai cua Th Vien Viet Nam
Online. V vay no hoan toan giong ban chup t nguyen ban
in lan au tai Saigon nam 1963. Ngoai ra cuoi sach chung
toi co them oan trch bai iem sach cua nha van Nguyen
Manh Con ang tren nguyet san Tin Sach cua Van But Viet
Nam vao thang 6-1963.
Mong rang lan in nay se giup c phan nao nhng ban
oc thch oc lai tai lieu cu hong so sanh vi nhng on
phep, manh li quen thuoc ma Cong-san a dung hang may
chuc nam qua.
Nam Cali ngay 1-4-06
MINH VO
Cng bn c
(ln ti bn VN nm 1970)
Ke t khi cuon sach c soan-thao (1961) va an-hanh lan

au tien (1963) cho en nay, nhieu s viec xay ra tren the-gii,
va nhat la trong khoi cong, a cho thay kha canh di-ong cua
sach-lc xam-lang cua Cong-san. Nga-so a ky hiep-c giihan nhng cuoc th-nghiem vu-kh hach-tam vi Hoa-ky va
Anh-quoc (1963). Trung-cong va Nga-so a khong ngng akch, thoa-ma nhau cong-khai tren cac he-thong vo-tuyen
truyen-thanh, truyen-hnh va bao-ch. Khi Mac-T-Khoa xua
quan e bep phong-trao quoc-gia Tiep-Khac (1968) th b
Bac-Kinh ket toi, nhng lai c Ha-Noi hoan-ho, mac du HaNoi van khong dam he moi phe-bnh thai-o cua Bac-Kinh.
Trong khi Trung-cong kch liet a-kch tan chnh-phu Lon Nol
cua Kampuchea th Nga-so, Tiep-Khac va nhieu nc cong-san
ong-Au lai duy tr lien-lac ngoai giao vi chnh-phu nay.
Trong khi Bac-Viet ca tung vai tro cua Ong Hoang Sihanouk va
co gang cung vi Trung-cong phuc hoi quyen bnh cho ong
hoang lu vong x Chua Thap, th chnh cac ngi cong-san
Khmer lai chang bao gi muon tha th cho ong ta ve toi a tan
sat cac ong ch cua ho trc kia. Nhng ngi nay co y ch
ong Sihanouk tr ve e en toi ch khong phai e c suy
ton.
Tuy-nhien, ngoai kha canh di-ong o, sach-lc xamlang cua cong-san con co kha canh co nh cua no. Ngha la
du gap cao trao hay thoai trao, cac ngi cong-san van
co bam lay mot so hnh-thc sach-lc ien hnh, nh sachlc mat-tran dan-toc thong-nht, sach-lc tan-cong
hoa-bnh, sach lc trung-lap va lien-hiep v.v..
Cac mat-tran loai mat-tran dan-toc thong-nht a
c cong-san lap ra Thai-Lan (1965), Mien-ien,
Kampuchea (1970) trong nhng nam gan ay. Trong khi
cac ai phat-thanh va bao-ch Ha-Noi cung nh khap ni
10
trong khoi cong ca bai hoa-bnh muon thu, t e cao thien

ch hoa-bnh cua mnh, th cac nha lanh ao Bac-Viet cung
li dung dien an hoa am Ba-Le e tuyen-truyen a-kch
oi phng la hieu chien va bien minh trc d luan thegii cho nhng hanh vi xam-lang cua mnh, hong bien
chung thanh nhng hanh vi mu cau hoa-bnh, giai thoat
con ngi khoi hiem hoa va tai hoa chien-tranh. Bac-Viet a
khong ngng nhac i nhac lai yeu sach cua ho ve mot
chnh-phu lien-hiep, va khong ngt noi en 2 tieng Trunglap. Mac-T-Khoa, Bac-Kinh va cac thu-o khac trong khoi
cong cung ong thanh trong cung mot iep khuc ay.
Qua lang knh nhng hieu biet ve chu-ngha duy vat, ly
thuyet Mac-xt va chien-lc cach-mang bao lc cua cong-san
(ma chung toi co trnh bay s lc nhng trang au tap
sach nay), chung ta se co the nhn tong hp cung mot luc 2
kha canh di-ong va co-nh cua van e va t o se co the
theo roi nhng bien-chuyen tng-lai cua sach-lc cong-san
va co the biet c y nh cua oi phng qua moi hanhong cua ho, e co phan ng thch hp.
o la ieu chung toi mong i tac dung cuon sach se
em lai cho ban oc lan tai ban nay.
Chung toi con nh, sau khi cuon Sach-lc xam-lang
cua cong-san c an hanh lan th nhat, t Nguyet San
Tin Sach, c-quan chnh thc cua Trung-tam Van-But
Viet-Nam (PEN Club) a cho nhng y kien phe-bnh rat xay
dng ve cach trnh bay va a e ngh chung toi bo phan
cuoi cua tac pham v cho rang khong can thiet. Chung toi
a lam theo li e ngh xay dng nay. Mong ban oc thong
cam.
Saigon, ngay 12-10-1970
TAC GIA
11
TA
Cho n nay nhng cng-trnh nghin-cu Cng-sn
khng phi khng c. Nhng trc ng Minh V cha ai cnghin cho c-gi mt cun sch nh cun Sch-Lc Xmlng ca Cng-sn ny.
L-do v mc-ch ca sch, tc-gi tm lc trong
nhng trang u. V ti tng cng kh y bin-chnh
cho lp-trng t-tng v chnh-tr ca tc-gi cng nh
c-vng v tm-hn ca cun sch.
Ch-ngha Cng-sn t mt -nim gi-nh bin thnh
nhng h-thng t-tng c on, pha trn vi nhng hoimng c mu sc tn-ngng. Ngi Cng-sn khng chp
nhn mt h-thng t-tng hay hnh-ng no khc, hay
ng hn, mun st nhp mi hin-tng lch-s nhn loi
vo trong mt ton-th ha ph-bin ca bin-chng duy-vt
c h quan nim l bn-cht ca ton th v-tr.
Vit cun sch ny, ng Minh V mun t-co s thiu
nn-tng ca l-thuyt Mc-xt, t-co tnh-cch phi-nhn ca
nhng bo-ng v mc-ch, v t-co tham-vng -quc
ca cc Cng ng Nga-s, Trung-cng ang nng ln
min Bc Vit-Nam v ang c-gng ph-ri min Nam.
Ti ngh rng lp-trng ca tc-gi cng l lp-trng
ca nhng ngi cng-dn Vit-Nam Cng-Ha i vi chngha v sch-lc Cng-sn. Tc gi kho bng mt btphp ring, ni ln lp-trng y chc chn s gp c
nhiu cm tnh v gy nhiu tin-tng ni nhng ngi thctm chng Cng.
S chn la ti-liu chng-t ni tc gi mt tinh-thn lm
vic khch-quan v khoa-hc. Nhit-tnh chn la y, s d c
c, l do nhit-tnh ng p ting gi ca tnh thng v tdo, ang b e-da nng n bi cc thuyt Cng-sn.
Mong rng s n tip ca c-gi i vi cun sch ny
s lm cho tc-gi tin-tng nhiu hn na vo thin-ch ca
mnh.
Saigon, 12 thng 5-1963
L-thnh-Tr
SNG TRN DNG
ON-cnh x-hi t-bn trung-tun th-k 19 ti uchu l mt tha t tt cho ch-ngha cng-sn
pht-sinh. Bn Tuyn-ngn Cng-sn ca Marx v
Engels vo nm 1848 gy xc-ng mnh. Nhng li ku
gi th-thuyn vng ng ln, st cnh li c hngng mt cch chn-thnh say sa.
Duy-vt bin-chng-php m nhng thanh-nin tr-thc

bng-bt nht thi-k y ca-tng l pht-minh tn-k ca
t-tng trit-l nhn-loi, cng nhng quan-nim c-o,
c-th v kinh-t x-hi, nhng nhn-nh v phn-tch b
ngoi mi m v hp-dn v lch-s x-hi loi ngi; tm
li tt c h-thng trit hc, (sic) kinh-t, x-hi v t-tng
cch-mng ca Marx v Engels c n nhn mt cch
hm-h.
Mt trong nhng thanh-nin hm-h n nhn, khai-thc
v p-dng thuyt Mc-xt vo chnh-tr thay i honton mi c-cu chnh-tr x-hi mt nc ln ng-u
thi by gi l Vladimir Lnine.
Sau khi thnh-cng trong vic cp chnh-quyn vo
ngy 7-11-1917 (l ngy Cng-sn thng gi l k-nim
cch-mng thng mi), Lnine cng vi mt s cn-b
cao-cp Nga-cng, trong c Staline, thit-lp ch- Svit v vch ra mt ng-li xm-lng th-gii vi mcch bnh-trng -quc Nga S-vit. Nhng nguyn-tc
m Lnine a ra, mt phn cn-c vo ch-ngha Mc-xt,
15
16
Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn
mt phn rt ta t nhng kinh-nghim chin-u ca ng

Bolshevik, tc ng Nga-cng, nghim nhin tr thnh
ng-li, sch-lc ca Cng-sn quc-t trong vic bnhtrng ch-ngha Cng-sn, hay ng ra l bnh-trng quc Nga-s.
Qua mt thi-gian nguy-ngp v ni-chin (1918-1920)
v k-hoch kinh-t tht-bi, tng chng nh Cng-sn phi
suy yu ri tn li! Nhng khng ng cng ngy Cng-sn
cng bnh-trng thm.
V t ai, Nga-s ln lt st-nhp cc nc nh
vng Ba-Nh-Cn v ng-u nh Georgia (1921), Ukraine
(1922), Lithuania (1940) v gin-tip hay trc-tip t ch
thng-tr trn cc nc khc nh Ba-Lan, Tip-Khc, HungGia-Li, Bo-Gia-Li, L-Ma-Ni v.v., nht l k t khi MaoTrch-ng thnh-cng trong vic kim-sot ton-th lca Trung-Hoa vo cui nm 1949, sau l v phn-chia
lnh-th Hn-quc (1953) v Vit-Nam (1954), Cng-sn
cng ngy cng ln t.
nhng nc m Cng-sn khng th thng v qun-s,
khng th t c mt chnh-quyn Cng-sn, th h tm
ht cch tuyn-truyn -kch cc chnh-ph hin-hu,
xi dc dn-chng ni lon, v khng b l mt c-hi no
t c-s Cng-sn ti khp ni. Hin nay, theo tng-kt
ca ci gi l i-hi cc ng Cng-sn v cng-nhn thgii thng 11-1960, trn ton th th-gii c ti 87 ng
cng-sn vi 36.000.000 ng-vin.
V phng-din tuyn-truyn v nh-hng kinh-t, vnha, Cng-sn quc-t lun lun a ra nhng con mi hpdn qua cc hnh-thc dn-ch, i-quc, ha-bnh, sng
chung, trung-lp, gii-phng chng thc-dn, -quc v.v..
Mt s lnh-t cc quc-gia nhc-tiu mi dnh c clp hoc v t-i, b lng-gt, hoc v thiu kinh-nghim vi
Cng-sn, hoc v mun li-dng s xung-t gia cc
cng-quc Ty Phng vi khi Cng, khng ngn-ngi
tuyn-b trung-lp, ng-h lp-trng sng chung ha-bnh
Sng trn dng
17
ca Cng-sn. H chp nhn vin-tr kinh-t, lin-lc vnha vi Nga-s, cho bn cn-b v sn-phm tuyntruyn Cng-sn trn vo nc h; trong khi dn chng cha
kin-thc vn-ha, cha c kinh-nghim chnh-tr, li
ang sn mi thm th vi Ty Phng, v ch- thc-dn
cn s s trc mt, hoc v bao k-nim khng p ca
nhng nm trc kia sng di ch -h bo-tn. Nh vy
th trnh sao c sc hp dn ca Cng-sn?
Ngy nay, sau khi thng th Ai-Lao, ln chn Cuba,
Cng-sn li cn m-mu ln mi. Quyt-nh ca Nga-s
k hip-c vi Bc-Hn, ng-c, bn thng-co chung
(mt hnh-thc hip-c, v cn n ci hip-nh Genve)
ca Khroutchev v Phm-Vn-ng (4-7-61) c th coi l
nhng li thch thc, nhng hnh-ng khiu khch, khng
cn coi th-gii t-do ra g.
***
Nhng bin-c chnh-tr quc-t trong ngt mt na thk va qua, nht l nhng thi- ngang ngc khiu-khch
ca Cng-sn t u nm 1961 khin nhng ngi quc-gia
chng Cng phi tm suy ngh.
Thi-gian th thch v lch-s tin-b ca khoa-hc
kinh-t, chnh-tr, trit-hc chng-minh rng hc-thuyt
Mc-xt, ch-ngha duy-vt, ch- Cng-sn l li thi, lchu. Nhng ngi cn cht lng-tri sau khi sng trong
ngc-t Cng-sn u cng nhn ch- Cng-sn ci m
h mnh danh l dn-ch mi, l dn-ch nhn-dn hay l
x-hi ch-ngha... l mt ch- khng th sng c v
n thiu tnh thng, thiu chn thnh, thiu t-do v khng
c nhn-phm.
Kinh-nghim cc tha-c Yalta, Potsdam 1945, Genve
1954 cho th-gii thy r gi-tr mt ch k, mt li camkt ca Cng-sn.
Nhng cho n nay Cng-sn vn cn ng pht-trin;
khng thiu nhng thanh-nin yu nc lao mnh vo con
18
ng cch-mng theo li Cng-sn nh nhng con thiu

thn v cn nhan nhn bit bao ngi dn cht-phc ngngvng ti mt ch- n-ha, trung-lp, trong QucCng
c th sng chung ha-bnh, trong t-do, no m! M thc ra
u phi ch c dn-chng thiu kinh-nghim v t hc, ngay
c nhng quc-trng, nhng chnh-khch li-lc cng
dng nh tin-tng nh vy. Roosevelt, Truman, Churchill,
De Gaulle, Laniel, Bidault, Mendes-France, Soekarno, Nehru
v.v., cng u i vo con ng lm l.
Mt cu hi m nhiu ngi t t cho mnh t lu
nay li hin ln mt cch khn-cp:
Ti sao mt ch-ngha c nhiu khuyt-im nh chngha Mc-xt, ti sao mt ch- phi-nhn nh ch-
Cng-sn c th trn lan mnh-lit v mau chng nh mt
ln sng d?
Phi chng v, d sai lc n u, Cng-sn vn c vi
im ng; d xu n u, Cng-sn cng c mt hai im
ph-hp vi lng ngi; m Cng-sn bit cch v chu kh
khai thc, truyn-b, cao nhng im ng, im hay ;
cn nhng ngi chng Cng th phn ng ch nhn thy
Cng-sn sai, xu, cho nn khinh ch; ngoi ra, trong hng
ng chng Cng li c mt s ngi b nh-hng suy-lun
theo duy-vt bin-chng-php, b la mt v mt s phngphp thc-hnh ca Tam Quc-t m cn-b Cng-sn
thng ca-tng l mi m v khoa-hc, cho nn s ch,
u hng ch ngay trc khi giao-chin. Chng ti khng
dm c-quyt mt cch v-on rng ch v nhng l-do .
C th cn nhiu l-do khc na. Chng ti thit tng c
th tm cch tr li cu hi trn y d sao cng l mt vic
hu-ch.
Saigon, Quc Khnh 1961
MA MAI THAY,
MT LI CNH CO
N T, binh-php-gia s mt ca Trung-quc vo
th-k th V trc lch Thin-Cha, khi bn v chunb tn-cng trong thin th ba ca 13 thin chin-php
vit:
Bit ngi, bit mnh, trm trn trm thng.
Danh-ngn ny c cc binh-php-gia kim c, cc
chin-lc-gia qun-s cng nh tm-l-chin trng i nhc
li bit bao nhiu ln. Cc cn-b chng Cng thi nay cng
khng ngt t nhc nh nh vy. M khng c g cn-b
chng Cng, ngay lnh-t Cng-sn nh Mao-Trch-ng
cng tng nhc ti nguyn-tc cn-bn ny mt cch knhcn trong bi din-vn c ti trng i-Hc Qun-Chnh
19
20
Din-An hi thng 8-1937. Nhng ma mai thay! Chnh

Mao-Trch-ng, k knh-cn nhc n i-danh Tn T,
-cao nguyn-tc cn bit ch, li cng l k th ph-bnh
rng chng ta khinh ch: bn v vn- chin-lc trong
chin-tranh cch-mng h Mao ni:
i phng ca chng ta khng hiu rng trong
chin-tranh chng Cng, h cn phi c mt chinlc, chin-thut mi. vo u-th ca h trn mi
a-ht, h khinh ta v c-chp bu vu vo
nhng phng-sch chin-tranh c-k c h.
Cch y 25 nm (thng 12-1936) ng l nhng li trn
y phi c nh cm quyn Quc-Dn ng coi l nhng
li cnh-co chn thnh. Thng-li ca Trung-cng vo cui
nm 1949 chng-minh cho li ni ca Cng-sn khng
phi hon-ton v-l.
Nhng hnh nh trong hin-tnh th-gii ngy nay, cu
ni vn cn c mt -ngha ma mai. C l nhng ngi
chng Cng vn cha hiu r Cng-sn, cho nn vn cha
p-dng nhng bin-php chng Cng hu-hiu hn. Chng
ta hy nghe nhng tc-gi tng chuyn ch vo vic
nghin-cu m-mu v sch-lc Cng-sn ln ting gn
y v vn- ny.
Lm-Ng-ng, tc-gi cun B-Danh, xut-bn nm
1958, vit:
Tm hiu v sch-lc xm-lng gin-tip ca
Cng-sn l iu rt cn-thit.1
Allen Dulles sau 10 nm iu-khin Trung-ng Tnhbo M, hng ngy vi u gia nhng chng h-s dy
cm ti-liu tin-tc v hot-ng Cng-sn khp nm chu
xc-nhn mi y rng:
Sch trch dn trang 194 (bn dch Ngn Lun)
Sng trn dng
21
Mun thng Cng-sn, trc ht phi bit r Cngsn.1

Bi bo ny, cng-b vo dp vt thng Ai-Lao v Cuba
cn mng m, ni ln ht ci ngha hm sc ca n. Sau
nhng tht-bi -ch, gii tnh-bo c thm-quyn Hoa-K
dng nh mun ni trng ra rng th-gii t-do vn cha
hiu r v Cng-sn. V vy m Cng-sn vn cn ln t. C
phi Allen Dulles ch mun ni n nhng hiu bit v lclng qun-s, chin-lc, chin-thut hnh qun m thi,
hay ng cn mun ni g hn th na? y nguyn-vn lil ca cu ch-huy Trung-ng Tnh-bo M:
Trc mt chng ta, khng phi l mt cuc phnlon quc-t do nhng k gian-c ch bit ham mun
quyn-lc c-nhn m-mu. Nu ch c th th ti y
bt y ny. V ch cn mt on cnh-st t-chc
chu-o l lm chng tan r. Thc ra mi e-da
trn chng ta nng n hn th nhiu. Trc ht l v
nhiu ngi Cng-sn khng phi l nhng tay phnlon m l nhng ngi c kh-nng, c uy-tn, c
tm-hn thnh-thc say sa cch-mng. H thm-tn
rng h hot-ng cho cuc tin-ha nhn-loi. Nhiu
ngi sn sng hy-sinh cho l-tng . Ta khng th
ly bo-lc nh l-tng ca h, m phi c
mt l-tng khc hp l hn, tha-ng hn l-tng
ca h.
l v cn-b Cng-sn, v l-tng Cng-sn hay
ng ra mt th o-tng thc s hp dn i vi mt s
ngi chn-thc v mt s khc ngy-ng.
V m-mu v sch-lc Cng-sn, Allen Dulles vit:
Cc k-hoch, cc li tuyn-b v cc hnh-ng ca
Nga-s chng-minh rng thc t h khng tin thuyt
sng chung. Cc ngi Cng-sn c mt k-hoch
1
Selection Readers Digest, April 1961
22
chinh-phc. H khng nhm g hn l thng-tr thgii. i vi Cng-sn, dng lch-s tt-yu khng th
i khc: Cng-sn s ton thng.
Thc ra, ngay t khi bn tuyn-ngn Cng-sn ca Marx
v Engels ra i (1848) v nht l qua cc li tuyn-b, qua
hnh-ng ca cc lnh-t Cng-sn, khng cn ai sng sut
theo ri thi-cuc c th nghi-ng iu m Allen Dulles
ngy nay mi ni ra v m-mu thng-tr th-gii ca Cngsn. Chng ti s xin tr li vn ny mt cch chi-tit hn
nhng trang sp ti. Nhng c mt iu t ngi ngh
nh Allen Dulles l lng nhit-thnh tin-tng v ch hnghi phn-u ca mt s ng nhng ng vin Cng-sn c
thm-quyn, uy-tn. Chnh nhng phn-t ny l ci linhhn, l ng-c thc y s trn dng ca ln sng .
Nhng sng-kin mi m, nhng c-gng phi-thng, nhng
hy-sinh x-k, nhng k-hoch, phng-cch ra mt cch
t-m xc-thc, s theo ri cn k, p-dng thi-hnh n ni
n chn... l do nhng tm lng cung say o-tng .
iu ny ng lm cho cc chuyn-gia chng Cng-sn
ch tm nghin-cu, suy-ngh, tm ra nhng l do xcthc nht ng hu c th p-dng mt i-sch hu-hiu hn
chng li ln sng .
c th phn-tch vn- mt cch khch-quan, gt b
mi thnh-kin sn c v Cng-sn, chng ti tm phc-ha
mt -n nghin-cu sau y:
1. Trc ht, cn phi xc-nhn li, qua li-l ca cc lnht Cng-sn v qua cc s kin lch-s th-gii, coi c
phi thc s m-mu ca Cng-sn l thng-tr th-gii,
nhum c hon-cu hay khng.
Vic ny nhiu ngi c th cho l tha, v ch nhng ai
qu lc-quan, nu khng phi l kh-kho, mi cn
nghi-ng -ch thng-tr th-gii ca Cng-sn. Tuynhin, chng ti mun rng c nhng ngi cng phi
Sng trn dng
23
cng-nhn s khch-quan v chnh-xc ca cc ti-liu

c trnh-by trong tp sch ny.
2. Tip n, phn-tch cc quy-lut ca Duy-vt bin-chng
php tm hiu l-li suy-lun v hnh-ng ca cc
cn-b Cng-sn, ng thi xem xt coi Cng-sn pdng nhng quy-lut ny vo sch-lc xm-lng kho
lo nh th no.
c bit nghim xt mt s sch-lc chnh thng c
Cng-sn p-dng nhiu nht.
3. Sau khi thy r m-mu ca Cng-sn quc-t, thng
hiu l li suy-lun cng phng-cch hot-ng ca
Cng-sn thc-hin m-mu ny, chng ta s bt u
gi li my trang Vit s k t ngy c mm-mng
Cng-sn tm hiu r -nh v phng-php hotng ca Vit-minh Cng-sn hay ng ra l Cng-sn
quc-t ti Vit-Nam v c vng ng Nam -chu ny.
Chng ti s phn-tch k cc bin-c chnh-tr ti VitNam trong nhng nm gn y ng thi cng tm hiu
cc k-sch giai-on, tiu-tit m h p-dng ti aphng ny. Nhng chng ti quan-nim rng sch-lc
Cng-sn t trc vn thng-nht, ngha l do mt b
ch-huy duy nht in Cm-Linh iu-khin. Hn na,
cn-b Cng-sn trn khp th-gii u chp nhn mt
h thng t-tng duy nht l ch-ngha McL. Do
nu chng ta ch nghin-cu cc s-kin xy ra VitNam th khng th no hiu cho thu o c. V vy
m cn phi c 2 on trn. Hai on ny s l chic cha
kha gii thch mt cch c h-thng nhng s vic
xy ra Vit-Nam do bn tay Cng-sn v l mt th
knh hin-vi gip cho ngi su-tm c th d nhn thy
ng ngha ca mi s kin, ng m-mu, hu ca
Cng-sn m nhng cp mt nhn-xt thng thng kh
c th nhn ra c.
PHN I
SIU-THC-DN
hay
THC-DN-
Cc ngi Cng-sn v giai-cp cngnhn s c gng v u-tranh t ti

mc-ch v-i ny l lm cho ch-ngha
Cng-sn thng-tr trn hon-v.
(Khroutchev, 6-1-1961)
CHIC CU KH
CA H-CH-MINH
RONG bi bo Mun thng Cng-sn, trc ht cn

phi bit r Cng-sn, ng Allen Dulles vit:
Cng-sn c mt k-hoch chinh-phc. H khng

nhm g hn l thng-tr th-gii.
Hai thng sau, Tng-thng Hoa-K Kennedy cng xcnhn iu . Trong bn phc-trnh c trc quc-dn M
trn v-tuyn truyn-hnh ngy 6-6-61 v cuc du-hnh
Ba-L, Vienne v Lun-n, ng ni rt nhiu n cuc
gp-g Th-tng Nga-s Nikita Khroutchev. Tng-thng
M thut li rng trong khi tip-xc vi ng, Khroutchev
t ra:
Tin-tng rng ch-ngha Cng-sn th-gii s bnhtrng... V trn ht, ng (Khroutchev) tin-on s
ton thng ca ch-ngha Cng-sn ti nhng tn
quc-gia v nhng quc-gia km m-mang.
ng tin chc rng ln sng nhng quc-gia trn
ng dng ln theo ng-li ca ng, rng cuc
cch-mng ca nhng dn-tc ang chi dy cui cng
s tr thnh mt cuc cch-mng Cng-sn v nhng
cuc chin-tranh gii-phng do in Cm-Linh ng-h
s thay th cho nhng phng-php xm-lng trc-tip
c.
Nhng li-l trn y ca mt v ch-huy-trng Trungng Tnh-bo M v mt v quc-trng lnh-o th-gii
t-do nh Tng-thng Kennedy tng qu cho chng ta
tin l thc. Tuy-nhin cng nn nhc li mt vi li tuyn-b
mi y ca nh c-ti , chng-t rng khng nhng
Cng-sn cc chnh-khch tinh-t nhn ra m-mu ca
h, m cn hn th na, chnh h khng ngn-ngi tuyn-b
toc ra.
27
28
Trong phn kt-thc bn bo-co c trc hi-ngh cc

t-chc ng on Nga-cng cnh y-ban trung-ng hm
6-1-61 v i-hi cc ng Cng-sn v ng Cng-nhn
thng 11-60, Khroutchev ni:
Cc ngi Cng-sn v giai-cp Cng-nhn s c
gng v u-tranh t ti mc-tiu v-i ny l
lm cho ch-ngha Cng-sn thng-tr trn hon-v...
ng Cng-sn Nga-s s trung-thnh nghe theo ting
gi ca Lnine u-tranh khng ngng cho chngha Cng-sn ton thng...1
Cng trong bn bo-co ny, nhiu on khc,
Khroutchev nhc li -ch thng-tr th-gii ny, chng
hn:
S ton thng ca giai-cp cng-nhn trn khp thgii, s ton thng ca x-hi ch-ngha s xa b ht
mi nguyn-nhn x-hi hay quc-gia c th gy nn
chin-tranh.
V mt on sau:
Giai-cp cng-nhn ng iu-khin mt phn ln
th-gii v mt ngy kia s b-ch th-gii.
Ngy l ngy no? Chnh Khroutchev trong dp thm
ving th- o-quc cui nm 1960 ni mt cch say
sa rng:
i vn lm. Ti c ao c sng cho ti ngy ti
trng thy l c bay php phi trn ton th-gii.2
Nhng li-l trn y bc l -nh thng-tr th-gii ca
lnh-t Nga-cng, m cng l cha trm Cng-sn quc-t
hin nay.
1
2
Tn Tp-ch Quc-t, Nguyt san s 1 nm 1961

Theo bo gii o dp hi m 2K, ngy 3-6-61 ti Vienne.
Chic cu kh ca H-Ch-Minh
29
Lnh-t Trung-cng, nh l-thuyt-gia ca cc ch con

ng Tri Cng-sn cng bc l khng km.
Cui thng 9-1960, nhn dp pht-hnh tp IV ca b
Mao-Trch-ng tuyn tp cc bo C v Nhn-dn
Nht-bo Bc-Kinh thi nhau nhc li nhng li-l hiuchin ca Mao-Trch-ng. Theo Mao th cn phi gy
chin-tranh cho ch-ngha Cng-sn tin ln mi v ch
khi no Cng-sn quc-t ton thng th him-ha chintranh mi ht.1
Cng nh s ton thng ca cuc cch-mng Trungquc (m ch cuc chin-thng ca Cng qun TrungHoa cui nm 1949) chm dt ni chin, th mt
cuc ton thng ca cch-mng th-gii (cch-mng
v-sn, hay xm-lng ca Cng-sn quc-t) cng s
chm dt him-ha mt cuc th chin.
V mt on khc:
n lc cch-mng chn mi, th nhn-dn khingha v-trang l mt phng-tin quan-trng nht
nh ch- chuyn-ch (m ch gii t-bn quc).
Bi x-lun ca t nguyt-san Hc Tp thng 7-19612
vit:
Mu-thun gia mt bn l nhn-dn min Nam bao
gm giai-cp cng-nhn, giai-cp nng-dn, giai-cp
tiu-t-sn, giai-cp t-sn dn-tc, cc tng-lp v
c-nhn yu nc khc, mt bn l -quc M v bn
tay sai ca chng gm nhng bn thn M phn-ng
nht trong giai-cp a-ch v t-sn mi-bn ngy
cng bc l su sc, kch lit v ch c th gii-quyt
bng cch nh chnh-quyn min Nam.
1
Theo ti-liu su tm ca T-chc Lin Phng ng Nam

1961
2
Tp-ch l-lun v chnh-tr ca ng Lao-ng Vit-Nam
30
Cng trong t bo ni trn, s 7, mt ng-vin Cngsn, Lu-Qu-K, vit vi hng tt ln:

Ch c nh b my nh nc phn-ng min
Nam mi gii-quyt c mu-thun su sc nht
trong x-hi min Nam hin nay.
Nhng lun-iu trn y, nhan nhn trn bo-ch Vitcng, ch l lp li mt cch my mc nhng iu ghi trong
quyt-ngh i-hi ng Lao-ng th III hp ti H-Ni t
5 n 10 thng 9-1960. Trong bn quyt-ngh ny c cu:
Trong s-nghip hon thnh cch-mng dn-tc dnch nhn-dn trong c nc, thc-hin thng-nht
nc nh, ng bo ta min Nam c nhim-v trctip nh ch thng-tr ca -quc M v bn tay
sai ca chng gii-phng min Nam.
Cng trong i-hi ny, L-Dun t bt u gi
chc nht b-th, tc tng b-th c ni ln -nh
ca Vit-cng nh sau:
Mun thot khi cnh nc si la bng hin nay,
ngoi con ng nh chnh-ph Vit-Nam CngHa, gii-phng min Nam, thc-hin c-lp dn-tc
v ngi cy c rung, ng-bo min Nam khng cn
c con ng no khc.
Tuy ngh-quyt ca i-hi ng cng nh nht bth Vit-cng khng dm ni trng ra chnh Vit-cng chtrng nh chnh-ph Vit-Nam Cng-Ha m t trc
h lun lun mi mc hip-thng, lin-hip, v c
cho ng-bo min Nam mun lm cng vic . Nhng nu
em i chiu cu ni trn y ca L-Dun vi hnh-ng
cp bc ph-hoi, v m-mu tng khi-lon ca cn-b
Cng-sn nm vng hay ca cn-b mi c phi vo t
H-Ni trong nhng thng cui nm 1960 (trn Kontum
trong c mt cn-b cp s-on-trng b t-thng) v
dp bu-c tng-thng 9-4-61 (cc trn Kin-Phong, KinHa) th hiu y ch l mt kiu ni che y m Cng-
Chic cu kh ca H-Ch-Minh
31
sn thng dng nht trt trch-nhim cho nhn-dn theo

tiu-xo nm du tay ca h.
Chng ta cn nh khi H-Ch-Minh by gi l L-Thy
gp c Phan-Bi-Chu Trung-Hoa Lc-a vo nhng nm
trc 1930, y tng bc l nh sau:
Mun ti ch-ngha Cng-sn, phi qua ci cu
quc-gia.
Cu ny chng-t ngay t h H nhn ch-th ca
Mc-T-Khoa nhum ton ci Vit-Nam, bin t-quc
thn yu ca chng ta thnh mt ch-hu ca -quc Ngas. V s d ban u h H chu hp-tc vi nhng ngi
quc-gia cng nh chu thnh-lp cc ng cch-mng qucgia, mt-trn dn-tc v.v., cng ch v ng ta cn phi qua
chic cu kh ti b sng bn kia l ch- Cng-sn cti nh hin nay min Bc.
Thc ra m-mu b-ch hon-cu, nhum ton th
th-gii pht-sinh t nim tin-tng m Marx v Engels
gieo vo lng mt s thanh-nin bng bt ut-c trc ch t-bn t-do kinh-doanh, bc-lt lao-ng u-chu vo
trung-tun th-k 19. Marx dng khoa-hc, lch-s,
chnh-tr, kinh-t c gng chng-minh rng: theo nhlut mu-thun, ch- t-bn s b trit-h v gii v-sn s
ln nm chnh-quyn v thit-lp v-sn chuyn-chnh
khp ni.
C khc chng l khc iu ny: theo Marx th nu c
t n dng lch-s cng s tip-din ng y nh vy. Cn
Lnine, Staline, Mao-Trch-ng v Khroutchev th sau ny
c tnh hiu khc i v mi ngi p-dng mt cch khc.
H li-dng lng tin ca gii v-sn ca th-thuyn,
thanh-nin vo Marx v Engels thc y lp ngi ny
tranh u cho -quc Cng-sn v ng ra a Nga-s
ln a-v lnh-o quc-t Cng-sn, tp-trung mi quynlc, mi nh-hng, bt buc cc ng Cng-sn cc nc
theo k-sch ca in Cm-Linh.
SIU-THC-DN
hay THC-DN-
HNG li-l trn y ca mt s lnh-t Cng-sn

trc-tip hay gin-tip th-nhn m-mu xch-ha
hon-cu ca h. Nu chng ta lic nhn li mt cch
tng-qut nhng trang s th-gii t 45 nm qua, chng ta s
thy rng ch l nhng li xc-nhn nhng s vic xy
ra m thi.
iu m Cng-sn ln ting -kch nhiu nht t trc
n nay l ch-ngha thc-dn, ch-ngha -quc. K th
thng-trc, k th bt cng i thin ca Cng-sn, theo
ming li ca h l bn -quc. Nhng cng-vic m h
lm mt cch cung-tn chnh l thc-hin ch-ngha quc. C iu h kho lo khai-thc kha cnh mi m v
nhng nhc-im thng-thng ca tm-l qun-chng,
tm-l nhng dn-tc b tr, thc-hin mng xm-lng m
qun-chng, nhng dn-tc b tr khng ng ti.
32
Siu thc dn hay thc dn
33
Ngay sau khi cp c chnh-quyn Nga-s ngy 7-71917.1 Cng-sn dng mi bin-php k c nhng binphp d-man nht, gian-manh nht mt mt cng-c
chnh-quyn trong nc, mt mt bnh-trng th-lc ra cc
nc ln-bang v sau ht can-thip vo ni-b cc nc trn
khp hon-cu, xi gic gy lon v ng-h cc cuc ni
lon theo chiu hng c li cho s bnh-trng Cng-sn.
Chnh Lnine ch th cho cn-b Cng-sn cc cp:
Khng c li bc trc bt c hy-sinh no, phi
vt cc tr ngi ln lao nht xi gic ni lon v
y mnh cng-tc tuyn-truyn mt cch nht quyt,
bn b. Phi bit dng mi chin-lc, mi mnh-li,
th-on, nhng cch thc hot-ng, ngm ngm lm
thinh v che giu s tht, nhm mc-ch duy nht l
1
Ngy m Cng-sn thng gi l Cch-mng thng mi.

Thc ra cuc cch-mng ca nhn-dn Nga nh Nga-Hong
xy ra vo trung-tun thng ba. Mt chnh-ph lm-thi do
Kerensky cm u ln nm chnh quyn gm c cc thnh phn
cch-mnh x-hi (i a s), nhm Menshevik (theo Nga ng
c ngha l thiu s) v nhm Bolshevik (tc Cng-sn theo Nga
ng c ngha l a s). Nhng sau ny nhm Bolshevik m
mu o chnh v thnh-cng trong vic thnh-lp mt chnh
ph Cng-sn vo ngy 11-7-1917 nh du mt giai on mi
trong lch-s Nga, m mt trang s m mu cho nhn loi.
Cng-sn gi cuc o chnh cp quyn y l Cch-mng
gii thch s thc-hin ch-ngha Mc-xt. Nhng nu gi
c l Cch-mng th chnh cuc cch-mng ny, Marx b
phn bi, nu khng mun ni rng cuc cch-mng ny
chng-minh cn-bn sai lm, thiu khoa-hc, phn lch-s ca
thuyt Mc-xt v cch-mng v-sn. Bi v theo duy-vt binchng-php ca Marx, trong x-hi t-bn c sn mm (muthun) tiu dit n l gii v-sn: khi ch-ngha t-bn ti tuyt
ch ca n th cuc cch-mng v-sn chuyn-chnh s thay th
cho t-bn -quc. ng ny x-hi Nga thi y ch l mt xhi nng nghip ch khng phi l mt x-hi t-bn, ni chi
n t-bn tuyt nh. Bi vy theo ng Mc-xt th khng lm
g c cch-mng v-sn Nga.
34
lt vo cc nghip-on, bm st v hng dn
hot-ng Cng-sn vi bt c gi no.
Cc lnh-t Cng-sn Nga trit p-dng nhng
phng-php ny vo vic cng-c chnh-quyn trong nc
v bnh-trng th-lc chnh-tr quc-t.
Cng cuc u tin ca Lnine khi ln cm quyn l cho
thnh-lp mt t-chc mt-v (Cheka) vo ngy 20 thng 12
nm 1917 dng lm cng-c bn nhy khng-b.
Trc ht l cuc khng-b cc thnh-phn Dn-ch Xhi, nhng phn-t lin-kt vi Lnine trong cuc cchmng nh Nga Hong Nicolas. Ri ln lt tt c cc
tng lp nhn-dn cng nh chnh cn-b Bolshevik, t ththuyn, thy-th (cuc khi-ngha Kronstadt t 23-2 ti
17-3-1921), nng-dn, binh-s cho ti cc ng-ch bn b
thn-tn ca Staline (Kirov, Kamenev, Zinoviev..)
Vi c-quan mt-v tn-bo c mt khng hai ny v
chnh-sch khng-b, thanh-trng n trit-, ng Ngacng khut-phc, loi tr, t-lit v tiu-dit hu ht
nhng ngi gan d nht, bt khut nht, cn mun chng li
ng-li ca cc lnh-t in Cm-Linh.
Theo Lm-Ng-ng, tc gi cun B-Danh xut-bn
nm 1958, th s ngi b Cng-sn giam cm cc tri tptrung, lao-cng cng-bch ti Ty-B-Li- l 10 triu
ngi.1
Nhng cuc khng-b d-man, tn bo ny c th ni l
ch tm thi gim cng- vo giai-on ni-chin t 1918
ti 1920. Trong thi-gian ny nh cm quyn Mc-T-Khoa
kho lo cao tnh yu nc, mt tinh-thn c-hu ca
ngi Nga ku gi cc tng lp nhn-dn on-kt hysinh chng li him ha ngoi-xm.
Op.Cit.: trang 143, bn dch ca Ngn Lun
Siu thc dn hay thc dn
35
V k t ngy Khroutchev c bi din-vn trng-giang

i-hi h b Staline (thng 2-1956) xem ra nhng cuc
thanh-trng khng-b trong nc bt dn. Lnh-t ng
kim Nga-cng, trong tnh-th nguy-nan ca ch- i vi
th-gii cng nh ngay trong ni-b, liu-lnh v gianmanh n tt , ht lm li ln u mt lnh-t cht.
V vn bnh-trng th-lc chnh-tr quc-t th Ngas bt u thi-th ti lt lng ngay t nm 1921 v ri
1922 khi xua qun thn-tnh hai x Georgia v Ukraine m
khng y mt nm trc chnh Nga-s cng nhn clp v k-kt hip-c lin minh. Tip n l lnh th BaLan v mm Karelie thuc Phn-Lan b xm chim vo nm
1939. Cc x Estonia, Latvia v Lithuania cng b Nga-s
thn tnh vo nm sau. Ri n cc nc khc nh HungGia-Li, Tip-Khc, L-Ma-Ni, Bo-Gia-Li, v.v., b
Cng-sn khuynh o bng tuyn-truyn, khng-b trong
nc vi s tr lc qun-s v p lc chnh-tr ca Nga-s
bin thnh nhng nc ch-hu l thuc hon ton vo
chnh-sch ca mu quc.
Trong s cc quc-gia b Cng-sn lng-on v bin
thnh ch-hu Cng-sn sau mt thi gian, cn phi ch
n trng-hp Trung-Hoa Lc-a, mt ch-hu hin nay,
t mnh cng c mt th lc v l-thuyt v mt sc
mnh vt cht ng ngi i vi Nga-s.
Trng-hp Trung-cng l mt trng-hp c bit
khng nhng v l mt ch-hu ln mnh nht, m cn v
cn-b Cng-sn y t c nhng thnh-tch vvang trong mt cuc u-tranh gian kh sut mi my nm
trng v rt ta c nhng kinh-nghim ring, c th
gip rt nhiu vo cng cuc xch ha -chu ca Cng-sn
quc-t.
LIN NGA DUNG CNG

hay l NUI ONG TAY O
GAY hi cn lu vong u Ty, Lnine ngh n

khi ngi v ti-nguyn to ln ca Trung-Hoa. Cho
nn va ln nm chnh-quyn, Lnine lin t ra vevn nc ny v tuyn-b t b v-iu-kin mi quyn-li
m Nga c y t trc. Thi- rt tm-l ny, song-song
vi s ch , thn phc ca mt s thanh-nin tr-thc
Trung-Hoa i vi ch-ngha Mc-xt v cuc cch-mng
1917 Nga gieo vo u c cc ch con Tri mt nim
hy-vng ni s gip ca Nga-s.
36
Lin NgaDung Cng hay l nui ong tay o
37
Trong lc Trn-c-T, Chu-n-Lai, L-Lp-Tam, Chuc... say m nghin-cu Mc-xt v bt u t nn mng

u tin cho ng Cng-sn Trung-Hoa, th Tn-Dt-Tin,
lnh-t Quc-dn ng ny ra kin ku gi s gip ca
Nga-s, sau nhiu ln yu-cu v-ch s ng-h ca cc
cng-quc Ty-phng.
Chnh-sch Lin NgaDung Cng a ra, Nga lin phi
Borodine v mt s cn-b sang Trung-quc ly c lm cvn cho Quc-dn ng, nhng nhim-v chnh l hng
dn ng Cng-sn Trung-Hoa t t v kho lo, li-dng
s hp-tc Quc-Cng, tin ln nm ly chnh-quyn.
V lc-lng Quc-dn ng lc by gi hng-hu, uytn ca Tn-Dt-Tin i vi quc-dn rt ln, m lc lng
v nh-hng ca Trung-cng cha c g ng k, cho nn
s hp-tc ko di sut t 1921, l nm chnh thc thnhlp ng Cng-sn Trung-Hoa cho ti nm 1927 l nm
Tng-Gii-Thch khm ph ra m-mu lng-on ca
Trung-cng, s phn-bi ca cc c-vn Nga-s, v ng bt
u n-p Cng-sn cng bn t phi Quc-dn ng
Hn-Khu.
Mi nm chng i qua i.
Cho n khi Tng-Gii-Thch thy cn thi-hnh mt
chnh-sch on-kt cht ch chng Nht vo nm 1937. S
hp-tc Quc-Cng li ti din.
C hai thi-k 16 nm hp-tc, Trung-cng lun lun li
dng uy-th Quc-dn ng gy thm c-s ng Cngsn. Ngay c trong thi gian m cn-b Cng-sn gia-nhp
Quc-dn ng, h vn ln-lt b mt sinh hot ring vi
nhau v tm ht mi cch gy thm nh-hng uy-tn i vi
dn-chng Trung-Hoa, nhng ni m lc-lng Cng-sn
tng-i kh-quan, h cho thc-hin nhng chnh-sch
ring bit v nng-thn nh ring r ci-cch rung t, tchc cc hip-hi nng-dn t cn-b lm nng-ct
lnh-o nng-dn theo ng-li Cng-sn.
38
Trong thi-gian chng Nht, Cng-sn kho lo lidng lng yu nc ca qun-chng, s cm-phn ca nhndn i vi pht-xt Nht ph-trng thanh-th, ng thi
li-dng s t-do, d di trong khi hp-tc vi chnh-quyn
Quc-dn ng lp thm chin-khu, m thm lnh, ly c
l khng Nht, nhng thc ra dnh sau ny chng li
Quc-dn ng, hu nm trn quyn kim-sot trong nc;
cn vic khng Nht th Trung-cng cng ch lm khi no
thc-s c li cho uy-tn v tim-lc ca h thi.
Trong khi hp-tc ln th hai, Quc-dn ng cng rt
kinh-nghim ln trc va hp-tc va nghi-k -phng
v i khi khng trnh c x-xt. Tuy vy s hp-tc vn
rt tai-hi ri sau ny Cng-sn ln t, li dng nhng
mu-thun ni b, nhng s h, bt cng, thi nt ca chnhquyn Quc-dn ng, ngha l ni theo duy-vt binchng-php nhng mu-thun gia chnh-quyn vi dn
chuyn bi thnh thng.
Con ngi lnh-o Trung-cng trong sut thi-gian
hp-tc ln th hai ny l Mao-Trch-ng, k kch-lit
-kch chnh-sch hp-tc ca Trn-c-T giai-on u
(1921-1927). Khi m-mu lng-on ph-hoi ca Cng-sn
bi l, Tng-Gii-Thch quay ra n-p Cng-sn v tphi th Trn-c-T b trit-h vi chnh-sch hp-tc
ln u. L-Lp-Tam thay th Trn-c-T lnh-o
ng Cng-sn Trung-Hoa trong 3 nm.
Nhng sau h L b Mao-Trch-ng nh
cng vi chnh-sch ly thnh-th hng dn thn-qu ca y.
Mao-Trch-ng thay th chnh-sch ny bng chnhsch ly nng-thn bao vy thnh-th. Mao nm trn
quyn lnh-o Trung-cng t . V cuc ton thng ca
Trung-cng vo nm 1949 phi l cng ln ca l-thuyt-gia
Mc-xt ny.
Cuc hp-tc gng go gia QucCng ln ny ko
di cho n khong 1945, l nm Nht u hng ng-minh,
th ht l-do, cho nn chm dt bng mt giai-on knh
39
chng kch-lit mt mt mt cn vi nhau. Nhng trn nh

ln bng n vo nm 1947. Cng qun trong nm , mc d
v qun-s v v-trang ch bng mt na quc-qun, nhng
nh c c-s ng khp ni v lc lng tuyn-truyn vtrang tin-b hn nn cui cng thng.
Trong khi tranh-u, v mt qun-s Cng-qun trit p-dng chin-thut du-kch, ta nh dn mn tiu hao
lc lng ca ch v v mt chnh-tr tip tc p-dng
chnh-sch ci-cch rung t ti nhng vng chim ng.
Chnh-sch ci-cch rung t gip Cng-qun dnh c
hu-thun ca dn chng, do chnh-sch ly thn-qu bao
vy thnh-th v chin-thut du-kch c thi-hnh trong
nhng iu-kin thun-li nht.
n cui nm 1949, sau khi kim-sot gn ton th lca Trung-Hoa, Mao tuyn-b thnh-lp ch- CngHa Nhn-Dn v lp tc c Nga-s l nc u tin
cng-nhn, mc d Nga-s tng nhn gip chnhquyn Trung-Hoa Quc-gia.
iu ny cng chng-t m-mu u tin ca Nga-s khi
nhn gip Tn-Dt-Tin l nhm li ko Quc-dn ng vo
vng nh-hng ca Cng-sn quc-t; bng khng c th
s li-dng s hp-tc tm thi ny mi da nanh vut
cho con bo Trung-cng n ngy bn nhn, hu c th
nut sng c mt khi ngi v-i trn 600 triu hin nay.
C nhin vic u tin ca Trung-cng cng nh Nga-s,
sau khi ln nm chnh-quyn, l lo cng-c ni-b, n-p
i-lp, ri dn dn bnh-trng th-lc sang cc nc
khc. H coi l nhim-v quc-t ca ngi cn-b Mcxt.
Trung-cng cho nu ln mt nhn hiu chnh-tr mi
m, sn pht bng nhng mu m sc-s l chnh-sch tn
dn-ch. C th ni y l sng kin ca Mao-Trch-ng
a ra lm on ng trung gian ni lin 2 giai-on: t-
40
bn dn-ch x-hi ch-ngha. Mt mt-trn thng-nht ra

i.
Chnh-sch ci-cch rung t tip tc thc-hin v c
k-hoch-ha cho ton quc. Chnh-sch ny ha s cho
ngi nng-dn ngho c c rung cy ba, ta-n nhndn c thit-lp ti cc thn-qu qui-nh thnh-phn
v phn chia rung t.
Mt b my cng-an v-i c dng ln khng-b,
tiu-dit cc phn-t chng-i hay lng chng.
Ngay cui nm 1949, Tn-Cng b Trung-cng stnhp, v n thng 10-1950 Hng-qun trn sang Ty-Tng.
Cuc khng-chin ca dn chng con chu c Pht tipdin m- t y v n nm 1956 th bng dy thnh mt
cuc khi ngha lch-s. Nhng Trung-cng c mnh li
tm thi gi cho cuc khi-ngha khi lan ra.
Trong thi-gian cn km th, b Quc-dn ch ng,
Trung-cng tng ngm ngm lin lc vi cc ng Cngsn Vit-Nam, M-Lai, Phi-Lut-Tn, Min-in. n khi
nm c quyn kim-sot lc-a, Trung-cng lin cng
nhn ch- Vit-cng (1-1950), nhng tay vo chin-trng
Cao-Ly v ngy nay chi-phi hu ht cc ng Cng-sn
ng Nam . ng Cng-sn M-Lai, hin nay k nh b
tan r, l mt ng ngoi-quc m hu ht ng vin l ngi
Trung-Hoa.
C-vn Trung-cng v v-kh Nga-s, Tip-Khc t BcKinh xut-hin trn cc chin-trng in-Bin-Ph
(1954), Ai-Lao (1960-1961), Algrie v.v..
l cha k hu ht cc cuc tranh-chp ni-b, cc v
nh-cng bi-th, cc cuc ni bin c bn tay Nga-s hay
Cng-sn git dy, xi gic.
Nghin-cu cc s kin xy ra ti Trung-Hoa t 1921 l
nm thnh-lp ng Cng-sn Trung-Hoa, mun thy r mmu ca Nga-s, khng nn ch nhn vo s gip b
41
ngoi m Cng-sn Nga dnh cho Quc-dn ng, cng

khng nn nhn vo hip-c m Nga-s k vi TrungHoa Quc-gia vo nm 1945 v vn Mn-Chu; m tri
li cn phi xt c bit trng-hp thnh-lp ng Cng-sn
Trung-Hoa, nhng hnh-ng ca Borodine b-mt ch-huy
Trung-cng v ngm ngm ra lnh cho cn-b Cng-sn
ph-hoi cc k-sch Quc-dn ng.1 Cng cn xem xt
cn thn vic Nga-s tht-c khi cng vi Trung-cng
xm chim Mn-Chu, v thi- ho-hc, nim n ca
Nga-s trc tin tuyn-b cng-nhn ch- Trung-cng,
va khi nhm ny nm trn quyn kim-sot Trung-Hoa lca vo cui nm 1949.
C l Trung-Hoa Quc-dn ng thi y khng ng, cc
cng-quc Ty-phng v Nht-bn na cng khng ng.
Nhng Nga-s suy ngh chn chn v dng- xch-ha
mt nc ln nht -chu, khi chp-nhn gi c-vn v
phng-tin sang gip cho Tn-Dt-Tin khi nh cchmng lng danh ca Trung-Hoa a ra chnh-sch Lin
NgaDung Cng.2
Vo khong u nm 1927, nh cm quyn Trung-Hoa Quc-gia

ti Bc-Kinh bt c mt bc th ca ta i-s Nga gi cho
Trung-cng xi dc:
Dng mi bin-php thc y qun-chng bi ngoi, khiukhch cho ngi ngoi-quc tr th. Mun t c mc-ch
ny khng c li bc trc bt c th on no ngay c
cp bc, tn st. V khi c s x-xt gia ngi u v ngi
Trung-Hoa th cn phi phng-i ra khuy ng lng dn
cho ri lon
Sau Quc-dn ng li chn bt c mt mt in ca
Borodine gi cho y-vin qun-s Nga l Dorosky ra lnh cho y
ph-hoi chng-trnh tin v pha Bc.
2
Ngi ta cn nh Lnine khi cn sinh thi ni: Con ng i
ti Ba-L phi qua Bc-Kinh.
VIN THUC C BC NG
UT trong 44 nm qua -quc Nga-s khng thi

bnh-trng. Ln sng khng dng Nga, cc
nc vng Ba-Nh-Cn, cc nc ng-u, th n
cng ng c gng trn qua dy Hy-M-Lp-Sn, dy
Trng-Sn, v-tuyn 38. Ln sng c chu dng li
nhng bin-gii ny khng, iu cn ty thuc -ch
chng Cng ca cc nh cm quyn v s tnh-ng ca i
a-s dn-chng cc vng ny. Nhng c mt iu chc
chn l Cng-sn ng lm ht cch trn lan ra. Nhng
s vic xy ra my nm gn y chng-t iu .
Mi c 5 nm qua k t ngy n- a ra nm nguyntc sng chung ha-bnh v c Trung-Cng nhit-lit tnthng ti hi-ngh Phi Bandoung th mt bin-c bt
thn xy ra nh trt phn ln trn nhng nguyn-tc sng
chung ha-bnh: l v tranh-chp bin-gii ti vng
Ladak gia Trung-Cng v n-.1
1
u thng 9-1959 c tin Qun-i n v Trung-cng xungt d-di dc min ng-Bc bin-cnh n- ti vng
Limeling thuc tnh Assam, Cng qun b y lui. Theo bo
Paris Match, cui thng 8-1959 th Trung-cng kt tp 5 vn
qun ti dy Hy-M-Lp-Sn uy hip cc tiu-quc Bhoutan
v Sikhim. Nhiu n bin-gii do qun-i n trn-gi lt vo
tay Cng-qun Trung-Hoa, trong c n Longyu.
Ngy 21-10-1959 mt v khc quan-trng hn xy ra ti vng
Ladak khin 17 cnh binh n thit mng. Khng-qun n lp42
Vin thuc c bc ng
43
Ni cho ng ra y l mt k-hoch ln t v cng

khn kho m cng rt mc trng trn. Nguyn-do cng ch
v Trung-Cng ut c vi n v vn- chnh-ph Cng-sn
ti tiu bang Kerala ca n b chnh-ph trung-ng qut
theo nguyn vng ca nhn-dn ti tiu bang ny,1 v ng
tc c t trong tnh trng bo-ng. ng Nehru tuyn-b:

V ny rt trm trng.
Ngy 1-11-1959 chnh ph n gi cho nh cm quyn Bc-Kinh
hai thng-ip i Trung-cng trit-thoi tt c b-i ra khi
vng Ladak v i bi-thng cho cc nn-nhn v 21-10-1959.
Sau v ny, nh chnh-khch trung-lp, cha u ca thuyt
sng chung ho-bnh t ra cng-quyt: Nu tnh-hnh khntrng v mt cuc chin-tranh xy ra gia n- v Trungcng th v ny s khng b hn-ch v n- s khng b l
loi... (tin Php-tn-x ngy 5-11-1959)
Thi- cng-quyt ny lm cho Chu-n-Lai xung nc,
Bc-Kinh xin thng thuyt vi iu kin qun ca i bn rt
v bin-gii 20 cy s.
-ngh ny b bc b v hnh nh n- cng hiu thm-
ca Cng-sn l mun t n trc mt s kin ri.
V tranh-chp c ko di cho n nay tuy b ngoi tm yn
nhng sng gi c th ni dy khng bit lc no.
Ngy 14-6-1959 c tin hng ngn dn-chng thuc tiu bang
Kerala ni ln chng li chnh-sch d man ca nh cm quyn
Cng-sn:
Kerala l tiu bang c nht n- do Cng-sn cm u. S
ngi b cnh st Cng-sn bt giam trong cc cuc biu-tnh
ngy u tin c ti 345 ngi v cng ngy cuc chng i
cng tr nn quyt lit, th s n-p cng cng ngy cng tnkhc.
Ngy 24-6-1959 c ti 150 nghip-on ng vo hng ng
chng Cng: chnh-ph Cng-sn p-dng mi bin-php
c n-p phong-tro ni dy. Cho ti ngy 15-7-1959 ngha l
mt thng sau khi ni-v xy ra, c ti 50 ngn ngi b
Cng-sn bt v 15 ngn ngi b git.
44
khc v vn- Ty-Tng, n- t ra bnh-vc lptrng ca nhn-dn, con chu c Pht Sng, li gin-tip
ng-h v n tip c t-Lai Lt-Ma sang lnh nn ti n
na.1
Thot tin chnh-ph trung-ng tuyn-b khng mun canthip v hy-vng chnh-ph Kerala s t gii quyt c v
tranh-chp. Nhng cng ngy v chng i cng lan rng. Cc
tng lp dn-chng cng ng-phi chnh-tr yu cu chnh-ph
trung-ng can-thip. Nn ngy 12-8-1959, chnh-ph Cng-sn
Kerala b chnh-quyn trung-ng gii-tn v Tng-thng
Prasad tm nm quyn iu-khin cho n khi t-chc xong
cuc tuyn-c.
Sau cuc tuyn-c ny, Cng-sn mt ht quyn-hnh
Kerala.
Trong dp ny, ng Nehru tuyn-b: Thuyt Cng-sn li
thi v h hng.
1
Hai triu dn Ty-Tng l nhng tn- Pht gio rt sng o
b sng di ch- v-thn ca Trung-Cng t nm 1950.
Cuc chng i m- bc-pht vo nm 1956. Trung-Cng
n-p mt cch v cng d-man cuc khi-ngha ny (mt yban quc-t gm cc lut-gia tn tui ca Tch-Lan, Min-in,
Thi-Lan, n-, Thy in v Ghana iu-tra mt cch t
m v khch-quan), hu ht cc s si b git hoc b b buc
ly v v lm tr ci cho dn-chng; n b b i dn cng, tr
nt b bt a sang Trung-Hoa lc-a.
Sau 9 nm sng di gt st bo-tn, vo thng 3 nm 1959,
nhn-dn Ty-Tng c chng-kin mt s s-nhc n cc
im: Tng Tn Kuan San, chnh-tr-vin ca qun-i TrungCng chim ng Ty-Tng gi cho c t Lai Lt Ma, v
Pht sng, lnh-o tinh-thn nhn-dn v cm u chnh-ph,
mt bc th hn xc i v Pht sng phi ti trnh-din
tng-hnh-dinh qun-i chim ng m khng c h-tng. y
l mt ti phm-thng gh gm i vi tn- x ny v cng
l li e do h b c Pht. Cho nn Ngi phi trn sang n cng vi 5 vn tn-.
Nhn-dn n vi s tn thnh v gip ca chnh-ph tchc n nhn v tip t dn t nn Ty-Tng.c t-Lai Lt-
Vin thuc c bc ng
45
Dn dn ri vn- tranh-chp bin-gii ny cng c

th-gii tm qun v c bit bao bin-c dn dp khc o
ti chim ot s ch ca mi ngi. Nhng ai ny cng
c th thy r m-mu ca Trung-Cng qua thi- gian
ngoan ca h trong vn- ny.
Phi chng y l mt n cn no Trung-Cng nh vo
n- da nt, d dm, lm p lc tng uy-tn,
nng tinh thn cc ng vin ng n-cng, ng hu c
th cu-vn tnh-th nguy ngp ca ng ny hi y? Phi
chng Trung-Cng mun nhn dp ny, mn c n xu
chi, xua qun sang chim ly nhng v tr chin-lc,
nhng vng a th him-tr lm cn-c a cho du-kch
qun Cng-sn hot-ng sau ny? Phi chng Trung-Cng
dng tm dng oai din v gy uy-tn vi cc nc nh
vng ng-Nam , hu tip tay cho nhng chin-dch
tuyn-truyn Cng-sn?
B ngoi, v ny c th c nhiu nguyn-nhn. Nhng
nguyn-nhn chnh-yu bn trong khng ngoi mc-ch
bnh-trng th-lc, m rng nh-hng ca -quc .
Trc mt nm, ngha l vo nm 1958, Vit-cng
theo lnh Bc-Kinh tin vo a-phn Vng-quc Ai-Lao
tip-t cho lon-qun Pathet Lo, tc qun-s ca Lo-cng.
n khi chnh-ph hong-gia Ai-Lao, do th-tng Phoumi
Sananikhone cm u phn-khng th Phm-Vn-ng li
ln ting khiu-ni theo mt th-on c hu: va n cp
va la lng. T Pathet Lo cng ngy cng tr nn bt tr.
Cho n ngy 9-8-1960 mt i-y qun-i Hong-gia l
Ma c ng Nehru tip kin khin Trung-Cng ngh rng c
mt m-mu g gia v Pht sng lu-vong vi nh ng cuc
n.
Ngy 14-4-1959 ti Madras, th-tng n tuyn-b ng-h
lp trng u-tranh i t-do ca Ty-Tng: Ti tng khng
th c mt gii php thc tin no khc cho vn- Ty Tng
ngoi gii php cho nhn-dn x ny c t tr.
46
Khong Le do Cng-sn git giy xi by, ng u mt

cuc o-chnh ti Vn-Tng v nm quyn kim-sot
thnh-ph ny.
Nhng mt y-ban chng o-chnh ra i, lp bndoanh Savannakhet, phn-ng li mnh-lit, ui Khong
Le ra khi Vn-Tng ti chim th- v thnh-lp mt
chnh-ph chng Cng do hong-thn Boum Oum lm thtng. Quc-hi b phiu trut quyn th-tng Phouma
do Khong Le v Pathet Lo t tn, tn-phong chnh-ph
Boum Oum. Quc-vng cng ph-chun danh-sch
chnh-ph ny.
Khong Le t khi rt qun ra khi Vn-Tng c kt
vi qun i Pathet Lo mt mt mt cn vi qun-i
Hong-gia.
Trong khi bin-c 9-8 xy ra, i pht-thanh Bc-Kinh
v H-Ni, khng ngt ln ting ng-h nhm ni lon, v
kt n y-ban chng o-chnh. n khi y-ban ny thnhcng trong vic ti chim th-, thnh-lp chnh-ph c
quc-hi v Quc-vng tn phong th Cng-sn c phn
ui l trong cc lun iu tuyn-truyn. Nhng h gip
mi cch cho cu th-tng Souvanna Phouma trn thot
sang Nam-Vang, lin lc cht ch vi v th-tng lu-vong
qua trc Nam-VangXing-KhoangH-NiBc-Kinh. T
Phouma bin thnh chic bung xung ca Cng-sn.
Cc i b-m Cng-sn li oang oang nhng li ca-tng
nhm Khong Le v tuyn-b ch cng nhn c chnh-ph
Souvana Phouma l hp php mc d Phouma b trn v
sau b quc-hi v quc-vng ph b.
S d Cng-sn mun li-dng con c Phouma l ct
sau ny a ra l bi trung-lp, V cng l c c gy ri
thm ni-b Ai-Lao, ng hu th li trong cnh c nc
bo c.
Nhn dp ni bin ny, Vit-cng tung qun vo AiLao chin u bn cnh Pathet Lo chim ly nhng a
Vin thuc c bc ng
47
im chin-lc, ng thi m rng nh-hng ni dnchng Ai-Lao. Kh-gii, cn-b, chuyn-vin Cng-sn cng
trn vo Ai-Lao. Chin-cuc ngy cng lan rng mi.
Ai-Lao l mt nc nm trong khu vc bo v ca Tchc Lin Phng ng Nam . D-nhin t-chc ny phi
c mt thi- i vi s xm-lng ca Cng-sn. Nhng
Cng-sn khn kho -phng trc. H trit khaithc s va chm quyn-li gia Php v Hoa-k, li-dng
bn-tnh vn im-nhin lnh-m ca Anh, e-da Hiquc, -kch Phi-Lut-Tn, v ra lnh ni lon ng Bc
Thi. Cc nc chng Cng vi nhit-tnh nh Phi-LutTn, Hi-quc, Thi-Lan, c-i-Li tuyn-b sn sng can
thip khi c mt tha thun chung. Nhng v thiu s ng
tnh ca tt c cc nc hi-vin cho nn s can-thip
khng xy ra trn a-ht qun-s. C l mt phn na cng
v vin-tng i-chin th ba lm cho t-chc ny khng
dm cng-quyt.
Cng-sn nm ngay ly c-hi, li-dng s thiu
ng-tm v thi- khng dt khot ny, a ra l bi
Trung-lp.
Hai ch trung-lp qu l vin thuc c bc ng, mt
li cu nhn c ci mi con c, con giun bc ngoi, khin
cho dn-chng Ai-Lao a thch, v d-lun th-gii khng
th no khng tip n mt cch thun li. Bi v cc chnhkhch Ai-Lao, cng nh a-s dn-chng trn th-gii tr
mt s t c kinh-nghim gi dn v th-on ca Cng-sn
vn m mi o-vng rng Trung-lp s trnh c mt cuc
chin-tranh tn st khng nhng dn-tc nh b, hiu-ha
Ai-Lao m c nhn-loi nu chin-cuc c quc-t-ha.
Hai ch Trung-lp gieo vo lng cc nhm lng chng AiLao v cc chnh-ph thiu cng-quyt hoc m qung v
nhng quyn-li ring t nh hp hoc v chnh-tnh trong
nc ri-ren, chia r, mt nim hy-vng ho-huyn. Hai ch
Trung-lp lm du bt ni cm-hn ut-c ca mt s qucgia tch cc, cng-quyt. Hai ch Trung-lp lm cho nhng
48
ngi tuyn-truyn chng Cng kh ni: v t c hy-vng

c qun-chng nghe theo. V mt khi qun-chng c
cm tng rng trung-lp c th trnh c chin-tranh,
Trung-lp l hu c lng. Trung-lp khng thin v bn no,
tc l cng bnh, chit trung, ng o Trung Dung (?) th
thc l kh-khn gii thch cho h nhn rng c hai, ba
th trung-lp, v tn cng i nh-ngha di dng v tng
loi trung-lp mt: Qun-chng u c a l-lun di dng,
qun-chng khng hiu cch phn-tch t-nh su xa. Qunchng cng khc no mt by c tung tng nhn nh di
y nc, h thy c con mi ngon l c vic p ba, u
bit c c li cu bc bn trong. Qun-chng cng
khng khc tr nt bao nhiu: thuc ng, thuc c, h c
bc ng thy ngt l n thch.
Thc ra, ni v tm-l qun-chng nh vy th qu c
qu s si v gin-d. V cn nhiu kha-cnh khc, qunchng t ra tinh-t, lo-luyn... Nhng d sao trong khacnh ny, qu tnh qun-chng l nh th! V chnh v Cngsn tin vo tm-l qun-chng nh vy cho nn h cm chc
trong tay rng khi h -ngh mt ch- trung-lp cho AiLao h s c th thc hin c thm ca h.
Thm , nh lch-s chng-minh, lun lun l dn
dn khuynh-o cc chnh-ph trung-lp thnh-lp mt
chnh-ph Cng-sn.
Tng cng nn ni thm rng, mc d trn mi trn
ming Cng-sn -ngh trung-lp, m ngh-ha, nhng
trong thc-t h vn khng ngi chim t. n Pa Dong
tht th cui thng 6-1961 vo ng lc hi-ngh Genve
mi nhm hp, v sau khi c li ku gi ngng bn.1
in-Bin-Ph cng tht th mt cch rng-rn d-man trong

khi hi-ngh 9 nc hp ti Genve vo nm 1954.
KHC XNG
TRONG C HNG NGA-S
RONG khi chin-thut ha-ha chin-chin ca

Cng-sn ng lm cho th-gii hng nhn c v
pha ng Nam , th mt ting st bng n Trung-
u.
Mt tun sau cuc hi-kin vi Tng-thng M Kennedy

ti th- o-quc (3-6-61), Th-Tng Nga-s Khroutchev
bng tuyn-b s n-phng k kt vi ng-c mt
hip-c thay i quy-ch B-Linh.
Chng ta cn nh, sau th chin th hai, bn cng-quc
chin thng chia nhau chim ng B-Linh: Anh, Php, M
ko vo Ty B-Linh, cn ng B-Linh thuc quyn Ngas kim-sot. B-Linh, cu th- c-quc l mt thnhph ln nm trong vng ng-c. Ty B-Linh v vy
khc no mt hn o t-do vi hn hai triu dn, lnh nh
gia bin .
Sng gi cung lon bao phen e-da vi-dp n.
Nm 1949, Cng-sn phong-ta B-Linh khng mt k
h. ng lin-lc thy b hon ton b ct t. Mt cu
khng-vn khng-l phi bo-m tip-t lng-thc cho
dn-chng. Trc s cng-quyt v c-gng phi-thng
ca Ty-phng, Nga-s nhng-b.
49
50
Nhng t Cng-sn khng thi dm-da thnh-ph

c-lp ny, c tm ht cch nh n i nh nh mt ci
inh trc mt. Staline tng v Ty B-Linh nh mt
khc xng vng trong c hng Nga-s.
Ngy nay Khroutchev cng nhc li li-l v quyt
lm ht cch ly cho bng c khc xng hc ny.
Lnh-t Nga-cng tuyn-b lin tip bn ln trong hn
mt thng (6-1961) rng ng s nht nh k kt ring vi
nh cm quyn Pankow trc cui nm nay (1961)
Trong vic k kt mt hip-c ring r vi chnh-quyn
ng-c, Nga-s nhm vo 3 mc-tiu sau y:
1) p buc cc cng-quc Ty-phng v Cng-Ha Linbang c nhn nhn ch- Cng-sn ng-c.
2) Tin ti vic xa b quy-ch chim ng Ty B-Linh ca
ba cng-quc Ty-phng v nh vy 2 triu dn Tyc hin sng ti kinh-thnh t-do ny s lt vo tay
Cng-sn ng-c.
3) Ph-hoi chnh-sch tuyn-truyn v cc c-cu chnh-tr
ca Cng-Ha Lin-bang c, tin ti thnh-lp mt
ch- tng t nh ch- Pankow.
Tm li Khroutchev mun thc-hin min Trungu iu m cch y 15, 16 nm, Staline thi-hnh
ng-u vi cc hip-c k kt vi Hung-Gia-Li, LMa-Ni. V y cng khng phi l ln u m Nga-s a ra
-ngh k ring vi ng-c. Ngi ta cn nh ngy 101-1959 nh cm quyn Mc-T-Khoa trao cho cho cc
cng-quc Ty-minh v Cng-ha Lin-bang c mt dn ha-c k vi c-quc. Ri t b my tuyn-truyn
ca khi Cng-sn khng ngt c-v cho vic thc-hin
tha-c ny. Chnh lnh-t Nga-cng c hng chc bi
din-vn Nga-s, cc nc Cng-sn, Hoa-K, Php,
Anh--n-di, h ho cho vic k kt ha-c vi ngc. n by gi Khroutchev li nhc li vn- ny mt
Khc xng trong c hng Nga-S
51
cch rm r, quyt-lit hn v khng ngn-ngi e-da dng

n chin-tranh nguyn-t nu -nh ca ng b cn-tr.
Lin sau khi Khroutchev hung-hng l-mng tuyn-b
quyt-nh k-kt ring r vi nh cm quyn Pankow,
Ulbricht, th-tng chnh-ph min ny cng ph-ha theo
bng cch bo trc -nh phong-ta Ty B-Linh k t 18-61. u nm 1961, nh cm quyn ng-c cng-b
quyt-nh rng k t 1-8-61 tt c mi phi-c ct cnh t
phi-trng Ty B-Linh hoc vo khng-phn ng-c
phi c bo trc.
Tr li cho nhng li-l khiu-chin ca Khroutchev
cng quyt-nh ca nh cm quyn ng-c, cc cngquc Ty-minh tuyn-b nht-nh bo-v t-do cho 2
triu dn c sng Ty B-Linh v coi quyt-nh phongta ca Khroutchev nh khng c g thay i s vn chuyn
ca hng-khng ng-minh. Tng-thng M Kennedy
cng-quyt tuyn-b, nu cn, s sn sng ng-chin gi
lp-trng ca mnh.
Nhiu s-on Nga-s v ng-c bao vy BLinh.
V pha Ty-minh, Hoa-K chun-b k-hoch gi ti
ng cc lc-lng tr b.
Php chuyn mt s-on t Bc Phi v Ty u. Ty
c c trang-b v-kh nguyn-t v Anh tuyn-b snsng tng-cng lc-lng qun-s i-ph vi mi bt
trc.
Nhng u thng 8, Khroutchev du ging v vo
ngy 7-8, lnh-t Nga-cng t mun em vn- B-Linh
ra trc mt hi-ngh ti cao.
Khroutchev qu ly ht gn c, gn bng c khc
khc xng hc ra khi hng, nhng tm thi ng li phi
phng mang trn mt c nut xung. Nut c tri khng?
Vn- cn i thi gian tr li.
PHN II
T L-THUYT
N THC-HNH
Li ni khng c lin quan g n

hnh-ng... Li ni l mt ng v
hnh-ng l mt no.
(Staline)
MT PHNG-PHP DUY TM
CA THUYT DUY-VT
RI qua hn 40 nm pht-trin, Quc-t Cng-sn

chng-minh cho nhn-dn th-gii thy rng: tuy v
ng-li tranh-u c khc nhau: ty theo thi-gian
v khng-gian, nhng mc-ch cui cng, m-mu chnh
yu ca h vn l xch-ha ton th-gii.
Mt khc, qua lch-trnh tin-trin ca quc-t Cng-sn,
cc nh nghin-cu tnh-hnh th-gii nhn thy rng t
nguyn-thy cho ti nay, Cng-sn khng ngng bin i.
T Mc-xt cho n Mc-xt L-nin-nt, t Mc-xt L-ninnt cho n Mc-xt Mao-Trch-ng..., t Cng-sn NamT cho n Cng-sn Ba-Lan, Cng-sn Bc Vit, qu tnh
ch-ngha Cng-sn bin i nhiu.
Nu xt v sch-lc ca Cng-sn, ngi ta cng thy
s bin-chuyn mt cch r rt hn. Lnine khi gii-thch
thuyt Mc-xt qu-quyt rng:
Mi quc-gia s u ti x-hi ch-ngha, iu
khng th trnh c, nhng khng phi bng mt
cch, ging ht nhau; mi quc-gia s mang bn-sc
ring ca mnh trong mt hnh-thc dn-ch kiu ny
hay kiu kia, trong mt hnh-thc c-ti v-sn loi
ny hay loi khc, trong mt nhp-iu bin-ha x-hi
ch-ngha th ny hay th khc i vi nhng phng
din khc nhau ca i sng x-hi.1
Lnine ton tp bn Php ng tp 29 trang 75.

55
56
S thay i ny, s bin-chuyn ny chnh l do phngphp suy-lun v lm vic ca cc cn-b Cng-sn bt

ngun t Duy-vt bin-chng-php ca Marx v Engels.
Nguyn bin-chng-php l mt phng-php lun-l
c-o ca mt trit-gia duy tm c tn l Hgel. Hgel
ni ting mt phn v nh-thc tam-cp: chnh-, phn, hp- ca ng.1
Marx m phng theo cch suy-lun ca nh trit-hc
duy tm ny a ra mt nh-thc tam-cp l quyt th,
hy th, hy th ca hy th2 v p-dng vo bin-lun
duy-vt. l ngun-gc duy-vt bin-chng-php, mt
phng-php lun-l, m phng theo cch lun-l ca mt
c tng duy tm, p-dng vo duy-vt.
Theo duy-vt bin-chng-php th mun vt trn i
bt ngun t mt nguyn-t duy nht l vt-cht, lun lun
bin-chuyn khng ngng; nguyn-nhn ca s bin-ha ny
l do s mu-thun ni-ti trong mi vt.3 Trong cuc
bin-ha, vn-vt lun lun nh-hng ln nhau, lin-quan
mt-thit vi nhau v khi ti mt mc i hi s vt s
t bin4 t trng-thi lng sang trng thi cht.
Triade du Hgel: thseantithsesynthse

Affirmation, ngation, ngation de la ngation
3
Cng-sn ni r mu-thun y khng ct yu ch mt ng
ni c, mt ng ni khng, m l ct yu ch ci mm tri
ngc vi chnh s vt, nhm tiu dit s vt ny sinh ra
s vt khc v s vt khc ny i lp vi s vt c.
Quan nim v mu-thun ca cc nh duy-vt y cng honton khc bit vi nim v mu-thun ca cc nh lun-l-hc
cho rng s mu-thun ch c trong -tng: nh mt vt va l
A va l khng phi A.
4
Hay bin ha theo s nhy vt v d nh t ging vt bin sang
ging ngi.
2
NH-LUT BIN CHUYN

C CHUYN BIN HAY KHNG
NH lut th nht ca duy-vt bin-chng-php l

lut bin-chuyn. Engels vit trong cun Ludwig
Feuerbach nh sau:
i vi duy-vt bin-chng-php, khng c g nhtnh, khng c g tuyt-i, khng c g bt kh xmphm.
Cc nh duy-vt bin-chng cho rng trn i ny khng

c ci g ng nguyn mt ch. Tng tr gan cng tunguyt ca b Huyn Thanh-Quan thc ra chng tr tr mt
cht no, nu chng ta nhn n bng cn mt cc nh khoahc.
C nhng nguyn-tc lun-l, o-c, thm-m v.v.,
thi trc tng l bt di bt dch nhng n thi sau b
nghi ng v n thi sau na khng cn ai noi theo.
Mt iu i vi dn-tc ny cho l qui g d-man th
dn-tc khc li cho l mt bn-phn.1
Mt vn- nu nhn theo kha cnh ny th rt ng
nhng nu nhn sang mt kha cnh khc th li sai v.v..
1
Nh con ci phi n tht cha m t lng hiu tho.

57
58
nh-lut th hai l lut vn vt tng quan hay cng

gi l tc-dng h-tng.
Theo lut ny th khng c vt g trn i t n l hon
ho. Tri li mi vt u ng trn ng ny n, tin
ha. Khng c vt g t n cho n, m tri li mi vt u
chu nh-hng ca cc s vt chung quanh.
nh-lut th ba l lut mu-thun hay cng gi l
thng-nht mu-thun.1
Marx gii-thch s bin-chuyn ca s vt hay cuc tinha ca lch-s bng yu-t mu-thun.
ng cho rng: quan-st vn-vt v lch-s con ngi,
nhn thy khng c mt s vt no, mt hin-tng no m
khng c i-lp i km. V d: c m th phi c dng, c
nng th cng c lnh, c qu-kh th c v-lai, c trn mi
c di, c yu tt c ght, c nng hn c nh, h c sng
th c cht, c on-t th phi c chia-ly v.v.. V nh vy l
mu-thun ngay trong chnh s vt v cng chnh nh s
mu-thun m s vt bin-ha sinh ra ci i-lp ca n.
Ci i-lp ny khi sinh ra s tiu-dit s vt c v cng s
b mt s vt mi, i-lp vi n, tiu-dit trong tng-lai.
Cuc sng v vy l mt s mu-thun hin hu ni
chnh cc s vt v cc hin-tng l mt s muthun lun lun t t ra v t gii-quyt, v mt khi
ht mu-thun th cng ht sng, cht s n thay...
S vt i thay v cha bn trong mnh mi muthun.
nh-lut th t l lut lng bin cht bin hay t
bin (nhy vt).
Marx dng khoa-hc, lch-s, chnh-tr c-gng
chng-minh rng: mt s vt ng tin trin bnh thng,
bng n mt giai-on no y, hoc vi nhng iu-kin
1
Contradiction, Unit des contraires.
nh lut bin chuyn c chuyn bin hay khng
59
no y n t bin sang mt trng thi khc hn, khng cn

nhng tnh-cht nh trc na. V d nc si ti 100 th
bin thnh hi nc: cc phn-t lng nc tng, tng mi,
cho n lc nc thnh ra hi nc. Cht nc i. V
lch-s chnh-tr cng th: mt ch- x-hi phong-kin,
qun-ch chng hn, vn nui trong mnh ci mm muthun c bnh-trng mi, cho n mc bng n mt cuc
cch-mng lt hon ton ch- c, thay th bng mt
ch- mi m tnh-cht khc hn ch- c.1
1
Nhc li cc nh-lut Duy-vt bin-chng-php y, chng ti

khng c trnh-by v chng-minh y cc chi-tit cng
khng c ph-bnh ch sai ch ng v n thuc phm vi ca
-ti ch-ngha Cng-sn.
y, chng ti ch c nhc li mt cch ht sc tm tt
nhng quy-lut tng nh-hng ti cch suy-lun v phngphp lm vic ca cc cn-b Cng-sn, gip chng ta hiu
r nhng trang sau, khi bn n sch-lc v mnh-li ca h.
Tuy-nhin, trnh mt vi nh-hng khng hay i vi mt
s c-gi, chng ti xin ph-bnh tm tt di phn cc ch
ny nhng nh-lut k trn.
V nh-lut bin chuyn: duy-vt bin-chng-php gia cho
rng khng c g nht nh; khng c g tuyt-i, khng c g
bt kh xm-phm: mi vt u i di, chuyn ng, bin ha.
Nhng xin hi Engels, chnh cu ni ca ng: ... khng c g
tuyt-i c tuyt-i ng khng? Nu tuyt-i ng th
ng l ra Engels phi thm rng: khng c g tuyt-i tr
nh-lut ny. Cn nu chnh cu cng khng nht nh
ng th n phi c lc sai, ngha l c th c ci tuyt-i.
Cc nh bin-chng duy-vt xt rng trn i ny ci g cng
chuyn ng ri suy ra rng c ci nguyn-tc thun-l cng
bin chuyn: khng c g tuyt-i, khng c g bt kh xmphm...
nh rng khoa thin-vn, vt-l hin thi cho bit vt-cht
khng c g tnh tuyt i. V v tr bao la cha khm ph c
ht. C th khm ph ra c mt nh tnh tuyt i tnh hay
khng, iu cn thuc phm vi khoa-hc tng lai.
60
Nhng cn c mt cch tuyt i vo cc nhn-xt khoa-hc

cn thiu st v c hn ny, qu quyt rng khng c g tuyt
i c trong phm vi tinh thn, lun l th qu l mu-thun trm
trng.
Th hi sut t khi loi ngi bit suy-lun c ai nghi ng rng
2 vi 2 khng phi l 4 hoc cho rng A va l A va khng
phi l A khng? M nu duy vt nghi ng nhng nguyn-l
cn-bn thun l y th bin-chng-php c ngha l g? Duy vt
cng c th l duy tm ri cn u?
Trong thc-t nu chu tm hiu, hn cc nh duy vt cng nhn
thy rng bn cnh nhng ci bin chuyn vn c nhng ci bt
bin. Ly mt v d c th l mt c nhn, nh Marx chng hn.
Thn th Marx mi ngy mt ln, cc t bo trong con ngi vt
cht y mi ngy mi i thay v c thuyt cho rng c 7 nm
mt ln tt c cc t bo u i mi khng cn mt du vt g
nh c. Tm l Marx cng bin i khng ngng. Nhng ci m
Marx yu thch hi 14, 15 tui n lc 28, 29 tui Marx khng
cn thch na. Nhng iu m Marx cho l ng khi cn thanhnin n lc v gi Marx bo l sai v.v.. v v.v... Nhng c ai
dm bo Marx khng phi l Marx? Ri t khi Marx cht cho
n nay, c ngi nguyn ra Marx, c ngi th phng Marx,
xc ca Marx tan r ri nhng ai bo Marx mt hn? nh
hng ca Marx vn cn y. V cc ng ch duy vt hn ai
ht, khng bao gi mun rng Marx khng cn l Marx na.
Vy bn ng ca Marx l mt th g bt bin. Marx 1 thng,
Marx 10 tui, Marx sinh vin, Marx trit gia, lun lun vn l
Marx .
Nu cn c vo lut bin chuyn m bo rng bn ng cng bin
i: ci ti ngy trc khng phi l ci ti hm nay, th xin hi
cc nh duy vt Nga-s v Hung-Gia-Li, cc cn-b Cng-sn
thnh tn nh Kadar, suy lun th no khi h nht nhng
thiu nin 12 tui t nm 1956 l nm xy ra cuc khi ngha
Budapest i cho nhng thiu nin ny n tui thnh nhn
m em ra x? Bn ng nhng thiu nin lc 21 tui u c chu
trch nhim v nhng li lm (nu c) ca h lc 12 tui u?
Nu thiu nin n lc 21 tui khng cn l h th ti sao li
kt n h?
61
V nh-lut vn vt tng quan khng ai chi rng mi s vt

trn i u nh-hng mt thit ln nhau. ngh nh-hng
n hnh ng, hnh ng li nh-hng n ngh; cm tnh
nh-hng l tr, l tr li nh-hng cm tnh; sinh-l nhhng tm l, tm l li nh-hng sinh l; x-hi nh-hng
n c nhn, c nhn cng nh-hng n x-hi v.v.. V vy
xt mt s vic, mt vn cng vi nhng s vic chung
quanh, nhng vn lin h l mt thi- khn ngoan ng
n c khoa-hc. Tuy-nhin, nu da vo bo rng con
ngi bi kh m ra v do cng ch l mt con vt tin b
hn con kh th qu l i qu phm vi khoa-hc cho php.
Nht l nu li qu quyt rng cc sinh vt h ng, nh loi vi
khun n bo, bin ha t khong cht th cng liu-lnh
hn. V cc nh bc hc thi danh v sinh vt hc v c sinh vt
hc nh Pasteur, Le Comte de Nouy u qu quyt rng
cha c cuc th-nghim ng n no chng-t mt sinh vt c
th pht sinh m khng cn mm sng.
M hy gi s trong tng lai nhng cuc th-nghim c em
n kt qu tch cc chng na th u c th v m chi b
yu-t tinh thn, linh thing l yu-t lm cho con ngi vt
trn mun vt, lm ch mun vt v c th cng ngy cng tinha mi vn ln ton thin, ton chn, ton m?
nh lut mu-thun cng ch c mt gi tr tng i.
Theo duy-vt bin-chng-php th mu-thun l nguyn nhn
c nht ca s tin-ha. V c mu-thun nn mi c tin-ha
v s vt sau sinh ra l do mu-thun ca s vt trc, v khi
sinh ra s tiu dit s vt trc. Marx ly x-hi t-bn lm
v d. Khi x-hi t-bn ti ch tuyt nh ca n l t-bn
quc th lp tc s bng n cuc cch-mng v-sn. V v-sn l
i nghch vi t-bn, khi ch- v-sn chuyn-chnh thnhlp th ch- t-bn tiu tan.
nh rng mu-thun nhiu khi l nguyn nhn tin-ha. Nhng
mu-thun cng l nguyn nhn thoi ha na. ng khc s
tin-ha c th thc-hin c m khng can ti mu-thun.
Hy ly v d mt nc lun lun c s ri lon do hai phe knh
chng nhau: trc khi c mt phe thng th quc-dn b kh
s, ti nguyn hao ht, nhn ti cht dn cht mn qua cc trn
62
tng tranh. Trong tnh trng suy yu y, nu c mt nc mnh

hn xm-lng th hi cn g l t-quc? Vy mu-thun ni b
u phi lc no cng l nguyn nhn tin-ha? Trong phm vi
rng ln hn l nhn loi cng vy: s mu-thun gia mt lp
ngi m Cng-sn gi l t-bn vi mt lp ngi v sn, n
lm suy yu nhn loi vi cc th v kh ti tn ngy nay, nu
khng tm ra c mt phng thc ha gii th s mu-thun
ti chn mui s tiu dit ton th nhn loi ch khng cn
c th l nguyn nhn tin-ha na. Hn na mu-thun gia
hai lp ngi ni trn, nh lch-s chng-minh, khng phi
lun lun c gii quyt bng s c thng ca giai-cp v
sn. Bi v cc phng-php x-hi khc hn phng-php
Cng-sn gii quyt bng nhng ci ha, dung ha quyn li
hai bn khin cc ch- X-hi nh Hoa-k, Anh v nhiu
nc Ty u tn ti hn ch- mnh danh l x-hi chngha ng u, Trung-cng hay Bc Vit.
Mt iu na cn nhn mnh l hnh thc gii quyt mu-thun
x-hi v chnh-tr do Lnine p-dng Nga-s vi cuc o
chnh thng 10-1917 l mt bng chng c th nht v s sai
lm ca Marx. V Nga-s hi y u c phi l mt nc t-bn
ch-ngha n tt , tri li l mt nc a s theo nng
nghp, vy m cch-mng v sn (sic) cng thnh-cng?
Cng theo mu-thun ca duy-vt bin-chng-php th mi s
vt, mi hin-tng, mi ch- chnh-tr hay x-hi khi ny
sinh cha sn ci mm mu-thun dit n bin ha thnh
ci i nghch vi n. Nu lut ny ng th chnh ch- cngsn khi thnh hnh cng s cha sn ci mm tiu dit n v c
nhin phi c mt ch- khc tip theo. Ch- l ch-
no? Marx cng nh cc nh duy-vt bin-chng-php u
khng dm ni ti.
nh lut cui cng lng bin cht bin hay lut t bin
bng cch nhy vt cng cha ng nhng sai lm th kch v
phng din khoa-hc cng nh lch-s, mc du cc ngi duy
vt thng t ph l mnh c mt nhn xt, mt thi- khoahc, rng h thng t tng ca Marx c gi tr khoa-hc.
63
Trc ht chng-minh, Marx ly v d khoa-hc l v d

nc bin thnh hi nc. Mi nghe ta tng ng. V nc v
hi nc l hai cht b ngoi khc nhau. Nhng trong thc cht
xt v cu to ha-hc ta thy nc hay hi nc vn c mt
tnh cht duy nht l hai phn lng Hydro vi mt phn lng
Oxy (H2O). Vy khi nc si ch c th tch tng ch tnh cht
cn-bn s vt vn y nguyn.
Chng l lch-s cng sai nt. Thot nhn lch-s mt cch tm
tt, gin lc, xem ra Marx c l. Nhng xt cn-k cc bin-c
lch-s th thy: cc ch- chnh-tr hay x-hi khng ni tip
nhau mt cch my mc. Chng hn xt trn ton th th-gii,
trong lc a-phng ny thi-hnh ch- t-bn th aphng khc cn ng thnh hnh ch- b lc; sau ch-
dn-ch t sn khng phi lun lun l ch- dn-ch nhndn. Ch- t-bn m Marx chng kin ti u-chu vo trung
tun th k 19 v Marx tin-on rng s kt liu bng mt
cuc cch-mng dn ti x-hi ch-ngha, thc ra khng tin
ti ti cao ca n kt liu bng mt cuc cch-mng m
c sa i dn dn thnh mt ch- X-hi qun bnh,
trong ch th c th tho hip, tng tr, tng thn.
V ni u xa? Ngay s thay i ch- Nga-s nm 1917 l
mt ci chnh au n ca l thuyt Mc-xt v vn ny.
T L THUYT N THC HNH
Y trang trn lc tm vn tt 4 nh-lut ca

duy-vt bin-chng php.
Theo cc nh lut trn y th cuc thng-tr

ca Cng-sn tt-nhin c t n th no cng ti. Nhng
cc lnh-t Cng-sn tch-cc h-ho, vch ng-li
thc-y u-tranh... s-dng mi phng-tin b i nht,
gian-manh tn-bo nht, truyn-b ch-ngha Cng-sn v
bnh-trng th-lc ca Nga-s, dng nh nu h khng
c-gng, tch-cc th khng nhng v-sn khng thng tsn c, m chnh h b dit-vong vy.
64
T l-thuyt n thc-hnh
65
Chng ta hy xem Cng-sn p-dng 4 nh-lut trn y

vo sch-lc xm-lng nh th no.
1. Lut bin-chuyn bo rng khng c g nht-nh,
khng c g tuyt-i, khng c g bt kh xm-phm, mi
vt u chuyn-ng, bin-dch, thay i. i vi Cng-sn
nhng iu ng ti ni ny c th sai ti ni khc. Cho nn
phng-php lm vic ca h rt linh-ng, mm do v
thch-nghi vi hon-cnh c-th.
Nn ca ch-ngha Mc-xt, linh hn sng-ng ca
ch-ngha ny chnh l s phn-tch c-th ca mt
tnh-th c-th.1
Mao-Trch-ng, trong cun 1, ton tp, khi bn v vn
mu-thun, ch-trng l phi linh-ng gii-quyt cc
mu-thun ty theo hon-cnh lch-s a-phng. Theo h
Mao, nu Lnin linh-ng p-dng mt cch kho lo
ch-ngha Mc-xt vo cuc cch-mng thng mi l v
Lnin hiu r rng hon-cnh x-hi Nga 1917 khc
hon-cnh x-hi Ty u hi 1848, vy th Mao v cc cnb Trung-cng cng c th v phi linh ng p-dng cho
ng vi hon-cnh x-hi Trung-Hoa hi 1930.
V mun linh-ng theo lut bin-chuyn hay lut ng
m Cng-sn bt chp lim-s, tha h mut li ha, tha h
bi c. Ch tnh s trong 27 nm t 1921 ti 1948 Nga-s
vi phm t nht l 15 hip-c m chnh h k kt vi
cc x Georgia (1920-1921) Ukraine (1920-1922), Ba-Lan,
Phn-Lan (1932-1939), Estonia, Latvia v Lithuania (19391940), Nht-Bn (1940-1945), c Quc (1938-1941), TipKhc (1943-1948), Trung-Hoa, Hung-Gia-Li (1945, 1945)
L-Ma-Ni, Bo-Gia-Li (11947-1948) M, Anh (1945-1946,
1948)... C l l v Cng-sn quan-nim ngoi-giao ch l
1
Le Communisme, Lnin ton tp, bn Nga ng xb ln th 4, cun

31, trang 143
66
mt k-thut xo tr lt-lng m thi, nh li Staline ni

khng p m:
Li ni khng c lin-quan g n hnh-ng. Nu
khng th khoa ngoi-giao dng lm g? Li ni l
mt ng v hnh-ng l mt no. Nhng li ni tt
l chic mt n che giu nhng hnh-ng xu. Ngoigiao thnh-thc l mt iu khng th c c, khng
khc g nc m kh hay kh tri cng vy.
V im ny Lnin cng dy cn-b mt cch r rng
khng km:
Phi bit dng mi chin-lc, mi mnh li, nhng
cch thc hot-ng ngm ngm lm ng v che giu
s thc, nhm mc-ch duy nht l lt vo cc nghip
on, bm st v hng dn hot-ng Cng-sn
vi bt c gi no.1
Trong khong 1921-1927 l lc Quc-Cng Trung-Hoa
hp tc, Mao-Trch-ng kch lit phn-i chnh-sch
lin-hip vi Quc-dn ng, do Trn-c-T, lc by gi
l lnh-t Trung-cng ch-trng. Nhng 10 nm sau, khi
chin-tranh Trung-Nht bt u th chnh Mao li l ngi
c-v s hp-tc:
Ch c mt con ng lt thng kh-khn,
chin thng k th v xy-dng mt nc Trunghoa mi: l cng-c v m rng mt-trn thngnht quc-gia khng Nht v ng-vin mi sinh-lc
ca quc-gia.2
Ngy 7-7-1937, ng Cng-sn Trung-hoa di s lnho ca Mao-Trch-ng (ch-tch ng t 1935) cng ra
mt bn tuyn ngn v vn- ny trong c cu:
1
2
La maladie infantinedu Communisme.

Vai tr ca ng CS Trung-hoa trong cuc chin-tranh chng
ngai xm Thng 10-1938.
T l-thuyt n thc-hnh
67
Nhn-dn Trung-hoa, chnh-ph v qun-i hy kt

cht mi ng-tm xy-dng tng-thnh v-i ca
mt-trn thng-nht khng Nht. Quc-dn ng v
Cng-sn ng hp tc cht ch vi nhau chng li
cuc tn-cng mi ca gic Nht! Chng ta hy tng
c qun cp Nht ra khi t Trung-hoa.
C l cuc thanh-trng Trotsky ca Staline v cuc h b
Staline ca Khroutchev cng da trn quy-lut ny? Nu c
ny, bit u trong tng lai chng c mt cuc h b c
Marx v Lnine?
2. Theo nh-lut vn vt tng-quan th mi vt trn i
u c nh-hng ln nhau, rng buc vi nhau. Do khi
xt mt vn- th phi xt n cc yu-t chung quanh nhhng ti vn- y. p-dng vo sch-lc Cng-sn
Lnine vit:
hiu bit thc s mt i tng, cn phi nhn
ton-din, nghin-cu tt c mi kha cnh, mi tng
quan, mi mi-gii. Khng bao gi chng ta c th t
ti ch hon-ton, nhng s b buc nhn cc vn
di mi kha cnh s gip trnh c nhng sai lm
ng tic.1
Cng theo nh lut ny th khng nhng ch- t-bn
nh-hng ti cuc cch-mng v sn, m chnh thi- ca
gii v sn v ca nhng ngi lnh-o gii ny cng nhhng mnh lit ti cuc cch-mng . V vy nhng ngi
ny cn thc c nhim-v ca mnh gp mt tay vo
vic pht khi cuc cch-mng. Marx gi cng vic ca
nhng ngi l cng vic . Cuc cch-mng t n
n s phi n tiu-dit ch- T-bn, cng nh a con
n ngy phi sinh ra, nhng cn c nhng bn tay n h
sinh kho lo cho n c m trn con vung.
1
Lnine ton tp, cun 32, tr 72.
68
Chnh v vy m Cng-sn ph-bin mt cch ht sc

rng ri nhng k-thut cch-mng tc ng dng
cho tng hon-cnh, tng a-phng:
Khng c li bc trc bt c hy-sinh no, phi
vt cc tr ngi ln lao nht xi dc ni lon v
y mnh cng-tc tuyn-truyn mt cch nht quyt,
kin-tr, bn-b. (Lnine)
Hai t M-kim v 500 ngn gin-ip ca Nga-s ri rc
trn khp th-gii (theo n s Suzanne Labin); 3500 du
khch c Trung-cng mi ti d l Cch mng thng
Mi Bc-Kinh, 5 ngn cn-b Trung-cng gi i thm
ving, lin lc vi 45 nc (theo Leland Stowe nguyn gim
c s Thng-tin Truyn-thng u-chu T-do); hai chc
tiu on VC gi sai Ai-Lao nhn bin-c 9-8-60 (theo tiliu ca phi-on Vit-Nam d hi-ngh 14 nc ti
Genve v Ai-Lao u thng 5-1961) v.v. v v.v., phi chng
cng nhm mc-ch cho cch-mng v-sn c
m trn con vung?
3. nh-lut mu-thun c Cng-sn khai-thc nhiu
nht, t nhng hnh-thc th-s cho ti nhng hnh-thc vidiu tuyt-k.
Bt c u c mu-thun, cn-b Cng-sn phi lidng ngay v phng i ra lm suy gim hoc tiu-dit
lc-lng i-phng.
Nhng im khc bit t nhiu cng c h li dng
bin thnh nhng im i-lp, lm mm tiu-dit iphng.
Theo nh-lut ny, 2 lc-lng i chi nhau, thnh mt
mi mu-thun chnh, mt mt mt cn vi nhau (hay ng
ra, mt nht nh mt: t-bn v mt nht nh cn: v sn)
l v-sn v t-sn giy cht.
T l-thuyt n thc-hnh
69
Mc-tiu cui cng ca Cng-sn l tiu-dit ton b tsn (phi hiu l tt c nhng phn-t khng thn-phc
Cng-sn). Nhng cuc u-tranh phi chia lm nhiu giaion, mi giai-on t ti mt mc-tiu. giai-on u
phi chia r ch, phn bit lm nhng ch ph v ch
chnh, nhng ch ngoi v ch trong, nu cn th hy linhip vi cc ch ph tiu-dit ch chnh.1
V trong trng-hp ny mt mt phi khai thc nhng
d-bit gia ch chnh vi cc ch ph, thi phng ln,
phng i ra cho mi bt ng bin thnh mm muthun. Mt khc phi khai-thc cc im tng-ng gia
Cng-sn vi cc ch ph ko nhng phn-t ny ng
vo hng ng chng li ch chnh cho n khi tiu-dit ri
th quay li chia r cc ch ph, khai thc cc im d bit,
thi phng ln cho thnh mu-thun ln chng i nhau, v
trong cuc chng i ny, Cng-sn s ng v pha no ty
theo hy-vng chin thng hoc yu-t uy-tn trong qung i
qun-chng. Bng nu ch chnh khng c c b tiu-dit
m li tr nn nguy-him, th c th tm thi bt tay ngay c
vi ch chnh quay li tiu-dit ch ph; nhng trong
khi thc hin k hoch ny phi c lm sao li dng nhng
mu-thun gia ch chnh vi ch ph, v gia cc ch
ph vi nhau, ngha l s-dng ngn n nm giu tay
hn l ch thn ra tay tiu-dit mt cch trng trn.
Ch khi no th-lc Cng-sn hon-ton mnh trong
cng nh ngoi nc, by gi nhng cuc thanh trng, np cng khai mi bt u.
V im khai thc cc mu-thun sn c ti cc phn-t
khng Cng-sn, trong nhng ngi tch cc chng i,
1
Quan nim ch chnh hay ph ca Cng-sn khng r rt, v

thc ra n thay i ty theo hon-cnh. ch ngy hm qua
c coi l chnh trn quan-im quc-gia th ngy hm sau c
th coi l ch ph trn quan-im ch-ngha, nu giai on bc
cu quc-gia qua ri. (xin coi li H-Ch-Minh, trang 31)
70
c nhng ngi lng chng hay n ha, cu an, Khroutchev

khuyn nn li dng xu-hng lng chng cu-an nh
sau:
Trong chnh-sch ca phe t-bn i vi cc nc
x-hi ch-ngha c hai khuynh hng r rt: mt
khuynh-hng n ha. Lnin chng-t cn tip-xc
vi gii t-sn vng ha.1
... Chnh-sch ca chng ta l li dng hai khuynhhng ny. Chng ta phi c iu nh v tha-hip...
V cng cn phi li dng mi kh nng trong tnglai chng-t cho qun-chng nhn-dn rng ta
thnh-thc trong cuc tranh-u bo-v ha-bnh
th-gii.2
Cu cui cng ny chng-t lnh-t Nga-cng dng tm
ly lng qun-chng, ve-vn nhng phn-t hiu ha hay cu
an trong hng ng th-gii t-do khai-thc mi mu-thun
gia hai khuynh-hng tch-cc v cu an. C nhin Cngsn phi dng nhng li-l kho lo, hp dn nh thnhthc, bo-v ha-bnh nh cc phn-t cu an, cho cc
phn-t ny mt ci ct tr nng-ta khi phi tranh-lun
vi cc phn-t tch cc chng cng, ng thi lm bc bnh
phong che-giu thm ca Cng-sn v lm mt th thun
n khi b tn-cng.
Mao-Trch-ng khi bn v mu-thun (thng 8-1937)
a ra nhiu hnh-thc gii-quyt khc nhau ty theo loi
mu-thun. Trc ht hy nghe h Mao nhc li tnh-cch
tng-qut v tuyt-i ca lut mu-thun:
1
2
Lnine ton tp, cun 3, trang 236 (cc ch ca Khroutchev.)

Bo-co c ngy 6-1-61 v i-hi cc ng Cng-sn v cngnhn.
T l-thuyt n thc-hnh
71
Ph-nhn mu-thun trong s vt v cc hin-tng

l ph-nhn tt c, Mu-thun l mt nh-lut ing, thc mi ni v mi thi, khng c lut tr.1
V vy mu-thun l tng-qut v tuyt-i. Tuynhin yu-t tng-qut ny hin-hu qua yu-t ringbit v khng c ring-bit th khng c tng-qut. C
th no c tng-qut c, nu khng c ringbit?Yu-t ring-bit pht-sinh do s-kin mi muthun c mt tnh-cht bit-loi ca mnh. Bt c ci
g ring-bit u c iu-kin, tm thi v do
tng-i..
-n v tng-qut v ring-bit, tuyt-i v tngi l tinh-ty ca vn- cc mu-thun dnh lin vi
cc s-vt v cc hin-tng; khng chu hiu iu
tc l chi b bin-chng-php vy.
Theo chin-lc gia Trung-cng ny th c nhiu loi
mu-thun v mi loi phi c gii-quyt mt cch khc
nhau. Mun gii-quyt mt cch chu-o cc mu-thun,
phi nghin-cu cc hon-cnh c-th mt cch khch-quan.
ng cng a ra mt s v d v cc trng-hp mu-thun
in-hnh v nhc li li cn-dn ca sch-lc-gia s mt
ca Quc-t Cng-sn l Lnin:
Nhng s mu-thun phm-cht khc nhau ch c th
gii-quyt bng nhng phng-php phm-cht khc
nhau. Chnh v vy m mu-thun gia v-sn v tsn, chng hn, c gii-quyt bng phng-php
cch-mng x-hi. Mu-thun gia qun-chng
nhn-dn vi ch- phong-kin c gii-quyt bng
phng-php cch-mng dn-ch. Mu-thun gia
cc thuc-a vi -quc c gii-quyt bng
phng-php chin-tranh cch-mng quc-gia.
Mu-thun gia giai-cp th v nng-dn trong mt
1
Xin coi li lut bin-chuyn vi cu ni ca Engels i chiu

xem Mao hiu Engels nh th no
72
x-hi theo x-hi ch-ngha c gii-quyt bng

phng-php tp-sn v c-gii-ha nng-nghip.
Mu-thun trong lng ng Cng-sn c giiquyt bng phng-php ph-bnh v t-ph-bnh.
Mu-thun gia x-hi v thin-nhin c gii-quyt
bng phng-php pht-trin lc-lng sn-xut.
bin-h cho ng-li ring ca Trung-cng, p-dng
ti Trung-Hoa, c khc vi ng-li sch-lc chung ca
Cng-sn quc-t do Nga-s ch-huy, Mao-Trch-ng ni
tip:
Lch-trnh tin-ha thay i, lch-trnh c v nhng
mu-thun c bin tan, mt lch-trnh tin-ha mi v
nhng mu-thun mi pht-sinh; v vy nhng
phng-php dng gii-quyt nhng mu-thun
ny cng bin i. Nhng mu-thun c gii-quyt
bi cuc cch-mng thng Hai v cuc cch-mng
thng Mi1 Nga-X cng nh nhng phng-php
dng trong hai cuc cch-mng ny gii-quyt cc
mu-thun khc bit t cn-bn. Gii-quyt cc
mu-thun khc nhau bng nhng phng-php khc
nhau l mt nguyn-tc m cc ngi Cng-sn (theo
ch-ngha Mc-L) phi nghim-chnh noi theo.
V y l phng-php gii-quyt mu-thun ca Vitcng.. Bi x lun ca t nguyt-san Hc Tp (tp ch llun v chnh-tr ca ng Lao-ng Vit-Nam) thng 71961 vit:
Mu-thun gia mt bn l nhn-dn min Nam bao
gm giai-cp cng-nhn, giai-cp nng-dn, giai-cp
tiu-t-sn, giai-cp t-sn dn-tc, cc tng-lp v
c-nhn yu nc (?) khc v mt bn l -quc
M v bn tay sai ca chng gm nhng bn thn M
phn ng nht trong giai-cp a-ch v t-sn mi
1
Tc cuc cch-mng thng 3-1917 v cuc cp chnh-quyn

ngy 7-11-1917.
T l-thuyt n thc-hnh
73
bn... ch c th gii-quyt c bng cch nh

min Nam.
Cng trong tp ch ni trn mt ng vin Cng-sn,
Lu-Qu-K vit vi hng tt ln:
Ch c cch nh b my nh nc min Nam
phn-ng mi gii-quyt c mu-thun su sc
nht trong x-hi min Nam hin nay.
V Vit-cng lun lun to ra cc mu-thun, phng i
chng ra vi mc-ch lm suy yu Vit-Nam Cng-Ha.
Nu chng ta khng c mt phng-php hiu-nghim chn
ng nhng hnh vi m m ca h, hoc gii-thch cho dn
chng ng mc mu h, th c th h s t c mc-ch.
C khi Cng-sn tm ra mu-thun hay mm mu-thun
ngay nhng thng-li ca i-phng. Trng-Chinh
trong t S-Tht s 87 (15-11-1947) di tiu- Hy
nhm ch yu ca ch m nh cho tht mnh, sau khi bn
qua v s thng-li tm thi ca i phng (qun i vin
chinh Php) Vit-Bc vit:
Thi-hnh k hoch , ch tm-thi thng-li
c phn no. Nhng trong ch thng-li ny c
mm tht bi.
Tip theo l-thuyt-gia s mt ca Cng-sn Bc-Vit
ch cho n em ci mm nm u v cch thc khai
thc nh th no. trong thng li c mm tht-bi qu l
mt li nhn xt v suy lun theo ng Duy-vt bin-chng
php.
4. nh lut lng bin cht bin cng nh-hng kh
su n sch-lc Cng-sn.
Nhng trang trn cho thy Cng-sn hng hi tch-cc,
linh ng p-dng cc k sch ca mnh, khi h khi thc, khi
ha, khi chin, lun lun nghin-cu cc hon-cnh c-th
theo thi-gian v khng-gian, tm ra cc mm mu-thun,
74
trit- khai-thc cc mu-thun y, cng nh tm cch giiquyt mi mu-thun bng mt phng-php ring bit. Nu
c xt nguyn kha cnh th thy cn-b Cng-sn l
nhng phn-t cch-mng gian-manh xo-quyt, tn-bo,
xung kch, lun lun mun chm ngi tranh u khp ni v
c bit l lc no cng nh ho-hc, hm-h cn thng v
thng ngay tc-khc. Nhng nu nhn xt hnh-ng ca
cn-b Cng-sn trn mt kha cnh khc, ta s thy h rt
trm tnh, kin-tr. V h l-lun rng: tuy nhim-v ca h
l lm cho cuc cch-mng mau n, cho thng li chng
t; nhng nu cuc cch-mng cha n, thng li cn xa,
tht bi tm thi gn, th h li t nh rng: phi kinnhn ch i ng thi tm mi cch gii-thch cho cn-b
cc cp khi tht vng, nn lng, rn ch. H quan nim rng
cch-mng s phi n. Khng sm th mun, th no cng
thnh cng. C th th h ny chu tht-bi au-thng,
cho th h sau hng vinh-quang, chin-thng. Khi gp tr
ngi, tht bi, nguy-nan, h ch-trng c th li hai bc
tin ln mt bc1 v h s gii-thch rng: cha thnh
cng ch v hon-cnh cha chn mui. Cng chng khc no
nc nng cha 100 bch phn th cha si v bc
hi, ch c th.
Nhng c phi v vy m h chu ngi yn, th-ng ch
i cho nhit ca nc bng dng tng khng? Khng
i no Cng-sn chu th. Nhim v ca h l kim ci cht
cho y bp, qut mnh hn cho la bc tht cao.
Cc cuc chin-tranh rng ln vi chin-thut bin ngi
nh Cao-Ly 1953, Bc Vit (in Bin Ph) 1954 l mt
cch p-dng nh-lut ny: s lng binh s tng, s lng
t xung phong tng, tng mi, th s n mt tnh cht
chin-tranh bin-i, c th chuyn th thnh cng, bi
thnh thng.
Tn mt tc phm ca Lenine: Hai bc lui mot bc tien
T l-thuyt n thc-hnh
75
Ti cc hi-ngh c biu-quyt v thnh-phn mt ban

chp-hnh, hay v ng-li chnh-tr c lin-quan n Cng
ng, cn-b Cng-sn tm ht cch tng mi s phiu
ng-h h, cho n ngi ca h nm c quyn iukhin t-chc, hoc chnh-sch ca h c chp nhn. Nh
vy l s lng thm tng, tng mi cho n mt on-th
i-lp Cng-sn c th bin thnh mt t-chc Cng-sn,
hay t ra cng thn Cng, v i theo ng-li ca tam
quc-t. Nu cng cuc vn-ng hi trng gp khkhn, th c mt k thut chuyn-mn bin-ha cuc
tho-lun. Cn-b Cng-sn c th kin nhn v dy dn n
ni khng thi ci chy ci ci, nhc i nhc li cng mt
lun iu, ht ngi ny ri ngi khc, d ui l n u
h cng c gng ni mi. Tn-cng bng l khng c, th
h nh vo cm-tnh. Cc chng-minh bng thng-k
khng c kt qu, th dn chng bng tranh nh. Ni nh nh
khng xong th la li p bn. p gh, rt c giy chn ra
m p xung bn i-hi-ng Lin-Hip-Quc.1 H s ni
cho n khi ht hi, ht li mi chu ngh. Ngh ri li ni.
i phng s phi nhm tai chn mt, khng cn mun
nghe, mun nhn na. S nhm chn s n khng chu
ng ni: trc nhng lun iu nhc i nhc li qu nhiu,
i phng l t b v. Thnh-phn nhng ngi chng-i
bt dn i. Nhng ngi cn li nghe mi cng m ra nn
v mun nhng b cho xong. Nhng b khng phi v l
l Cng-sn hay ho xc ng, nhng l khi phi nghe
mi ging ni mt chiu. Cui cng s ngi chng i
Cng-sn s khng cn ng lo ngi na. Cho nn n khi
biu quyt, rt c th Cng-sn thng.
Cng-sn cho nh vy l nhiu-li bin thnh li
hay, nhiu l bin thnh l-mnh. V th m hi-ngh
no h cng tranh ni cho nhiu, v khng ngi ni ra ngoi
, min sao ni ra c nhng g h mun ni, d ch ta
c ct t cng khng xong. Trong trng-hp chnh cn-b
1
Trng hp Khroutchev ti i-hi-ng LHQ 1959.
76
Cng-sn ch ta, th c nhin hi-ngh ch cn l mt dinn tuyn-truyn -kch i-phng.

Chng ta cn nh nm 1954, 9 nc hp ti Genve v
chin-tranh ng-Dng. Ngy 10-5-1954 n lt phi
on Vit-Minh ln ting. Phm-Vn-ng li-dng ngay
din-n quc-t thuyt mt bi trng giang i hi v
ngun gc ch-ngha thc-dn, l-do khng-chin v nhng
cng-lao ca Vit-minh Cng-sn; khin sau trng phi
on Hoa-k Bedell Smith phi ph-bnh l trng on
Vit-cng lm mt qu nhiu th gi ni v lch-s.
Nhng hai hm sau m lt Chu-n-Lai, trng on
Trung-cng li li nhi tuyn-truyn, khin trng phi-on
Anh Anthony Eden l ch-tch phin nhm li phi ln ting
than phin rng h Chu lm mt th gi ca hi-ngh
nhc i nhc li nhng s kin lch-s v ch. Hai ng Bedell
Smith v Anthony Eden u c d rng Cng-sn chng cn
m xa n th gi ca cc ng v hi-ngh, min sao h t
c mc-ch tuyn-truyn th thi.
Hi-ngh Genve 1961 ny cng chng thiu nhng trnghp tng-t. V hi-ngh no m Cng-sn chng pdng cch-thc ?
Tm li, duy-vt bin-chng-php nh-hng su xa
ti sch-lc, mnh li ca Cng-sn.
Sch-lc Cng-sn l mt sch-lc linh-ng, h h
thc thc, thin bin vn ha. Cn-b Cng-sn p-dng lthuyt Mc-xt, c th ni, mi ni mt cch, mi thi mt
cch. i vi Cng-sn, li ni vi vic lm, l-thuyt vi
thc-t khng cn v cng khng th i i vi nhau. Gian
di, lt lng l th-on thng-xuyn. Bo ng, khng-b
i km vi vut ve, ha-hn. Ha y, nhng ri chin y.
Mc-ch ca h l bnh-trng th lc, ln t thu-ht dn.
t c mc-ch phng-tin no cng tt ht, k c
nhng phng tin tri ngc vi ch-trng Mc-xt. l
u im nht thi v cng l khuyt im cn bn ca Cngsn quc-t.
BA GIAI-ON CHIN-LC
HNG trang trn trnh by mt cch gin lc v

mc-ch v phng-php hnh-ng ca -tam
quc-t. Mc-ch bt di bt dch ca ch-ngha
Mc-L l tiu-dit giai-cp t-sn a v-sn (sic)
ln nm quyn thng-tr th-gii. Phng-php chnh-yu l
cch-mng. Phng-php ny c p-dng mt cch
linh-ng, kho lo, h h, thc thc vi thin hnh vn
trng m hnh-thc thng-dng nht l li-dng yu-t muthun ng theo cc quy-lut bin-chng-php.
Cc lnh-t Cng-sn tn tui nh Lnine, Staline da
vo cc vn-kin l-thuyt v kinh-nghim u-tranh thc-t
a ra nhng qui-tc lm khun vng thc ngc cho
cn-b cch-mng noi theo trong trng-hp u-tranh, trn
tng chin-trng, tng giai-on.1 Staline gi h-thng
Lnine vit nhng cun v chin-lc sch-lc nh Que

faire?; Deux tactiques; L'Imprialisme; L'tat et la rvolution;
La Rvolution proltarienne et le Rngal Kautsky; La maladie
infantile du Communisme.
Staline c cc cun: Des principes du Lninisme; Le Marxisme
et la question nationale et coloniale...
77
78
nhng qui-tc l khoa-hc ch dn giai-cp u-tranh ca

giai-cp v-sn, tc l chin-lc, sch-lc vy. Theo
Staline1:
Chin-lc c mc-ch n-nh ci hng tn-cng
chnh-yu ca giai-cp v-sn, cn-c vo mt giaion thc-t ca cch-mng; son-tho mt k-hoch
b-tr cc lc-lng cch-mng (tr b chnh v ph);
u-tranh thc-hin k-hoch trong sut giai-on
d-tnh ca cch-mng.
Chin-lc ch-trng ti cc lc-lng cn-bn ca
cuc cch-mng v c cc lc-lng tr-b. Chinlc thay i mi khi cuc cch-mng chuyn t giaion ny sang giai-on khc, nhng ct yu khng
thay i sut trong thi gian mt giai-on nht
nh.
Cng theo Staline th cch-mng v-sn tri qua 3 giaion:
Giai-on 1 bt u t 1903 cho ti thng 2 nm 1917
Mc-ch chin-lc ca giai-on ny l dng lclng cn-bn ca cch-mng l giai-cp v-sn, vi
lc-lng tr-b gn l giai-cp nng-dn, nh
ch- Nga-hong, thanh-ton hon ton nhng tntch cn ri li ca thi Trung-c.
Hng tn-cng chnh l c-lp giai-cp t-sn qunphit t-do, l giai-cp ng c tranh-th nng-dn
tiu-dit cch-mng bng cch tha-hip vi ch-
Nga-hong.
K-hoch b-tr lc-lng: cng nng lin-minh.
Giai-on 2 bt u t thng 3-1917 n thng 10-1917
1
Des principes du Lninisme, trang 63-64
Ba giai on chin-lc
79
Mc-ch chin-lc ca giai-on ny l nh chngha -quc Nga v ra khi chin-tranh -quc.

Lc-lng cn-bn cch-mng vn l: giai-cp v-sn.
Lc-lng tr b trc-tip l: bn nng
Lc-lng tr b gin-tip l: giai-cp v-sn ca cc
x ln-bang
Thin thi l: cuc chin-tranh dai dng v cuc khng
hong ca ch-ngha -quc.
Hng tn-cng chnh l: c-lp ch- dn-ch tiut-sn (nhm thiu s: Menshevik) v nhm x-hi
cch-mng l chng c tranh-th qun-chng
lao-ng nng-thn v c chm dt cch-mng bng
cch tha-hip vi bn -quc.
K-hoch b-tr lc lng: lin-minh v-sn vi bn
nng.
Giai-on 3 bt u t sau cch-mng thng Mi.
Mc-ch chin-lc ca giai-on ny: cng-c ch cng-sn chuyn-chnh trong mt nc v dng
chnh mt im ta lt bn -quc
khp cc nc. n y cuc cch-mng ra ngoi
khun kh mt quc-gia. Thi-k cch-mng th-gii
bt u.
Lc-lng ca cch-mng l: nn c-ti v-sn trong
mt nc v phong-tro cch-mng v-sn trong khp
cc nc.
Lc-lng tr-b chnh l: qun-chng bn v-sn v
tiu-nng ti cc x tn-tin v phong-tro gii-phng
ti cc thuc-a hay cc x b p-bc.
80
Hng tn-cng chnh l c lp ch- dn-ch tiut-sn, c-lp cc chnh-ng thuc -nh quc-t1 l
nhng thnh-phn ng-h chnh-sch tha-hip vi
bn -quc.
K-hoch b-tr lc-lng: lin-minh cch-mng vsn vi phong-tro gii-phng ca cc x thuc-a v
cc nc b p-bc.
Trn y l trch dch nguyn-vn nhng li-l ca
chin-lc-gia s mt ca -quc .2 C theo phngphp phn chia giai-on ny, th hin thi cuc cchmng v-sn, hay ng hn, cuc xch-ha hon-cu ca
Nga-s, ng giai-on 3. Cc ch- gi l dn-ch
nhn-dn ng c cng-c mt nc Nga, mt
nc Trung-Hoa lc-a, mt nc Bc Vit... lm
im ta ng hu lt bn -quc khp cc nc; bn
-quc y theo Cng-sn ngha l tt c cc chnh-ph
khng phi l Cng-sn, khng do mt trong nhng ng
Cng-sn, ng Cng-nhn hay ng lao-ng v.v., lnho. Theo ng-li chin-lc giai-on ny th cn phi
c-lp tt c nhng chnh-th dn-ch tiu-t-sn cng
nh nhng chnh ng no mun tha-hip vi bn quc. V vy nhng chnh-ph Tito, Nasser, Nehru,
Soekarno, Sihanouk v.v., nu t du mun tha-hip v mt
im no vi cc cng-quc Ty-phng th u cn phi
c lp nhng chnh-ph ngay. V thc ra chnh-sch
trung-lp ti cc nc ny l mt ngn n c-lp vi-diu
ri, c-lp m chnh k b c-lp khng hay, khng bit, ch
c k ch mu c-lp bit r v hin ng m c trong
bng. Trong cc giai-on chin-lc trnh by trn y,
Staline c ni n cc lc-lng tr b. Vy, cc lc-lng
1
Tc phm ny Staline vit trc khi c ch-ngha xt li

(Rvionisme) nn y khng ni n nhm ch-trng xt
li.
2
Nhng nguyn-tc ca ch-ngha Lnine, trang 63-64
Ba giai on chin-lc
81
tr-b ny c xp loi ra sao v s-dng nh th no? Vn

theo Staline, cc lc lng tr b cch-mng c th c
chia lm hai loi: trc-tip v gin-tip.
1. Lc-lng tr b trc-tip: Mt l nng-dn v ni
chung l cc tng lp trung-gian dn-chng trong x. Hai l
giai-cp v-sn ca cc x ln-bang. Ba l phong-tro cchmng trong cc thuc-a v cc x b tr. Bn l nhng
thnh-qu chinh-phc hoc th c ca v-sn chuyn-chnh
m giai-cp v-sn c th tm thi tr b mt phn, nh
lm c cho mt ch-th hng cng phi hu-chin.
2. Lc-lng tr b gin-tip: Mt l nhng mu-thun,
xung t gia cc giai-cp khng phi v-sn trong mt
nc, m giai-cp v-sn c th li-dng c lm suy
yu i-phng v tng cng cc lc-lng tr b ca
mnh. Hai l nhng mu-thun, nhng xung-t, nhng
chin-tranh (chng hn chin-tranh -quc) gia cc
quc-gia t-sn m giai-cp v-sn c th li-dng c
trong khi tn-cng hoc trong trng-hp bt-c-d phi
thoi lui.
Cng trong cun Cc nguyn-tc ca ch-ngha
Lnine, chnh Staline nhn mnh tm quan-trng ca cc
lc lng tr b gin-tip, ngha l nhng mu-thun gia
cc tng lp khng phi v-sn hay gia cc quc-gia khng
Cng-sn.
Sau y l bn iu-kin chnh-yu c th s-dng
cc lc-lng tr b mt cch hiu-qu:
Th nht: khi cch-mng chn mui, lc-lng tncng ng sung sc, khi cuc khi-ngha chun-b
xong v khi iu-kin quyt-nh thnh-cng c,
ngha l tp hp c cc lc-lng tr b xung
quanh o tin-phong, th lc phi tp trung cc
lc-lng cch-mng chnh yu nh vo nhc-im
d b thng nht ca i phng.
82
Th hai: phi chn ng lc ging n quyt-nh,

ng lc chm ngi cuc khi lon; ng lc m
cuc khng hong trong ni b i-phng t ti
tuyt-ch; ng lc o tin-phong ca C.S. sn sng
giao chin n cng; ng lc cc lc lng tr b sn
sng ym tr cho o-qun tin-phong v ng lc
hng ng i phng ri lon nhiu nht.
Th ba: mt khi hng tn-cng c chp-nhn
phi cng-quyt m theo, mc d mi kh-khn
him-tr trn ng a ti ch cho o tinphong ng sao-nhng mc-tiu chnh-yu ca cuc
u-tranh v cho qun-chng ng i lc ng,
trong khi qun-t chung quanh o tin-qun hng
ti ch.
Th t: iu-ng cc lc lng tr b c th rt lui
trong trt t, khi i phng mnh, khi s thoi lui
khng th trnh, v xt tng quan lc-lng i bn
gip-chin, ch cn cch rt lui mi bo ton c o
tin-phong. Lnine ni v vn- ny nh sau:
b-tc s hiu bit ca cc ng cch-mng
v lnh-o tn-cng, iu ti cn thit, khng c
khng th c l hc v cch thoi lui theo cc quylut.1
Lnine ly ha-c Brest-Litovsk lm v d v
thoi lui:
Ngy nay, 3 nm sau ha-c Brest-Litovsk mi
ngi, c n k n n nht, cng hiu rng habnh Brest-Litovsk l mt nhng-b ca chng ta,
v chia s lc-lng ca ch-ngha -quc quct.2
1
2
Bnh u tr...
Lnine tuyn tp, cun 2: Thi mi trang 900. Brest-Litovsk l
ha-c ca Nga-s k vi c ngy 3-3-1918.
CAO-TRO v THOI-TRO
U trong mt giai-on (tng-i) di, mc-tiu v

hng tn-cng chin-lc khng thay-i th tri li
cc hot-ng v phng-php sch-lc li phi
thay i ty theo hon-cnh thi-gian v khng-gian, hoc
theo danh-t ca Staline: ty theo cao-tro hay thoi-tro ca
cch-mng.1
Staline vit trong cun Nhng nguyn-tc ch-ngha
Lnine:
i tng ca sch-lc l n-nh ng-li m
giai-cp v-sn phi theo trong thi-k tng-i vn
ca cao-tro hay thoi-tro, ca s pht-trin hay sa
st cch-mng; tranh-u p-dng ng-li
bng cch thay th cc hnh-thc u-tranh v t-chc
mi vo cc hnh-thc c, thay th cc khu lnh mi
vo cc khu lnh c v v bng cch phi-hp cc
hnh-thc v.v.. Mc-ch ca chin-lc l thng
trong chin-tranh, chng hn chin-tranh chng ch Nga-hong hoc chng giai-cp t-sn. Cn schlc th li nhm vo nhng mc-tiu km quan yu
1
Flux et reflux de la Rvolution, Op. Cit. trang 65

83
84
hn; v sch-lc c gng thng li, khng phi trong

mt cuc chin-tranh ton din m trong mt trn
nh ny hay trn nh khc; thc hin c chincng trong chin-dch n hay chin-dch kia; thi-hnh
c cng-tc ny hay cng-tc khc thch-hp vi
hon-cnh c-th, trong mt thi k thc-t ca caotro hay thoi-tro cch-mng. Sch-lc l mt phn
ca chin-lc ph thuc vo chin-lc v dng
phc dch cho chin-lc, sch-lc thay i ty theo
cao-tro hay thoi-tro... trong khi chin-lc khng
thay i trong mt giai-on nht nh.
V sch-lc l mt phn ca chin-lc, cho nn cng
vic iu-khin sch-lc nm trong khun kh iu-khin
chin-lc, ty thuc vo nhim v v yu-cu ca chinlc. Mc-ch ca s iu-khin sch-lc l dung-np ht
mi hnh-thc u-tranh v t-chc ca giai-cp v-sn, sdng chng mt cch sng sut, ng hu t c kt qu
ti-a, cn-thit ua ti thng li chin-lc.
Staline nu ra hai iu-kin chnh s-dng cc hnhthc u-tranh mt cch sng sut:
Mt l phi ch trc tin n nhng hnh-thc utranh v t-chc no ph hp nht vi cc iu-kin cao-tro
v thoi-tro, c th gip v bo m c cho qun-chng
i ti lp-trng cch-mng.
iu quan trng, theo Staline, khng phi lm cho o
tin phong -thc c rng cn nh ch- c. iu
quan trng l lm cho qun-chng ng o hiu iu v
sn sng ng-h o tin-phong nhng, qun-chng ch c
th hiu c iu nh kinh-nghim bn thn. V vy
hy cho qun-chng c dp nhn thy, nh kinh-nghim
ca h, rng nht thit cn phi lt quyn lc c.
Hai l phi tm ra ng chic khu hay vng xch ring
bit ca chui giy chuyn cc lch-trnh tin trin khi
Cao tro v thoi tro
85
cm vo c chic khu l c th nhc ln ton b chui

giy chuyn.
Ni cho r hn, trong khi s vic tin-trin c bit bao
cng-tc phi lm. iu cn yu l phi nhn-nh sng sut
bit vic no cn lm trc tin, ng hu khi lm xong
vic ny c th nh chu-ton cc cng vic khc mt cch
d dng.
Staline chng minh iu ny bng hai s vic xy ra
trong thi k ng Cng-sn mi thnh-lp v trong thi k
xy dng k-hoch kinh-t mi.
Khi ng Cng-sn cn trong thi-k u-tr c rt nhiu
t-chc, hip-hi sinh-hot ri rc, thiu lin-lc, thiu
thng-nht ch-huy; phng-php lm vic t trn xung
di ch theo l li th-cng; -thc-h cng khng thngnht: mi ngi hiu Cng-sn mt cch tht l hn-n.
Trong thi-k , chic khu chnh ca chui giy chuyn,
nhim-v cn-bn ca ng, l s sng-lp mt t bo bthp-php cho ton th nc Nga. Sch-lc-gia Cng-sn
gii-thch: S d t bo bt-hp-php l chic khu chnh
ca chui giy chuyn, v ch c t bo gii-quyt c
cc vn- ni trn. Nh c t bo t-chc cc hip-hi c
thng-nht, -thc-h v chin-lc, sch-lc cng thngnht; phng-php lm vic khoa-hc v c hng-dn
thng-nht.
Trong thi-k chuyn tip t chin-tranh ti xy-dng
kinh-t, k-ngh mc ln mt cch v t-chc, nng-nghip
tht-bi v thiu sn-phm ca thnh th. Lc th chic
khu chnh ca chui giy chuyn, nhim-v cn-bn ca
ng, l m-mang thng-mi. Ti sao? Bi v trong cc
iu-kin xy-dng kinh-t-mi ch c thng-mi ni
lin c canh-nng vi k-ngh; ch c thng-mi tiu-th
c cc sn-phm cng-k-ngh; ch c thng-mi m
rng s di chuyn hng-ha v khuch-trng cng k-ngh.
86
Tm li, sch-lc Cng-sn c bit ch trng ti cc

im sau y: ty c ng bin, ; thay i cng-tc v hnhthc hot-ng ty theo hon-cnh thun hay nghch i vi
cch-mng; hun-luyn v hng dn qun-chng tch cc
tham-gia u-tranh; v sau ht bit tm ra ng nhim v
chnh yu, cp thit trong tng thi k trong tng aphng. Hai danh t cao-tro v thoi-tro l chic cha
kha m vo phng kn ca sch-lc Cng-sn.
Cng trn cn bn hai hon-cnh cao-tro hay thoitro ny, Lnine v Staline t li vn- ci-cch v
cch-mng
Theo Lnine th cn-b cch-mng phi thc c
nhng kh-khn to ln ca cuc chin-tranh tiu-dit t-sn
quc-t v khng nn ly lm l lc h phi tha-hip vi
i phng v phi dng nhng con ng quanh co i
ti ch. Con ngi Mc-xt phi nhn-nh ng mc v
tng-quan gia ci-cch vi cch-mng. Chnh-sch cicch sau mt cuc chin thng chnh l c-hi tt huchin, v nu tnh-th c lun lun cng thng c th n mt
khc quanh lch-s cch-mng, h s khng lc-lng
tip tc thnh-cng. Lnine vit:
Chin-tranh lt ch- t-sn quc-t l mt cuc
chin-tranh trm phn kh-khn, lu di, phc-tp
hn bt c cuc chin-tranh thng thng no gia
cc quc-gia. Nu ngay t u t b khng chu
dng nhng con ng quanh co, khai thc cc mi
mu-thun, xung-t quyn-li thng chia r i
phng, khng chu tha-hip k kt (d l lin-kt
tm thi, khng chc chn, do d v c iu-kin) th
c khc g trong mt cuc mo him leo ni cha tng
c ai t chn ti, m li t chi ngay t u, khng
chu i quanh co mt i lc v, i khi, quay u tr
li, tm mt hng i mi?1
1
Lnine tuyn tp, cun 2, trang 921-922, n bn 1948
Cao tro v thoi tro
V mt ch khc:
Ch c ch-ngha Mc-xt nh-ngha mt cch xc
ng tng-quan gia cc cuc ci-cch v cchmng; v Marx ch nhn thy mi tng-quan
mt kha cnh: ngha l trong nhng iu-kin c
trc cuc thng u tin, mt thng-li kh vng
vng ca giai-cp v-sn, t l trong mt nc. Trong
nhng iu-kin lc by gi, mi tng-quan ng
ng da trn nguyn-tc sau y: Nhng cuc cicch l sn-phm ph-tng thuc v u-tranh cchmng ca giai-cp v-sn. Sau khi giai-cp ny
thng t l mt nc xut hin mt yu-t mi trong
tng-quan gia ci-cch v cch-mng. Theo
nguyn-tc, mi s vn nh trc nhng v hnh-thc
c mt bin-chuyn m chnh Marx khng tin-on
c, nhng ngi ta cng ch c th nhn thy khi
ng trn tha t trit hc v chnh-tr Mc-xt...1
V vn- ny Staline vit:
Nhiu ngi ngh rng ch-ngha Lnine, trong tngqut, chng li ci-cch, hip-c v iu nh. iu
hon ton sai. Cc ngi Bolshevik cng bit r
nh ai rng nhng hon-cnh no y, ci-cch ni
chung v iu gii, tha-hip ni ring, l iu cn
ch...
Chin s cch-mng chp nhn s ci-cch, dng
lm mi la phi hp cng-tc bt-hp-php, dng
lm ni n nu ng hu tng-cng cng-tc bt-hpphp, chun-b qun-chng lm cch-mng lt ch t-bn.
Lnine tuyn tp, cun 2, trang 924-925
87
NM GIAI-ON SCH-LC
HEO Staline,1 giai-on chin-lc th ba bt u t

cch-mng thng Mi. Mc-tiu ca giai-on ny
l lt ch- t-sn trn ton th-gii, thit-lp nn
c-ti v-sn khp ni.
t ti mc-tiu ny, cch-mng v-sn s phi tri
qua nhiu giai-on thng trm, tin thoi, thun nghch...
m cc chin-lc-gia tam quc-t gi l cao-tro
thoi-tro ca cch-mng. Sch-lc s thay i ty theo
cao-tro hay thoi-tro; v vy, khng c tnh-cch nht
nh v s ty theo sng-kin v s suy-lun ca cn-b
trc mi hon-cnh c-th.
Tuy-nhin, mt giai-on chin-lc rng ln nh giaion 3 ca Staline, cc lnh-t Cng-sn thng chia ra lm
nhiu giai-on vn hn, vi mt s mc-tiu nh hp hn.
ng trn cng v chin-lc cch-mng th-gii m
ni, th ch c mc-tiu lt ch- t-sn quc-t l mctiu bt di bt dch, cui cng th no cng phi c nhm t
ti. Cn cc mc-tiu trung-gian khc u nht thi v c th
thay i, ngha l c tnh-cch sch-lc.
Nu ng trn cng-v cch-mng mt nc, di s
iu-khin ca mt ng Cng-sn a-phng, th ng ny
c th phn chia lm nhiu giai-on v mi giai-on t
ti mt mc-tiu. Cc ng Cng-sn a-phng c th coi
l nhng giai-on chin-lc ch khng phi ch schlc m thi. Nhng i vi chng-trnh tng-qut xchha hon cu ca Cng-sn quc-t th li ch l nhng
giai-on sch-lc.
Xin coi on trn: Ba giai-on chin-lc

88
Nm giai on sch lc
89
Nghin-cu cch bnh-trng ch-ngha Cng-sn ti

phn nhiu cc nc ch-hu, cc chuyn-vin v vn-
Cng-sn thng chia ra lm 5 giai-on:
Giai-on 1: phi cn-b Cng-sn vo hot-ng, tuyntruyn, gy nh-hng, li-dng cc phn-t bt mn,
kt-np vo mt t-chc b-mt chng chnh-quyn hin
hu khng Cng-sn.
Giai-on 2: khi tuyn-truyn chng chnh-ph, khng-b
l t gy khng-kh no lon, hoang-mang.
Giai-on 3: M rng tuyn-truyn v khng-b. Thnh-lp
cc cn-c a du-kch, pht ng chin-tranh du-kch ti
nng-thn. T-chc chnh-quyn b mt cp X.
Giai-on 4: Tip tc phn tuyn-truyn, khng-b, m rng
chin-tranh du-kch thnh-lp cc khu gii-phng, lp
ch-lc bn chnh-quy, thnh-lp chnh-ph b-mt.
Giai-on 5: Tng tn-cng qun-s, tng nh-cng, bi
th. T-chc biu-tnh ln. Chim ng nhng c-im
chin-lc quan h n i sng cc -th. Lt
chnh-quyn c, thnh-lp mt chnh-ph theo
Cng-sn.1
Nhng giai-on trn y vn cn l i-cng v c th
thay i thm bt ty hon-cnh thi-gian v khng-gian.
Trong thc-t thng phi phn bit trng-hp cchmng mt nc c-lp, dn-ch t-sn, vi trng-hp
cch-mng mt nc b tr, hoc phong-kin. Ngoi ra,
cng cn phi ti kt-qu v bin thin ca mi giaion. Bi v mc-tiu hoch-nh cho giai-on sau cng
nh phng-php u-tranh p-dng cho giai-on ny phi
ty thuc vo kt-qu ca giai-on trc v nhng bin1
Ni theo Cng-sn m khng ni Cng-sn v vic thnhlp chnh-ph Cng-sn cn ty iu-kin chnh-tr quc-t. Nu
c tr ngi v ngoi-giao th Cng-sn c th ch i cho n
khi no hon-ton chc chn mi lm.
90
chuyn bt ng m theo Lnine, ngay n Marx cng khng

tin-on c.1
Mao-Trch-ng trong kha hp th 6 ca y Ban
Trung-ng ng Cng-sn Trung-Hoa (6-11-1938) ni
v s phn bit 2 trng-hp cch-mng ny nh sau:
Nhim-v trng tm ca cch-mng, hnh-thc caong ca cch-mng chnh l chinh-phc quyn-bnh
bng v-lc, ngha l bng chin-tranh. Nguyn-tc
cch-mng ca ch-ngha Mc L ny c gi-tr
khp ni, i vi Trung-Hoa cng nh cc nc khc.
Tuy-nhin, nu nguyn-tc khng thay i, th tri li
cc ng v-sn li thc hin nguyn-tc mt cch
khc nhau trong cc iu-kin khc nhau v ph hp
vi cc iu-kin ny. Ti cc thi k chin-tranh v
pht-xt, th cc iu-kin nh sau: trong nc khng
cn ch- phong-kin na m l mt ch- dn-ch
t-sn. i ngoi, cc nc khng b p-bc,
nhng tri li i p-bc cc nc khc. Trong cc
iu-kin y, nhim-v ca cc ng v-sn ti cc
nc ny l gio-dc cng-nhn, tch-tr lc-lng,
trong khi vn u-tranh hp-php ko di v chun-b
lt ch-ngha t-bn. Tranh-u y l tranh-u
hp-php, ko di: s-dng din-n ngh-vin, lm
reo a-ht kinh-t cng nh chnh-tr, t-chc cc
nghip-on v gio-dc cng-nhn. Ti cc nc
ny, hnh-thc t-chc l hnh-thc hp-php, hnhthc u-tranh l u-tranh khng mu (phi-quns). Trong cc vn- chin-tranh, chnh-sch ca
ng Cng-sn ti cc x ny l tranh-u ng
cho nc mnh tham-gia vo cc cuc chin-tranh
thuc-a. Nu mt cuc chin-tranh loi bng n,
chnh-sch ca ng nhm lm tht-bi chnh-ph
phn-ng ca nc h. ng ny ch c chun-b
1
Lnine tuyn tp cun 2, trang 924
Nm giai on sch lc
91
tham-gia ni-chin. Nhng bao lu t-sn cha lm

tnh-trng bt-lc hon ton, bao lu v-sn phn
ng cha nht quyt thc-hin cuc khi ngha vtrang v theo ui cuc ni-chin, bao lu qun-chng
nng-dn khng tnh-nguyn ng-h v-sn, th khng
th no thc-hin c khi-ngha v-trang v nichin. Khi chin-tranh v khi ngha bng n, trc
ht phi chim ng cc -th, ri sau mi tncng lan ti nng-thn; ch khng c lm ngc
li. Cc ng Cng-sn ti cc nc t-bn hnhng nh th. Kinh-nghim cch-mng thng Mi ti
Nga xc nhn nh vy.
Ti Trung-Hoa th khc. c-tnh ca Trung-Hoa l
khng phi mt nc dn-ch c-lp, nhng l mt
x bn thuc-a v na phong-kin... V th ti y,
khng c ngh-vin m s-dng, cho nn lut-php
khng cng-nhn cho th c quyn t-chc v nhcng. nc ta, nhim v chnh-yu ca ng Cngsn khng phi l chun-b ni dy v khng-chin
bng mt cuc u-tranh trng-k hp php, cng
khng phi chim ng trc cc -th ri sau mi
n nng-thn, nhng l lm ngc hn li.
... Ti y, hnh-thc chnh ca u-tranh l chintranh v hnh-thc chnh ca t-chc l qun-i. Tt
c cc hnh-thc khc, nh t-chc qun-chng nhndn, tranh u qun-chng nhn-dn v.v., rt quan
trng; khng th chi ci rng nhng hnh-thc ny ti
cn thit, nhng chng phi ph thuc tt c vo li
ch chin-tranh.
Nu ni theo danh-t ca Staline th hnh-thc chintranh m h Mao nu ln y nh nhim-v chnh-yu
trong cch-mng v-sn Trung-Hoa, chnh l chic khu
chnh ca chui dy chuyn sch-lc Mao-Trch-ng
vy.
BN GIAI-ON TIP THEO
I ng-li cch-mng 5 giai-on ni trn, c th

n ht giai-on 5, ngha l khi tng khi-lon,
Cng-sn hon ton lm ch tnh-th, trong nc
khng cn i-th no c th lm cn tr vic thit-lp mt
ch- Cng-sn thit th vi nhn-hiu: Dn-ch Cng-ha
Nhn-dn, Tn Dn-ch v.v..
Nhng cng c th gp lc cch-mng thoi-tro cuc
tng khi lon a n nhng hu-qu phc-tp: Nhng
ng i-lp xut hin tranh dnh quyn-bnh; cc nc
ngoi can-thip e da nhng k khi lon mi thnh-cng;
hoc Cng-sn cha nm vng c ht cc thnh-phn
tham-gia khi lon, thuc loi lc-lng tr-b trc-tip hay
92
Bn cng tc k thut chnh yu

1
93
gin-tip v ng mt ci cc thnh-phn ny thay i thi, sau khi thnh-cng...

y l lc cc sch-lc-gia Cng-sn phi p-dng
phng-php hai bc li, mt bc tin: lin-hip vi
i-phng.
Sch-lc ny c p-dng ti Nga-s, ng-c,
Bo-Gia-Li, Hung-Gia-Li, L-Ma-Ni, Ba-Lan v TipKhc gm c 4 giai-on m Lm-Ng-ng ghi r
tng s-kin theo th t thi-gian trong cun B-Danh t
trang 196 ti 204.2
Bn giai-on l:
1. Lin-hip: Thnh-lp chnh-ph lin-hip, Cng-sn
kim-sot cnh-st v ta n.
2. Khng-b trc khi c tuyn-c : hoc lm cho cuc
tuyn-c khng th xy ra ng k-hn, hoc ly c
thiu an-ninh m p-dng cc bin-php c-ti, n-p.
3. T-chc tuyn-c gian-ln nh la dn-chng v
che mt quc-t. Nu thng li th s thanh-trng iphng, nm trn quyn bnh. Nu tht bi th tng
gia khng-b v tip tc tr li u-tranh bng tuyntruyn v du-kch-chin.
4. Cng-c quyn-lc: Mt khi chnh-quyn Cng-sn
c thit-lp, cc t-chc i-lp s b th-tiu, hoc
dn vo th b ng. Cc chnh-sch kinh-t, vn-ha,
x-hi v.v., s rp theo ng khun mu Nga-s. Cc li
ha hn v t-do s ln lt b phn bi.
1
2
Xin coi li phn Ba giai-on chin-lc.

Op. Cit. bn dch Ngn-Lun, Saigon
BA HNH THC SCH-LC

IN-HNH
CH-s thng-bn th-k 20 chng-minh rng Cngsn quc-t trit- p-dng cc nguyn-tc chinlc sch-lc trn y ca cc lnh-t in CmLinh. Ty tng giai-on, ty a-phng, ty theo honcnh ring bit v c-th, Cng-sn p-dng mt s hnhthc sch-lc n nay tr thnh quen thuc, nh v
phng-din qun-s: chin-thut du-kch, chin-thut tiuth khng-chin, chin-thut trng-k khng-chin... l
cha k cc chin-thut c-in khc mt i khi vn c
Cng-sn dng ti nh chin-thut chim s, chin-thut
dng-ng kch-ty, chin-thut iu-h ly-sn v.v.. V
chnh-tr c cc hnh-thc sch-lc khc nh: sch-lc
mt-trn, sng chung ha-bnh, trung-lp, lin-hip, p lc
qun-s dc bin-gii, v mt s th-on khng xng
danh sch-lc nh: va nh trng va n cp, nm
du tay, mm nn rn bung, li cho cp di, git ly
hai gi li mt v.v..
y, chng ti khng c bn v cc chin-thut
qun-s, cng khng mun lm mt thi-gi ca c-gi
ni n cc th-on gian-manh, u cng m Cng-sn
thng dng, mc d nhng th-on cng pht-xut t
chnh duy-vt bin-chng-php v cc nguyn-tc chinlc, sch-lc ca Tam Quc-t.
Chng ti xin ni tm tt v ba hnh-thc sch-lc
chnh-tr hin ng c Cng-sn s-dng khp ni, v c
th coi nh nhng kh-gii bn nhn nht chnh-phc
94
Ba hnh thc sch lc in hnh
95
tm-l cc dn-tc. l sch-lc Mt-trn, sch-lc

Tn-cng ha-bnh v sau cng l sch-lc Trung-lp
hay c-lp.
MT TRN:
Khi ni v cc nguyn-tc sch-lc v cch s-dng
cc hnh-thc sch-lc1 Staline nhn mnh yu-t
qun-chng.
iu quan-trng l lm cho qun-chng, qun-chng
ng o, hiu r rng cn nh ch- c v
sn sng ng-h o-qun tin-phong.2
Khi ni v cc lc-lng tr-b trong chin-lc Staline
cng ni n s ng-tnh tip tay ca cc tng lp nngdn. V khi ni n k-hoch b-tr lc-lng cng nhc n
s lin-kt cc thnh-phn nhn-dn vi giai-cp v-sn, vi
ng tin-phong.
Mt-trn chnh l hnh-thc sch-lc c mc-ch
kt-hp lc-lng qun-chng, cc lc-lng tr-b, vo
hng ng ng-h ng tin-phong.
Cho nn khp ni cc nc Cng-sn ngay t giy pht
c th c ngha l sau khi c mt s c-s nng ct
vng chc v gy c cm tnh tng-i kh vi qunchng cn-b tam quc-t lin cho thnh-lp mt mttrn: Mt-trn Bnh Dn ( Nga-s v cc nc chu u),
Mt-trn Thng-nht Quc-Gia (Trung-Hoa), Mt-trn Dnch, Mt-trn Thng-Nht, Mt-trn Vit-Minh, Mt-trn
Lin Vit, Mt-trn T-Quc, Mt-trn Gii-phng Min
Nam (ti Vit-Nam).3
Xin coi li on Cao-tro v thoi-tro.

Tc ng Cng-sn.
3
Xin coi chi-tit phn sau.
2
96
T ngun-gc, mt-trn l mt chin-a khi c chintranh, ti y cc b ch-huy 2 bn tham-chin tp-trung cc

phng-tin chin-u, phi-hp, iu-khin cc o-qun
thuc cc binh-chng, tranh phn thng. l hiu theo
ngha qun-s. Hiu rng ra, trong a-ht chnh-tr, mt-trn
l mt t-chc tp-hp cc chnh-ng, cc tng lp nhndn li chung quanh mt lp-trng chin-u, hy-sinh
quyn-li t ring, chu quyn ch-huy ca mt c-quan
thng-nht. i vi Cng-sn, lch-s loi ngi l mt cuc
u-tranh giai-cp khng ngng. Cc chin s Cng-sn lun
trong tnh-trng u-tranh, lun lun tm cch li ko i
a-s qun-chng vo hng ng ca h, hay t ra ng-h h
trong cuc gip-chin vi t-sn. V vy cc nc Cngsn, khi mt-trn ny tan r th li c mt-trn khc c
thnh-lp, v trn tt c, chung cho mi nc c mt mttrn vnh cu l mt-trn m Cng-sn gi l Mt-trn Dnch Nhn-dn Th-gii do Lin S lnh-o.
Ngi ta cn nh ngy 7-7-1937, ng Cng-sn TrungHoa ra mt bn tuyn-ngn hp-tc vi Quc-Dn-ng
thnh-lp mt mt-trn thng-nht ton lc quc-gia
khng Nht. Trong bn tuyn-co ny c on sau y:
Nhn-dn Trung-Hoa, chnh-ph v qun-i hy
on-kt mun ngi nh mt, v chng ta hy dng
ln mt bc vn-l trng-thnh mun i vng chc
l mt-trn quc-gia thng-nht chng qun
xm-lng Nht Bn. Quc-Dn ng v Cng-sn
ng hy hp-tc cht ch vi nhau chng li cc
cuc tn-cng mi ca qun cp nc Nht Bn.
Chng ta hy tng c qun cp Nht ra khi t
Trung-Hoa.
Nh trn ni c mt thi-k Quc-Cng TrungHoa hp-tc vi nhau. Ri sau li knh chng nhau. Cho
n khi c-hi ti: Qun Nht xm-lng Trung-Hoa. Trn
L-Cu-Kiu bng n x y hai dn-tc TrungNht vo
mt cuc chin-tranh ng-ng 8 nm tri. Tm-l phn
97
ng ngi dn Trung-Hoa lc by gi l si mu cm-th

qun Nht. Cho nn chnh-sch khng-chin phi c a-s
ng-h. Quc-Dn ng lc y -thc c nguy-c
Cng-sn, ban u cn do d khng mun nht-quyt tuynchin vi Nht, c thi gi tiu-dit Cng ng trong
nc. Trung-cng tha hiu iu . Cho nn h nhn v
L-Cu-Kiu m lm rm beng ln, va li ko nhn-dn
v pha h, va bt buc Quc-dn ng phi tuynchin. Khi a ra li tuyn-b trn y vi -ngh thnh-lp
Mt-trn Quc-gia Thng-nht Trung-cng mt thi
ng vai ch-ng.
Ngy nay ai ny u nhn thy r rng s hp-tc lc y
vi chin-lc Mt-trn Quc-gia Thng-nht ch c tnhcch giai-on tm b. Ch cha chc g Trung-Cng th
qun xm-lng Nht hn Quc-dn ng Trung-Hoa, l
ng-bo ca h.
Sch-lc mt-trn c Vit-cng dng ti rt nhiu
trong cuc xch-ha Vit-Nam. u tin l Mt-trn Dn-ch
(1936) khi thy Mt-trn Bnh-Dn ln nm chnh-quyn
Php, tip n l Mt-trn Thng-Nht (1939), Mt-trn TQuc (1955). Cc mt-trn ny lun lun nhm mc-ch thu
ht qun-chng ng vo hng ng u-tranh theo lptrng ca Cng-sn. Trong mt-trn c i-din cc chnhng, cc hi-on v t-chc nhn-dn loi, c. Cc
t-chc ny phn nhiu do cn-b Cng-sn iu-khin hoc
trc-tip hoc gin-tip. Ngay c cc chnh-ng ng trong
mt-trn cng vy. i vi Cng-sn ch c mt nn c-ti
v-sn, ch c mt ng tin-phong; lm g c th chp-nhn
nhng hnh-thc ng-phi chnh-tr khc. Tuy-nhin che
du m-mu ca h v trong giai-on no , h vn chpnhn hnh-thc ng-phi. Ti Bc Vit, hin ngoi ng
Lao-ng ra, cn c hai ng na l ng Dn-Ch (thnhlp 30-6-1944) v ng X-Hi (thnh-lp 22-7-1946).
Nhng thc khng phi l nhng chnh-ng ng n c
lp-trng v c ng-li tranh-u ring. V nhim-v
chnh-yu nu khng phi l duy nht ca h l ca-tng
98
tn-dng v thc-hin ng-li ca ng lnh-o l ng

Lao-ng. y bng-chng rnh rnh: hn ba thng sau khi
ng Lao-ng hp ln th ba t 5 n 10-9-1960 ti HNi, ng X-Hi Vit-Nam cng hp i-hi ln th 3
vo nhng ngy 26, 27, 28 thng 12-1960. Trong i-hi
ny, Nguyn Xin, tng th k ng c mt bn tuynngn, trong c nhng on m c ln chng ta c cmtng Nguyn Xin dng tm ni mc ng lnh-o
(Lao-ng)1 v ch lun ming nhc i nhc li ca-tng
ng Lao-ng (8 ln) m thi:
i-hi i-biu ton quc ln th 3 ca ng Laong Vit-Nam hp vo u thng 9 nm nay vch
ra nhim-v chung ca cch-mng Vit-Nam trong
giai-on mi nhm xy-dng ch-ngha x-hi
min Bc v u-tranh thc hin ha-bnh thng-nht
nc nh. Mi mt ln cch-mng Vit-Nam qua bc
ngot mi, ngh-quyt i-hi ng Lao-ng VitNam, m ra con ng sng sut v c li nht, mau
chng v bo-m nht a cch-mng n thng li.
Trc bc ngot trng-i hin nay, ngh-quyt ihi ng Lao-ng Vit-Nam ln th ba l ngn n
pha soi sng con ng qu i ln ch-ngha x-hi
v hon thnh cch-mng dn-tc dn-ch nhn-dn
trong c nc. ng X-hi Vit-Nam ht sc vui
mng trc s thnh-cng v-i ca i-hi ng
Lao-ng Vit-Nam ln th ba, nhit-lit hoan-nghnh
v hon ton tn thnh bn ngh-quyt ca i-hi,
coi l cng-lnh chung ca dn-tc, v nguyn
tng cng on-kt vi ton dn ra sc phn-u
thc hin bn cng-lnh chung y.
Trc mt anh ch em tr-thc, ngh-quyt ca i-hi
ng Lao-ng Vit-Nam ln th ba m ra mt
chn tri bao la cho s gii-phng tr-tu, cho s
1
Bo Cu Quc s 2996 ngy 1-1-1961
99
pht-trin khng ngng ca vn ha, khoa-hc v k

thut ng-li i ln ti sng .
Trong ch- X-hi ch-ngha min Bc, chnhsch i vi tr-thc ca ng Lao-ng Vit-Nam v
Chnh-ph Vit-Nam dn-ch Cng-Ha gip
tr-thc tin b pht trin ti nng, khng ngng bi
dng v lp-trng v t-tng, chm lo tinh thn v
vt cht cho anh ch em.
Hn 14 nm ng trong Mt-trn Dn-tc Thngnht, ng X-hi Vit-Nam gp phn c gng ca
mnh vo sc c gng chung ca ton dn trong snghip cch-mng di s lnh-o ca ng Laong Vit-Nam v.v.
D HA VI QU
Cng-sn ch-trng u-tranh giai-cp. Cng-sn cho
rng i ngi l mt cuc tranh-u khng ngng. Nhng
Cng-sn li cng bit rng: bn-tnh con ngi yu-chung
ha-bnh. Trn ca ming cc nh Nho c cu:
D ha vi qu.
v bn tai gio-hu Ky-t vng vng li thin-s:
Ha-bnh cho nhng ngi thin-tm.
Nht l cc chuyn-vin tm-l-chin Cng-sn li bit
hn ai ht rng: sau khi mt mi v u-tranh, khng li ha
no ngt ngo hn: ngng bn, nh chin lp li habnh.
Chnh Lnine cn dn cn-b Cng-sn phi khai-thc
xu-hng vng-ha trong gii t-sn.1
Xin coi li nh-lut mu-thun trong duy-vt bin-chng-php,

trang 52
100
i-hi 81 ng Cng-sn v Cng-nhn th-gii hp

thng 11-1960 tuyn-b:
Phong-tro ha-bnh l mt phong-tro rng ln
nht ca thi-i chng ta
v on khc:
Vn- nng hi nht ca thi-i chng ta l Vn chin-tranh v ha-bnh
Sau bn tuyn-b h-ho cng-c ni-b bo-v
ha-bnh:
n lc phi em -ch mnh-m v cc t-chc
ca giai-cp v-sn quc-t ra chng li cc th-lc
chin-tranh v phi on-kt mi lc-lng ca giaicp v-sn quc-t nhm ngn nga chin-tranh bov ha-bnh.
Cu kt-lun cui cng ca bn tuyn-b cng l mt li
dnh cho Ha-Bnh v Ch-Ngha X-hi:
... cho thng-li ca s-nghip ha-bnh v chngha X-hi
Khi Staline cn sng, ng m mt chin-dch gi l
chin-dch tn-cng ha-bnh. V mt nm trc khi cht,
nh c-ti o gp-g cc lnh-t Trung-cng cng
tha-thun v mt chnh-sch ha-bnh. Ri vo nm Staline
mt, Chu-n-Lai, th-tng Trung-cng ving n v sau
my thng th-gii c chng-kin mt cuc vn-ng
si ni cho 5 nguyn-tc sng chung ha-bnh do ng Nehru,
th-tng n, a ra v c Trung-cng cng cc nc
Cng-sn ti hi-ngh 29 nc Bandoung (Nam-Dng)
hng-ng nhit-lit. C ngi cho rng Staline xp t
vi Mao-Trch-ng git dy v chnh-khch trung-lp
ca n- a ra chnh-sch sng chung ha-bnh vi 5
nguyn-tc sng chung.1
1
Nm nguyn-tc l:
101
Trong s hn mt chc t-chc quc-t do Cng-sn lp

ra thu ht cc tng lp nhn-dn th-gii1 c mt on-th
c Cng-sn c bit ch ngang vi t-chc Lin-Hip
nghip-on Th-gii. l Hi-ng Ha-bnh Th-gii2
thnh-lp nm 1949.
T-chc ny cng nh 5 nguyn-tc sng chung ca
Th-tng n c nhiu ngi tn-thng. Nhng
ngi ngy-ng c th cho l Cng-sn thc tm mun habnh. Nhng c xt s mt vi hnh-vi i km vi phongtro ha-bnh th mi thy mt tri v cng l mt thc
ca 2 ch Ha-bnh theo kiu Cng-sn:
Mc-ch su xa ca t-chc Hi-ng Ha-bnh Thgii c Dimitri Manuisky vch trn t nm 1930 trong
mt bui din-thuyt ti Hc-vin Chin-tranh chnh-tr ti
Mc-T-Khoa nh sau:
Mt cuc chin-tranh tn-st gia Cng-sn v tbn khng th no trnh c. Hin nay (1930) chng
ta cha sc mnh tn-cng. Trong 20 hay 30
nm na chng ta mi ra tay. Mun thng chng ta
phi dng phng-php tn-cng thnh lnh. Lc y
bn t-bn hn ng nm ng. V vy trc ht
chng ta hy tung ra phong-tro u-tranh ha-bnh
mt cch ht sc rm r nh cha h c. Chng ta s
t nhng thi- ci m, ht sc hp dn, nhng s
nhng b v cng mm do. Cc nc t-bn kh
kho v i try s sung sng cng tc vi chnh ci
s tiu-dit chng. Chng s vui thch nm ly c hi
a) Ha-bnh cng tn
b) Khng can-thip ni-chnh
c) Tn-trng lnh-th, ch-quyn ca nhau
d) Khng xm-lc
e) Bnh ng v quyn-li
1
Xin coi on sau: Bn cng-tc k-thut chnh-yu.
2
Conseil mondial de la Paix = World Peace Council
102
c th gy tnh giao ho. Tha lc hng h khng

phng na, chng ta tiu-dit chng bng nhng nm
tay nm cht.1
iu ny c xc-nhn bng cc bin-c gn y
bin-gii n- Trung-cng (thng 9-1959)2 Ai-Lao
(1958-1960), Cuba (1961), Congo (1960) ng nh nh ca lnh-t Cng-sn l c-bit ch ti cc nc
km m-mang, thuc-a hay b tr chu , chu Phi v
chu M La-tinh.
Cc trn tn-cng ca Cng-sn vo cc n do qun-i
Hong-gia Ai-Lao trn gi hi thng 5-1961, l thng khaimc hi-ngh Genve v Ai-Lao, ti cc mt-trn Mng
Sai, Poukhoum, Maxay, Boutone, Xing Khoang v s tht
th ca n Padong cho th-gii thy r ngha hai ch
ngh-ha ca Cng-sn.3
1
Tp-ch Vn Hu s 9 thng 2-1961, trang 33

Xin coi cc ch (1) ca phn Vin thuc c bc ng.
3
Trung-cng v Vit-cng vn chi rng khng can-thip vo nib Ai-Lao, nhng khng thiu nhng bng-chng c-th v mt
s xm-lng trng trn. Pht-ngn-vin ca phi-on Hoa-k
ti Hi-ngh 14 nc v Ai-Lao trong phin nhm ngy 14-61961 xc-nhn:
Ngay t 18-10-60 mt t-binh Pathet Lo tit-l rng k-s
Vit-cng c mt bn Qun-i Pathet Lo. Theo mt t binh
khc th 17-1-60 c 120 lnh Vit-cng ti Van Viang bng
my bay. Cng theo ngun tin ni trn, cui thng 3-61 chuynvin Vit-cng hot-ng trong hng ng b binh Pathet
Lo. Cng thi , mt Pathet Lo b bt th-nhn thuc
tiu-on bit-ng 925 Vit-cng, st nhp vi tiu-on 6 ca
Pathet Lo Mng Kassay. Lc Vn-Tng t nht c t
1000 Vit-cng tham chin.
Pht-ngn-vin cho bit cc phn-t thuc s-on 335 ca
Vit-cng ng Mc-Chu (Bc-Vit) xm-nhp Ai-Lao
hi cui thng 5 v tin v Ban Padong thay th cc ton
qun Vit-cng xm-nhp Ai-Lao hi thng 2 nm 1961.
2
103
Cn i vi cc hi-ng ha-bnh th-gii hay aphng, mt khi tr thnh li-kh ca tuyn-truyn Cngsn th khng thiu nhng trng-hp ma mai nh trnghp di y:
Ngy 5-4-1959 Hi-ng Ha-bnh Vit-cng nhm
phin bt-thng ti H-Ni :
ng thanh v cng quyt ng-h cc chin-s
Cng-sn Trung-Hoa ng chin-u dp qun TyTng.
Ngi ta cn nh cng Hi-ng ny Cng-sn
dng lm din-n tuyn-truyn chng chnh-ph Vit-Nam
Cng-Ha v bi xch cc cng-quc Ty-phng trong v
Liban hi 1958.1
1
Khi Cng-sn ni Ha-Bnh th phi hiu ho-bnh di quyn

thng-tr ca h, ha-bnh cho thng-li ca -quc Cng-sn.
Chin-thut ha-bnh ny khng gt b chin-tranh.
Cng nh trong bi din-vn ngy 6-1-61, khi Khroutchev
ni rt nhiu v ho-bnh th cng ni v chin-tranh. ng nhc
nh cho cn-b Cng-sn v nhim-v ca h i vi chintranh. ng phn-bit c 3 loi chin-tranh: 1 l chin-tranh thgii, 2 l chin-tranh a-phng, 3 l chin-tranh gii-phng
ngha l do cc dn-tc b p-bc ch-trng t gii-phng.
Nhim-v ca cn-b Cng-sn l ng-h mt cch ht sc
tch-cc cc cuc chin-tranh gii-phng ny m ng gi l
cuc chin-tranh cng chnh. Cn-b Cng-sn phi ng-h
hon-ton v ng vo hng tin-o cng vi cc dn-tc b
p-bc.
Ci li phn loi chin-tranh ca Khroutchev lm cho ngi ta
nh ti cch phn-bit hai loi chin-tranh hp-l v phi-l ca
chin-lc-gia s mt ca Trung-cng: Mao-Trch-ng
vit:
Nhng cuc chin-tranh thc y tin-ha, ngha l nhng
cuc chin-tranh chng -quc, chng phn-ng, l chintranh hp-l. Cn nhng cuc chin-tranh no cn tr tin-ha
l chin-tranh phi-l. Cng-sn chng ta chng i mi cuc
104
TRUNG-LP hay C-LP

Sau hai trn th chin thng bn th-k ny, c nhiu
quc-gia thm thung ci s-phn may-mn ca cc nc
Thy-S, Thy-in, an-Mch u-chu l nhng nc
ng ngoi vng chin. Qu tht nhng nc ny trnh
c khng bit bao nhiu thm-ha chin-tranh m cc
nc tham-chin phi chu, cho nn vn gi c mt i
sng phong-ph tt p c th ni l vo bc nht hon-cu
ngy nay.1
C l v vy m nhiu chnh-khch mun ng ngoi
vng tranh-chp ca hai phe i-lp trong cuc chin-tranh
cn-no hin thi, vi ci o-vng rng h s c th tip tc
ng ngoi, mt khi chin-tranh nng bng n. Trong s
nhng chnh-khch ny phi k trc tin l ng Nehru, thchin-tranh phi-l cn tr tin-ha, nhng chng ta khng
chng-i cc cuc chin-tranh thc y tin-ha.
C Khroutchev ln Mao-Trch-ng u ni theo ngh ch
quan ca h. Ch p-bc ca Khroutchev phi hiu l di
chnh-quyn khng Cng-sn hay khng thn Cng. Ch cn
cc cuc chin-tranh chng p-bc Cng-sn nh v khi ngha
ng-c (1954), Hung-Gia Li, Qunh-Lu (1956), Ty-Tng
(1959) th c nhin khng nhng c ng-h m cn phi np kch-lit. Cng nh hai ch tin-ha ca Mao phi hiu l
tin-ha Cng-sn m thi. Cho nn trong kt lun Tuyn-ngn
81 ng Cng-sn thng 11-61, cng nh trong din-vn ca
Khroutchev 6-1-61 u km thm cho thng li ca ch-ngha
Cng-sn sau hai ch ho-bnh:
ng Cng-sn Nga-s s trung-thnh nghe theo ting gi ca
Lnine u-tranh khng ngng cho Ho-bnh th-gii v
ch-ngha Cng-sn ton thng. (K. 6-1-61)
1
Nh Thy-S chng hn, khng c mt bng hnh-kht, khng
c mt cuc bi-th nh-cng no quan-trng ba chc nm.
Khng c cc kh-khn v ti-chnh, ng quan Thy-S c gi
nht nh u-chu, khng c nh l, nh g.
105
tng n-, k k-nghip ca Thnh Gandhi, lnh-t mt

dn-tc trn 4 trm triu ngi, ng v hng th nh trn
th-gii v dn s. Sau l cc ng Soekarno, Tng-thng
Nam-Dng; Nasser, Tng-thng Cng-ha -Rp v thi
t Sihanouk, Th-tng chnh-ph Cambodge.
Ngoi l-do mun trnh thm-ha chin-tranh, cc
chnh-khch trung-lp cn c tham-vng to thnh mt khi
gia, khai-thc cc mu-thun tranh-chp ca phe chng
i gy cho mnh mt th ng trn chnh-trng quc-t.
Khng ai ph nhn rng sng-kin ny c em li cht t
quyn-li nht thi cho ngi ch xng. V kinh-t chng
hn, c c hai phe cng vin-tr. V chnh-tr, li ni ca
h cng c c hai bn ch .
Ch c-bit n khuynh-hng ny l Cng-sn.
Nhng trang trn chng ta qu quyt rng i
vi Cng-sn, tt c cc ngi khng theo h, tt c cc
nc khng do h thng-tr u b coi l k th. V tt c
mi k th ca Cng-sn u phi c thanh-ton ln lt,
k trc ngi sau, cho n khi l c bay php phi trn
khp mt t.1 Nu tt c mi k th ca Cng-sn u
ng mt lng, theo mt chnh-sch tch-cc chng Cng th
l mi nguy ln cho h. Bi vy khi c mt k no, mt
x no ch-trng mt chnh-sch tiu-cc hay hu-hon th
lp tc Cng-sn lin nm ly nh mt c-hi qu bu.
Trc ht l v ch-trng , chnh-sch cho h c
rnh tay mt phn no, khng cn phi chng pha
ngi hay nc . Tip n l v ch-trng ny gy
nn mi bt-ng gia cc phn-t khng Cng-sn ngha
l k th ca Cng-sn m nh ni cn-k cc trang
trn2 cc mi bt ng ny lun lun c khai-thc, phngi bin thnh mu-thun, xung-t gia cc phn-t khng
1
2
Khroutchev
T l-thuyt n thc hnh
106
Cng-sn tc l k th ca Cng-sn v d-nhin nhng

xung-t ch c li cho Cng-sn m thi.
Mt khc trong chin-lc Cng-sn1 Staline lun t
danh-t c-lp vo mc hng tn-cng chnh. C-lp
c ngha l lm cho b l li, n c, khng cn lin lc
c vi cc phn-t bn, khng c tip-vin, gip ...
S c-lp c th thc-hin dn dn, tng mc , ty giaion cao-tro hay thoi-tro. V bc u tin tin ti
c-lp chnh l trung-lp vy. Hy th tng-tng c 3
quc-gia t trc vn chung mt lp-trng chng Cng. C
3 u on-kt, nht-tr theo ui mt chnh-sch tn-cng
k th chung. Bng ng mt ci, c mt nc trong 3 ri b
hng ng chng Cng tuyn-b trung-lp ngha l
khng chng Cng na. Khng cn bit nc c i n
ch thn Cng hay khng. Ngay mt im t lp-trng
chng Cng nhy ra ngoi khng chng Cng, cho
ta thy hai iu quan-trng sau y:
* Mt l 3 k th ca Cng-sn b suy yu v bt ng
-kin.
* Hai l 2 nc cn li s b Cng-sn chin-thng d
dng hn. V c nhin khi thanh ton xong hai nc
, Cng-sn cng tr nn mnh hn trc chin
thng chnh nc trung-lp mt cch d dng hn na.
C ngi s bo: trung-lp ri th vic g Cng-sn
cn nh? Nhng nh ni trn, khng l Cng-sn
th l k th m Cng-sn cn phi thanh-ton; thanh-ton
trc hay thanh-ton sau, thanh-ton cch no... l vn-
sch-lc giai-on v k-thut bin i. Hn na Cng-sn
c cn giu dim iu u. Chnh Khroutchev, trong cuc
hi-kin vi Tng-thng M Kennedy ngy 4-6-61 ti
Vienne, th- o-quc ni trng ra rng, theo ng khng
th trung-lp tht s, v sau t lu, trong v xung-t gia
1
Xin coi li Ba giai on chin-lc.
107
Cng-sn v Cng-Ha -Rp, Khroutchev cng hm da

x ny v mun thot khi nh-hng Nga-s ng trunglp thc s.
V th c th qu quyt rng i vi chnh quc-gia
ng s, th trung-lp tc l np mng cho k th. i vi
cc quc-gia khc trong trn tuyn chng Cng, ch-trng
hay khuyn-khch nn trung-lp ti mt nc bn, tc l t
cht chn mnh, mt ngy kia b hon ton c-c trong
cuc t-chin.
Mt iu na cn lm sng t trong vn- trung-lp l
Cng-sn ch c-v, tn-thnh cho cc nc khng Cng-sn
tr nn trung-lp, m khng bao gi chu cho ngi ta ngh trung-lp-ha mt phn t ca Lin-S hay ca cc x
ch-hu Cng-sn khc. Trng-hp Nam-T ca Tito l
mt trng-hp bt-c-d. V cho n nay Cng-sn vn
cn tm ht cch ht da nt, mt st n mn trn, ha
hn li Nam-T tr v ng c. Trng-hp HungGia-Li l mt trng-hp in-hnh nht cho ai cn m
mng trung-lp i vi Cng-sn. Imre Nagy, Maleter l
nhng ngi mun trung-lp tht s a quc-gia dn-tc
h thot khi nanh-vut con hm Nga-s b chnh con
mnh-th ny cu x nh nhng con cu non.
C ngi li nhc ti trng-hp o-quc, vn-nn
rng: Trung-lp theo kiu o-quc k cng c li trn
phng-din chng Cng y ch? iu ny hon ton
ng. Nhng dn-tc o phi tranh-u cam go, gan d
v kho lo lm mi dnh c mt nn c-lp v trung-lp
nh ngy nay. Cng cn nhn mnh rng s d nn trung-lp
ca o-quc c li chnh v trc dn-tc o tng sng
10 nm di gt st ca Nga-s v hiu r mt tht ca
ch-ngha Cng-sn. Cho nn ngy nay, tuy chnh-ph o
gi mt chnh-sch trung-lp nhng thc s dn-tc o
ght Cng v chng Cng ti 95 phn trm. Chnh thi-
ty chay v chng ph ca thanh-nin v nhn-dn o i
vi ci gi l i-hi thanh-nin dn-ch th-gii hp tai
108
Vienne vo cui thng 7 v u thng 8 nm 1959 chngt iu .1

Tm li, trung-lp l bc u i n c-lp. C-lp
nm trong sch-lc ca Cng-sn. Trung-lp do Cng-sn
xng hay git dy, cng nh trung-lp-ha mt nc t
trc vn tch-cc chng Cng, lun lun em thng li v
cho Cng-sn, bi v do chnh Cng-sn ch-ng. Ch c
trung-lp-ha mt phn t thuc quyn kim-sot trc-tip
hay gin-tip ca Cng-sn mi em li thng-li cho thgii t-do.2
i-hi ln th 7 k t 1947 l nm hp ln u ti Prague, th Tip-Khc. Trong k i-hi Vienne 1959 bo-ch o

hon-ton im lng tr mt hai t bo ca Cng-sn (5 phn trm
so vi cc ng khc). Chnh trong thi-gian i-hi, thanh-nin
o li-dng lc ng ngi ngoi-quc ti du-lch Vienne
t-chc cc cuc chiu bng chng Cng khng mt tin v dulch (cng khng mt tin li cn c nui n) ti cc vng
bin-gii oHung cho khch thp-phng thy th no l bc
mn st.
2
cp ti vn trung-lp y, chng ti ch c a ra mt
hnh-thc sch-lc ca Cng-sn, v da vo nhng danh-t
m gn y thng thy xut hin trn cc tm thm xanh quct. Chng ti khng quan nim rng th-gii thc s chia lm
hai khi: mt T-do, mt Cng-sn v do c th thnh-lp
mt khi trung-lp tch-cc gia. Chng ti ng vi Tngthng Ng-nh-Dim (Thng-ip Song Tht 1961) rng trn
th-gii hin nay ch c mt khi Cng-sn vi mt -thc-h
duy nht, vi mt b my thng-tr duy nht, v Cng-sn coi
tt c nhng nc no cha nm trong khi l ch th, l
i-tng cn th-tiu hay chinh-phc cui cng b-ch thgii.
Nu tt c cc nc khng Cng-sn thc c iu th
chiu-bi trung-lp s hon-ton v gi-tr v cng chng cn
bn ti vn- trung-lp na.
BN CNG-TC K-THUT
CHNH-YU
t c mc-tiu chin-lc v chu-ton cc

nhim-v sch-lc trn y, Cng-sn Quc-T
t ra nhng cng-tc k-thut tinh-vi m cn-b
khp ni, mi lc phi lun lun thc-hin cho bng c.
Nhng cng-tc ny c th thu tm li 4 im chnh: xm
nhp, tnh-bo, tuyn-truyn v ph hoi. C-quan u no
ch-huy trc-tip hoc git dy t cp ti-cao l Trung-ng
ng-b Nga-cng. Cc b-phn thi-hnh hoc trung-gian l
cc ng Cng-sn tr-hnh. Vi th-on nm giu tay
chuyn-nghip, Cng-sn t khi l din, m thng dng
nhng tay sai c-lc. Nhng tay sai ny c th hoc v-tnh
kh di khng bit rng mnh tip tay mt cch c lc cho
Cng-sn. Nhng cng c mt s tay sai thc r vic h
lm. Hoc v bt mn vi ch- hin-hu, hoc v ngy-th
hy-vng mt ch- tng-lai tt p do Cng-sn em
109
110
li; nhng ngi ny rt d tr thnh nhng ng-vin Cngsn tch-cc hng-hi.

Xm nhp
Trc ht, mun xm nhp mt quc-gia hay mt tchc no, Cng-sn thng nghin-cu hon-cnh c-th
ca quc-gia hay t-chc , tm ra nhng k h. Nhng
k h c th l nhng mi bt bnh, mu-thun xung
t gia mt lp ngi ny vi mt lp ngi khc; hoc l
nhng cch-thc lin lc lng lo ri rc, h hng khinh
thng gia cc phn-t, ch cht. V bao gi Cng-sn
cng rt quan-tm n vic la chn, o-to, hng dn
nhng cn-b nng ct nh Trn-c-T (Trung-cng),
Thorez (Php-cng), H-Ch-Minh, Trn-Ph (Vit-cng),
Souphanouvong (Lo-cng), Sanzo Nosaka (Nht-cng),
Togliatti (-cng), Sekou Tour (Guine) v.v..
Cng c khi Cng-sn Quc-t phi cn-b nng-ct ti
a-phng vi t-cch c-vn k-thut, chuyn-mn hay
phi-on lin-lc chn la ti ch cc phn-t c th tr
thnh ng-vin Cng-sn sau ny. Trng-hp Borodine
Trung-Hoa vo nhng nm 1921, 1922 l mt v d.
Cng c khi Cng-sn chn lc v a nhng cn-b
a-phng c kh-nng nht v o-to ti cc trng cnb trung-ng nh trng-hp lnh-t -cng Togliatti v
Vit-cng, H-Ch-Minh.
Nhng trng-hp xm-nhp bng cc ton bit-kch vo
cc vng ni non him-tr bin-gii cng thy xy ra khi
nc b xm nhp nm k cn mt nc Cng-sn nh
trng-hp n- (cc vng Sikhim, Boutan, Ladak) v AiLao (Phong Saly, Sm Na).
Mt hnh-thc thng thng nht l xm-nhp qua cc
t-chc quc-t v cc phi-on lin-lc, thng-mi, vnha, th-thao v.v..
111
i tng xm-nhp ca Cng-sn Quc-T chia lm hai

loi, quc-gia v t-chc. i vi cc quc-gia Cng-sn
ch trng nht ti cc nc km m-mang v cc nc b tr.
Khroutchev cng nh Mao Trch ng u nhc n cc
nc -chu, Phi-chu v chu M La-tinh. i vi cc
on-th, t-chc th u tin l cc nghip-on, cc hi
ha-bnh v cc hi thanh-nin, sinh-vin.
Sau khi xm nhp vo mt nc hay mt on-th,
Cng-sn lin tin-hnh song-song 2 cng-tc tip theo: tnhbo v tuyn-truyn.
Tnh-bo
C th ni t-chc tnh-bo Nga-cng l mt t-chc
hon-b nht, v-i nht hon-cu, khng nhng v tnh-cch
-s ca n Trung-ng, m cn v nhng mng li chi
cht ca n khp cc nc. Mi ng vin Cng-sn phi
l mt cn-b tnh-bo, l mc-ch hun-luyn ca cc
lp hun-luyn ng-vin.
Cng-sn khng tr mt lnh-vc no m h khng tm
cch t gin-ip vo. Albert Vassart, mt thnh-phn trong
ban b-th ng Php-cng, sau khi ra khi ng, tit l rng:
nm 1936 Mc-T-Khoa ra lnh cho gi nhng ng-vin
chn lc, vng lp-trng vo cc chng-vin Cng-gio
sau ny c th tr thnh linh-mc.
Cc cng-chc Nga-cng lm vic ti cc ta i-s hay
lnh-s ngoi-quc thng c chn lc rt cn thn v
c hun-luyn trc mt cch chu-o, c th bo-v
b-mt cho nc h v trit- khai-thc cc tin-tc linquan n chnh-tr, qun-s v kinh-t v.v., ni h lm
vic. H hc ting a-phng, hc v phong-tc tp-qun v
cch giao-thip theo tng vng, tng x v c cch gi
chuyn lm quen, khai-thc tin-tc theo cc k-thut tnhbo.
112
Cc cng-hm ngoi-giao, cc thnh-phn phi-on

lin-lc vn-ha, thng-mi, th thao v.v., u c th l
nhng hp th trong h-thng chuyn tin v ti-liu v McT-Khoa. Thnh thong, ngi ta li thy loan tin mt nhnvin ta i s Nga nc ny hay nc kia, mt ty vin
bo-ch Nga x ny hay x khc b trc-xut v b co lm
gin-ip hay ph-hoi.
Tuyn-truyn
Nhng cng-tc m Cng-sn Quc-t ch hn c v
cng gy nh-hng tai-hi nht cho th-gii t-do l cngtc tuyn-truyn.
Chng ti khng c ni ti nhim v lch-s ca cnb Cng-sn l gio-dc qun-chng, dy ng qun-chng
trong nc thnh-lp ch- theo X-hi ch-ngha
bng tuyn-truyn. Chng ti cng khng c nhc li
nhng c cu tuyn-truyn v dy ng qun-chng v-i
ca Nga-s mnh danh l b dy ng v tuyn-truyn
(Agit-Prop)1 m ch c trnh by y v nhim-v v
hot-ng tuyn-truyn ca cn-b Cng-sn nc ngoi
nhng nc km m-mang v b tr cng nh cc nc
t-bn m-mang, thng-tr vi mc-ch xm-lng m
thi.
Mc-ch cui cng ca Cng-sn l thnh-lp mt
chnh-ph hon ton theo lnh ca Mc-T-Khoa, thc
hin cc chnh-sch kinh-t chnh-tr vn-ha... theo chngha Mc-xt L-ni-nt. Nhng cng vic u tin, khng
bao gi h tuyn-truyn ng-h Cng-sn hay -o cc
chn l t-sn. H rt xo quyt. Vic u tin ca h
y cng nh cc lnh-vc khc, l trit- khai-thc cc
bt-ng, mu-thun, thi phng n ln tuyn-truyn chia
r i-phng. Ri h s tuyn-truyn cho dn chng ng
1
Agitation et Propagande
113
ln chng i chnh-quyn s ti, v h ni vi dn rng

chnh-quyn ny p bc dn. H s tuyn-truyn cho dn
chng mt nc no ng-h lp-trng sng chung habnh ca ng Nehru l mt nh i-quc khng phi l
Cng-sn hay ng-h chnh-sch trung-lp-ha Ai-Lao ca
thi-t Sihanouk l mt quc-trng khng Cng-sn. H
tuyn-truyn cho nhng chnh-khch c uy-tn -chu,
Phi-chu v chu M La-tinh ng-h lp-trng ca Nga v
ti-binh, v B-Linh, m khng cho bit l lp-trng
Nga-s.
H tuyn-truyn cho dn chng cng nh cc chnhkhch chng li mt t-chc xy-dng mt chu u t-do,
chng li cc t-chc Bc i-Ty-Dng, ng Nam ,
Trung-ng, nhng khng chng li hip-c Varsovie; i
M rt qun-lc ra khi u-chu, nhng khng i qun
Nga rt ra khi Hung-Gia-Li.
H tuyn-truyn chng cc lnh-t chng Cng uy-tn
nh Tng-Gii-Thch, Ng-nh-Dim m h gi l cti, phong-kin. Nhng li ng-h cc nh c-ti c ting
Nam M, Guine, Trung ng.
lm cng-tc ny, Cng-sn s-dng nhng
phng tin, nhn s v ti chnh khng-l m chi-ph hng
nm, theo n s Suzanne Labin, ln ti 2 t M kim. S
ngi phc-v cho cng-tc ny ln ti 500 ngn.1
Nhng phng-tin m Cng-sn dng vo cng-tc ny
gm mi loi, c bit l pht-thanh, bo-ch, sch v,
tranh-nh, trin-lm, cc t-chc hip hi th-gii v.v..
Hy ly v d mt x M-Ty-C l x ch c chng mt
vn ng-vin trong s 30 triu dn; ti Quc Hi, M Cng
ch c mt dn-biu v mt thng ngh s. Th m Cngsn cng c ti chng ny t bo:
1. Ting ni M-Ty-C, nht bo;
1
Il est moins cinq trang 53 (2e dition)
114
2. Gii-phng, nguyt-san;
3. Thng mt, bn-nguyt-san;
4. Vn- chu M La-tinh, nguyt-san;
5. Mi mi, tun bo;
6. V tuyn 20, nguyt-san;
7. Vn-ha M-Ty-C ph bn 2 t nht-bo c
ting Novedales v Excelsior, b Cng-sn xm
nhp rt nhiu.1
Ti bt c nc no, mt t bo khng do Cng-sn hon
ton chi phi u c th hoc t hoc nhiu chu nh-hng
trc-tip hay gin-tip ca chnh-sch Cng-sn. Nu chnhim khng phi Cng-sn th c nhiu bin-tp-vin l
Cng-sn. Thng ngi c khng gp thy trong bi h
vit nhng danh tnh ca Marx, Engels, Lnine, Staline hay
nhng l-thuyt mnh danh l duy-vt bin-chng-php,
duy-vt s-quan, thng-d gi-tr, cch-mng v-sn... Cng
khng thy nhng m-mu xm-lng ca Nga-cng. Nhng
ngi c s thy nhan nhn nhng danh t: Trung-lp,
sng chung ha-bnh, c-lp, gii-phng theo ngha hon
ton ring bit ca Cng-sn ng theo k-hoch ca McT-Khoa hay ca Bc-Kinh.
Pht thanh cng c Cng-sn trit- khai-thc theo
chiu hng . Trong cun Ch cn 5 pht na (Il est moins
cinq), n s Suzanne Labin so snh v nhn thy rng
tuyn-truyn ca Nga-s bng Pht thanh, xt v thilng, gp bn ln tuyn-truyn ca Hoa-k cng trn
phng-din . V au n thay, chnh nc Php ca n s
li chng c mt chng trnh pht-thanh no bng Nga-ng,
ng u vi na t cc i Nga khng ngi tn-cng
Php trn cc x thuc-a Bc-Phi bng chnh ngn-ng
ca ngi Php.
1
Il est moins cinq trang 23, 24 (2e dition)
115
Nh cm quyn ng c cng cho thit-lp

Conakry mt i pht-thanh vi mc-ch truyn-b ngli Cng-sn v nht l ng-h cc chnh-sch ngoi-giao
ca Nga-s.
-chu, hot-ng tuyn-truyn Cng-sn c thchin bi cc c-gng ca Trung-cng. Ti y cng nh ti
cc lc a khc1 hng thng-tn Trung-Hoa mi (tc
Trung-cng) t phng-vin hu khp cc nc v cng nh
phng-vin hng thng-tn TASS Mc-T-Khoa, cc
phng vin ny va l gin-ip tnh-bo, va l cn-b
tuyn-truyn. Chnh ng Nehru, mt chnh-khch trung-lp
ni ting v c tnh mm do, kin-nhn i vi Cng-sn,
cng nhiu ln t-co Hoa-kiu v hot-ng tuyn-truyn,
ph-bin ti-liu c tnh-cch khuynh-o chnh-quyn n.
V mi y phi cho ng ca chi-nhnh ca hng thngtn Trung-Hoa-Mi ti n.
Leland Stowe, nguyn gim c Thng-tin ca h-thng
truyn-thanh u-chu t-do trong mt tc phm v m-mu
b-ch hon-cu ca Trung-Hoa , ni rnh mch v k
thut hay ng ra l th-on tuyn-truyn ca Trungcng ti Min-in nh sau:2
Nm 1956 Trung-cng bt ming mt t nht-bo
chng Cng Min bng cch gii vo tay ng ch
bo mt mi li ln: hot-ng trong cng-ty thngmi ca h ng Phng. ng Gim-c ca mt t
bo khc nhn c cng vic c li ca Cng-ty
Thng Mi hn hp MinHoa. H cng cho cc ng
gim-c cc t bo khc vay mn nhng mn tin
ln vi iu-kin con ci cc ng ny phi theo hc
Hin nay hng thng-tn Tn Trung-Hoa (tc Trung-cng)

c c-s Ai-Cp, Soudan, Liban, Iraq, Maroc, Guine, Ghana,
Cuba v Congo (theo Leland Stowe).
2
Slection Readers Digest, thng 1-1961
116
cc trng Cng-sn. V n cui nm, Min-in

c 5 t bo thn Trung-cng.
Hin thi ti rt nhiu nc, Trung-cng phn-phi
hai t bo ln vi hnh-thc, khun kh theo kiu cc bo
u M, vi gi r mt; l t Trung-Quc Minh Ha: 17
th ting, v t Trung-quc Kin-thit xut bn bng nhiu
th ting v va mi thm ting Ty-Ban-Nha dnh cho
c gi cc x chu M La-tinh.
i Pht thanh Bc-Kinh rt mnh v c th nghe c
t hu khp cc x. Ngoi cc nc Vin-ng, i Bckinh cn c nhng chng trnh bng ting Th v ting Rp dnh cho cc nc Trung-ng.
l v bo-ch v pht-thanh l hai hnh-thc chuyn
t cc ti tuyn-truyn c-in. Ngoi ra Cng-sn cn
rt ch-trng n cc hnh-thc tuyn-truyn bng cc tchc quc-t, cc i-hi quc-t, cc phi-on thin-ch,
cc cuc trao-i vn-ha, y-t, th-thao, du-lch v.v..
Trong cun Ch cn 5 pht na n s Suzanne Labin
k ra 13 t-chc Cng-sn tr hnh c tm hot-ng quct, do Cng-sn lp ra, phn nhiu c tr-s trung-ng
cc th- cc nc ch-hu Cng-sn.1 l cha k
1
1. Hi-ng Ha-bnh Th-gii: tr-s ti Prague (Tip) thnhlp nm 1949

2. Lin-hip Nghip-on Th-gii: tr-s ti Prague (Tip)
thnh-lp nm 1945
3. Lin-hip Thanh-nin Dn-ch Th-gii: tr-s ti Budapest
(Hung) thnh-lp nm 1945
4. Sinh-vin Quc-t on-kt: Prague, 1946
5. Lin-on Ph-n Dn-ch Quc-t: ng B-Linh (c),
1945
6. Lin-hip Nghip-on Gio-gii Quc-t: Paris, 1945
7. Hip-hi Lut-s Dn-ch Quc-t: Bruxelles (B), 1949
8. Lin-on Lao-ng Khoa-hc Th-gii: Londres, 1946
9. T-chc K-gi Quc-t: Prague, 1946
10. i-hi Y-s Th-gii: Vienne (o), 1954
117
khng bit bao nhiu on-th hip hi do Cng-sn iukhin trc-tip hay gin-tip hot-ng trong phm vi qucgia khp cc nc. Cng theo b Suzanne Labin th nguyn
nc Php c ti 140 t-chc Cng-sn tr hnh.
K t 1947, c 2 nm mt ln, Cng-sn li cho t-chc
mt i-hi thanh-nin v sinh-vin mnh danh l i-hi
Lin-hoan Thanh-nin, Sinh-vin Dn-ch Th-gii1 nhm
mc-ch thu ht nhng phn-t hiu ng, t kinh-nghim.
B ngoi nhng i-hi ny c coi nh c tnh cht
thun ty lin-lc vn-ha. Nhng bn trong bao gi cng c
nhng bui hp, bi din vn hoc li-l sc mi chnh-tr
theo chnh-sch ngoi-giao ca Nga-s. V th no cng c
nhng vn c rch nhng ct t ca Cng-sn l vn-6
thc-dn, vn- cc dn-tc b p-bc, vn- cm th v
kh nguyn-t; nhng vn- m Cng-sn bit rng bt c
thanh-nin no u tha thit ti, nhng vn- m Nga-s
mun nu ln vi mc-ch tuyn-truyn thun-ty vevn, chinh-phc (i vi cc x thuc-a) hoc chia r (i
vi cc cng-quc Ty-phng)
Ph hoi
Ngoi cc cng-tc tnh-bo v tuyn-truyn va k,
Cng-sn cn ngm ngm iu-khin hoc git dy cc
cng-tc Ph-hoi nhm lm suy-gim lc lng ca cc
11. T-chc V-tuyn Truyn-thanh Quc-t: Prague, 1946
12. Lin-on Quc-t Khng nhn, Nn nhn v T nhn Phtxt: Paris v Vienne, 1951
13. y-ban Quc-t Pht-trin Thng-mi: Vienne, 1951
1
1947: ti Prague (Tip)
1949: ti Budapest (Hung)
1951: ti ng B-Linh (c)
1935: ti Bucarest (Bo-Gia-Li)
1955: ti Mc-T-Khoa (Nga-s)
1959: ti Vienne (o)
118
nc khng Cng-sn v, nu c th, khuynh-o chnhquyn ca cc nc ny.

Cng-tc ph-hoi ny c th c ba hnh-thi khc nhau
ty theo nc chu ph-hoi l nc c-lp dn-ch tn
tin, hay l nc bn khai mi c-lp nhng a-s dn
chng cn ngho kh, km hc hay l nc b tr.
Ti phn nhiu cc nc nh thuc loi th nht, Cngsn c hot-ng cng-khai, nn h dng tt c mi kh
nng c th vo vic cng-c pht-trin cc ng Cng-sn,
lm sao s ng-vin cng ngy cng tng, s gh trong
Quc-hi cng ngy cng thuc v ngh-s Cng-sn cng
nhiu v tm cch lt cc chnh-quyn ca cc ng ilp. Thng Cng-sn tm mi cch nm c cc
nghip-on lao-ng, cc t-chc thanh-nin xi-dc
nh-cng, bi-th, khi cn phn-i mt chnh-sch do ng
nm chnh-quyn a ra. Nhng du sao ti cc nc ny
Cng-sn cng khng hot-ng c bao nhiu. V dn tr
phn ng rt cao, sng sut nhn-nh mt ng-li,
mt chnh-sch, t khi mc mu Cng-sn. i sng vt-cht
cng thng tng-i kh-quan, n-nh, nn nhng k ch
ch c-hi nc c th cu khng c dp tr ti.
Ti cc nc mi c-lp, dn-tr phn nhiu cn thp
km, kinh-nghim chnh-tr cn tng-i non nt, i sng
vt cht cng cha n-nh, tm-l a s cc nh cm quyn
cng nh quc-dn cn th ght ch- thc-dn. Cho nn
Cng-sn li dng tm-l ny t h i-lp vi cc
quc-gia c-lp u-chu, M-chu v nht l cc cu quc. Nu Cng-sn khng lm cho cc chnh-ph cc nc
ng hn v pha Cng-sn ra mt chng-i cc
cng quc u-Ty, th t l h cng phnh gt lng t i ca
cc lnh-t, hay khai-thc mi cu-th ca cc dn-tc,
gi cho cc quc-gia theo mt chnh-sch trung-lp khng
theo hn v pha Cng, cng khng ng v pha cc cngquc t-do; nhng vn mc nhin cho php hoc dung np
cc cn-b, ti-liu tuyn-truyn ca Cng-sn. Ti cc nc
119
ny thng cc ng Cng-sn cng c cng-khai hotng, v cc hot-ng ny trc tin nhm mc-ch nh
chnh-quyn hin hu, thnh-lp mt chnh-quyn
hon ton Cng-sn.
Tuy-nhin, Cng-sn vn kho lo mn trn cc chnhkhch trung-lp, h qun him ha k bn. C th ni ti
cc nc ny, Cng-sn ch trng ti tnh-bo v tuyntruyn nhiu hn.
Trong trng-hp cc nc mi c-lp, theo mt chnhsch chng Cng tch-cc, cc ng Cng-sn hot-ng
mt cch bt hp php. Cc iu-kin sinh-hot, t-chc,
lin lc kh-khn hn, nhng Cng-sn li dn lc lng
vo ph-hoi. Trc ht, h coi chnh-quyn cc nc
l c-ti, phong-kin, v li dng mi bt ng, bt mn
trong nc chia r dn chng vi nh cm-quyn v sau
nh chnh-quyn hin hu a ra mt chnh-quyn
thn Cng hay trung-lp. C th ni hot-ng ph-hoi ca
Cng-sn cc nc ny cng ging nh ti cc nc dn-ch
tn tin, nhng hon-cnh y thch-hp hn, v dn-tr
cn tng-i km, i sng vt-cht bt n, cho nn kt qu
thng Cng-sn thu lm nhiu hn.
Ti cc nc loi 3, ngha l cc nc b tr, Cng-sn
quc-t trit khai thc tinh thn yu nc, yu-t qucgia, dn-tc ca i a s dn chng bn x. Hay ni theo
kiu cc chin-lc gia Mc-xt, l khai thc yu-t muthun gia -quc thng-tr v nhn-dn thuc-quc.
Lnine, Staline trong cc tc phm bn v chin-lc,
sch-lc, Khroutchev mi y trong bo-co 6-1-61 v ihi 81 ng Cng-sn v Cng-nhn thng 11-60 cng u
nhc ti nguyn-tc trit- khai-thc cc mu-thun ny.
Mao-trch-ng khi bn v mu-thun cng xc-nhn nh
vy.1 Lu Thiu K hi 1949 cng vit:
1
Xin coi li phn trn v sch-lc LnineStalineMao-trchng.
120
Trung-Hoa ng-h ht mi cuc chin-tranh giiphng quc-gia khp mi nc thuc a.

Cc bin-c Cao-Ly (1953), Bc-Vit (1954), TyTng (1956), knh Suez (1956), Liban (1958), Algrie,
Congo, Cuba, Ai-Lao xc-nhn iu .
V k-thut, Cng-sn ph-hoi bng kinh-t, vn-ha,
ngoi giao, hoc bng nh-cng bi th, hoc bng cc ton
du-kch, bit-kch chuyn-mn ph khuy cc n bin-gii,
ct t ng giao-thng, ph cu, ph ng, in bc gi,
tip tay cho bn bun lu, m st cc cng-chc v.v..
thi-hnh bn cng-tc k-thut chnh-yu k trn,
Cng-sn t-chc ti khp ni cc ng Cng-sn, m cnb ct cn do Mc-T-Khoa o-to v trc-tip ra ch th.
Hin nay theo thng-k ca i-hi cc ng Cng-nhn v
Cng-sn hp thng 11-60, trn khp th-gii c ti 87
ng Cng-sn. l cha k cc t-chc c tnh-cch
qun-chng do cn-b Cng-sn git dy, cng cha k mt
gii tay sai tnh nguyn hay v-tnh ng-h chnh-sch
ngoi-giao ngha l xm-lng ca tam quc-t. K t
5-5-1961, ngha l t khi Ban Chp Hnh Trung-ng ng
Nga-cng thng qua mt ngh-quyt c bit v bin-php
ci-tin vic la chn v o-to cn-b tuyn-truyn Cngsn Quc-t ngh n vic o-to cn-b tuyn-truyn,
d tr, t-chc li cc trng i hc Marx-Lnine bui ti,
c nhim v o-to cn-b tuyn-truyn. Chng-trnh
cc trng hc c nhng mn c bit v thc-tin v
phng-php tuyn-truyn:
Ngoi cc ban lch-s hc, trit-hc, kinh-t hc,
lp thm cc ban kinh-t hc c-th, v-thn hc,
quan-h quc-t v phong-tro Cng-sn, cng-nhn
th-gii.
o-to lc lng d-tr, cc thnh-y, khu-y,
ng-y ca cc x-nghip ln phi t-chc nhng
kha hc ti chc vi thi hn mt nm.. Ngoi cc
121
trng i-hc Marx-Lnine v nh hc chnh-tr,

cc trng ng, cc trng i-hc u c th dng
lm ch da vt-cht cho cc kha hc mt nm oto cn-b tuyn-truyn nng-thn...
Ti cc trng ng cao cp ti cc Cng-ha, tchc cc lp hc lin tnh o-to cn-b tuyntruyn ca cc ban chp-hnh ng-b. Ti cc tchc ng ca nc Cng-ha X-hi Ch-ngha Svit U-c-ren, hin c trn 2500 phng gio-dc
chnh-tr. Mc-T-Khoa c trn 300 phng v
500 hi-ng nghin-cu phng-php tuyntruyn.1
Ngoi cc trng o-to cn-b Cng-sn trong cc
nc thuc khi Cng, Nga-s cn t-chc cc trng-hc
c tnh-cch quc-t vi nhn hiu lin lc, thn hu,
ha-bnh nh-hng ti thanh-nin tr-thc cc dn-tc
-chu, Phi-chu v chu M La-tinh. Trong s cc loi
trng ny phi k trng i-hc Hu-ngh cc Dn-tc
mi thnh-lp u nin-kha 1960-1961, c ti 4000 sinhvin, phn ng l da en.2
Ti-liu ca cn-b Nga-cng M. I-va-np ng trong Nhng

vn ho-bnh v ch-ngha x-hi. Cng theo ti-liu ny th
cho n nm 1960, Nga-s c 6.800.000 ngi lao-ng
ngoi ng tham-gia cc lp hc-tp Mc-xt L-nin-nt theo h
thng ng. Nhng con s ny nguyn Nga-s v trong mt
phm vi nh thi. Nu k c h-thng gio-dc v tuyn-truyn
cc nc khc nh Trung-cng, Tip-Khc v.v., th con s 20
trng o to cn-b m b Suzanne Labin ni cun Ch cn
5 pht na l mt con s ti thiu ch khng c g qu ng.
Xin xem cun ny (bn ch Php) trang 51. Cng theo n s th
ngay Php, mt nc dn-ch, khng phi Cng-sn m
Cng-sn cng c ti 6 trng o to cn-b tuyn-truyn.
Sau ny, sau khi Lumumba (Congo) cht, trng ny mi c
t tn l trng Patrice Lumumba
122
Nh c mt h-thng ng cht ch v nhng trng

o-to nht lot, thng-nht, nn hot-ng ca Cng-sn
trn khp th-gii rt d phi-hp v d theo mt ng-li
duy nht. Cn-b ng c mt s kin-thc l-thuyt v
thc-hnh ging nhau, cng theo mt phng-php suy lun
nh nhau. Cc hc-vin khng Cng-sn b nhi s l-thuyt
cch-mng v k-thut tranh u cch-mng theo Cngsn, cho nn sau ny s l-thuc vo ng-li l-thuyt ,
d h c can-m ng ngoi ng.
Tm li, v phng-php k-thut, k-hoch xm-lng
ca Cng-sn, ch-trng c-bit n 4 cng-tc: xm-nhp,
tnh-bo, tuyn-truyn v ph-hoi. thi-hnh 4 cng-tc
ny, Cng-sn c bit khai-thc cc yu-t cn-b, tchc v tm-l qun-chng. Cc trng o-to cn-b mc
ln nh nm. Cc ng Cng-sn c t-chc hu khp ni,
c th v nh nhng cn-c chin-lc, trong cuc chintranh tm-l, chnh-tr. Tm-l qun-chng c nghin-cu
t-m v i vi mi loi tm-l Cng-sn cho p-dng mt
k-hoch thu-phc hay n-p thch-hp.
N s Suzanne Labin, trong cun Ch cn 5 pht na sau
khi lm mt cuc tng-k cc phng-tin v hot-ng
ca Cng-sn a-ht ny, tm tt rng Cng-sn nlc hn th-gii t-do 100 ln trong cuc tranh ua tm-l.1
Nh vy, nu cho n nay m Cng-sn cha b-ch honcu, tri li c rt nhiu ng Cng-sn sa st Php, , o,
Nht, n nht l Phi-lut-Tn, M-Lai, Hy-Lp v.v., l v
mt yu-t no khc, ch khng phi v Cng-sn thiu kthut xm-lng.2
Op. Cit. trang 54. Mun r cc chi tit l-th v ng ngc nhin
xin coi sch ni trn t trang 19 n trang 56.
2
Mt yu-t khin Cng-sn tht-bi phi chng l v Cng-sn
khng c chnh-ngha, hnh ng tri vi lng NGI nghch
vi l TRI.
PHN III
CNG-SN VIT-NAM
MC MM
GIA NHNG MU-THUN
V MU THUN
ng ta (ng ca giai-cp cng-nhn)

c nhng nhc im ca mnh: thnh-phn
x-hi ca a s ng vin l nng-dn v
tiu-t-sn, thnh-phn cng-nhn chim s
t.
(Bc ngot v-i ca lch-s cch-mng
Vit-Nam, do nh xut bn S Tht pht hnh
ti H-Ni 1961, trang 28)
CNG-SN VIT-NAM MC MM
GIA NHNG MU-THUN
V MU THUN
I-hi ton quc ln th ba ca ng Lao-ng

Vit-nam hp ti H-Ni t ngy 5 n ngy 109-1960 quyt-ngh thnh-lp mt ban nghincu bin-son lch-s ca ng t trc thuc Ban Chphnh Trung-ng ng.
Mi y ban ny cho xut-bn cun Bc ngot vi ca Lch-s cch-mng Vit-nam dy hn 100 trang kh
giy gp 8. Trong cun sch ny, ban nghin-cu trng
by hai ti-liu tht qu bu, l bc th ca Quc-T
Cng-sn gi cho cc t-chc Cng-sn Vit-Nam
khai-sinh ra ng-Dng Cng-sn ng ngy 3-2-19301
v Li ku gi ca H-Ch-Minh, lc y mang tn
Nguyn-i-Quc.2
C hai ti-liu qu bu v ngun-gc lch-s ng
Lao-ng hay ng Cng-sn ng-Dng ny u m
u bng mt danh-t sc mi duy-vt bin-chng, l
danh t mu-thun. Bc th vo :
Nhng mu-thun gia ng-Dng l thuc-a vi
ch-ngha -quc Php...
Li ku gi bt u ku:
1
Bc th ngy 27-10-1929, vit bng ting Php. Tp-ch Hc

Tp s c-bit 1/1960 k nim 30 nm thnh-lp ng cng
c in bn km nguyn-vn bc th ny.
2
Li ku gi ny khng ngy thng. Nhng c ban nghincu lch-s ng cho bit pht-hnh vo dp thng-nht v
thnh-lp ng.
125
126
Hi anh ch em, hi cc ng-ch, mu-thun v

kinh-t gia cc nc -quc....
Thc ra, s d c bc th ca mu quc Nga-s l v
mu-thun ni-b ca cc t-chc Cng-sn ng-Dng
hi y, mu-thun gia 3 t-chc: ng-Dng Cng-sn
ng (6-1929), Annam Cng-sn ng (10-1929) v ngDng Cng-sn Lin-on (1-1930).1
Theo on 3 trong bc th quc-t ny th trong ba nhm
Cng-sn trn y c nhng phn-t khng phi Cng-sn
v nhng phn-t Cng-sn thc s ngha l Cng-sn theo
ng ng-li ca quc-t Cng-sn. Nguyn-vn on 3
ca bc th nh sau:
ng Cng-sn ng-Dng phi c thnh-lp
bng cch tp hp tt c nhng phn-t tht s l
Cng-sn ca tt c cc nhm Cng-sn. t c
mc-ch , cn phi thnh-lp ngay, di s lnho ca mt i-biu ca Ban Chp-Hnh Quc-T
Cng-sn; mt ban lin-hp gm c cc i-biu ca
tt c cc t-chc tha nhn cng-lnh iu-l v
ngh-quyt ca Quc-t Cng-sn.2
Mu-thun ch yu v trm trng nht trong ni b cc
nhm Cng-sn lc y l s chia r v quan-nim tranh u.
C nhng ngi t ng di l c ba lim ch v l-tng
gii-phng dn-tc Vit-nam khi ch thng-tr ngoi-bang.
Li c nhng k t cho mnh l lnh-t phong-tro giiphng dn-tc ng trong hng tin phong ca cchmng l ng Cng-sn m thc s ch l gin-ip ca
1
Nm thng ghi theo Nguyn-Ngc-Tuyn v Hong-TrungThc, tc-gi bi ng ta thnh-lp trong nhng iu-kin lchs no t trang 16 n trang 18 cun Bc ngot v-i...
Xin c-bit lu cc hng ch ng trong on vn trch-dn
ny nhn nhn mt s kin khng th chi ci: Cng-sn VN
ch thc s l Cng-sn, nu n chu s lnh-o ca Quc-t
Cng-sn, ni cch khc: ca Nga S-vit.
CS VN mc mm gia nhng mu-thun v mu thun
127
Nga-cng hay Php-cng, c o-to t cc ng

Cng-sn Php hay Nga nh H-Ch-Minh, Trn-Ph, nh
Ng-Gia-T, Dng-Bch-Mai. C nhin quc-t Cng-sn
(tc Nga-cng) ch cng nhn c nhm sau ny. Cn nhm
trn b khp vo ti c t-tng dn-tc hp hi, cha xc
nh t-tng quc-t v sn1 v phi khai tr vo dp
thng-nht ng.
Mt iu mu-thun na l thnh-phn ca ng Cngsn, ng ca giai-cp cng-nhn v giai-cp v-sn khng
phi l nhng cng-nhn v giai-cp v-sn m li gm i
a-s nng-dn, tiu-t-sn:
ng ta c nhng nhc-im ca mnh: thnhphn x-hi ca a-s ng-vin l nng-dn v tiut-sn, thnh-phn cng-nhn chim s t.2
Chnh H-Ch-Minh v hu ht cc lnh-t Cng-sn
hin nay min Bc l thuc thnh-phn t-sn hay tiu-tsn theo nh-ngha giai-cp ca Cng-sn3 ng trn
lp-trng cch-mng x-hi m ni th nhng phn-t lnh1
Bc ngot v-i... trang 22, 23

Bc ngot v-i... trang 28.
3
Theo Phan-Xun-Ha, tc gi Lch-s Vit-Nam (cun V, trang
9): H-Ch-Minh chnh tn Nguyn-Tt-Thnh th nam ph
bng Nguyn-Sinh-Sc, mt vin tri huyn b cch chc nm
1910. Nm 18 tui, Thnh sang Php. Ti y, Thnh thng
lin-lc my nh Cng-sn Php nh Vaillant Couturier, Andr
Berthon, Marcel Cachin. Thnh i tn l Nguyn-i-Quc v
gia-nhp ng Cng-sn Php vo nm 1920. Nm 1923,
Nguyn-i-Quc i Mt-cu. Mt-cu, Nguyn-i-Quc ly
tn l Song Man Tcho, nhn hi Tn-Dt-Tin ch-trng Lin
NgaDung Cng. Song Man Tcho i tn l L-Thy, theo
Borodine xung Trung-Hoa hot-ng cho Cng-sn.
y, Thy tm gp c Phan-Bi-Chu v lin-lc c vi
nhng nh cch-mnh quc-gia, np bng h a mm
Cng-sn vo nc di bnh-phong Thanh-nin Cch-mng
ng-ch Hi.
2
128
o ny l mt th giai-cp thng-tr mi bc lt giai-cp

cng-nhn v nng-dn nh Milovan Djilas chng-minh
trong tc phm Giai-cp mi.
Tm li, nhn vo ngun gc ca ng Cng-sn Vitnam, chng ta thy ngay my hnh nh mu-thun sau
y:
Nhng k v ngc l yu nc, tranh u gii-phng
dn-tc, -o thc-dn -quc, thanh-trng cc phn-t
vng ngoi ci u lm ti mi ngoi-bang li chnh l
nhng k tranh-u chng tinh-thn dn-tc m h cho l
hp hi; chnh h n-l vo quc-t ngha l Nga-s
v bc th quc-t kia chnh l do Nga-cng gi ti. Chnh
h tuyn-b tranh-u trn lp-trng cng-nhn. Nhng
ng ca h khng phi l ng cng-nhn. Nh vy ch cn
c mt kt-lun:
H l mt giai-cp mi c hai b mt: qu gi khom
lng trc mt t-chc ngoi-lai, v hch-dch n-p bc
lt cng-nhn ngi Vit.
c bn ti-liu bc th quc-t Cng-sn chp hnh v
ng nguyn-vn trong tp-san Hc Tp u nm 1960
k nim 30 nm ngy thnh-lp ng, hn c nhiu ngvin Cng-sn ngy nay cn cht tm tnh dn-tc, phi
ngm ngi chua xt m thy rng ch l k-nim nhc nh
nh du mt giai-on n-l, n-l t hnh-thc cho n
ni-dung. Nhng vn c mt s hnh-din v s-phn n-l
y; cho nn bc th quc-t Cng-sn cn c ng li
trong cun Bc ngot v-i vo nm 1961.
V vy, ng trn quan-im nghin-cu sch-lc
Cng-sn, nhng bng chng c-th trn y cho thy:
khng c mt sch-lc ca Vit-Minh Cng-sn, m ch c
mt sch-lc quc-t Cng-sn p-dng ti Vit-Nam m
thi. Cc trang sau y cng lm sng t iu .
T MT TRN DN CH
N MT TRN T-QUC
NG nh Nga-s vo nm 1917, Trung-Hoa vo

nm 1924, Php vo nm 1936, , Nam-Dng,
Tch-Lan v khp c cc nc ch-hu Cng-sn
ng-u, sch-lc mt-trn c Cng-sn p-dng
trit- ti Vit-Nam ngay nhng nm u mm Cng-sn
bn r. V cng nh ti cc nc trn, sch-lc mt-trn m
Cng-sn p-dng ti Vit-Nam nhm mc-ch kt-np
thm qun-chng chng-i chnh-quyn hin hu, m
ng cho cc ng-vin Cng-sn ln nm chnh-quyn,
thnh-lp ch- chnh-tr l-thuc hon ton vo Quc-t
Cng-sn, ngha l vo Nga-s.1
Vo nm 1936, Mt-trn Bnh Dn, vi thnh-phn chnh
gm ng vin Php-cng ln nm chnh-quyn Php,
cng nm y ng Cng-sn ng-Dng nhn c ch-th
ca Quc-t Cng-sn thnh-lp mt mt-trn Dn-ch
1
Xin coi li phn II, on Ba hnh thc sch-lc in hnh:

Mt-trn.
129
130
vi khu-hiu u-tranh na b-mt na cng-khai, i nh

cm-quyn ban b thm cc t-do dn-ch. Cc thnh-phn
hot-ng cng-khai lo t-chc cc cuc din-thuyt cc
thnh-ph ln c-ng cho mt-trn, li cun cc phn-t
i-quc, tin b, ng ln tranh-u cho cc quyn sng ca
dn-tc. V ci ui Cng-sn c che-du kho lo nn
Mt-trn Dn-ch lm cho lng dn thi y phn-khi t
nhiu. Nhng chng bao lu Mt-trn Bnh-dn bn Php
tht bi th Mt-trn Dn-ch Vit-Nam cng tan r. Cc
hot-ng Cng-sn vi rt vo b-mt.
Mc-tiu tranh-u ca Cng-sn trong Mt-trn Dnch lc y khng c g khc hn l i hi mt s ci-thin
cho i sng ngi dn ngha l nhng ci-thin dn-ch
theo hiu-danh mt-trn m h nu ln ph-hp vi thc-t.
Phong-tro c hng-ng mt phn cng v nhng iu
thch-hp vi -nguyn a-s dn-chng Vit-Nam. Chtrng , b ngoi khng khc ch-trng ca c PhanChu-Trinh bao nhiu, v i vi ch-trng cch-mng ca
c Phan-Bi-Chu th ch l mt loi ci-cch na vi, ch
bi.
Tuy vy, sau ny Cng-sn li dm ni ngc li rng
ch-trng ca cc c Phan-Chu-Trinh v Phan-Bi-Chu
lc y sc mi ci-lng v ch c ch-trng ca Cngsn l ch-trng cch-mng tch-cc.
Trong bi ng ta thnh-lp trong nhng iu-kin lchs no ca y-ban Nghin-cu Lch-s ng ng trong
Bc ngot v-i ca lch-s cch-mng Vit-Nam,
Nguyn-Ngc-Tuyn v Hong-Trung-Thc vit:
Trong thi k ny, hai khuynh-hng khc nhau ni
trn (ca c Phan-Chu-Trinh mt bn v bn kia ca
c Phan-Bi-Chu) khng c tnh cht i-khng v c
hai u thuc mt h t-tng t-sn; v cui cng...
co li trong ch-ngha ci-lng.
T mt-trn dn-ch n mt trn t-quc
131
Ch c nhng ngi cch-mng i-biu cho h ttng v sn c v trang bng l-thuyt Mc Lnin
khai-chin mt cch khng u-ha vi ch-ngha
ci-lng t-sn
Nm 1939, chin-tranh th-gii th hai bng n. Sau khi
Trung-cng bt tay vi Quc-dn ng trong mt-trn
thng-nht quc-gia vi l do khng Nht, ng-Dng
Cng-sn ng hp hi-ngh vo thng 11-1939 quyt-nh
thnh-lp Mt-trn Thng-nht Dn-tc. y l chic o
th hai Cng-sn khoc vo sau khi vt b chic o Dnch, vi mc-ch thu-ht qun-chng ng vo hng ng
ca h. Nhng cuc khi-ngha -Lng, Lng-Sn,
Bc-Sn, Gia-nh, Cn-Th v.v., l kt qu s tham-gia ca
qun-chng vo mt-trn dn-tc ny.
Nhng ri ui co cng li ra. Cng-sn li phi giitn mt-trn thng-nht dn-tc ny thay th bng mttrn khc.
Nm 1941, Trung-ng ng b Cng-sn ng-Dng
quyt-ngh thnh-lp mt-trn Vit-Nam c-lp ngminh gi tt l Vit-Minh vi khu-hiu on-kt ton
dn chng Pht-xt Nht v Thc-dn Php dnh c-lp
Ni l chng Nht cho Trung-Hoa Quc-gia (lc y
cm quyn-bnh ti Trung-Hoa lc-a) v M ng-h. Ni
dnh c-lp li-dng lng i-quc ca ton dn. V
cho nhn-dn trong nc cng nh Trung-Hoa v M khi
nghi ng rng c li Cng-sn nm trong ci v Vit-Minh,
Nguyn-i-Quc ci b lt c mc ly ci tn H-ChMinh.
Nhng vi tha khng che c mt thnh. Hnh-tung
ca h H khng thc s chng Nht bng chng cc ngphi Quc-gia Vit-Nam. Chnh-quyn Tng-Gii-Thch
bt bnh bn cho bt h H b t. Mi n nm 1944, nh c
Vit-Nam Cch-mnh ng-minh Hi can thip vi nh cm
quyn Trung-Hoa nn h H mi c tha ra gip vic
132
cho hi ny. Nhng c vi thng sau H-Ch-Minh vi

la b Vit-Nam Cch-mnh ng-minh cng b-h v
nc lp chin-khu tip tc bnh-trng th lc cho Cngsn Quc-t di mt n Vit-Minh v chiu bi chng
Nht, chng Php.
Nh lng yu nc nng nhit ca dn-tc ta ng
thi v cng nh cn-b Cng-sn kho che giu mt tht,
khn ngoan tuyn-truyn thu ht qun-chng, mt s ng
b lm, ng chung vi Cng-sn trong trn tuyn VitMinh.
Lc y mu quc, Php tht-bi lin tip trc sc tncng v bo ca qun c quc-x, nn phi nhng b
Nht Bn ng-Dng. Tuy b ngoi Php k kt ha-c
nhng cho Nht nhng cn-c quan trng v Nht sdng nhng ng giao-thng chung ng-Dng, nhng
bn trong nhm Php theo De Gaulle lun lun ngm cngc lc lng, thit lp thm cn-c b mt ch lnh ngminh tn-cng Nht. Vit-Minh trit khai thc muthun y. Ngy 10-10-1942, Vit-Minh gi cho ngi
Php ng-Dng li ku gi chng Nht sau y:
Hi cc bn Php v L-Dng, con chu ca nhng
nh cch-mng nm 1789! Hi cc bn! Hy ng c
ln, t-chc hng ng quay sng li chng qun-phit
Nht ng nn cc bn, v pht-xt Php lm
mt ht danh-d ca cc bn. C nh th cc bn mi
xng vi t tin.
Cc bn hy i st chng ti lp mt-trn chng
Pht-xt Nht trn t Vit-Nam.1
Nhng ri ngy 9-3-1945, Nht o chnh Php, trao
quyn cho chnh-ph Vit-Nam1, Nht ch gi vai tr c-vn.
1
Theo Lch-s Vit-Nam hin kim ca Phan-Xun-Ha. Thc s

y ch l n chia r, li-dng, khai-thc mu-thun, ch khng
phi Vit-Minh thc tm chng Nht vo lc y.
133
Chc v c-vn ca Nht nh-hng qu mnh ti

ch-quyn Vit-Nam. ng khc Vit-Minh Cng-sn kch
lit chng chnh-quyn Trn-Trng-Kim m h gi l bnhn do Nht sai-khin. Dn chng Vit-Nam vn mong i
mt cuc cch-mng, xa b ht mi quyn-uy ngoi-quc.
Th va lc y qun Nht u hng ng-minh Anh, M v
hai qu bom nguyn-t ca M th xung Nagasaki v
Hiroshima.
Vit-Minh khn ngoan li-dng thi-c c-nht vnh y lm cuc o-chnh.
Ngy 19-8-1945, ngy ton dn Vit-Nam thot ch h ngoi-quc, c ghi vo lch-s dn-tc nh mt k
nim cch-mng thnh cng. V k v ngc t xng l c
cng u trong cuc cch-mng y l Cng-sn. Khch-quan
m nhn xt phi cng nhn rng Vit-Minh hi y bit
khn kho li dng lng yu nc, -ch khao kht t-do ca
dn-tc v cng bit li-dng thi c thun li. Nhng VitMinh lc y khng phi tt c l Cng-sn. Ch c mt s
cn-b Cng-sn, n nu di danh ngha Vit-Minh li
dng sc chin-u ca nhng ngi yu nc. Hn na,
cng ng ln trong ngy 19-8-1945, khng phi ch c hng
ng Mt-trn Vit-Minh m l ton th cc giai-tng x-hi,
tt c cc hi-on ng-tm nht-tr hnh-ng hy-sinh theo
ting gi thing-ling ca t-quc ch khng phi ca mt l
c sao vng.
V sau nhng thnh-phn chng Cng hoc khng Cngsn trong mt-trn Vit-Minh sm nhn ra iu , hoc
ly-khai, hoc ra mt chng-i. Cn nhng phn-t cchmng khng theo mt ng-li cch-mng v-sn u b
th-tiu hoc x t.2
1
2
Chnh ph Trn-Trng-Kim.
Nh .. Nguyn-Duy-M, Ng-nh-Khi, T-Thu-Thu, BiQuang-Chiu, H-Vn-Ng, v.v...
134
Mt iu ng cho cc nh chnh-tr thi nay ch cbit l cuc cch-mng 19-8-45 ca nhn-dn Vit-Nam
thnh-cng khng phi v cc phn-t cch-mng, k c
Vit-Minh, c y lc lng v-kh. Nhng chnh v lng
dn n lc chn mui, thi-c thun-tin, v phngphp t-chc tuyn-truyn rm r ng u. Ngi ta
chng-kin nhng cuc chim n, chim huyn vi 5, 3
thanh nin xung phong, cm sng gi i u hng dn mt
m ng qun-chng ch c biu-ng, c x v li h khuhiu. tng c nhng vin tri-huyn t ra m ca huyn
cho qun cch-mng vo v y trong khp nc rt t
ni c nhng trn giao-chin cam-go.
Mi ba ngy sau khi lm ch H-Ni, H-Ch-Minh v
mt s ng-ch trong ng-Dng Cng-sn ng nh
V-Nguyn-Gip, ng-Xun-Khu, Trn-Huy-Liu... nhy
ln din-n ti vn hoa Ba-nh tuyn-b Vit-Nam
c-lp v ra mt quc-dn vi danh-ngha chnh-ph lm
thi.
Lc y cc ng phi quc-gia nh Vit-Nam Cchmnh ng-minh Hi, Vit-Nam Quc-dn ng... cn l
nhng lc-lng ng ngi i vi ng Cng-sn ngDng, v khng nhng h chng i ng ny m cn c
chnh-ph Trung-Hoa Quc-gia nng , c mt phn
dn-chng ng-h v chim ng nhiu tnh min Bc. Cho
nn Vit-Minh khn kho m ch ra mt mt phn: trong
thnh-phn chnh-ph cn thy nhng b mt quc-gia
khng ng-phi hay ca cc ng i-lp vi Cng-sn.
Hn na trong nhng bn tuyn-ngn v cc sc-lnh ngi
ta cha thy xut hin cc bin-php v hnh-thc Cng-sn,
m ch ton nhng li ha hn t-do hnh-phc, nhng
quyt-nh m dn hng ru ng nhng -ch u-tranh cn
bt bnh hoc nghi-ng Vit-Minh Cng-sn.
Mt khc, ph tan bu khng kh cng thng gia cc
phn-t cch-mng cng nh dn chng i vi Vit-Minh
(v Vit-Nam Cch-mnh ng-minh Hi t co Vit-Minh
135
l Cng-sn v mu toan ca H-Ch-Minh tc Nguyni-Quc bin Vit-Nam thnh mt ch-hu ca -quc

Nga-s), ngy 11-11-1945 Trung-ng Cng-sn ng
ng-Dng h lnh cho cn-b lui vo b-mt, v b
ngoi v tuyn-b gii-tn ng Cng-sn ng-Dng.
Nhng mc d cc lnh-t Cng-sn khn kho ti u,
vn khng che y c hnh tung ca h, v s ng cn-b
cp di qu l liu, kiu-cng, th-lc ng, a ci
danh-ngha ng ra nh mt bu-bi lng quyn. Ngoi
ra cn c mt s ng-vin qu khch, thin-cn, khi thy
cch-mng thnh-cng, vi tng thi gian hng-th
n, nn hnh-ng khng d gi, pht-ngn v-trchnhim. Tt c nhng ci trong mt t-chc cha gi dn
kinh-nghim, l nhng bng chng c-th minh-xc
nguyn hnh Cng-sn ca Vit-Minh trc cc tng lp
nhn-dn yu nc v trc th-gii. Chnh v vy m mt
s tng lnh v cc nh ngoi-giao M, Trung-Hoa b
ri H-Ch-Minh, tm cch nng cc ng phi i-lp.
Kh-khn dn dp bn trong cng nh bn ngoi, khin
H-Ch-Minh phi nhng-b hn na, c gng km-ch
ham mun v hot-ng qu khch ca cc n em. Ngy 11-1946, nm ngy trc thi gian tuyn-c (6-1-1946) HCh-Minh cho ra i mt chnh-ph lin-hip trong c
cc ng Nguyn-Hi-Thn (Ph Ch-tch), Nguyn-TngTam (Ngoi-giao), V-Hng-Khanh (y-vin Qun-s)
v.v..1
Nhng c gng ca Cng-sn xoa di phn no ni
bt bnh ca dn-chng v cng lm cho ngi ta qun i
trong thi gian nhng hnh tung Cng-sn ca Mt-trn
1
Theo Trn-Quang, tc gi cun Th-on H-Ch-Minh th h

H thnh-cng trong vic mi c Nguyn-Hi-Thn tham-gia
chnh-ph lin-hip nh nc mt c su. H H khc lc
trc c Nguyn, nhc li tnh-ngha xa xa lm xiu lng
nh i-quc ny. Tc-gi t tic rng c Nguyn qu tin
li-l ca con co gi v mm lng trc nc mt.
136
Vit-Minh. Tuy vy, kh-khn vn cng ngy cng chng

cht. Nht l kh-khn i vi Php mt ng v ng khc
i vi Trung-Hoa Quc-dn ng v cc ng-phi qucgia Vit-Nam. Nhng kh-khn ny thay v gic-ng H-chMinh thnh-thc hn, c gng, cng quyt hn a
ng ti s nhng-b nhc nh vi hip-nh ngy 6-3-1946.
Khi k kt vi thc-dn Php hip-nh ny, Vit-cng
p-dng chin-thut duy-vt bin-chng ly lut mu-thun
lm cn bn nh trnh-by on T l-thuyt n thchnh. Ngha l trc nhng i-th cng nguy-him, Cngsn sn sng lin-hip vi mt i-th tiu-dit i-th
cn li. iu ny c chnh V-Nguyn-Gip, Tng Tlnh qun-i min Bc th nhn khng cn giu dim trong
bi Nhng kinh-nghim ln ca ng ta v lnh-o utranh v-trang v xy-dng lc-lng v-trang cch-mng
ng Hc Tp s 1-1960:
Kt qu ca ch-trng v sch-lc ng n l
gia ta v Php i n k kt hip-nh s-b 6-31946. Pha ta th nhn-nhng cho mt b-phn
qun-i Php ko vo mt s a im Bc B
tip phng qun Tng; pha chnh-ph Php th
cng-nhn nc Vit-Nam dn-ch Cng-Ha l mt
nc t-do trong Lin-Hip-Php... Chng ta gt
c 20 vn qun i Tng ra khi t nc. Tip
, qun i phn cch-mng ca bn Vit-Nam
Quc-dn ng by gi cn chim 5 tnh bin-gii
v trung-du Bc B cng b tiu-dit.
Vi hip-nh s-b, chng ta thc-hin ha
tin.1
hin nhin, i vi Cng-sn: rc Php vo Bc
Vit, tiu-dit cc ng Quc-gia l tin.
Hc Tp 1-1960 trang 63
137
Mt-trn Vit-Minh mt sc hp dn. Lp sn dn-tc

phai-lt. Chiu-bi quc-gia khng cn nh la c ai
na. V vy, ngy 27-5-1946, Cng-sn li cho ra i mt
mt-trn mi ly tn: Mt-trn Lin-hip quc-gia VitNam gi tt l Lin-Vit, do H-Ch-Minh lm ch-tch,
Tn-c-Thng, ph ch-tch v C-Huy-Cn lm tng thk.
Vi mt-trn mi ny, Vit-cng mun a ra mt chiubi mi: lin-hip cc ng phi, cc tng lp, cc on-th
nhn-dn i-ph cc m-mu ca thc-dn Php tr li
ng-Dng. Trong bn hiu triu ca Mt-trn, Vit-cng
cng nhc tis iu gii hp l quyn-li gia cc giaicp. iu ny cha ng mt ha hn i vi cc giai-cp
khng phi l v-sn hay cng-nhn l giai-cp ca ng; v
ng thi cng th nhn mt bc qu trn ca cc hotng n-l vo chnh-sch ca Quc-t Cng-sn.
Mt-trn Lin-Vit ng mt vai tr rt quan-trng
trong sut thi-gian khng-chin t cui nm 1946 ti nm
1954. Cng-sn dng Mt-trn Lin-Vit lm ci v
bc che-giu nhng hnh-tung Cng-sn lc y khn
kho rt lui vo bng ti. Mt-trn Lin-Vit gip cho
Cng-sn thc-hin c mt giai-on chin-thut gay go.
Theo cc ti-liu chnh-thc ca Vit-cng c
cng-b gn y th kiu ni Cng-sn cch-mng vsn Vit-Nam mun thnh cng, ng-Dng Cng-sn
ng phi lm trn hai nhim v ch yu: phn v phn
Phong. theo Vit-cng l -quc, v trc tin phi k
-quc Php l k th chnh by gi. Cn Phong tc l
Phong-kin m cc k hng th l bn a-ch, nht l
i a ch vi cc c-quyn c-li v rung t.
Cng nh Mao-Trch-ng gi Trung-Hoa vo
nhng nm 20 l nc na thuc-a v na phong-kin,
Trng-Chinh lit Vit-Nam lc ny (1946-1954) vo
loi nc thuc-a v na phong-kin. V hai mu-thun
c-bn trong x-hi Vit-Nam cn phi gii-quyt l:
138
1) Mu-thun gia dn-tc Vit-Nam v ch-ngha

-quc p-bc;
2) Mu-thun gia qun-chng nhn-dn ng o
v giai-cp a-ch phong-kin.1
Tuy hai nhim-v phn v phn phong u l chyu l chin-lc . Nhng nhim-v phn l chyu v phi lm xong trc, ch khng c thi-hnh songsong c hai nhim-v trong mt lc l sch-lc:
Trong cch-mng dn-ch nhn-dn ca ta, hai
nhim-v phn v phn phong-kin khng kht vi
nhau khng th tch ri nhau, nhng cng khng th
tin-hnh song-song nht lot ngang nhau.
... Phi tp-trung mi nhn ca cch-mng ch-yu
vo bn -quc cp nc, phi nhim-v phn
ln hng u..
Cng v mc-tiu sch-lc c n-nh r rt theo
ng th t y, m ta thy Mt-trn Lin-Vit thu np tt
c cc thnh-phn x-hi hay ni theo danh-t Cng-sn,
tt c cc giai-cp t Cng, Nng, Binh, Thng ti Tr
Ph a Ho.
S d Vit-cng cn lin-hp tt c cc giai-cp ,
khng phi v Cng-sn tn-trng quyn-li ca tt c. M
ch l v mc-ch sch-lc. Lin-hip h trong nht thi
chng vi -quc v khi dit xong -quc, hay n
mt giai-on no ca nhim v phn-, Vit-cng s
quay li phn ha cc giai-cp v tp trung mi nhn vo lp
ngi ny m h gi l tay sai hay ngi th hng ca ch phong-kin.
Nhng bin-php quyt-lit d-man v ci-cch rung
t sau khi hon ton lm ch na phn t nc nm 195455 chng-t iu .
1
Phng chm chin-lc ca ta (Trng-Chinh 1-1960)
139
C th ni nhim v sch-lc ca Mt-trn Lin-Vit l

nhim-v phn-. Nhng trong vn phn Vit-cng
cng phn-tch mt cch phc tp. ng trn lp-trng
giai-cp, xt theo quan im ca t-chc quc-t thng-nht
ch-huy, Vit-cng phn bit hai loi ngi Php. Mt
loi l Php thc-dn hay Php c, mt loi Php dn-ch
hay Php mi. V Vit-cng ch cho Mt-trn Lin-Vit
chng Php c m thi. Ni cho ng ra th Vit-cng ch
phn bit mt loi Php khng Cng-sn v loi Php Cngsn. V c nhin theo lp-trng ca mu quc Nga-s,
nhng ngi Cng-sn Php phi l bn.
Vit-cng cn phn bit Php ch chin v Php ch ha.
Nhng cch phn bit nh th ny ch l p-dng ng theo
sch-lc m chng ti phn-tch nhng chng bn v
duy-vt bin-chng-php p-dng vo thc t.1 Chnh
Trng-Chinh th nhn ci dng sch-lc nh sau:
Chng ta li phn bit hai hng thc-dn Php, mt
hng ch chin, mt hng ch ha, v lc trong
hng ng giai-cp t-sn Php c hai phi thc. V
li, lc ng Cng-sn Php ang tham-gia chnhph Php; ta phn bit nh th c lp bn hiu
chin Php v phi hp vi cuc u-tranh ca nhndn Php do ng Cng-sn Php lnh-o2 i
chnh-ph Php phi nh ch chin-tranh ngDng v thng lng vi chnh-ph ta.3
Chng ti va ni nhim v sch-lc ca Mt-trn
Lin-Vit trong giai-on ny l Phn . Cng cuc phn
th hin qua cuc khng chin tm nm trng. V
1
T L Thuyt n Thc Hnh

Thc ra ch l s ph khuy ca mt thiu s do ng Cng-sn
Php xi gic. Ni ti mt cuc u-tranh ca nhn-dn Php
l mt cch ni ch quan Cng-sn thi.
3
Phng-chm chin-lc ca ng ta Hc-Tp s 11960, trang 27
2
140
quyn li ti cao ca t-quc. V -ch t gii-phng khi

ch ngoi bang, dn-tc Vit-Nam, khng phn-bit giai-cp,
ng trong mt-trn ny khng Php. V i vi i a
s dn chng Vit-Nam khng chin ch c ngha l nh
Thc-dn Php dnh c-lp v thng-nht cho t-quc.
Nhng Vit-cng ngay lc y, lc m ton dn hng hi
khng chin, trng trn nh ngha khng chin theo mt
quan nim hon ton Cng-sn, mc d ng-Dng Cngsn ng c gii-tn t cui nm 1945. H-Ch-Minh
vit:
Khng chin Vit-Nam l mt b phn ca Mt-trn
Dn-ch Nhn-dn Th-gii do Lin S lnh-o.
V Trng-Chinh lc y l Tng B-th ng Lao-ng,
trong phin i-hi ton quc ca Mt-trn Lin-Vit thng
3-1951, nhn dp ng Lao ng Vit-Nam ra mt quc-dn,
nh ngha khng chin nh sau:
Khng chin Vit-Nam l mt hnh-thc cao rng ca
giai-cp u-tranh.
Xem ra lng yu nc v ch cm th thc-dn khin
nhn-dn Vit-Nam say sa trong cuc khng chin. Mttrn Lin-Vit vn tip tc nhim v ca mnh.
Chnh v khng chin, theo Cng-sn, cng l mt hnhthc giai-cp u-tranh, m sut trong thi khng chin
Lin-Vit v tnh tip tay cho Cng-sn, trong vic
tiu-dit cc giai-cp khc khng phi l giai-cp ca ng
Cng-sn, thay v, ng l ra, lin kt v iu ha mi giaicp.
Trn phng din qun-s, Lin-Vit l chic thun
ln: Cng-sn y dn qun, dn v, t-v, a-phng qun
ra cht ngoi chin a, n cho b i chnh-quy v
cn-b Cng-sn.
Ngi ta d hiu ti sao Vit-cng hi y khng em
ton lc ra mt phen sng mi vi thc-dn Php, m li
141
ch-trng trng k khng chin theo gng mu-quc

Trung-cng (vo nm 1938).1 Vo hi y hng ng cn-b
ng cng b-i chnh-quy cn non nt, tinh-thn khng
chin km. Vin tr ca Nga-s cha ti c mt cch iu
ha. Cn Trung-cng th ng gp kh-khn trc sc np ca Quc-dn ng Trung-Hoa. H-Ch-Minh mun ko
di chin-tranh mt ng bo ton lc-lng qun-s ca
ng, i tip vin ca mu quc , mt mt x y nhndn Vit-Nam vo cnh khi la, hy-sinh n tt , li
dng lng i quc, cm th thc-dn v -ch phn u quyt
t ca mi tng lp ngoi ng. Chnh v vy m Cng-sn
ch ch-lc-qun v cn-b ng dng sc hu
tuyn, t khi em ra d chin. Trch nhim khng chin, ban
u, lc Php cn b vy H-Ni, Vit-cng b mc cho
cc ton t-v Thnh, v sau ny khi mt-trn m rng ti
ng qu, trch nhim li c trt c ln u nhng i
dn qun du-kch a-phng. Mt bng chng l qun Php
ch s nht sc chin u ca t-v v dn qun du-kch aphng. Lnh Php thng ni vi nhau: Vit-Minh trn
khng ng s (qun chnh-quy eo ph hiu trn); ng s
l Vit-Minh vung (t-v v a-phng qun eo ph
hiu vung).
iu ny chng-t dn-tc Vit-Nam lc y chin u v
tinh thn yu nc, v l tng quc-gia, ch khng v
Cng-sn. V chnh Cng-sn ch l k li dng lng yu
nc y y cc giai-cp khc ra ch cht v cng-c,
tng cng lc lng ch yu ca h, ng hu sau ny c th
n-p nhng phn-t quc-gia cn sng st sau cuc trng
k khng chin.
Cc hy-sinh trit v vt cht, cc th thu m ph
quc phng, tun l vng v nht l hnh-thc chin-thut
tiu th khng chin cng u nhm mt mc-ch y.
1
Thng 5-1938, 10 thng sau khi TrungNht khi chin, MaoTrch-ng c mt bi din-vn v vn trng-k
khng-chin.
142
Nhng lc by gi t ai hiu c thm ca Cng-sn. V

bao gi h cng dng nhng li-l kho lo gii thch mt
cch m tai xui l. u im ca Cng-sn l ch . V
tht bi ca cc ng phi qc gia cng v d tin, d nghe,
hoc khng c k-hoch vch trn thm ca Cng-sn
trc quc-dn.
Nhng c gng ca Mt-trn Lin-Vit ln ti cao
vo u nm 1954. Vi chin trng in-Bin-Ph, c th
ni l n hin dng cho quc-t Cng-sn nhng bu vt
cui cng trong ci kho tng sc lc cng ngy cng kh cn
ca mnh. Ri hip-nh Genve k ngy 20 thng 7 nm
1954 lm mi ngi chng hng. Cc phn-t nhn-dn
tch cc nht, cc chin binh anh dng nht tht vng. Ri
cuc ci-cch rung t din ra trong thm khc. Nng-dn
khng chin, cn-b ng vin, nhn vin ban chp-hnh
Mt-trn, tt c u l nn nhn ca nhng cuc u t d
man cha tng thy trong lch-s nc nh. n lc Vitcng bc sang thi-hnh nhim v ch yu th hai: nhim v
phn phong. Trn l-thuyt l phn phong. Nhng trong thc
t l tiu-dit hay t nht l lm t lit tt c cc giai-cp
khng phi l giai-cp mi.1
n lc ny th chiu bi lin hp cc tng lp nhn-dn
iu ha quyn li cc giai-cp... ca Mt-trn Lin-hip
Quc-gia Vit-Nam khng cn tc dng na. Chic mt n
rt xung.
Cn phi c mt bin php mi m thch hp vi nhu cu
tnh th hn, kh d c th xoa du nhng ut c ca dn
gian.
Ch cn-b cng-sn theo danh-t ca Milovan Djilas, nguyn

ph tng-thng Nam-T, cu ph lnh-t Cng-sn ng NamT.
THNH LP MT TRN T QUC

CHE GIU
S PHN BI T QUC
M 1955, phin hp thng nin th 5 ca ban

chp-hnh ng Lao-ng quyt ngh m rng
Mt-trn Dn-tc Thng-nht Lin-Vit. V ngy
10 thng 5 nm 1955, mt-trn ny quyt nh t bin
thnh Mt Trn T-quc. Tn ch ca Mt-trn T-quc l:
Phn u xy dng nc Vit-Nam ha-bnh,
thng-nht, c-lp dn-ch v giu mnh.
Ch-tch Mt-trn l Tn-c-Thng, lc y l y vin
cc chnh-tr, trung-ng ng b ng Lao-ng, ch-tch
143
144
ban thng v Quc Hi, ch-tch danh-d Hi ng Habnh th-gii. Cn phi ni thm rng h Tn l mt ng
vin vo loi c nhit tnh n cung say ch-ngha Cngsn, c gii thng Ha-bnh Lnin.
Quan-st s din-bin ca ba mt-trn Vit-Minh, LinVit, T-quc, c ngi cho rng: Mt-trn Vit-Minh c
mc-ch lin hp cc ng phi n khi Mt-trn VitMinh ht nhim v th khng cn ng phi no ngoi ng
Cng-sn. Mt-trn Lin-Vit c mc-ch lin hp cc giaicp n khi Mt-trn Lin-Vit t bin i th khng cn
giai-cp no khc ngoi giai-cp ca ng Cng-sn. V
Mt-trn T-quc ngy nay c mc-ch lin hp ton th
quc-dn, sau khi mt-trn ny lm xong nhim v
th quc-dn s khng cn na m ch cn ng Cng-sn
vi chnh-ph Cng-sn, thng-nht lm mt ch-hu ca
T-quc quc-t Nga-s. Hai giai-on trc i ng nh
vy v giai-on 3 cng phi kt-thc theo chiu , nu
khng c cch g ngn cn Ln Sng .
Tuy-nhin, xt trn mt kha cnh khc, Mt-trn Tquc ra i cn v l do sch-lc sau y:
Qua hai hnh-thc sch-lc Vit-Minh v Linhip, mt s ng phi v lm ln lin-hip vi Cng-sn
bin tan trong dung dch Mc-xt; mt s a ch, tr thc
v.v., m Cng-sn gn ba cho danh t giai-cp i-lp b
bp n khng ngc u ln c1. Nhng v tinh thn
i quc, thc dn-tc, mc du mi c gng sut 25 nm
trng, Cng-sn vn cha sao thay th c bng thc
giai-cp. Hn na, lng yu nc v tnh dn-tc cng bt
pht sau nhng hnh-ng phn dn bn nc vi Php 6-31946 v hip-nh Genve chia i t nc thng yu
ngy 20-7-1954. Sau ngy lch-s au thng nhc ny,
chnh ngha xut hin ti min nam. c quyn khng chin,
chiu bi c-lp rt khi tay nh cm quyn min Bc.
1
Kiu ni ca Trng-Chinh.
Thnh lp mt trn t-quc che giu s phn bi t-quc
145
Lng ngi hng v sng ng Nai. Non mt triu ng

bo ri b min Bc, vt bao tr lc v e do, ra i
hng hn chng minh iu . Nhng ngi cn li cng
mt lng tin c. Cn-b, ng vin, qun s ng ngng,
chng hng trc kt qu bt ng ca cuc chin-tranh rng
r sut 8 nm trng. Bao nhiu bn b, thn thch ca h
gc xung mt cch v ch. Lng h hoang-mang chn nn.
Cc hnh-ng l lng, kiu hnh ca nhng cn-b cngsn qu khch cng lm h tht vng. L tng c-lp, hnh
nh non sng ch cn l nhng bng m trong k c.
Tnh trng cn phi cp cu ngay. V Cng-sn
chy ti phng-php tuyn-truyn c in ca h: dng
danh t lp y nhng l trng trong tm hn ngi dn.
Danh t T-quc c vit ln bng nhng nt m.
Km theo l chic khu hiu tht ku, tht sc s vi nhng
danh t Ha-bnh, c-lp, thng-nht...:
Phn u xy dng nc Vit-Nam ha-bnh,
thng-nht, c-lp, dn-ch v giu mnh.
Ni Ha-bnh ru ng nhng -ch mun phn u
chng s phn bi ca Cng-sn, n-p cc cuc ni
dy mun vng ln.
Ni Thng-nht che giu hnh tung chia r non
sng, ly c -kch ph khuy, cuc xy dng min
Nam.
Ni c Lp lm la mt dn chng trc cnh nl ng-li chnh-sch v cn-b ca Trung-cng v
Nga-s.
Ni Dn-ch cho dn qun ngho i.
Ni Giu mnh cho dn hy-sinh dn-ch.
a ra mt-trn T-quc, Vit-cng nhm lin kt
ton dn khng phi hin sng di ch Cng-sn min
Bc m thi, m cn nhm vo dn chng min Nam l
nhng ngi Vit-cng hy-vng d b la hn, v phn ng
146
cha nhn thy tn mt, nghe c tn tai nhng li ca

Cng-sn.
i vi ni b ng Cng-sn, trong giai-on mi ny,
h a ra khu hiu: Cng-c min Bc, chiu c min
Nam.1
Khu hiu ny bao gm hai nhim v chin-lc m
ng Cng-sn ra cho Mt-trn T-quc vo lc y:
Mt l, nhim v chin-lc cch-mng dn-tc dnch nhn-dn nhm nh mi th lc -quc, a
ch phong-kin v t-sn mi bn cn tn ti mt
phn t nc ta; hai l nhim v cch-mng x-hi
ch-ngha nhm ci to x ch-ngha min Bc.2
Cu ni ca Trng-Chinh trn y l din t di mt
hnh-thc khc ngh quyt ca Hi-ngh ln th 15 ca
Trung-ng ng:
Tng cng on-kt ton dn u-tranh thc hin
thng-nht nc nh trn c s c-lp v dn-ch,
hon thnh nhim v cch-mng dn-tc, dn-ch
nhn-dn trong c nc; ra sc cng-c min Bc,
a min Bc tin ln ch-ngha x-hi.3
Trong bi Chnh-sch mt-trn dn-tc thng-nht, mt
thnh cng ln ca ng ta ng trong Hc Tp s
1/1960, Xun-Thy ni r rng hai nhim v ca ng
Lao-ng tc ng Cng-sn trn y chnh cng l hai
kha cnh ca Mt-trn T-quc:
1
Trng-Chinh vit Hc Tp s 1/1960 trang 31: Tt c

nhng ch-trng chnh-sch ci-to x-hi ch-ngha v xydng x-hi ch-ngha, v lun v mt no cng u phi thu
sut phng chm Mt-trn Trung-ng ra l CNG C
MIN BC, CHIU C MIN NAM.
2
Op Cit. trang 31
3
Op Cit. trang 106
147
Cng-lnh ca Mt-trn T-quc phn i -quc

M can thip vo min Nam, i thi-hnh ng n
hip-nh Genve...
Mt-trn (T-quc) min Nam thc cht l mt-trn
dn-tc dn-ch...
Cn min Bc, Mt-trn (T-quc) thc cht l mttrn yu nc v x-hi ch-ngha.1
Ni mt cch tm tt, Vit-cng chia cuc cch-mng
Vit-Nam lm hai giai-on: giai-on u t 1930 ti 1954
v giai-on hin nay t 1954 tr i. Theo cc l-thuyt gia
cng-sn th giai-on u c hai nhim v ch yu: phn
, phn phong. Cn giai-on hai c nhim v: ci to
x-hi tin ln x-hi ch-ngha. Hin thi min Bc,
giai-on u i qua v bt u sang giai-on hai. Cn
min Nam th hy cn ng giai-on mt. Nu nhim v
phn v phn phong ca cc Mt-trn Vit-Minh v Linhip trc kia u c coi l ch yu, phi c gn lin
vi nhau: cch khng kht nhng khng c thc hin
song-song, th hai nhim v cng-c min Bc(lm cuc
cch-mng x-hi a ton min Bc ln x-hi chngha) v chiu c min Nam (lm cuc cch-mng dn-tc
dn-ch nhn-dn) cng l hai nhim v ch yu gn lin
vi nhau ca Mt-trn T-quc ngy nay v tri vi trc
kia, phi c thc hin song-song vi nhau. Trng-Chinh
xc-nhn iu :
Bt c mt hnh-ng no ca chng ta hin nay
min Bc u c hai tc dng: mt mt cng-c min
Bc... mt khc tng cng lc lng... lm hu thun
cho s-nghip gii-phng min Nam...
Ngc li, bt c mt hnh-ng cch-mng no ca
nhn-dn ta min Nam cng u c 2 tc dng:
chng M... ng thi bo v min Bc...1.
1
Op Cit. trang 107
148
Bn Lun-cng Chnh-tr ca ng Cng-sn ngDng do Trn-Ph (Tng B-th u tin) son tho v
c Hi-ngh Trung-ng ng ln th nht thng qua
thng 10-1930, iu 5, cng ghi r:
Trong lc u cuc cch-mng ng-Dng s l
mt cuc cch-mng t-sn dn quyn, bi v cchmng cha c th trc-tip gii-quyt c nhng vn
t-chc x-hi ch-ngha... thi k by gi cchmng ch c tnh cht th a v phn .
T-sn dn quyn cch-mng l thi k d b lm
x-hi cch-mng. T-sn dn quyn cch-mng c
thng li, chnh-ph cng nng c pht trin, cc
t-chc v sn c thm mnh, quyn lnh-o ca
v sn s thm kin c, sc mnh giai-cp tng
ng s nng v pha v sn. Lc s u-tranh s
thm su, thm rng, lm cho cch-mng t-sn dn
quyn tin ln con ng cch-mng v sn. Thi k
ny l thi k cch-mng v sn th-gii v thi k
kin trc x-hi ch-ngha Lin Bang S Vit; x
ng-Dng s nh v sn giai-cp chuyn chnh cc
nc gip sc cho m pht trin b qua thi k t-bn
m tranh u thng ln con ng x-hi ch-ngha.
Sau y l nhng nhim v ct yu ca cch-mng tsn dn quyn do bn cng-lnh ni trn nu ra iu 6:
1. nh -quc ch-ngha Php, phong-kin v a
ch.2
2. Lp chnh-ph cng nng.
1
2
Hc Tp s 1-1960 trang 31-32

im mt ny bao gm hai nhim-v ch yu l phn v phn
phong m Trng-Chinh ni r trn. C iu khc l lc y
cha phn chia r rt hai giai on phn trc phn phong
sau. M li mun c hai nhim-v ch yu ny thc-hin songsong. Nh th quan-im chin-lc thay i i cht.
149
3. Tch k ht thy rung t ca bn a ch ngoi

quc, bn x v cc gio hi; giao rung t y
cho trung v bn nng, quyn s hu rung t v
chnh-ph cng nng.
4. Sung cng ht thy cc sn nghip ln ca bn tbn ngoi quc.
5. B cc th su thu hin thi, lp ra thu ly tin.
6. Lp qun i cng nng
7. ng h Lin Bang S-vit v.v..
Nhim v th nht ca giai-on chin-lc ny m cc
cn-b Cng-sn Vit-Nam ra cho Mt-trn T-quc a
min Bc tin ln x-hi ch-ngha, chnh l nhim v m
lnh-t tam quc-t Lnin vch ra v ngy nay Vitcng ch c nhm mt p-dng. Chnh Trng-Chinh dn
chng ca Lnin trong bi Phng chm chin-lc ni trn:
L-nin ni:
Cuc cch-mng dn-ch lm xong, chng ta s bt
u chuyn sang cch-mng x-hi ch-ngha.1
V mt khi m Lnin phn nh th th lm sao cc
cn-b cao cp Vit-cng cn dm m xa ti nhng li
phn-i ca nhn-dn ta lm ngc li? Trng-Chinh
cng th nhn rng trong Mt-trn T-quc c ngi
ngh hy khoan cch-mng X-Hi Ch-Ngha min Bc
v ngh ny b Vit-cng bc b:
Cui nm 1956, c gii nhn s trong Mt-trn Tquc Vit-Nam ngh min Bc hy qua mt thi k
pht trin t-bn ch-ngha ri hy tin ln ch-
Cc-ch ca tp-ch Hc Tp s 1-1-1960, trang 30: V. Lnin: Ton tp, quyn VIII
150
ngha X-Hi. Nhng giai-cp cng-nhn v nhn-dn

lao-ng bc b ngh khng ng y.1
Cuc trng k khng chin rng r 8 nm trng vi
chin-thut tiu th khng chin p-dng ti nhiu ni,
chin-thut bin ngi p-dng trn in-Bin-Ph, th
on y dn qun a-phng qun ra n cho cn-b
Cng-sn tiu-dit nhng thnh-phn yu nc nhng
i-lp; cuc ci-cch rung t bt u t nm 1953
trit-h cc giai-cp khng Cng-sn; cuc n-p nhn-dn
Ba-Lng, Qunh-Lu, v cc vn-ngh s trong nhm NhnVn Giai-Phm, t Mi nm 1956, chnh-sch thu nngnghip t trc ti nay, chnh-sch cng trng nng-nghip
hp-tc-x cp thp, cp cao, cng-x v.v.. l tt c hnh
nh i quan v nhim v a min Bc tin ln X-Hi
Ch-Ngha m Vit-cng ra cho Mt-trn T-quc phi
thc hin bn kia v tuyn 17.
Nhim v th hai, nhim v m Vit-cng ra cho Mttrn T-quc i vi min Nam, thc hin ra sao? Nhn
vo hin tnh min Nam t 1954 ti nay c th thy r.
Sau khi k kt bn vn chia t vi thc-dn Php ngy
20-7-1954, Vit-cng ln ting tuyn-truyn cho ngy
tng tuyn c tng-tng 20-7-1956. Vi lun iu tuyntruyn ny, h nhm, mt mt, xoa du ni ut c hoangmang ca cn-b v ng bo min Nam tp-kt ra Bc,
ngm ha hn vi nhng ngi ny rng ch hai nm na s
c tr v Nam sum hp vi gia nh, mt khc ngn chn
phn no ln sng di c vo Nam ca mt s ng bo min
Bc c kinh-nghim au n vi Vit-cng, ngm e da
nhng ngi ny rng: c c chp b h m i vi thi-
tiu-cc chng i th cng lm cng ch hai nm sau h
cng s gp li trng tr thi- chng i y; ng khc
na, vi dn s min Bc lc y, trn 12 triu sng di mt
ch kim-sot cht ch bi mt t-chc ng chuyn ch
1
Hc Tp s 1/1960 trang 34.
151
v cc t-chc mt v cng-an, Vit-cng tng c th nm

chc phn thng li trong mt cuc tuyn c vi 10 triu dn
min Nam sng di mt ch t-do, lc y ng hoangmang, mt tin-tng, v qu mt na nc ri vo tay Cngsn, cn hnh-chnh trong ny th thi nt trong cnh thp
nh s qun, qun i nm trong tay ngi Php bi trn...
Nhng Vit-cng tnh sai mt nc c. V chnh-ph
Ng-nh-Dim sng sut v can m ph nhn
mt cuc tuyn c di bo lc n-p. V chnh-ph
min Nam t coi mnh l chnh-quyn hp php duy nht
c a s cc quc-gia trn th-gii cng nhn, cn Vitcng ch l mt ngy quyn, hn na chnh-ph Ng-nhDim khng k vo hip-nh Genve, cho nn cc nc
ch-tch Hi-ngh v cc nc khc k hip-nh y
khng th b buc c. Khng phi tr li cc ngh
ca Vit-cng, nhng l tuyn co cng quc-dn v cc
ngh c tnh-cch hon ton tuyn-truyn xo tr ,
chnh-ph Vit-Nam t cho nh cm quyn H-Ni 6
iu-kin lin quan n cc t-do ti thiu h cn ban b cho
nhn-dn min Bc, trc khi ni n hip thng v tng
tuyn c.
n lc ny th Cng-sn thy r khng th nh la
chnh-ph Ng nh Dim bng vin thuc bc ng hip
thng, lin-hip nh trc kia nh la Vit-Nam Cchmnh ng-minh Hi ca c Nguyn-Hi-Thn v cc ng
phi khc c na.
Tuy-nhin h bit r tm-l a s nhn-dn Vit-Nam
sau mt thi gian chin-tranh mt mi, d b lung lc bi o
vng ha-bnh. V vy m nhng chin-dch tn-cng habnh c tung ra ti Vit-Nam ha nhp vi chin-dch tncng ha-bnh ca Cng-sn quc-t m ng Nehru, thtng n, chng hn, l mt cn-b tuyn-truyn khng
cng nu khng ni l mt tay sai v thc ca chinthut y. Hi-ng Ha-bnh Vit-Nam H-Ni hot-ng
ro rit, nhm phin hp ny, ra tuyn co kia, phn i, -
152

1
o lung tung . Ti min Nam mt t-chc mnh danh l

phong-tro ha-bnh cng ph ha theo. Nhng phong-tro
ny sm b gii-tn v s tinh ca chnh-ph Vit-Nam.
Song-song vi lun iu xy dng cao -ch habnh ca mnh, Vit-cng lun ming vu co chnh-ph
Vit-Nam vi phm hip-nh Genve v gy chin.
ng thi s-dng ng th on c hu va nh
trng va n cp2 ca h, Vit-cng tng cng s ph
hoi khng-b ti min Nam. Nhng cn-b nm vng c
lnh hot-ng tr li, v kh chn giu c khai qut ln.
Cc v cp sng ca dn v xy ra nh cm ba. Mt s
cn-b chnh-tr v qun-s t min Bc c phi vo,
lnh-o cc cuc ph hoi qui m. Mt s cn-c a nh
vng U-Minh, Tht-Sn, B-im, C-Chi, Chin-Khu D,
v.v., c thit lp, cng-c, toa rp thm ng ng. Mt
s truyn n bm bm xuyn tc chnh-ph Vit-Nam v
mt s nhn vt uy-tn, e da cn-b v nhn vin hnhchnh a-phng lc c xut hin vo u nm 1958. V
c y tng thm. Cc v rc ri bin-gii Min Vit, cc
v xm phm lnh th Ai-Lao ca qun i Vit-cng vo
nm cho ta thy xa xa m-mu ca Vit-cng i vi
min Nam.
Xin coi on Ba Hnh Thc Sch-lc in Hnh mc D

Ha Vi Qu cc trang trn.
2
Hay va n cp va la lng
TRNG-CHINH T TN V
XUN-THY CNG NHN MTTRN GII-PHNG MIN NAM
d t cui nm 1957 Vit-cng tng gia min

Nam, v qua thi gian ha hn c tng tuyn-c vo
ngy 20-7-1957, khng nhng dn chng m c mt
s ng cn-b t nghi ng lng thnh-thc cng nh kh
nng ca h. Hn na, i a s cn-b min Nam tp-kt
bt mn ra mt: tnh trng xa gia nh, nh v con v mi lo
lng trc vin tng en ti ca mt cuc chia ct khng
ha ngy on t y h ti mt tm-l dn p, cng
thng n nguy him. Vit-cng cn tm cho tnh trng tml y mt li thot. Ngoi s khng-b, n-p xen ln vi
153
154
vut ve, phn tn min Bc, h c gng to cho nhng cnb tp-kt mt hy-vng c th hn v ngy on t bng
cch phi cn-b vo Nam hot-ng, trong s c nhng
cn-b tp-kt v thc y cho cn-b nm vng tch cc c
gng hn.
Chnh-ph Vit-Nam Cng-ha nhn r thm y ca
i phng. Mt mt cc c-quan an-ninh v qun i tm
cch tiu-dit cc ton du-kch hot-ng l t nng-thn.
Mt mt cho ban b lut 10/59 trng tr nhng hnh-ng
cp ca git ngi ca qun khng-b. Cc khu tr mt,
cc vng dinh in c lp ln, ngoi mc-tiu kinh-t xhi, cng gip ch phn ln vo vic c lp phn tn cc ton
qun khng-b ca Vit-cng. Cc bin php mnh ny
thu lm c mt s kt qu nht thi. Nhng cng l mt
trong nhng nguyn-nhn cho nhng can thip v c gng
ngy cng gia tng v mt hot-ng tuyn-truyn chnh-tr
cng nh v trang ca i phng. Bi v nu Vit-cng
khng phn ng cp tc v mnh m th o lut 10/59 v k
sch khu tr mt s l mt li gm bn nhn cht ht u
m-mu khng-b bo ng ca cc cn-b nm vng. Bit
bao cn-b quan trng b x, v hng ngn cn-b khc
tr v quy thun chnh ngha quc-gia.
i pht thanh v bo-ch H-Ni ha nhp vi truyn
n bm bm ti min Nam ln ting -kch o lut
10/59 v chnh-sch khu tr mt m h gi l pht-xt,
chnh-sch tri tp-trung.1
1
Mt trong bn chc khu-hiu ca Vit-cng a ra trong ngy

2-9-60, ngy m h gi l Quc khnh Vit-Nam, c pht
hnh v ng ti hu ht cc nht bo H Ni cng ghi r iu
(khu-hiu 5):
Kin-quyt u-tranh nhm trit thi-hnh hip-nh Gi-nev, i quc M phi rt lui khi min Nam Vit-Nam, i
chnh quyn Ng-nh-Dim phi gii tn cc tri tp-trung
(m ch cc khu tr-mt) v hy b lut pht-xt 10/59, nh ch
mi cuc cn-qut khng-b...
Trng Chnh t trn v Xun Thy cng nhn MT GPMN
155
Nhn xt mt cch khch quan, thnh-thc m ni phi

cng nhn rng mt chnh sch tt p nh chnh sch khu
tr mt, v thc hin hi gp, hn na cn-b tha hnh cha
kinh-nghim, nn vp phi mt vi sai lm ng tic,
khin cho dn chng mt vi a-phng khng c hi
lng i vi chnh-ph. Vit-cng lin chp ngay ly c hi
, tng gia tuyn-truyn chng chnh-sch v chnh-ph.
ng thi mt s cn-b an-ninh v hnh-chnh a-phng
vi tc phong km ng n cng tr nn i tng cho
Vit-cng -kch. Dn chng d mun d khng cng b
nc c tuyn-truyn Cng-sn trc hon-cnh .
Th l cng vi cn-b nm vng tr li hot-ng v
trang, gy dng c s ng, cng-c cn-c a, lp thm
n v v trang tuyn-truyn, cng vi cn-b ng t HNi phi vo Nam qua cc ng Cambodge, Ai-Lao, bu
khng kh chnh-tr min Nam bt u nhim c. n
lc Vit-cng thy thun li cho ra i mt t-chc quy m
rng ln hn tp hp thm cc thnh-phn i-lp, kch
thch thm s bt mn ca mt vi tng lp nhn-dn.
Mt-trn Dn-tc Gii-phng Min Nam c thnhlp.
C nhin, trn phng din php l, mt cch cng
nhin, Vit-cng khng dm nhn rng mt-trn ny do h
lp ra v iu-khin, nh h ngang nhin cng nhn iu
vi cc mt-trn Dn-ch (1936), Thng-nht (1939),
Vit-Minh (1941), Lin-Vit (1946 v 1951), T-quc
(1955).1
1
Trong bi Chnh-sch Mt-trn... ca ng ta ng tp-ch

Hc Tp s 1-1960, tp-ch l-lun, chnh-tr ca ng Laong Vit-Nam, Xun-Thy vit:
ng ta, ng tin-phong ca giai-cp cng-nhn Vit-Nam
lun lun coi trng chnh-sch mt-trn; vic thc-hin mttrn dn-tc thng-nht trong sut 30 nm nay l mt trong
nhng thnh-cng ln ca ng...
156
ng khc nh la mt ln na nhng ngi qu tt,

hay thiu kinh-nghim hiu bit v Cng-sn, h mc cho
mt-trn ny mt chic o hon ton dn-tc v kho lo,
cn thn che giu tt c mi vt tch giai-cp u-tranh hay
x-hi ch-ngha.
c bn cng-lnh ca mt-trn ny, ta thy Vit-cng
khn kho giu kn mi -nh cui cng ca h. Khng
c mt cu no ni n mi lin lc vi chnh-quyn min
Bc, khng mt ch cp ti cc vn giai-cp u-tranh
ca lun-cng cc ng Cng-sn. Nhng t ng, thnh
ng, t nhiu dnh dng n duy-vt bin-chng-php hay
sch-lc u-tranh ca Tam Quc-t nh mu-thun,
gii-quyt cc mu-thun, lnh-o ca giai-cp cngnhn, lin minh cng nng v.v., thng thy cc bn
lun-cng, hiu triu hay cc ti-liu khc ca ng Cngsn, cng tuyt nhin khng c. Tri li ch thy nhng danh
t rt ph bin cc nc t-do, hp vi t ng v tp qun
ca i a s qun-chng nh c-lp, t-do, dnHi-ngh Trung-ng ng thng 9 nm 1937 t tn cho
Mt-trn ny l Mt-trn Thng-nht Dn-ch ng Dng
Hi-ngh thng 11-1939 Trung-ng ng quyt nh thay
Mt-trn Dn-ch ng Dng bng Mt-trn Thng-nht
Dn-tc Phn ng Dng...
Thng 5-1941, hi-ngh m rng ca Trung-ng ng tn
thnh ngh ca H Ch-tch: lp Mt-trn Vit-Nam clp ng-minh
Thng 5-1946 ng ta ngh lp hi Lin-hip quc-gia
Vit-Nam... Thng 3-1951, ng ta ch-trng m i-hi
Mt-trn thc s thng-nht Vit-Minh Lin-Vit ly tn l
Mt-trn Lin-Vit.
Thng 9-1955, ng ta vn ng thnh-lp Mt-trn Tquc Vit-Nam. Mt-trn Lin-Vit ha mnh vo Mt-trn Tquc...
Cng-lnh Mt-trn T-quc phn i quc M can-thip
vo min Nam. (Hc Tp s 1-1960, trang 104, 105, 106)
157
ch, on-kt, ha-bnh, thit tha v.v.. on m

u cng-lnh mt-trn ni trn trch dn di y nhc
ti tt c nhng danh t y:
T khi thc-dn Php xm chim nc ta, dn-tc
Vit-Nam ta chin u khng ngng cho c-lp v
t-do ca T-quc...
Mt on khc:
Phi ha-bnh. Phi thng-nht, phi c-lp dntc cm no o m, phi ha-bnh thng-nht T-quc.
l nguyn vng thit tha cp bch ca chng ta.
Nguyn vng tr thnh -ch st , sc mnh
phi thng thc y ton dn ta phi on-kt li...
Ngay ch-trng ca Mt-trn mi c qua cng thy
hp l, hp tai mi ngi v khng khc ch-trng ca
chnh-quyn cc nc t-do, cc ng quc-gia:
Mt-trn Gii-phng Min Nam ch-trng on-kt
tt c cc tng lp nhn-dn, cc giai-cp, cc dntc, cc ng phi, cc on th, cc tn-gio, cc
nhn s yu nc min nam Vit-Nam, khng phn
bit xu-hng chnh-tr u-tranh... thc hin habnh, c-lp, dn-ch hon ton thng nht t-quc.
Tt c mi li, mi trn y u p v li hp dn. V
th mi c qua ngi ta c cm tng: khng phi l chtrng ca Vit-cng, v n khng mang nhng tnh cht
cch-mng v sn hay giai-cp u-tranh; khng c g
l duy-vt s-quan hay thng d gi-tr trong c.
Nhng khng th bo mt-trn ny khng phi do Vitcng lp ra v lnh-o, nu chng ta phn tch k ni dung
bn cng-lnh, nhn xt cc hot-ng ca mt-trn i
chiu vi cc nguyn tc sch-lc c trnh by phn
II nht l trong mc Cao-tro v thoi-tro. Chnh Lnine
khuyn khch lin-hip, tha-hip vi bt c ngi no
c th tha-hip c. Cc bn cng-lnh, hiu triu ca
cc mt-trn Vit-Minh, Lin-Vit m Vit-cng hnh din
158
t cho l do h lnh-o trc kia cng khng khc bn

cng-lnh ca Mt-trn Gii-phng v nguyn cht.
Nu em i chiu ni dung nhng on vn trch dn
trn y ca bn cng-lnh mt-trn vi nhng li-l ca
Vit-cng min Bc hoc cc ti-liu hc-tp ca cc cn-b
Cng-sn ng hot-ng ti min Nam, th cng thy r
bn tay kho lo ca ng ta trong t-chc mt-trn ny.
Khi ni v nhim v ca Mt-trn T-quc v cch thihnh cc nhim v , Xun-Thy phn bit hai kha
cnh khc nhau. Trc khi ni rng thc cht Mt-trn (Tquc) min Bc l mt-trn yu nc v x-hi ch-ngha,
Xun-Thy vit:
Mt-trn min Nam thc cht l mt-trn dn-tc
dn-ch. Vi hon-cnh min Nam hin nay, Mt-trn
c th c cng-lnh ring v hnh-thc t-chc
thch hp ct sao t c tinh thn ngh quyt ca
hi-ngh trung-ng thng 3-1955; on-kt bt c
ngi no c th on-kt c, tranh th bt c
ngi no c th tranh th c, trung-lp bt c
ngi no c th trung-lp c, c nhm phn ha k
th n cao v c lp chng, ng thi thm nhiu
bn trong nc v ngoi nc.1
Ni nh Xun-Thy c ngha l: tuy b ngoi trn php
l v mt cch cng nhin ch c mt mt-trn T-quc vi
hai nhim v: cng-c min Bc (xy dng min Bc tin ln
X-hi ch-ngha) v chiu c min Nam (gii-phng min
Nam khi -quc v phong-kin). Nhng bn trong, mt
cch bt hp php v ln-lt, nhim v th hai c trao cho
mt hnh-thc khc thch hp vi hon-cnh cc k khkhn min Nam, l Mt-trn Gii-phng Min Nam,
vi cng-lnh ring, vi sch-lc u-tranh khc hn sch-
Ti-liu trch dn: trang 107
159
lc m Vit-cng p-dng ti Bc Vit bng mt Mt-trn

T-quc hin nay.
Lun iu v t ng c v dn-tc, ch khng sc mi
giai-cp ca nhng on vn trch cng-lnh Mt-trn
Gii-phng Min Nam thc ra phn nh ng mun v
tinh thn ngh quyt ca Hi-ngh Trung-ng ng thng
3-1955 m Xun-Thy trch dn trn y.
Phi chng c n ci danh hiu gii-phng min Nam
cng khng ngoi ch th ca Cng-sn min Bc? Bi v
Trng-Chinh vit:
Phng chm chnh-tr ca ng bo1 min nam l
Gii-phng min Nam, bo v min Bc.2
Nh trn va trnh by, bn cng-lnh ca Mt-trn
cng nh bn hiu triu v ti-liu cng khai khc ca Mttrn ny khng dm mang du vt ca Cng-sn v cn-b
Cng-sn c sc trnh dng nhng danh t hoc lun iu
c th t co phn no ngun gc b mt cn che giu, hoc
nu cn, Vit-cng ch ni ch ca h ri cho mt vi
phn-t qun-chng cha c lm quen vi t ng Cngsn bao gi, son tho cc bn vn .
Tri li, trong cc ti-liu b mt, ti-liu dnh ring cho
ng vin, hoc do ng vin vit ra, th ch cn c s qua
thy nhan nhn nhng danh t v kiu ni ring bit ca
cc ng Cng-sn. Sau y, chng ti xin trch dn mt
on vn ca xp ti-liu do mt cn-b Huyn y Vitcng3 ghi ch trong cun s tay k ch Hc-tp c
gi cng phn tch:
K ch ngy 8/9/1959:
1
Ni cho c v ngh ti ng-bo, ch thc ra l ca cn-b

Cng-sn m thi. Phng-chm chnh-tr ca ng lin-quan
g ti ng-bo min Nam?
2
Ti-liu trch dn: trang 32.
3
Xin giu tn v l-do khai-thc.
160
3. Mt-trn gii-phng dn-tc min Nam:

Nguyn-nhn c gii-phng dn-tc min Nam l do
thc t tnh-hnh min Nam do chnh-sch pht-xt
cp nc M v phong-kin c-ti.
- Do mu-thun -quc phong-kin v dn-tc.
- Do mu-thun ch phong-kin vi dn cy thnh
hnh v xut hin mt-trn dn-tc l giai-on lchs, nh Mt-trn Vit Minh, Mt-trn Lin-Vit, Mttrn T-quc.
Mt-trn l quy t cc tng lp trong qung i qunchng ng ln cng ng v nhn-dn chng M
Dim bo v quyn li cho giai-cp h.
Thnh-phn Mt-trn gm c 4 giai-cp chnh: cng,
nng, tiu-t-sn v c nhn cc tng lp giai-cp
khc.1
Trc y ta c hnh-ng Mt-trn, nhng ta cha
a ra i l do sc ch mnh m ta yu, ngy nay ta
a ra c Mt-trn l sc ta mnh c sc li ko
qun-chng rng ri hn (khi cng, nng mnh)
- Danh ngha cng khai, hiu triu.
Vn ng b mt v phi t-chc thnh hnh Mt-trn
cc cp T.H.X.2
- Ta s c mt t vn ng rm r v chun b lc,
ngi tiu biu a ra cng khai (khi no trn c a
hiu triu ca ban sng lp Mt-trn)
- Tnh, huyn u c ban Mt-trn c mt s cn-b
x, mt s ng ch ph trch Mt-trn.
1
2
Cng-nhn, nng dn, tiu-t-sn, t-sn.

Tnh, huyn, x
161
Cng trong cun s tay K ch hc-tp ny ta cn thy

nhng on r rng hn na v -nh thnh-lp Mt-trn
Gii-phng Min Nam v phng-php lnh-o mt-trn
. Chng hn ngay nhng trang u:
Sch-lc min nam nhm tranh th cc nc trunglp v cc nc ng Nam vi ni dung dn-tc
chng -quc (Ha-bnh, Trung-lp, Dn-tc, Dnch) tranh th s ng tnh ca cc nc ng
Nam ni chung.
Do sch-lc trn m cn phi m rng Mt-trn
Gii-phng Min Nam.
- Nhn nh k th ch yu l M, li ko cc tng lp
t-sn, tr thc, tn-gio c trong chnh-quyn, Qun
i ch, nhng cn bn l nhm cng, nng lin
minh...
Hc-tp ngh quyt 6 thng cui nm (1959)
- Phng hng tin ln ca cch-mng min Nam v
nhim v cng-tc.
1/ Nhim v u-tranh chng chnh-sch v lc v
cc chnh-sch thm c ca gic, lut s 10/59, khu
tr mt, ta n qun-s c bit (c th l tn-cng
chnh-tr ch).
2/ Nhim v xy dng lc lng qun-chng m rng
mt-trn (v y mnh pht trin ng, on v tchc qun-chng cng, nng, thanh, ph, cng-tc
B.V. tin ti xy dng khi cng, nng, binh lin-hip
l ti-liu cn-b Cng-sn trong Nam ghi ch
trong mt lp hun luyn. Cn sau y l ti-liu do cn-b
Cng-sn ngoi Bc Vit trong tp ch Hc Tp s
4/1961:1
Trang 12, 13.
162
bo m cho cuc u-tranh cch-mng min

nam dnh c ton thng, ng bo min Nam1 cn
ra sc xy dng khi cng nng binh lin-hip v
thc hin mt mt-trn dn-tc thng-nht rng ri,
ly lin minh cng nng l c s... Cng-tc mt-trn
phi nhm on-kt tt c nhng lc lng c th
on-kt, tranh th bt c lc lng no c th tranh
th, trung-lp nhng th lc cn phi trung-lp...2
ng nhin mt-trn thng-nht chng M Dim
min Nam phi do giai-cp cng-nhn lnh-o da
trn cc c s cng nng lin minh.
Nhng hng trn y, hon ton ng , ng chtrng, ng t ng Cng-sn, ngang nhin th nhn rng
giai-cp cng-nhn lnh-o mt-trn dn-tc thngnht min Nam.
K ra th cc tc gi bi bo vut mt cn bit n mi.
Cho nn ch dm ni giai-cp cng-nhn m khng dm
ni ng ca giai-cp cng-nhn, cng khng dm ni
Mt-trn Gii-phng Min Nam m ch ni Mt-trn
Dn-tc Thng-nht. Nhng i vi Cng-sn, ni giaicp cng-nhn lnh-o hay ng ca giai-cp cng-nhn
lnh-o cng th. V i vi Cng-sn giai-cp cng-nhn
lun lun do ng ca giai-cp lnh-o. Cn Mt-trn
Gii-phng Min Nam vi Mt-trn Dn-tc Thng-nht
cng l mt, v theo Cng-sn c gii-phng c min Nam
th mi hon thnh c s-nghip thng-nht nc nh.
ng khc, danh t Mt-trn Dn-tc Thng-nht l mt
danh t chung ch tt c cc mt-trn do Vit-cng lp ra
lnh-o. Cho nn trong bi Chnh-sch mt-trn dn-tc
1
Tc gi khng dm ni: ng ta hay cn-b Cng-sn min

Nam m ch ni ng-bo min Nam.
Thng 4/1961 cng ch nhc li gn nguyn vn li-l thng
3/1955 (coi Ngh-quyt Trung-ng ng thng 3/1955, trang
138).
163
thng-nht... ca ng ta, Xun-Thy mi ni n tt c

cc mt-trn (Dn-ch, Vit-Minh, Lin-Vit, T-quc) v
coi mt-trn no cng l mt hnh-thc mt-trn dn-tc
thng-nht c.
Trc 10 thng, Trng-Chinh trong mt bi bo bn
v Phng-chm chin-lc ca ng ta t khi ha-bnh
c lp li, cng c nhng li-l tng t nh th.
Mt mt quan trng na chng-t ng ta kt hp
cht ch nhim v cch-mng dn-tc dn-ch nhndn l trong khi xy dng ch-ngha X-hi min
Bc. ng ta lnh-o nhn-dn ta u-tranh kin
quyt v bn b chng M Dim i thi-hnh hip ngh
Gi-ne-v, chng ch vi phm nhng iu khon v
hnh tr v qun-s, ng-h cuc u-tranh anh dng
ca ng bo min Nam.1
Nhng bng chng trn y tng qu quyt
rng Mt-trn Gii-phng Min Nam do Vit-cng lp ra v
lnh-o. l cha k ti nhng bng chng sng ng,
thc t, khng phi ch c trn sch v ti-liu m thi.
Chng hn nh nhng cn-b Vit-cng b bt sng hay b t
thng vi giy t trong cc trn nh ln c mang c ca
Mt-trn. Hay nhng thng t ch th ca cn-b cc cp x
y, tnh y gi cho cp di, cc ti-liu hc-tp, bo-co.
Hoc cc v-kh, dng c y t, truyn tin, n lot bt c
ngoi chin a hay ti so huyt cn-c ca Vit-cng.2
1
2
Hc Tp s 1/1960, trang 33
Trin-lm ng Tin thng 9/1961 ti Ta Snh Si-gn.
NG TA CNG C MIN BC
mt-trn Dn-ch qua Vit-Minh, Lin-Vit ti

Mt-trn T-quc vi hai b mt, mt T-quc
cng khai hp php min Bc v mt T-quc b
danh Mt-trn Gii-phng Min Nam min Nam, lun
lun ta thy Vit-cng theo st cc nguyn tc chin-lc v
sch-lc c hu ca Cng-sn Quc-t.1
Quc-t Cng-sn chia cng vic nhum Vit-Nam
ra lm hai giai-on, th nht: cch-mng dn-tc dn-ch
1
Xin coi li hai on 3 giai on chin-lc v 5 giai on

sch-lc.
164
ng ta cng c min Bc
165
vi hai nhim v ch yu gn lin vi nhau khng kht

nhng tin hnh bt ng u v khng song-song; th hai:
cch-mng X-hi, thit lp chnh-ph ca giai-cp cngnhn, thc hin ch v sn chuyn ch, a ton quc tin
ln X-hi ch-ngha.
Bao lu giai-on u cha thc hin c th by lu
cn cn ti chiu bi lin-hip v on-kt: bt c thnhphn no c th lin-hip v on-kt c, hng mi
nhn vo k th chnh yu s mt cn phi trit-h trc
nht. Chnh-sch mt-trn c cng dng . S d cc mttrn i tn hoc thay th ln nhau l do hon-cnh cao-tro
hay thoi-tro cch-mng. Cng-tc tin hnh u ha, mt
n cha b rt th c gi nguyn mt-trn y. n khi cngtc b cn tr, ui co li ra, th lp tc i danh, i lt.
Mt mt-trn khc ra i.
Nu theo ng cch phn chia giai-on cht ch, th
giai-on hai ch bt u khi no nhim v giai-on mt
hon tt trn c nc. Nhng cng-sn kh mm do
trong vn ny, theo ng quy-lut bin chuyn ca duyvt bin-chng-php v theo st nguyn tc th ba ca
chnh-sch mt-trn:
G vng nguyn tc cng rn, ng thi phi bit
vn dng sch-lc mm do.1
Cho nn h mi vi a min Bc tin ln X-hi chngha, trong khi nc nh cn b chia i, min Nam cha
lm xong cuc cch-mng dn-tc, dn-ch nhn-dn. S
kin ny c th gii thch hai cch. Mt l v thc s qucgia Vit-Nam khng c mt gi tr thc tin no trc quan
nim x-hi i ng hay lp-trng giai-cp u-tranh
Quc-gia Vit-Nam cha thng-nht, iu khng quan
trng min l ti min Bc Cng-sn thnh-lp c mt
chnh-quyn cng-nhn. Chnh-quyn l t-quc ca h
1
Chnh-sch Mt-trn... ca ng Ta. Hc Tp 1-1960, trang

110
166
ri. Hai l nu, sau khi, nh s tr gip ca hai quan thy

Nga-s v Trung-cng (ti hi-ngh Genve)1 Vit-cng
chim c mt na nc, m h khng thit lp mt ch
dn-ch nhn-dn theo kiu cc ch-hu Cng-sn khc,
v bt tay vo vic a min t mi chim c y tin ln
x-hi ch-ngha bng cc sc thu ly tin, ci-cch
rung t, nng-trng, hp-tc-ha nng-nghip v chun
b thnh-lp cng-x, th c th cc quan thy s nghi ng
hoc cho l h bt lc.
Tri li, nu trong khi na nc cn trong tay mt k
th ng s, m vi ra mt phn bi lp-trng dn-tc,
cng nhin bin min Bc thnh mt ch-hu Cng-sn, rp
khun theo ch cc nc ch-hu khc, th rt c th
nhn-dn trong nc s khng cn tin h na v mt l h
s b nhn-dn min Bc vng ln qut ng, hai l chnhquyn min Nam vi chnh ngha quc-gia s mnh
thanh ton h d dng.
V nhng l trn, my nm u, sau khi k kt hip-nh
Genve ct i t-quc, Vit-cng nh b m nh bi mt
mc cm phm ti, hnh-ng c v lng tng khng dt
khot. Bng chng l Hi-ngh Trung-ng ng ln th
tm (8-1955) nhiu ln thc mc t hi c nn dt khot
a min Bc tin ln X-hi ch-ngha khng? trc khi
quyt ngh:
Bt k tnh-hnh nh th no, min Bc cng phi
cng-c v phi tin ln ch-ngha X-hi.2
H-Ch-Minh vit trang 6 tp-ch Hc Tp 1-1960:

ng ta trng thnh trong hon-cnh Cch mng thng
Mi Nga thnh-cng. Mi thng li ca ng ta v ca
nhn-dn khng th tch ri s ng-h nhit tnh ca Lin-s v
Trung Quc...
Bo-co ca B Chnh-tr c ti Hi-ngh Trung-ng ng
hp thng 8-1955.
ng ta cng c min Bc
167
Nguyn cu ny c nu ra v sau c Trng-Chinh

nhc li (1-1960) cho thy khng t th nhiu c nhng
phn-t ng vin hi y ch-trng khoan a min Bc
ln X-hi ch-ngha v l do sch-lc.
Chnh v do d bi hon-cnh cha sng t, kh-khn
cn nhiu, nn khi mi tip thu H-Ni (10-10-1954) Vitcng cha dm tuyn-truyn bnh-trng lc lng Cngsn m ch kho lo cao cng trng ca ng mt cch
gin-tip cho dn chng chp nhn rng h l nhng ngi
c cng, sau ny vo mun lm g cng c. Rt
nhiu truyn n, bi bo, bi pht-thanh v cc cuc din
thuyt, hi-ngh, trnh din vn-ngh c t-chc ca
ngi cng lao v thnh-tch ca ng v trnh by ng nh
mt hnh nh hp dn anh hng. Mc-ch ca h t ra l
lc y khng phi lm cho dn chng nm th Cng-sn,
i theo Cng-sn m ch lm cho qun-chng thn phc v
yu thch nhng phn-t Cng-sn c cng trong cuc cu
quc.
Trong cc li tuyn-b chnh thc ca cc lnh-t Vitcng, cng nh cc ti-liu tuyn-truyn dy ng qunchng, thi- ca Vit-cng i vi chnh-ph Vit-Nam
Cng-Ha cng gi v d dt, mc du h lun lun coi l k
th ch yu nht. c k tt c cc li tuyn-b ca H-chMinh sut hai nm 1954 v 1955, ta thy t thng 7-1954
cho ti thng 9-1955 l thng Mt-trn T-quc khai sinh, h
H rt t cp n chnh-ph Vit-Nam Cng-Ha, ch c
i ba ln ni mt cch rt vu v ti Hoa-k, v d nh ngy
14-12-1954 tr li mt cu hi phng vin bo Regards
ca Php: Ch-tch xt tnh-hnh min Nam Vit-Nam nh
th no? H H p:
Ti ngh rng tnh-hnh hin nay min Nam ng lo
ngi v bn can thip M ngy cng nhng vo mt
cch trng trn. Chc chn ng bo ca chng ti
min Nam s kin quyt phn i.
168
Ngy 1-1-1955 trong din vn mng nm mi trong dp

l mng H Ch-tch Trung-ng ng v Chnh-ph v
th-, H-Ch-Minh ni r rng hn mt cht:
Chng ta phi tnh to phng, phi kin quyt
chng m-mu ca -quc M tng cng can thip
vo ng-Dng xui gic bn tay sai ca chng ph
hoi hip-nh nh chin...
V ngy 23-7-1955, sau khi i thm Nga-s v Trungcng v, h H c mt bn bo-co trong rng ch c
mt cu:
quc M ang m-mu trng k chia r nc
ta.
Ngoi nhng cu k trn, h H khng h ng n
chnh-ph Vit-Nam Cng-Ha mt cch r rt, cho n
ngy 2-9-1955, trong li ku gi mng Quc Khnh, ng
mi ni n nh sau, vi li-l hy cn kh n tn:
min Nam vi s xui gic v gip ca -quc
M, chnh-quyn Ng-nh-Dim ra sc tng cng
qun i gy nhng cuc xung t...
V ch c th t hn mt nm.
Nhng khi Mt-trn T-quc ra i th cng ng thi
cho ra i nhng t ng tuyn-truyn kh gay gt hn, c v
hng tm hng c. V d danh t M Dim vn dng cho
n nay, c H-ch-Minh khnh thnh cng vi Mttrn T-quc.
Trong bi ni chuyn trc i-hi Mt-trn thng 91955, H-Ch-Minh ni:
Mt-trn sn sng hoan nghnh tt c nhng ngi
tht th phn i m-mu ca M Dim chia ct t
ng ta cng c min Bc
1
169
nc... C ngi hi rng: Mt-trn c cng-lnh

tt nhng nu bn M Dim c ra th th no?...
K t li ni cng nh vic lm ca Vit-cng trong

Mt-trn T-quc cng ny cng trng trn hn, nht l k t
khi Mt-trn Gii-phng Min Nam bt u ra mt.
C nhin Vit-cng phi giu nhng c ch, thilng
tng ca h ban u l lc h rt yu th.
Mt nhn t khc khin Vit-cng c th quyt nh sm
a min Bc ln X-hi ch-ngha ng ra l nhum
hn min Bc l s ng-h trit v kim-sot cht ch
ca hai nc anh em v-i Nga-s v Trung-cng. Vitcng hy-vng rng: nu sau ny c v nhn-dn Vit-Nam
khng a ch Cng-sn m ni ln chng li h hay chy
theo ch min Nam thi h c cc nc anh em ng
hn ng sau, ch khng b c lp nh hi nm 1945 l
nm Nga-s cha ra mt cng nhn, Trung-cng cn tht th
Lc a Trung-Hoa. ng khc ngy nay lc lng ng
gia tng gp bi, cc c-quan mt v c lc hn; tt
c mi s kim-sot u nm gn trong tay ng. Cc ng
phi i-lp tan r, cn li hai ng Dn-ch v X-hi do
chnh Vit-cng lp ra ch bit ca tng, tn thnh, ng-h,
hoan nghnh mi chnh-sch, mi quyt ngh ca ng
Lnh o.2
K t khi Vit-cng khng cn giu-dim nhn-dn
min Bc v ngun gc v tnh cht ng tr ca h na.
Cc danh t ng, ng ch, giai-cp cng-nhn,
v sn chuyn chnh v.v., c tung ra mt cch khng d
1
Ai cng bit r Vit-cng theo lnh cc quan thy Nga-s Trungcng, cng vi Php k hip-nh Genve 20-7-1954 chia i
nc Vit-Nam trc s phn i ca Chnh-ph Ng-nhDim.
2
Xin coi li li ca Nguyn-Xin, tng th-k ng X-hi trong
mt quyt ngh ca ng X-hi ni ng Lao-ng 7 ln
m ch dng 3 ch ng X-hi c 2 ln.
170
dt. Trn cc cng vn, giy t, ngi ta c thy trc ht

l ng, Bc sau mi n Quc Hi v chnh-ph v nhndn.
H cng ni thng ra rng ng Lao-ng chnh l
ng Cng-sn ng-Dng trc kia; v mc d ngDng Cng-sn ng b gii-tn cui nm 1945 (11-11)
ng Lao-ng ch mi thnh-lp u nm 1951 (3-2), h
vn long trng k nim v bt nhn-dn ton min Bc k
nim ngy thnh-lp ng 30 nm vo u nm 1960. Ngha
l trong khong cch 6 nm (19451951) khng c ng, th
Hi Nghin-cu ch-ngha Mc-xt chnh l mt hnh-thc
che giu ca ng. Sau y l nhng bng chng:
Trc ht, H-Ch-Minh vit u tp ch Hc Tp
(trang 1) s 1-1960:
Nm nay ng ta 30 tui chn.1
... Chng ta chn thnh cm n ng Cng-sn LinS v ng Cng-sn Trung-Quc gip ta t rn
luyn thnh mt ng kiu mi ca giai-cp cngnhn.2
Tip theo l L-Dun, cng vo dp :
30 nm nay, l-lun Khoa-hc McL-nin lun lun
l kim ch nam cho mi hnh-ng ca ng ta.3
V sau Trng-Chinh:
1
Trang 1. Xin ch : 30 tui l k t nm 1930. Nhng ng

ng-Dng Cng-sn ch c 15 tui (1930-1945), cn ng
Lao-ng ch c 9 tui (1951-1960). Vy phi hiu: H-ChMinh mun ni r iu m chng ta vn ni: ng Dng
Cng-sn ng, Hi Nghin-cu Ch-ngha Mc-xt vi ng
Lao-ng ch l mt. Vy ti lm sao n phi l 3? V schlc, v th on, v mnh li nh la dn chng Vit-Nam.
2
Trang 7
3
Trang 13
ng ta cng c min Bc
171
T khi thnh-lp n nay, tri qua 30 nm u-tranh

anh dng, ng ta a giai-cp cng-nhn v
nhn-dn Vit-Nam qua nhng bc ng y chng
gai, gian kh, nhng rt v-vang...1
V y l T-Hu:
ng ta lnh-o cch-mng Vit-Nam n nay va
ng 30 nm.2
Nguyn-Duy-Trinh ni r hn c:
ng Cng-sn ng-Dng ngy nay l ng
Lao-ng Vit-Nam thnh-lp v nm quyn lnho cch-mng Vit-Nam tri qua mt qu trnh
u-tranh va chn 30 nm.3
Nhng li xc-nhn qu quyt trn y ca lnh-t v
cc cn-b cao cp Vit-cng ni ln mt s tht ht sc
ph phng: Vit-cng coi nhng li tuyn-b ca h trong
bn quyt ngh gii-tn ng Cng-sn ng-Dng ngy
11-11-1945 nh khng c. V c l h lm tng rng nhndn Vit-Nam, sau bao nhiu au kh -ch v bin-c rng
rn, kit qu v thn kinh v k c n ni khng ai cn
nh li tuyn-b ca h nm y:
Nhng chin s Cng-sn sn sng t quyn li Tquc ln trn quyn li giai-cp, hy-sinh quyn li
ng, phc v quyn li dn-tc... quyt ngh giitn ng Cng-sn ng-Dng...
Hoc h cho rng tt c nhng ngi c u c thc mc,
c th cn nh giai iu u b tiu-dit, hoc vo
Nam, m li ni ca h ngy nay min Nam th lm sao
xuyn qua c bc mn st lt vo tai thnh gi min
Bc?
1
Trang 21
Trang 112
3
Trang 119
2
172
Hoc l h cho rng c th trong dn chng Vit-Nam

hy cn nhiu ngi nh iu , v nhng ngi dn sng
p bc, kh s ti min Bc, n khng dm n ngon, ni
khng dm ni ln, vn thng th thm to nh vi nhau v
s gii-tn ca ng Cng-sn ng-Dng khin h bc
mnh. Cho nn h c ni i ra tp cho nhn-dn lm
quen vi li l-lun v cch thc lm vic theo duy-vt binchng-php: ngha l nhng g ng ngy hm qua, ngy
nay khng ng na. V t ti mc-ch cao c l a
giai-cp v sn mt giai-cp gi tng m nu c th cng
rt thiu s Vit-Nam ln nm chnh-quyn, tt c mi
phng tin u tt, k c phng tin ni di, nh la i
a s nhn-dn Vit-Nam trong vic tuyn-b gii-tn ng
Cng-sn ng-Dng.
Nhng l trn y c th ng c. Nhng ng nht c l
l l do ny: Quc-t Cng-sn hay ng Nga-cng hay cc
lnh-t cc -quc in Cm-Linh, khng cn bit ti
s kin gii-tn ng Cng-sn ng-Dng l mt s kin
l thuc vo mt thc h dn-tc li thi, phn ng vi
t-tng Mc-xt, m ch cn bit mt iu l d ng l
ng Lao-ng hay Hi Nghin-cu Mc-xt hay ng
Cng-sn ng-Dng th n cng ch l mt v n do
ng Nga-cng gy dng v tc thnh 30 nm nay; v ch c
bc th khai sinh cho n ngy 27-10-19291 l c gi tr. Cho
nn F. Constantinov, y-vin ban Chp-hnh Trung-ng
ng Cng-sn Lin-s, ch bt tp ch Ngi Cng-sn,
thay mt cho ng Nga-cng vit mt bi gi ng tp
ch Hc Tp s 1-1960 v ngay u bi ni:
ng Lao-ng Vit-Nam anh dng, ng anh em
ca ng Cng-sn Lin S va c 30 tui.2
C l ng ch v-i Nga-s ni l 30 tui, ng ch
li gi cho hc-tp ch c mt bi. Mi li ca ng ch
1
2
Xin coi li phn u ca Cng-sn Vit-Nam mc mm...

Hc Tp s 1-1960, trang 36.
ng ta cng c min Bc
173
u hay, u ng, khng th thay th sa cha. ng ch

ni 30 tui th tt c cc ng ch khc l H-Ch-Minh, LDun, Trng-Chinh, Nguyn-Duy-Trinh, L-c-Th, THu cng phi ni nh vy, khng c v e s nhn-dn
Vit-Nam m ni khc i.
C th bn c s cho nhng li trn y l qu gay gt
v c tnh-cch ma mai. Nhng s tht rt c th nh vy,
trong th-gii Cng-sn.
Tm li ch min Bc r rt l mt ch rp
khun theo cc nc ch-hu Cng-sn m h go l bc
qu ln X-hi ch-ngha tin ti ch Cng-sn tng
lai. i vi cc chnh-khch, cc nh quan-st quc-t th
iu ny khng cn c th nghi ng c na. Nhng v cn
c bc mn tre, bc mn st, cn c cc n lc tuyn-truyn
lp lim hng ngy mnh hn nhiu hn, c k-hoch hn n
lc tuyn-truyn ca th-gii t-do cho nn a s dn chng
bn ngoi bc mn tre, bc mn st vn cha hnh dung
c thc trng min Bc v h vn hy-vng theo li
tuyn-truyn ca Vit-cng rng mt khi nhng ngi cm
quyn min Bc ton thng trong c nc (!) ton dn s
c hng t-do, hnh-phc trong c-lp, ph cng vi
mt chnh-th dn-ch thc s! L bi v a s dn chng
khng chu mt th gi tm hiu thc cht mt ch- theo
X-hi ch-ngha cng nh t quan tm n sch-lc v
mu su ca Cng-sn.
Chnh v vy m chng ti phi mt cng chng minh,
bng cc vn kin xc thc m nhiu ngi tng am hiu
Cng-sn cho l hin nhin, khng cn phi chng minh na.
Mong cc bn c thng cm cho.
LIN MINH CNG-NNG

HAY
ST HI CNG-NNG
NH trnh by Phn I, hc thuyt ca Marx da

vo nhng hin-tng x-hi, kinh-t xy ra nhng
nc k-ngh cc thnh v ch trng c bit ti lp
th-thuyn hay theo danh t Cng-sn l giai-cp cngnhn. Nhng hc thuyt Marx c p-dng, khng phi
nc t-bn c nn k-ngh cc thnh nh Anh, Ty-c,
m li bt u bt r Nga-s l mt nc cn bn nngnghip, ri n Trung-Hoa v cc nc khc cng th. Cho
nn hc thuyt Lnine sau ny nhn mnh n vai tr ca
nng-dn, mc du khng dm sa i a-v lnh-o ca
th-thuyn, tc giai-cp cng-nhn. C nhiu ngi Cngsn cho rng ct yu ca ch-ngha Lnine l vn
nng-dn, khin Staline phi ln ting ci chnh rng: ct yu
ca ch-ngha Lnine vn l vn v sn chuyn chnh:
C nhiu ngi ngh rng ct yu ca ch-ngha
Lnine l vn nng-dn, rng khi im ca chngha Lnine l vn giai-cp nng-dn, vai tr v
s quan trng ca giai-cp ny. iu hon ton
sai.1
Tuy-nhin, chnh Staline, trong chin-lc, cho nngdn l ng minh qun quan trng nht ca giai-cp v sn.2
1
2
Cc nguyn tc ch-ngha Lnine (bn ting Php) trang 43.

Xin coi li phn II, on Ba giai on chin-lc (lc lng
tr b trc-tip).
174
Lin minh cng nng hay st hi cng nng
175
Trung-cng vi Mao-Trch-ng ngay t u cng

c bit ch ti vn nng-thn. V mt qun-s v
chnh-tr, h Mao a ra thuyt: ly nng-thn bao vy
thnh th1 v kinh-t ngay lc cn yu th ch-trng vevn qun-chng nng-dn bng nhng li ha gim t, chia
t, 1921 ly H-Nam, sinh qun ca Mao lm th im
ci-cch rung t v k t nm 1948 mt nm trc khi
nm trn quyn kim-sot lc a Trung-Hoa cho ti 1952,
pht ng chnh-sch ci-cch rung t trn c lc a,
nh hon ton cc c-ch x-hi c. Nhng ngi
chng Cng b ghp vo ti a ch cng ho, c b, bc
lt, phn ng v.v., v b hnh quyt mt cch d man k
c hng triu, nht l vo nhng nm 1949, 1950 l nm mi
nm c trn quyn bnh lc a.2
Noi gng hai quan thy v-i Nga-s v Trung-cng,
chnh-sch ca Vit-cng cng rt ch trng n vn
nng-thn, h cng ch-trng lin minh nng cng, cng
cao dn cy, li dng dn cy v cng p-dng chnh-sch
Th a, chnh-sch thu ly tin, thu nng-nghip v cicch rung t ging ht Trung-cng. c bit l cuc cicch rung t Bc Vit bt u vo nm 1953 cng cch
mt nm trc 1954 l nm Vit-cng kim-sot trn min
Bc, ht nh Trung-cng. V cuc ci-cch rung t min
Bc Vit-Nam cng ln ti ch cao vo nhng nm sau
khi nm trn quyn. Hi c nc ta v hon cu u rng
mnh khi ngh n hng chc vn nng-dn b kt n l a
ch cng ho gian c, b u t v x t ti ch mt cch
d man, khin cho s ut hn ngt tn tri xanh. V ri sau
Vit-cng phi a ra chnh-sch sa sai cng ging
nh Trung-cng a ra chnh-sch Trm hoa ua n v.v..
1
2
Xin coi Phn I

A decade under Mao Ts Tung (10 nm di triu Mao-Trchng) bn ting Anh ca The Green Pagoda Press 1960, trang 4.
176
H-Ch-Minh ni v chnh-sch nng-dn v rung

t nh sau, trc quc-hi min Bc:
Cuc cch-mnh ca ta l cuc cch-mnh nngdn1. Nh vy, cuc ci-cch rung t s rt c nhhng i vi nng-dn.2
Nguyn-Ngc-Tuyn v Hong-Trung-Thc gi
nng-dn l anh em rut tht ca cng-nhn nh sau:
Giai-cp cng-nhn Vit-Nam tuy tui cn non, s
lng nh b, nhng tinh thn cch-mng rt cao, li
c ngi anh em rut tht ln mnh, trung-thnh,
hng hi l giai-cp nng-dn k vai st cch...
Cng-nhn Vit-Nam ch yu l xut thn t nngdn.3
Hng-Qung khi bn v lun-cng chnh-tr nm
1930 ca Vit-cng nhc li:
Cng nng l lc lng chnh ca cch-mng.
Lun-cng nm 1930 nhn mnh:
Trong cuc cch-mng t-sn dn quyn v sn giaicp v nng-dn l hai ng-lc chnh, nhng v sn
giai-cp c nm quyn lnh-o th cch-mng mi
thng li c.
Ni nh vy l p-dng li bin-chng duy vt co gin ca h

H ch thc ra khng ng. Theo ng ng-li ca ng
Cng-sn th phi ni cch-mnh v sn. Nhng h H mun
ni cch-mnh nng dn ly lng dn cy l thnh phn
chim 90 phn trm dn s Vit-Nam. C nhin, trc qunchng hay Quc Hi ni nh th l ng. Nu l trc cc ng
vin hay cn-b Nga-cng, h H s khng ni th.
2
Lch-s Vit-Nam hin kim (Phan-Xun-Ha) trang 122
3
Bc ngot v-i..., trang 12
177
Vit-cng cng nh Trung-cng hay Nga-s, phi ni

nhiu n nng-dn v tm cch lin minh vi lp ngi ny,
v theo l-lun ca h:
thc dn-tc dn-ch ca nng-dn rt mnh.
Nng-dn li chim i a s nhn khu trong nc.1
Chnh trong bn lun-cng ca ng Cng-sn ngDng nm 1930 c ghi r rng:
... ng-minh ca giai-cp v sn l trung v bn
nng...2
S d H-Ch-Minh cng nh cc cn-b Cng-sn khc
v c bn Lun-cng ca ng, do Trn-Ph son tho, u
ni n tm quan trng ca nng-dn nh vy, l v chnh
quc-t Cng-sn ch th chi-tit trong bc th gi cho
cc ng Cng-sn ng-Dng ngy 27-10-1929:
Mt tin khc cng rt cn thit cho vic thnhlp mt ng Cng-sn ng-Dng l vic y mnh
hot-ng ca nhng ngi Cng-sn trong qunchng cng-nhn v nng-dn m rng phong-tro
chng -quc v cuc u-tranh ca nng-dn
chng bn a ch, v lnh-o cuc u-tranh ny....
t c mc-ch cn phi tuyn la v oto nhng thng tn vin cng-nhn v nng-dn.3
Mt mt v quan nim nng-dn l ng minh qun ca
cng-nhn hn na mun li dng nhng phn-t c tinh
1
Hng-Qung, Bc ngot v-i... trang 54. R rng l h tnh

li-dng thc dn-tc ca nng dn ch u phi v nng dn
hay v dn-tc. i vi Cng-sn, ng k ch c giai-cp v sn
cng-nhn, hay ng ra quc-t Cng-sn, trong cc lnh-t
i a s li khng phi thuc thnh phn cng-nhn hay nng
dn u.
2
Bc ngot v-i... trang 83
3
Bc ngot v-i... trang 72 v 73
178
thn dn-tc ny m Vit-cng c bit ch ti vn

ci-cch rung t.
Mt khc ci-cch rung t c th l c hi tt Vitcng thanh trng nhng ngi quc-gia hoc cc tng lp
dn chng chng li con ng Cng-sn, cho nn Vit-cng
bt chc Trung-cng, pht ng nhng t quan
trng (t 4 v t 5) nht l vo nm h mi nm c
chnh-quyn.
Nh vy l nht c lng tin, va ly lng c
nng-dn khi ng o qun-chng li dng va
tha dp tr kh nhng phn-t chng i.
Mun bit r hai kha cnh ny ca sch-lc Cng-sn,
hy nhn qua li s din-bin ca ci-cch rung t.
Trc ht, trn l-thuyt, ci-cch rung t c v kh
hp dn v ha hn, t l i vi nhng ngi khng c t,
i cng lut ci-cch rung t nh sau:
1. Tch-thu t ai v dng c ca thc-dn.
2. Tch-thu t ai, tru b, dng c v ti sn khc ca
Vit gian.
3. Tch-thu hoc trng-dng (ty theo li nng nh) ti
sn ca cc a ch phn ng hung tn.
4. Trng-dng t cng v t ca cc hi.
5. Trng-dng hoc mua li t ai (ty theo trng-hp)
thuc cc on th tn-gio.
6. Tch-thu t ai, tru b v nng c ca nhng ngi
ngoi quc cng tc vi thc-dn Php, hoc chnhquyn b nhn, mua li nhng t ai tru b, dng
c ca nhng ngoi kiu khc.
7. Mua li nhng t ai, tru b v nng c ca a ch
c tham-gia khng chin, v ca trung a ch.
179
8. Nhng n ca dn ngho, nht l n ca nng-dn i

vi a ch u hy b.
9. Bc b nhng c quyn ca -quc v phong-kin
trn mt b v trong cc dng sng.
10. Khng ng chm ti ti sn ca ph nng (c nhiu
rung nhng t tay lm ly hay thu thm t ngi
ph lc).
11. Bo v ti sn cho trung nng (c t rung v t khai
thc ly).
12. Bo v thng mi k-ngh.
13. Khng ng chm ti ti sn ca nhng ngi c
rung t nhng khng khai thc c v bn i
tham-gia khng chin, hoc thiu nhn cng hay bn
bun bn.
14. Rung t, tru b, v nng c tch-thu hoc mua li
c, em chia tt c cho ngi dn khng c hoc
c t rung. Rung t c em chia theo nhn s
mi x.
15. Tt c ao h rng r u em chia.
16. Nhng n in khai khn bng my, ging cao su,
c-ph, nhng m, n i... khng c em chia
nhng t di quyn kim-sot ca chnh-ph.
17. cng cuc ci-cch rung t thnh tu ng cn
da vo bn c nng, lin lc mt thit vi trung
nng, giao thip vi ph nng, pht ng tinh thn
i qun-chng chng ch- phong-kin, tng gia
sn xut tch cc tham-gia khng chin.
l nguyn tc, l-thuyt. n khi p-dng vo thc t
ci-cch rung t min Bc gy ra khng bit bao tang
tc au thng ut hn. Tt c nhng s thc au lng,
c bit bao cy bt vn-ngh s din t t-m vi nhng
180
chi-tit rng rn nghe n rn tc gy trong cc cun ng

Qu Ut Hn, Chng Ti Mun Sng, v.v..
Vn phc tp u tin l quy nh thnh-phn ai l a
ch? V nht l ai l a ch phn ng, hung tn? Phi
chng l nhng nng-dn c nm, ba mu rung t mnh lm
ly, nhng v c mi th ring i vi ng ch-tch y-ban
hnh khng? Phi chng l nhng t in khng c quyn
lm ch mt tc t, nhng b nghi ng l c lin lc vi
bn cng ho c b? Phi chng l nhng ngi dn
ngho kh nhn nhc nhng c gan dm ph-bnh cn-b
Cng-sn, coi thng ch-ngha tam v? Phi chng v tt c
nhng ai chng i tch cc hay lng chng tiu-cc khng
chu tn thnh ng-li chnh-tr ca Quc-t Cng-sn?
Ch cn bit mt iu l sau ci-cch rung t Vitcng phi thi-hnh chnh-sch sa sai trong v s vn
s, lut s ln ting t co nhng hnh-ng qu tn bo
ca cuc ci-cch.
Nh vn Gerard Tongas, ngi tng c cm tnh vi
Vit-Minh sut 8 nm khng chin, v sau khi Vit-Nam b
chia i tnh nguyn li H-Ni vi chnh-th Dn-ch
Cng-Ho sut trong thi gian thc hin ci-cch rung t,
nhn xt v cuc ci-cch rung t mt cch khch
quan nh sau:
Trong thc t, ci-cch rung t:
1. Ch l mt tr tr ngy qui m rng ln cho nh
nc Cng-sn chim ot ht mi t ai m
khng phi bi thng mt ng xu no cho ch
t. Qu l cng cuc bc lt v-i
2. Ci-cch rung t phi chng-t mt cch r
rng khng th chi ci cho nng-dn, c nhng
cng-dn ngu dt nht rng t y quyn bnh
thuc v nhn-dn, bi v chnh nhn-dn ch
nh nhng ai l k h hip h, chnh nhn-dn
181
xt x h v ln n h. l l do chnh yu ca
ta n nhn-dn
3. Ci-cch rung t phi lm rung ng hng lot
khi qun-chng nng-dn ng o bng cch
cho h c th cm thy mt cch mnh lit ci
quyn nng v-i ca h, vut ve h, li cun h
vo qu o ch mi. Do cn phi trao cho
h hnh hnh mt s rt ng nhng cng ho
c b
4. Ci-cch rung t, phi c tc dng gy c
mt rung chuyn tm-l mnh lit, pht khi mt
th in tp on trong on th, ghen ght a ti
chm git d man v dy ng nhng t sng
khng-b. iu lm cho nhng ai cn cht
mun yu t chng li ch Cng-sn phi suy
ngh trc th v-kh ng gh s l ci tm trng
s hi rng rn m Cng-sn c th to nn mt
cch hon ton khp ni v trong mi honcnh.
5. Ci-cch rung t chun b cho ch Cng-sn
ln ngi, bng cch kho lo t-chc mt cch ha
hp cc bui khi u cuc u-tranh giai-cp
6. Ci-cch rung t, khng h gii-phng nngdn, m li p ch nng-dn mt cch h khc hn
nh cha tng c.
7. Ci-cch rung t l mt trng th-nghim i
vi nhng cn-b m s tn tm v lng nhit
thnh cn c th thch. Mt nhn vt c a-v
rt cao c cay ng by t vi ti rng ngi ta
cho rng c ti 2 phn 3 cn-b khng vng lptrng v ngi ta hy-vng ci hun nhng ngi
xu va bng cch to hon-cnh hot-ng trong
mt cng cuc xy dng rng ln.
182
8. Ci-cch rung t trng trn vi phm hip-nh

Genve, c che du mt cuc tr th m mu
nhm vo tt c nhng ngi lm vic vi
Php.
Trong thc t, ci-cch rung t ch hon ton l mt
cng trnh chnh-tr, ch khng c mt li ch x-hi
hay kinh-t no theo nh Cng-sn gi hnh ni
rng h mun ci thin s phn ngi dn qu.1
Quc Hi Vit-cng hp m 18-1-1957 cng nhn
mnh rng ci-cch rung t phm phi nhng sai lm
nghim trng.
Bi x lun ca nht bo Nhn-dn c-quan chnh thc
ca ng Lao-ng, ngy 5-2-1957 vit:
Ngh quyt Quc Hi xc-nhn nhng thnh-tch to
ln m ci-cch rung t t c, ng thi
vch r nhng sai lm nghim trng m cng-tc cicch rung t phm phi.
... Sai lm ca ci-cch rung t khng nhng
hn ch nhng thnh-tch thu lm c m cn
gy cho ta nhiu kh-khn v nhng hu qu khng
tt.
... Trc y my thng, do sai lm trong ci-cch
rung t, tnh-hnh nng-thn c phn cng thng,
lc lng ca ng v khi on-kt trong nng-thn
lao-ng b tn thng: trong cc tng lp nhn-dn,
c ngi hoang-mang xao xuyn. Mt s cn-b v
ng bo ch thy mt sai lm ca ci-cch rung t
m khng thy mt thnh-tch, thm ch c ngi cho
rng ci-cch rung t l tht bi.
J'ai vcu dans L'ENFER COMMUNISTE et j'ai choisi la libert

trang 221
183
V ni u xa, ngay Trng-Chinh, lc y l tng b-th

ng, ph trch lnh-o ci-cch rung dt, sau ny b
ging chc, cng phi cng nhn l trong ci-cch rung t
c sai lm. Trong bi: Thu sut ng-li chung ca ng
nng-thn sa sai cho tt ng mc x lun bo
Nhn-dn ngy 16-1-1957, l-thuyt gia Cng-sn Bc
Vit vit:
Bn cnh thnh-tch t c, cng-tc bc mt
(ci-cch rung t) nhiu a-phng phm mt
s khuyt im.
Ri Trng-Chinh k ra no khuyt im v cn-b aphng khng theo ng ng-li da hn vo bn c
nng, on-kt trung nng, lin-hip ph nng, ngn chn
khng cho a ch ngc u dy v.v., no khuyt im bao
bin, lm thay qun-chng, v.v. v v.v.. Nhng xem ra
Trng-Chinh c gng li cho cp di ch khng chu
nhn li.
c bit l Trng-Chinh c nht nh cho rng ct yu
vn l thnh-tch, ch khng phi sai lm. V sai lm,
Trng-Chinh ch ch trng ti thi- ca cn-b trong khi
thi-hnh chnh-sch, nht l ph-bnh quan nim t-sn bnh
cho b con l a ch, khng thng tay t co anh em thn
thch v.v., ch tuyt nhin khng nhc ti con s v-i
nhng ngi dn b cht mt cch th thm trong ci-cch
rung t. C l Trng-Chinh cho l thnh-tch v
tiu-dit c mt s nhng ngi chng i ng bng
cch coi h l a ch gian c, hoc ngh rng ci-cch
rung t vi hng chc vn xc cht gy c mt m
nh s hi kinh khng trong tm trng ngi dn, khin h
d b khut phc trong cc k-hoch xch ha tng lai.
Tm li Vit-cng cng nhn c sai lm, xoa du ni
ut c, cm hn ca nhn-dn. Nhng ch nhn l c sai lm
trong thi-hnh, ngha l sai lm v pha cn-b cp di
khng lm theo ng ng-li lnh-o ca ng ch
khng chu l ng lnh-o sai.
184
Tri li, qun-chng th li nht nh cho rng ng

lnh-o sai. Mt ngi i din cho qun-chng trong vic
ph-bnh m chng ti trng dn y l lut s Nguynmnh-Tng.
Vo dp sa sai cui nm 1956, ci np hi an ton c
m ra, sau khi bu kh phn ut on hn b dn p n cc
, lut s Nguyn-Mnh-Tng nu ra mt cch r rt
hn c, nhng sai lm nghim trng ca ci-cch rung t
trong bi din vn c trc hi-ngh Mt-trn T-quc ti
H-Ni ngy 30-10-19561 Lut s Nguyn-Mnh-Tng cho
rng trong ch min Bc, chnh-tr ln p php l.
ng dm chn ln chnh-quyn v chuyn-mn. a s
dn chng b p bc, bc lt n cng , phn ut ngp tri.
Theo ng th nguyn-nhn sai lm trong ci-cch rung t
l:
1) Quan im tach, thbn ca ta rt m h.
2) Ta bt chp php lut, ly chnh-tr ln p php l.
3) Ta bt chp chuyn-mn.
ng cng kch lit v kho lo mt cch rt t nh kch vai tr lnh-o ca ng v cho rng tht bi hay sai
lm, trong ci-cch rung t l do lnh-o sai.
Di y, chng ti xin trch mt vi on vn trong bi
din vn ni trn, c in trn vn trong cun Trm Hoa
ua n trn t Bc2 do Mt-trn Bo-v T-do Vn-ha
xut bn nm 1959:
Ti phn khi (?) c nghe bn ph-bnh ca ng
Lao-ng do ng Trng-Chinh c trc Hi-ngh.
1
Theo ng Hong-Vn-Ch th bi din-vn ny khng ph bin

trn cc bo-ch H-Ni nhng khng bit v l-do no n lt
c ra ngoi v sang ti Ngng-Qung v Ba-L, lm chn
ng d lun th-gii vo hi .
2
Phn ti-liu, trang 293.
185
Nhng ti cng phi th rng lng phn khi ca ti,

mt phn b gim i, v ti nh li kt qu tai hi ca
cc sai lm phm trong cng cuc ci-cch rung
t. Ti xin php cc v c knh cn nghing mnh
trc k nim nhng ngi v ti cht oan, khng
phi v bn tay ca ch m chnh ca ta...
Cc ngi cht oan v cc sai lm trong cuc cicch rung t ny lc tt th cay ng, au xt v
cht mt cch danh... Nu chng ta duy tm v tin
rng linh hn cn tn ti, th mt phn no, ta chuc
li c ti li ca ta... Nhng ta duy vt v cc ngi
y lc cht cng l duy vt. Do cc ni kh ca h,
ta bit r rng, by gi ta khng th no th tiu c
na. Quyn hn ca ta khng ti ...
Khng nhng trong ci-cch rung t chng ta
phm sai lm nghim trng m c trong nhiu khu
vc khc na. Trong cc khu vc ny, sai lm cng
a mt s ngi trong qun-chng n ci cht th
thm.
Trong khi p tan giai-cp a ch ta khng phn
bit i x, ta cho cht chc th thm nhng ngi
hoc gi c hoc th u.
... Khi a ra khu hiu TH CHT MI NGI
OAN CN HN ST MT CH th khu hiu
ny khng nhng qu t mt cch v l, m phn li
cch-mng l ng khc na. Mun chng minh iu
ny, ta ch cn nhn thc t: kt qu sai lm ta
phm khi thc hin khu hiu ny rt tn thit cho uytn ca cch-mng v cho bn thn bao nhiu chin s
cch-mng. Nu khng phi l phn li cch-mng
th l g?
Khu hiu ca php l th khc hn: th 10 ch st
cn hn mt ngi b kt on oan.
186
... Trn trng quc-t, trong cc nc dn-ch ca

ta thi1 ta thy nhng iu lm ta suy ngh. Ta thy
chng hn nhng ngi sut i hy-sinh cho s-nghip
cch-mng, gi nhng trng trch trong chnh-th
cch-mng, ri bng nhin phi trut quyn, khai tr
ra khi ng, tng giam, thm ch c khi b git na.
Ri t lu sau, ta li thy cc ngi y c khi phc
cng quyn, ng tch, cng v, ngi no b kt n t
hnh ri th c an tng li cc i k nim cc lit
s m T-quc ghi tn mun i.
Trong nc ta, qua cuc ci-cch rung t ta thy
bao nhiu cc chin s cch-mng thnh-tch lng ly,
c ngi ngc gn ti hai huy chng khng chin (
ngoi thnh H-Ni) b kt n l phn ng, cng
ho gian c, v sau khi nhn ti b tng giam hay hnh
hnh. y l khng ni n cc ngi trong qun-chng
b hy-sinh oan...
Cn g au n hn l cu ta c nghe ta nh c
ta na. Nh vy ta phi nhn rng ta khng phn bit
c bn v th. Ta c li cc bi gn y ng
trong bo Nhn-dn ca cc ng ch b x tr oan,
hoc cc ng ch y ni hoc khng ni, nhng ta
u hiu cc ng ch y nghi ng nhng ngi kt
n cc ng ch, khng phn bit c bn v th. V
vy nn nh c bn, git c bn.
Nhng li trn y tht t ca ming mt nh tr thc
trong ch min Bc v ngay ti hi-ngh mt-trn, trc
s hin din ca cc cp lnh-o ca ng Lnh o qu
chng minh mt cch hng hn rng ci-cch rung
t gy au thng v c bit l cho nng-dn min Bc.
Nhng li trn y cho ta thy nhn xt ca nh vn Php
Gerard Tongas khng c g l qu ng.
1
Tc gi c ni trong cc nc Cng-sn, mnh danh l X-hi

ch-ngha
187
C mt iu lm cho cc nh nghin-cu tnh-hnh min

Bc phi suy ngh nhiu. l vic ng Lao-ng vn
khng ngt tuyn-b rng ci-cch rung t thng li
mc d nhng ting than van ca nhn-dn, cc li phm
bnh ca cc k gi, cc nh quan-st quc-t v tr thc HNi.1
Ti sao vi bao ni thng kh, oan c, bao xc cht
chng cht m ci-cch rung t li c th c coi l thnh
cng? L bi v Cng-sn khng l-lun nh chng ta, cng
khng l-lun nh lut s Tng. Lut s Tng tuy ni
rng ta l duy vt nhng thc ra ng khng c ngh cho
ngi nghe hay ngi c hiu rng ch ta gm c ng
trong. V l-lun ca ng khng c mi duy vt cht no
ht. S d ng dng ch ta trong bi din vn nhiu ln ch
l ni vi cn-b Cng-sn, coi nh mt cuc t ph-bnh
ch khng phi mt cuc ph-bnh ng.
Thc ra ng trn lp-trng Cng-sn, duy vt, v thn,
vi thi- cho rng khng c g l vnh cu, khng c g
tuyt i, k c cc nguyn tc tinh thn, lun l, th my
nguyn tc php l hay nhn o m ng Tng nu ln c
ng g i vi h?
ng Tng c ni n cch-mng, nhng cch-mng ca
ng l th cch-mng dn-tc, hay t l, cch-mng nhndn. Cn cch-mng ca Cng-sn thc cht l cch-mng
giai-cp, cch-mng v sn, cch-mng cng-nhn. Vy th
nhng li ng ph-bnh l phn cch-mng ci khu hiu qu
t kia (th cht 10 ngi oan cn hn st mt ch) u c
gi tr g trn lp-trng ca ngi Cng-sn? V th h s
kt n li ng Tng, cng nh cc ngi khc, l phn
cch-mng v ri ng Tng s b qun thc, b a i ci
1
Bi x lun Nht bo Nhn-dn, c quan chnh thc ca ng

Lao-ng, ngy 5-2-1957 vit: Ngh-quyt Quc Hi
xc-nhn nhng thnh tch to ln m ci-cch rung t t
c.
188
hun cho n khi chp nhn lp-trng ca Cng-sn, t b

lp-trng dn-tc theo li duy tm, li t-sn ca ng.
C cu cui: ... khng phn bit c bn v th, v vy
nh c bn, git c bn cng ch lm cho ngi Cng-sn
chnh cng nh Trng-Chinh mm ci. V thc ra, trn
lp-trng giai-cp, ai l bn, ai l ta? nu khng phi ch c
ngi t b giai-cp ca mnh tn th giai-cp ca ng?
Trn lp-trng Mc-xt, duy-vt bin-chng, vi lut bin
chuyn, bn ngy hm nay mai khng l bn na. Cn sng
th gi l bn, nh cht ri khng c gi l bn na, mai
kia c khi phc cng quyn, ng tch, cng v, c...
T-quc ghi tn mun i th li l bn. V sau ht theo
sch-lc Cng-sn kt bn vi c ch tiu-dit mt k
ch cn tiu-dit sm hn th khi tiu-dit k ch ny ri
t phi quay ra tiu-dit ch kia, tc l chbn . Vy
phn bit ch vi ta, th vi bn cng nhng ngi Cngsn thc l kh. Khng hiu lut s h Nguyn c ngh ti
iu khng? Ch bit rng bn i vi Cng-sn rt c th
l th, ta rt c th l ch, tht bi cng l thnh cng...
Chnh v vy m khng phi ch trong ci-cch rung t,
m trong bt c mt chnh-sch hay hot-ng no khc ca
Cng-sn, thnh cng i vi h l tht bi i vi lptrng quc-gia, v ngc li. Nu b ngoi h vn cho
mt s cn-b ng ra t ph hoc tm thi ct chc
Trng-Chinh, chng qua ch l mt k thut, mt mnh li
chnh-tr trn an i a s dn chng m h cha nm
c cho khi vng ln qut ng h thi. n khi no
sng gi qua i, Cng-sn s li tip tc chnh-sch ca h.
Cc ngi quc-gia c thm phc iu th mi
sng sut v thc t trong khi tm cc bin php ngn chn
ln sng .
NG LI...
I HAI CHN SONG-SONG
ON trn y trnh by cho thy chnh-sch nngdn ca Vit-cng l ch yu trong nhim v chinlc cng-c min Bc. Ci-cch rung t li l
mt thc hin quan trng nht ca chnh-sch nng-dn.
Trong thc hin nhim v chiu c min Nam, chng

ta s thy: Vit-cng cng ch trng rt nhiu ti nng-thn.
Theo nhng ti-liu hc-tp tch-thu ni cc cn-b
Cng-sn nm vng hoc bt c ni nhng xc cht qun
s Cng-sn trong cc cuc hnh qun rng ln gn y, i
chiu vi cc truyn n, biu ng, cng nh lun iu
tuyn-truyn ca cc i pht-thanh ch v cc hot-ng
tranh chp, ph hoi khng-b khc ca Vit-cng, ta c th
tm tt ng-li ca h ti min Nam hin thi nh sau:
Mc-tiu cui cng: t ch thng-tr c-ti theo nhn
hiu x-hi ch-ngha ln ton th hai min.
Mc-tiu gn: Tng khi lon, cp chnh-quyn. Nh
ni cc on trc, hi u, vo nhng nm 1954, u
1955, Vit-cng cn hy-vng nh la c nhn-dn v
chnh-ph Vit-Nam Cng-Ha vi chiu bi hip thng,
ha-bnh thn tnh min Nam bng tng tuyn c bp
bm, khng c kim-sot quc-t. Cho nn cha nhm thng
vo mc-tiu tranh u tng khi lon. Nhng t khi Mttrn T-quc ra i, ng-li chnh-tr i vi min Nam
bc sang mt giai-on mi. Trong cun s tay k ch
hc-tp ca cn-b huyn y nh-Tng c ghi:
ng li cch-mng min Nam hin nay l ngli khc hn ng-li hi nm 1956.
189
190
v mt trang khc:
ng li cch-mng min Nam hin nay c hai kh
nng:
- Tng khi ngha cp chnh-quyn;
- V trang trng k
Nhng ta nhm hng v trang tng khi ngha cp
chnh-quyn.
gia hai mc-tiu cui cng v mc-tiu gn, c th c
mt on ng chnh-sch kh mm do. Khi tng khi
lon thnh cng cp c chnh-quyn ri, Vit-cng s
khng thnh-lp ngay mt chnh-ph Cng-sn di nhn
hiu dn-ch nhn-dn chng hn, hoc cng khng st
nhp ngay min Nam vo min Bc trong mt chnh-th duy
nht. M s vn ng thnh-lp mt chnh-ph mnh danh l
lin-hip hay trung-lp c nhim v hip thng vi
chnh-quyn min Bc t-chc tng tuyn c. Bi v lm
nh th mi che du c d tm ca h trc nhn-dn v
quc-t.
Cng trong cun s tay ni trn c ghi:
Khu hiu thnh-lp chnh-ph lin-hip min Nam,
l sch-lc cch-mng thu din (?) -kch
nh M v Ng-nh-Dim, huy ng c
mt-trn rng ri vng ln gii-phng min Nam...
Thnh-lp chnh-ph lin-hip mc-ch cng l
chn v c lp -quc M v phe l -quc.
Phng-php u-tranh i ti mc-tiu tng khi
lon, cp chnh-quyn, ct yu l ng-li chnh-tr kt
hp v trang i hai chn song-song.
V chnh-tr Vit-cng tuyn-truyn -kch chnh-ph
Vit-Nam Cng-Ha nht l trn nhng im:
- vi phm hip-nh Genve
ng li... i hai chn song song
191
- ph hip-nh Genve bng cch khng chu hip

thng vi Vit-cng.
- lut s 10/59
- khu tr mt.
Hai im cui cng ny c Vit-cng c bit lu
, nhc nh cn-b tht mnh: trong s 3 nhim v do
quyt ngh 6 thng cui nm 1959 ca Cng-sn nm vng.
Nhim v s mt c c bit nhn mnh cng l:
Nhim v u-tranh chng chnh sch v lc v
cc chnh sch thm c ca gic, lut s 10/59, khu
tr-mt, ta n Qun-s c-bit (c th tn-cng
chnh-tr ch).
i vi Hoa-k v cc nc bn ca Vit-Nam CngHa, Vit-cng nhm mt ng c lp, -kch Hoa-k, cho
rng nc ny can thip vo min Nam, mt mt chia r
Hoa-k vi Vit-Nam Cng-Ha, lm cho Hoa-k khng can
thip, hoc khng dm can thip gip chnh-ph Vit-Nam
Cng-Ha, khi b Cng-sn tn-cng vi s tr lc ca Ngas v Trung-cng.
Cng trong cun s tay K ch hc-tp ni trn, ngi
ta thy Vit-cng ch c bit im . Ngay nhng
trang u, cn-b huyn y ghi r:
c lp M trong nc v trn th-gii, c th l
vng ng-Nam ... C lp M trong nc v
ngoi nc cho M thiu l can thip ng thi lm
cho M thiu lc (cc nc ng-Nam c lp khng
trc-tip gip M chng li ta).
... Thnh-lp chnh-ph lin-hip mc-ch cng l
chn v c lp -quc M v phe l -quc.
i vi cc nc khc, nht l cc nc trong vng
ng Nam , Vit-cng ch-trng:
192
Khi ng Nam chng nm tng i chc cc tn

trm phn ng nh Thi, Phi, Triu, Dim (cn c
bn ). Do kh nng -quc c nhiu nn chng
khiu khch gy chin-tranh ng Nam , chng khiu
khch vi Trung Quc.
Cn bn l ta c sch-lc kho lo chn m-mu
M gy chin-tranh trng k nc ta. Tranh th s
ng tnh tin b ca cc nc trung-lp, n-,
Cao-Min, Nam Dng.
Tranh th s ng tnh ca nhn-dn trong cc nc
cn nh-hng trc-tip -quc nh Thi, Phi,
Tng v.v..1
Nhng i-tng chnh yu, theo sch-lc cch-mng
vn l qun-chng. Vit-cng lm ht cch tranh th
i tng ny.
Cng trong ti-liu ni trn, Vit-cng ghi r v
mc-ch ca ng-li u-tranh chnh-tr kt hp v
trang nh sau:
Mc-ch: lm cho qun-chng nhn-dn ni dy
ng o lm cch-mng chng M Dim, thc hin
mc-ch cch-mng (gii-phng min Nam). ch
ang thi-hnh mi chnh-sch thm c i vi nhndn nh lut s 10-59, khu tr mt, cho nn qunchng phi ng ln chng ch bng mi hnh-thc
hp php v bt hp php (chnh-tr v v trang).
D-nhin trong s qun-chng ny, Vit-cng khng th
no b qua lp qun-chng ng o chim i a s nhndn Vit-Nam, l tng lp nng-dn. L do th nht l v
sch-lc chung n nh nh vy. L do th hai theo tiliu ch nu ra l v:
1
Thi-Lan, Phi-Lut-Tn, v Trung-Hoa Dn-quc do Thng-ch

TNG-GII-THCH lnh-o
193
- Phong-tro -th cn yu (nguyn-nhn trong

khng chin ta rt ht phn ln s nng ct trong cc
tng lp -th)
Vit-cng chia cc cng-tc chnh-tr v v trang lm
7, trong s c cng-tc rung t:
1. Cng-tc u-tranh (phong-tro)
2. Cng-tc v trang
3. Cng-tc Mt-trn
4. Cng-tc ng v on
5. Cng-tc binh vn
6. T-chc qun-chng
7. Cng-tc rung t.
V phng din v trang, ban u Vit-cng ch-trng
xy dng cc lc lng du-kch cn bn ngay t cp x,
mnh danh l i t-v x gm c t-v thot ly (cng
khai), t-v b mt (x, p), t-v ngm (nm cc ni xung
yu ca gic), n mc theo qun-chng ngha l khng c sc
phc ring, v trang th-s bng gm gio, chng, lu n.
Cn sng th i cp ca dn v hay bo an ca chnh-ph
Vit-Nam Cng-Ha.
Nhim v ca cc i t-v x l:
1. Chin u t-v chng cn qut, nh du-kch.
2. Chin u bo v ng, canh gc cho qunchng (?) a rc cn-b
3. Pht trin v trang bng cch dit ch ly sng.
Phng-php chin u ca i t-v, v trang theo
chin-thut du-kch: tuyt i gi b mt v t-chc, s di
chuyn; tm s h ch; ly nhiu nh t; chia s lc lng
ch; quy ph n bt; tc chin tc thng.
194
Vit-cng c mt s cn-c a cc vng B im, CChi, Chin-khu D, vng U-Minh, Tht Sn v thung lng T
Thn (Khnh-Ho) dng lm ni n nu, hun luyn cn-b
v ch to v-kh.
Hai cng-tc chnh-tr v v trang c Vit-cng xctin song-song, ban u chnh-tr nhiu, v trang t, dn dn
phn v trang tng thm. Cng-tc v trang thng nhm
mc-ch h tr cho cng-tc chnh-tr nh ch th ca Vitcng ti min Nam gi cho cc chi b Cng-sn nm
vng sau ngy bu c Tng-thng 9-4-1961.
Mc-ch hot-ng v trang l phc v cho tng cng
kch chnh-tr
Trc ht, n nhm khng-b tinh thn cn-b ca ta,
lm cn tr chnh-ph Vit-Nam Cng-Ha thc hin cc
chnh-sch kinh-t, x-hi ph trng uy th i vi qunchng nhn-dn, nhiu khi uy hip c tinh thn dn chng
nng-thn cc vng ho lnh xa cc lc lng an nhinh
chnh-quyn a-phng, khin nng-dn v khip s m
phi theo h hay gin-tip ng-h h. Cng c mt s thn
p, dn chng bt mn vi chnh-quyn a-phng b Vitcng tuyn-truyn thu ht ng ln chng i, tp hp i
biu tnh, lm kin ngh phn i. Nhng phn ln cc cuc
meeting, biu tnh, kin ngh... u do Vit-cng t-chc v
a th on, v kh n-p tinh thn dn chng bt lm
theo.
K t khi Mt-trn Dn-tc Gii-phng Min Nam ra
i, hot-ng chnh-tr kt hp v trang c phn tng gia r
rt. Ngoi cc truyn n bm bm v mt i pht-thanh
b mt hng ngy ln ting cng kch chnh-ph Vit-Nam
Cng-Ha, ku gi dn chng ng vo hng ng phin
lon, loan bo cc tinh tht thit trit-h uy-tn Vit-Nam
Cng-Ha, Vit-cng cn cho thnh-lp mt s on th ma
nh hi lin-hip sinh-vin hc-sinh gii-phng, hi cc
nh vn-ngh s gii-phng... lm cho cc nc trung-lp
v c khi c Hoa-k na, c th lm rng nhn-dn min
195
Nam chng i v khng tn thnh chnh-sch ca Vit-Nam

Cng-Ha.
cho phong-tro qun-chng rm r, Vit-cng cho
thnh-lp ti min Bc mt t-chc b ngoi c v ha-bnh
v mt t-chc b ngoi cng nh b trong y tnh-cch
khiu chin, l:
1. Mi tnh kt ngha gia cc thnh ph hoc tnh
min Bc vi thnh ph hay tnh min Nam1, v
2. Ban u-tranh chng chnh-ph Vit-Nam CngHa trong vic bt giam mt s nh tr thc.2
Hai hnh-thc ny u trc-tip hay gin-tip ng-h
phong-tro dy ng qun-chng chng Vit-Nam CngHo
Trn y, chng ti ni, theo ti-liu hc-tp ca mt
cn-b huyn y Vit-cng bt c ti nh-Tng th
ng-li sch-lc ca Vit-cng ti min Nam hin nay l
ng-li tng khi lon, cp chnh-quyn, ch khng
phi ng-li trng k khng chin. Nhng mt vi s
vic xy ra gn y khin ny ra mt nghi vn: phi chng
1
Vit-cng ghp hai tnh Bc, Nam vi nhau:

- H-Nam (Bc) v Bin-Ha (Nam);
- H-ng (Bc) v Cn-Th (Nam);
- Ninh-Bnh (Bc) v Bc-Liu (Nam);
- Bc-Giang (Bc) v Sc-Trng (Nam);
- Nam-nh (Bc) v M-Tho (Nam);
v 3 thnh ph H Ni, Hu, Saigon vi nhau, ni l gy tnh
anh em kt ngha thn thit, nhng thc ra gieo vo lng dn
chng cc tnh min Bc cng nh v nht l dn chng tnh
min Nam, mi cm th chng i vi chnh-ph Vit-Nam
Cng Ho.
2
Nht bo Nhn-dn ngy 1-9-60 c ng ton b danh-sch Ban
u-tranh, gm 23 ngi trong c Nguyn-Xin, tng thk ng X-hi, H-Huy-Gip, y-vin chp-hnh trung-ng
ng Lao-ng.
196
sch-lc c thay i? My s kin l cc trn

nh ln Kontum, gip gii H Lo, cui nm 1960, trn
Kin-Phong thng 4 nm 1961, trn Kontum thng 8-1961,
trn Phc-Thnh 9-1961.
Theo nguyn tc, rt c th Vit-cng trong khi hun
luyn cho cn-b c tnh a ra mt hai im khc bit vi
sch-lc thc s trong u c cc nh lnh-o H-Ni
vi dng tm lm lc hng su tm tin tc tnh-bo ca ta;
cng rt c th v sch-lc c b l, nn Vit-cng cn
phi thay i trnh s phn cng ca ta; cng c th tnhhnh chnh-tr qc t i thay, p lc, ch-huy ca cc quan
thy Nga-s v Trung-cng nn xung khng thay i schlc khng c. Nhng c l l do sau y hp l hn c:
l v mi c gng tng khi lon ca Vit-cng trong hai
nm qua u tht bi cho h thy rng p-dng cc qui lut
cch-mng trong mt phn t t-do, vi mt chnh-th rt
mnh, nh chnh-th cng-ha nhn v, khng thnh cng
c, nu khng c mt p lc qun-s rt mnh cc vng
bin-gii.
Nu chng ta chia min Nam Vit-Nam ra l 3 vng
chin-lc: rng ni, nng-thn v -th th hot-ng ca
Vit-cng tng i vi tng vng c th nhn thy nh sau:
Ti -th v cc vng ng qun ca ta, v lc lng
Vit-cng yu t, cho nn chng ch hot-ng mnh m v
ni-tuyn, gin-ip v nm yn ch thi. C th ni mt
s hot-ng ph hoi tuyn-truyn v vn-ha mt cch kn
o nh hot-ng ca mt s k gi vit bo theo k-hoch
tuyn-truyn kho lo ca Vit-cng, mt s vn-ngh s ph
bin nhng sng tc phm gin-tip tip tay cho Vit-cng
v.v..
Ti nng-thn xa n bt, nht l nhng vng gn bingii hoc gn cn-c a ca chng, Vit-cng hot-ng
di danh ngha i v trang tuyn-truyn, hoc mnh hn
di danh ngha on qun gii-phng, sch-lc p-dng
cc vng ny l khng-b mt mt, mt khc tuyn-truyn
197
gy chia r gia chnh-quyn hp php a-phng vi dn

cy.
Cn ti vng cao-nguyn, rng ni, nht l vng gip
gii Ai-Lao v Cambodge, Vit-cng tng cng cc
hot-ng v trang, ti qun bng qua ng H Lo ti chim
ng nhng vng a th thc him-tr dng lm cn-c
xut pht cc cuc t kch hoc hnh qun ph cc n bt
bin-gii, tn-cng nhng l trn c lp, xa ng tip-t
ca ta, vi mc-ch gy thanh th vi nhn-dn, lm gim
uy-tn ca chnh-ph Vit-Nam Cng-Ha, lm tiu hao
qun lc ta v thu lm mt s chin li phm v trang
cc ton du-kch qun cn s-dng nhiu v kh th-s,
chun b cho nhng ton qun ny tin ti t-chc thnh
on qun chnh-quy.
D-nhin hot-ng ni-tuyn v gin-ip ca -th
phi da vo s s h ca cc c-quan an-ninh ca ta, s bt
mn ca mt s cng-chc, cn-b v nhng bin-c chnhtr x-hi bt li. Hot-ng du-kch nng-thn phi da
vo s ng-h hay t l s lnh m, s st ca i a s
nng-dn cng nh s nht m, thi nt v cch lm vic
tc trch ca mt s hi-ng x. Hot-ng qun-s ti cc
vng rng ni cng phi da vo yu-t thin-nhin l a
th him-tr v mt phn vo thi- v hon-cnh chnh-tr
ca hai nc bn lng-ging1.
Cc hot-ng tng hay gim l ty thuc cc yut trn, ngoi yu-t mun xm-lng lun lun phi c ca
Cng-sn khng k.
C th ni ngay t 1954, khi rt qun tp-kt ra Bc,
Vit-cng ngh to sn cc iu-kin cho hot-ng tng
lai ca h ti 3 vng chin-lc ni trn. Mt s cn-b nm
1
V vy thi- ca thi-t Sihanouk v cc bin-c chnh-tr ti

Ai-Lao t thng 8-60 cng nh hi-ngh Genve hin thi v
Ai-Lao c mt tm quan-trng c-bit i vi Vit-Nam CngHa.
198
vng c li min Nam vi nhim v len li vo cc tchc ca ta t qun i cho n hnh-chnh, t thnh cho
n tnh, ni ng rung cng nh vng cao-nguyn gia
ng bo Kinh cng nh ng bo Thng, ng bo Vit
gc Min v ngoi kiu.
Nh c nhng cn-b nm vng, Vit-cng thc hin
c vic chn giu, gi gn mt s v-kh ti thiu cn thit
cho cc hot-ng du-kch ban u vo nm 1957, 1958; mt
s cng-tc tnh-bo c xc-tin iu ha kh quan, cc
cng-tc ph hoi v chnh-tr, qun-s khng b pht gic;
v nhng m-mu khng khip hn cha khm ph c.
Mt s cc cn-b Vit-cng nm vng ny len li
c vo cc c-quan ca ta, gy chia r, mu-thun, ph
hoi uy-tn ca chnh-ph Vit-Nam Cng-Ha bng cch
dng danh ngha chnh-quyn hip p dn lnh, lngon kinh-t, gy cnh bt cng v.v.. Ri cng chnh nhng
cn-b nm vng khc li li dng nhng s kin bt li
tuyn-truyn, ph chnh-ph Vit-Nam Cng-Ha, chia
r chnh-quyn a-phng vi dn chng cui cng li
cun dn chng i theo h hay t ra cng lnh m vi
chnh-quyn, mc nhin dung np, che ch h.
Ni nh vy khng c ngha l tt c nhng g khng hay
min Nam t-do ny u cho ti cn-b Vit-cng nm
vng c. Cn-b chnh-th ny, trong lc u cng chng
thiu nhng con su con mt. Nhng chnh thc cn-b
Cng-sn nm vng c gi mt vai tr quan trng trong .
V h ng vai tr y theo k-hoch nh trc. C nh
rng Cng-sn c th thu xp cho mt thiu nin Cng-sn
vo chng-vin Cng-gio, tr thnh linh mc vo mt
chc nm sau, ng hu c th thao-tng cc tu-vin v hng
gio-s, th r h dm lm nhng iu nh th lm.1
Xin xem li phn I: 4 cng tc k thut chnh yu.
KHUYT-IM
NM TRONG U-IM.
NH-tnh, khch quan theo ri s tin-trin ca hcthuyt Mc-xt, hon-cnh thc-t p-dng hc-thuyt
ny vo cc cuc xch-ha trong lch-s chnh-tr,
cng nhng phng-php p-dng y mnh cuc xchha khin cho -quc Cng-sn trn lan trn th-gii nh
mt ln sng d, chng ta nhn thy: nguy-c Cng-sn l
mt nguy-c thc-s, khng th coi thng, v Cng-sn c
mt li th, mt s u-im. Nhng ng-thi vi mt s
u-im, Cng-sn cng li c mt s khuyt-im quantrng, m nu ta bit khai-thc, s khin Cng-sn phi suysp mt cch mau chng d-dng. Nhng u v khuyt-im
c th tm tt nh sau:
Trc ht, v u-im, nhm ngi ham h quyn
thng-tr k khc, m ta thng gi l nhng ngi Cngsn, bit li-dng ch-ngha Mc-xt lm nn tng cho
mt cuc u-tranh chnh-tr. Tuy ch-ngha Mc-xt v mi
199
200
phng-din b cc hc-gi ng thi kt n l mt chngha sai lch, lc-hu vi y bng chng, v tuy chnh
nhng ngi Cng-sn cng gin-tip ph-nhn gi-tr
thc-t ca n bng cch cng ngy cng gii thch sai lc i,
v nht l thc-hnh ngc li, nhng du sao, i vi s
hiu bit ca i a-s qun-chng cng nh tng i vi
cc tr c ca cc tay lnh-t, cn thua km tr c ca Mc
th hc-thuyt Mc-xt l mt th g hp dn, mt nglc thc y nhng -ch ham hot-ng. Con ngi sinh ra
c phn linh-thing ln ln trong tinh-thn, c nui
dng bng -tng. Hnh-ng ca con ngi chu s chiphi ca t-tng, cng nh c th-gii chu s chi-phi
(La pense dirige le monde). Con ngi khng th sng thiu
mt nim tin. Mt hc-thuyt, mt ch-ngha, d sai lc cng
vch ra mt hng i. Ci hng sai th ngi i vo
s lc. Nhng vn- t ra l c ngi ch ng chnh hay
khng? a ra mt ch-ngha, chnh l mt thi- ch
ng cho nhng ngi cn ng-ngc gia ng ba, ng by.
Cng-sn ch cho ngi ta con ng Mc-xt. V
phn ng nhng ngi i vo con ng ch v vng
ting ca nhng ngi c trch-nhim ch bo con ng
chnh-ng hn.
u-im th hai ca Cng-sn l s chu kh nghincu tm-l qun-chng. Cng-sn lun lun t hi trong mi
trng-hp: i a-s qun-chng thch g, cn g? Khng
phi gip v lm ch cho qun-chng mt cch su xa
v chn-thc, nhng l bit ni cho ng qun-chng
qun-chng nghe theo, ng-h ng-li chnh-sch ca h.
Trong khi p-dng ng-li tuyn-truyn, Cng-sn cnthn phn-tch tm-l mi i-tng mi loi ngi nghe.
Nh ch tm c-bit trong vic tm hiu tm-l qunchng nh vy nn h d-dng li cun c qun-chng
vo bui u, vi nhng li ha ng mt khng bao gi
hay rt t khi c thc-hin, vi cch kch-thch lng t-i
c-nhn, khai-thc s xung-t quyn-li giai-cp v.v..
Khuyt im nm trong u im
201
Mt u-im na l s quyt-tm trong mc-ch cui

cng i i vi sch-lc mm do, ty c ng bin, h h
thc thc. im ny khng phi l pht-minh hay sng-kin
mi m g ca Cng-sn. T ngn xa c cu: Mnh m
trong thc vic, m nh trong phng cch (Fortiter in re,
suaviter in modo). V trong lch-s Tam-quc, Chinh ng
Chinh Ty phng ng, cng nh trong chin-lc
chin-thut ca Jules Caesar, Alexandre i- phng
Ty, cc nh qun-s c thi lu n mu lc v li
nh nhau thc thc, h h.
Nhng c mt iu l Cng-sn t vn- thnh mt
nguyn-tc ch-o, bt mi ni, mi cp hc-tp v p-dng
n ni n chn, khin cho s ch-huy c thng-nht.
S ch-huy thng-nht v kim-sot cht-ch, cng l
mt u-im na ca Cng-sn, xt nguyn v mt khacnh. Kha-cnh l s hnh-ng mau l, nht-tr, boton b-mt.
u-im th nm l s c-gng hc-tp l-thuyt v rt
kinh-nghim trong thc-t. Chng ta ng vi bo: l-thuyt
Cng-sn sai lc, vy cng hc th h cng ngu. Hc ci
sai u c ch li g? Thc-t khng phi nh vy. Nh
chng ti ni u cun sch ny, d sai lch n u,
mt l-thuyt cng c nhng im hay, im ng. Hn na,
nhiu khi ngi ta hc ci d m c tng n l hay, hc ci
sai m c tng rng ng, hc mi tr khn s b nhhng, s tin-tng iu sai lm, cng hc cng tin, tin
nhiu, tin mnh s thnh cung tn, m tn. V n lc
cung tn vi m tn ri th h tr thnh v cng nguy hi.
H s liu cht bnh-vc nhng iu sai lc m h tin theo.
Tr phi c mt nh-hng tc phc ca mt chn-l soi sng
ti kp thi. Ai s a nh-sng chn-l chiu ti? l vn s bn sau.
Xin k thm mt u-im na ca Cng-sn l s cgng p-dng k-thut chin-tranh tm-l mt cch quy-m
rng ln vi k-hoch chi-tit t-m. Tt c cc pht-minh
202
khoa-hc t vt-l-hc, sinh-vt-hc cho ti tm-l-hc

thc-nghim u c Cng-sn trit- khai-thc pdng vo cc k-thut chuyn-mn: tnh-bo, ph-hoi,
tuyn-truyn. Vi Cng-sn ngy nay chin-tranh vt
khi phm-vi qun-s thun-ty trn sang cc a-ht kinht, x-hi, vn-ha, khin cho kh tm ra u l trn tuyn
thc-s. Trong trn chin-tranh chng Cng hin ti, nu c
tm chin-tuyn cc ni c cc n-v chnh-quy th tht l
sai lm. Cng khng phi nhng ni c cc hot-ng dukch, cng khng phi ch nhng ni c cc hot-ng phhoi vt-cht. Trn nh c th khp mi a-ht. V aht no Cng-sn cng c-gng tin ti mt trnh- tuytk. Chnh tham-vng b-ch hon-cu, ch nht-quyt thngtr ton th nhn-loi, v ci o-vng o tng rt hp dn
thin-ng trn-gian (thay th t-bn ngi mt n bt
vng) thc y Cng-sn tch-cc cho cc cng-tc kthut .
Phn-tch u-im ny, ta thy khng cn c l-do no
khinh ch c. Tuy-nhin, cng khng phi th m s
ch. V thc ra cc khuyt-im ca Cng-sn cng nhiu
lm. Hy th nu ra mt vi khuyt-im chnh:
Th nht, trn phng-din l-thuyt, Cng-sn qu
thin v vt-cht, chi b cc yu-t tinh-thn, linh-thing;
nhng trong thc-hnh h mc-nhin cng-nhn rng
khng th b qua cc yu-t ny. K-thut tuyn-truyn ca
Cng-sn cn-c mt phn ln trn cc yu-t tm-linh
nh lng yu nc, tinh-thn hy-sinh, ch phn-u, nim tin
bt-dit, hy-vng tng-lai v nim kht-khao ha-bnh tdo hnh-phc v.v.. Tuy-nhin h ch li-dng nhng yu-t
tinh-thn trn y mt cch nht thi, v li i vi mcch thng-tr cc dn-tc m thi. Chnh v vy m khng
bao gi h c th tha-mn c nhng kht-vng chnhng ca con ngi, khng bao gi gi vng c nim tin.
203
Khuyt-im th hai l l-thuyt Cng-sn ch nhn

thy trong mun vt cng nh trong x-hi, c mt yu-t
mu-thun m khng nhn thy yu-t tng lin. Trong
thc-hnh Cng-sn cng ch khi thm mu-thun, li-dng
mu-thun chia r cc giai-cp v tiu-dit giai-cp. Thc
ra trong v-tr vn-vt cng nh trong x-hi loi ngi,
ngoi s xung-khc, i-lp mu-thun ra, cn c s tng
hp tng thn, s lin-i, ty ph v.v., cng nh trong ng
hnh chng hn, nu c ha khc kim, kim khc mc, mc
khc th, th khc thy, thy khc ha, th tri li cng c
kim sinh thy, thy sinh mc, mc sinh ha, ha sinh th,
th sinh kim v.v.. Trong con ngi hai tnh-tnh xung-khc
nhau cng c th b tc cho nhau, ch khng c g phi tiudit nhau. Hn th na, nu Cng-sn ch-trng cc yu-t
mu-thun tiu-dit ln nhau th chnh Cng-sn l ch-
cha ng nhiu mu-thun s l nhng mm tiu-dit ch : mu-thun gia qun-chng vi ng vin, mu-thun
gia ng vin cp di vi ng vin cp trn, mu-thun
gia Trung-cng v Nga-s, mu-thun gia khuynh-hng
Cng-sn quc-gia vi khuynh-hng Cng-sn quc-t v
trm-trng nht l chnh mu-thun gia l-thuyt v thchnh, cng mu-thun ngay chnh trong lng l-thuyt Mcxt. Sch-lc ca Cng-sn ch-trng khi thm muthun gia cc nc t-bn v mu-thun trong lng mi
nc t-bn. Theo Mc th mu-thun gia giai-cp v-sn
v giai-cp t-bn l mu-thun quan-trng nht s l mm
tiu-dit ch- t-bn. Nhng thc-t cho thy cc mi
tranh chp gia ch vi th ti cc nc dn-ch t-do c
nn k-ngh phn thnh, m Cng-sn gin cho ci tn l
nc t-bn kia, c gii-quyt mt cch m p, khin
cho ch- cc nc vn tn ti, v s vng bn mi nu
Cng-sn khng dng cc th-thut ph-hoi v m-mu
cp git quyn bnh ti cc nc . Tri li, mi muthun trm-trng lun lun m- trong lng cc nc Cngsn gia cn-b giai-cp thng-tr v i a-s dn chng
cng ngy cng su rng hn v khng c cch gii-quyt
no khc hn l cch n-p bng bo-lc, p-ch, ngha l
204
cng nn, p sc bng ph xung, mt ngy kia n s n

tung mt cch mnh-lit hn.
Khuyt-im th ba l trong l-thuyt cng nh thchnh, Cng-sn khng tin mt nguyn-l no vnh-cu.
my trang trn chng ti c ni rng linh-ng, ty c ng
bin l mt u-im ca sch-lc Cng-sn. Nhng linhng n ni khng chp nhn c mt nguyn-l bt-dch th
ht sc nguy him. V s linh-ng s tin-trin dn dn
ti ch ph-nhn tt c nhng gio iu m h tin, hoc s
nghi ng lin min v gi-tr ca nhng gio iu , cng
nh nghi ng v s ch-o ca giai-cp thng-tr. i vi
bt c chn-l Mc-xt no, cn-b Cng-sn cng s c
th ni: khng c g tuyt-i v trc bt c mnh lnh
no ca thng-cp h cng c th ni: khng c g bt kh
xm phm.
V k-thut cng-tc tuy Cng-sn c ch c-bit,
nhng n ch c chiu rng m thiu chiu su, cng v l-do
Cng-sn khng tin ci g vnh-cu. H trit- khai-thc
cc pht-minh khoa-hc p-dng vo k-thut chuyn-mn,
iu li hin nhin. Nhng Cng-sn ch ch trng n
kha-cnh vt-cht, c-gii, sinh-l nhiu. Cn v tm-l con
ngi c th ni Cng-sn c nhng nhn xt qu hi ht.
H ch nhn thy nhng hin-tng, nhng phn-ng, nhng
thi-. Ch khng nhn thy nhng nguyn-nhn su xa
vnh-cu ca cc hin-tng, phn-ng hay thi- y. H
bit con ngi c tm tnh, c yu-ng, c kht-vng... v
bit tm nhng kch-thch ph hp gy ra nhng phn-ng
mong mun. Nhng h khng th bit thc-s nhng tm
tnh, kht-vng ca con ngi hng v u. C phi mt
ngi t in ch bit cm th ngi a-ch gian-c, hay ch
bit kht-khao c gim t, c c mt mu t cy
cy? C phi mt dn-tc ch bit vng ng ln chng
li nhm ngi ngoi quc xm-lng nn, c hip h,
v cm th? Con ngi c th cn c mi tnh g su xa hn,
nim kht-vng no trng cu hn khng? Xem ra Cng-
205
sn khng ch ti iu y. V l mt l trng rng

khng l trong ch-ngha Cng-sn.
ng rng: Con ngi ta, a-s thy tin, thy a-v
th lp tc ti mt li; thy v lc, n-p, lp tc run ln.
Vi mt thn-xc mng manh yu t, con ngi thng
khut phc trc bo-lc. Nhng khng phi con ngi lc
no cng yu ui, cng nh khng phi ht mi ngi u
d b khut phc. Con ngi c o luyn n ni n
chn, con ngi vi -ngha y , xng ng, l mt tiu
v-tr (Homo Micro-cosmos) c kh-nng quyt-nh, c ch bt-khut. V-lc, cc-hnh c th bp ci thn-xc
ca n, nhng khng lm nn c ci ch, ci ca n u.
Con ngi xt v phng din l mt nhn v, khng th
cng nh con ch ca Pavlov. Tuy di mt ch- duy vt
v nhn x-hi khng thiu nhng ngi hnh-ng nh ci
my, phn-ng v -thc nh sc-vt. Nhng bao gi gia
nhng ngi my vn tm thy c nhng con ngi xng
ng vi danh con ngi.
Phi cng-nhn rng k-thut tuyn-truyn ca Cng-sn
p-dng vo qun-chng rt thnh-cng t l trong mt
giai-on vn. Nhng nu ta t li vn- gio-dc, o-to
mt lp qun-chng mi vi mt -thc-h cao p hn, vi
mt quan-nim sng vui ti ci m hn, vi nhng iukin tm-l thch-hp hn, th cn-bn tm-l qun-chng
phi i. Hy th ly mt v-d gin-d: Trong mt rp ht
khi c mt ting v tay bt u, th chng ai cn bo ai, d ai
khng tn-thnh cng v tay theo nh ci my. Trong mt
phng th-nghim c hng ngn ngi d khn, mt khi nh
bc hc m nt mt chic bnh khng, m ng tuyn-b rng
c ng mt cht hi cc mnh c mi ti, rt nhiu ngi
s ngi thy mi ti? D-nhin nu ti mun, nu anh mun,
nu chng ta s-dng ci -ch thing-ling, mnh-lit, mt
ti-nng chuyn-bit ch con ngi mi c, th chng ta vn
c th khng b qun-chng li cun ngc li mun ca
ta. V vy vn- nm trong s gio-dc -ch.
206
Nhng tht bi ca cc cuc tra tn ti d-man bng

mi phng-php khoa-hc ti trnh- tuyt-k, trc mt
s bn lnh cao cng chng minh iu . Cng-sn s
bo l trng-hp bt thng ngoi-l. Nhng s bt
thng li thng xy ra. V lch-s chng minh rng
hng c, triu ngi t o, hy-sinh v chnh-ngha.
iu ng ly lm l, ng c coi l bt thng chnh l
thi- d-man, qui-n ca nhng ngi mun dng ththut yu qui, bo-lc c tnh hy-dit -ch siu-ng
ca con ngi.
Tm li phng-php, k-thut chuyn-mn ca Cngsn khng c cn-bn su xa, khng hp vi nhn tnh. l
mt khuyt-im kh quan-trng.
Khuyt-im th nm nm trong u-im th t: tc s
kim-sot cht-ch. Kim-sot cht-ch th vic ch-huy
c d-dng, cc k-hoch thc hin c n u, cng d
nm vng. Nhng hnh-thc kim-sot mt cch my mc
v qu gt gao cho chng ta thy Cng-sn thiu s tnnhim ln nhau v hn na chnh hnh-thc kim-sot xoi
bi, nghi ng y lm cho con ngi cng ngy cng hn i,
khng cn thc c nhim v, mt hn lng tm, lun
lun b mt cu hi qui c theo di m nh, l cu hi:
C ai bit vic ti lm khng? Lm vic ny c b pht
khng? C ai theo di kim-sot ti khng? D-nhin con
ngi khng th tin-ha theo chiu hng thp hn
c. V nhng yu-t cn-bn t-nhin trong con ngi s
lun lun c-gng vng ln vn ti mt th g cao p
hn. Cng b kim-ch th thc vng ln cng c tch-tr
pht-trin mnh-lit v sau.
Khuyt-im th su l chnh-sch m dn, che giu s
tht v bp mo s tht. Nh trnh by, i vi Cng-sn
phng-tin no cng tt, min t c mc-ch th thi.
V vy ni di i vi h khng phi l xu xa, ha ri nut
li ha cng l chuyn thng. Bit dn chng thch iu g,
h c ha i i, cho trong nht thi c s ng-h ca
207
dn chng. n khi qua bc gian nguy, li ha c c gi

c hay khng, khng cn quan-h na. V h chu tm
hiu s-thch, th-hiu ca qun-chng, nn nhiu khi h
gi ng ch nga, nhng h qun rng, d cho tr nh con
ngi ch l mt ti-nng hay qun, th dn chng vn
thng nh dai kim-im xem nhng li ha c thchin khng. V nu h nhn ra rng mnh b la, th s tnnhim cc ln sau s suy gim. iu khng th trnh
c. Nht l nu c mt i phng kho lo lt trn nhng
m-mu en ti ca Cng-sn cho qun-chng thy r.
Cng chnh v s di-tr v khinh-thng li ha ny m
ta thng thy thi- sau y ca nhng dn sng bn kia
bc mn st: khi cha chung ng nhiu vi Cng-sn, khi
ch mi xa nghe h tuyn-truyn, ha hn, phn ng
dn chng dng nh c cm-tnh vi Cng-sn. Nhng n
khi c ch thn nm mi Cng-sn, th mi r rng:
c nm trong chn mi bit chn c rn. Nhiu ngi
chng Cng thng ni: Ni no Vit-cng c t th chng
khng c ngi. iu ny tht ch l. C l cng v vy
lun lun, ti bt c ni no chnh-ph Cng-sn c
thnh-lp mt bc mn st lin c bung xung ngn
cch nhng ngi ng sng di ch Cng-sn vi nhng
ngi cha c kinh-nghim sng vi h. Cng-sn bit trc
rng: nu cho s i li lin lc c d-dng, tt nhin
dn trong vng Cng-sn mt l s b i, hai l s ni cho
nhng ai cn ngoi r; hn na, Cng-sn cng mun lm
cho nhng ngi dn khn cc khng bit g n i
sng cc nc t-do khng c dp so-snh, nh vy s
thy bt cc kh, ut c. L d-nhin, khi c mt quc-gia,
on-th no tm mi cch gip cho nhng ngi dn
trong vng Cng-sn b i, hay t l c dp nhn r i sng
c cc ca h bng cch so-snh vi np sng t-do bn
ngoi, th Cng-sn s v cng kinh s.
C th ni l nhng nhc im ch cht ca ch-
Cng-sn v cng l l-do khin ngi t-do tin-tng,
phn chn trong mt cuc tn-cng tch-cc vo phn t do
208
Cng-sn kim-sot, hn l c tiu-cc chng nhng

ni cn nhiu ngi cha c kinh-nghim sng vi Cngsn. Mt nh vn Vit-Nam c l phn no khi ni vi
mt nh bo ngoi quc rng: Khi no Cng-sn lan trn
ra khp th-gii, Cng-sn s b tiu-dit.1 L v lc
khp ni ngi ta c kinh-nghim sng vi Cng-sn ri.
Trn phng-din sch-lc, Cng-sn cn c nhng
khuyt-im ln sau y:
Trc ht, Cng-sn thng dng cc hnh-thc Habnh ru ng, Trung-lp c lp, Lin-hip tiudit hay t l t lit, hoc ng ha. Nhng nhng hnh-thc
sch-lc ny l nhng con dao hai li. Dng chng, Cngsn cng c th gp cnh gy b li p lng b. Bi v
nu i phng t tin, dnh c th ch ng quyt lit
tuyn-truyn phn cng th nhng m-mu v hnh-ng
hiu chin ca Cng-sn s b l nguyn hnh trc dn
chng; dn chng s thy r chnh Vit-cng phn habnh. Nu cc nc t-do tch-cc, ch ng hn th
yu sch Cng-sn phi trung-lp ha nhng phn t h
chim c nh Hung-Gia-Li, Bc Vit-Nam th chnh
Cng-sn b c lp trc. Nu th-gii t-do tch-cc, ch
ng, o-to c thm nhiu cn-b thnh tn, cng kin
th khi lin-hip vi Cng-sn, Cng-sn s b ng ha ri
tiu-dit.
Th-gii t-do hin nay ng dnh ly th tch-cc ch
ng . Vy th tng-lai Cng-sn s ra sao?
Trong sch-lc, Cng-sn cng ni n ch lc qun l
giai-cp cng-nhn, ng minh qun l giai-cp nngdn, v k th l giai-cp a-ch, t-sn mi bn.2 Cngsn li-dng hai lp ngi trn v h bit hai lp ngi
1
2
Vn n: Mc x thuyt, s 17 b mi.
l ni mt cch tng qut. V chi tit xin coi cc on trc.
209
ny chim i a-s dn, li sn mt mi cm th t-bn,

-quc s c th thnh mt lc lng quyt nh thng li
cho Cng-sn. Chng ti ni Cng-sn li-dng hai lp
ngi ny, ch thc Cng-sn u c phng s h. Bng
chng l cc lnh-t v cn-b cao cp ti cc nc theo
Cng-sn ch l mt giai-cp thng-tr mi hu ht xut
thn t cc thnh-phn a-ch, tr thc, t-sn hay tiu-tsn, ch c my ngi thuc thnh-phn Cng-nhn hay
Nng-dn? Cn i a-s th-thuyn v nng-dn ngho th
vn sng kip tru nga, i sng cn cc kh hn thi
ngoi thuc, phong-kin.
Ngi cng-nhn trong x-hi Cng-sn b tc c
n quyn nh cng. Ngi nng-dn, khi p-dng ch-
nng-trng tp-th, nng-nghip hp-tc-x, cng-x... s
mt hn quyn lm ch mi ming t.
Nu c ngi mnh bo, ln ting cnh gic cho hai lp
ngi , h s l nhng lc lng quyt-nh thanh ton
ch- Cng-sn. Cng-nhn ng-c (1953), Poznan
(Ba-Lan 1956), nng-dn Qunh-Lu (1956), nng-dn,
binh-s Hung-Gia-Li (1956) ni dy. V nu khng c
chin xa, i bc ca Nga-s, ca Trung-cng, th h
thnh-cng ri. Nhng tic rng h khng c v-kh, m cc
nc t-do li lnh nht, khng tch-cc gip . Cho nn h
phi tm thi nm im ch i mt c-hi khc. Cc nc
t-do, cc dn-tc yu chung ha-bnh, chng p bc, c
ngh ti vic to cho h nhng c-hi thun-tin ng-thi
tch-cc ng-h h hn khng? Nu chng ta mun cn
c t-do m th khng-kh ha-bnh, khng th no khng
ngh ti cch tr li cu hi cp bch y.
DANH MC
bo Nhn-dn --- 182, 183, 187,
195
Bo-Gia-Li --16, 35, 65, 93, 117
Bc-Hn-------------------------- 17
Bc Sn ------------------------ 131
Bc-Giang --------------------- 195
Bc-Kinh-- 10, 29, 40, 41, 43, 45,
46, 68, 114, 116
Bc-Phi--------------------- 51, 114
Bc-Vit ------------- 80, 136, 120
Bedell Smith--------------------- 76
Bhoutan -------------------------- 42
B-Danh ----------------- 20, 34, 93
Bidault --------------------------- 18
Bin-Ha----------------------- 195
Bolshevik -----------16, 33, 34, 87
Borodine ---------37, 41, 110, 127
Boum Oum ---------------------- 46
Boutan-------------------------- 110
Boutone ------------------------ 102
Brest-Litovsk -------------------- 82
Bruxelles ----------------------- 116
Budapest ------------- 60, 116, 117
Bi-Quang-Chiu ------------- 133
A
-chu35, 41, 111, 113, 115, 121
Phi------------------------------ 42
-Rp -------------- 105, 106, 116
Agit-Prop ---------------------- 112
Ai-Cp-------------------------- 115
Ai-Lao 17, 21, 40, 45, 46, 47, 48,
68, 102, 110, 113, 120, 152,
155, 197
Albert Vassart ----------------- 111
Alexandre ---------------------- 201
Algrie --------------------- 40, 120
Allen Dulles ------- 20, 21, 22, 27
Andr Berthon----------------- 127
Anh ----------------- 47, 49, 51, 65
Anh--n-di -------------------- 50
Annam Cng-sn ng ------ 126
Anthony Eden ------------------- 76
Assam ---------------------------- 42
o-quc ----28, 49, 106, 107, 122
u-chu --------------- 15, 31, 104
n- --42, 43, 44, 45, 102, 100,
110, 122, 192
Cch mng thng Mi ---15, 33,

65, 68, 88, 166
Ci-cch rung t-- 41, 175, 182
Cambodge ----------105, 155, 197
Cm-Linh 23, 27, 31, 34, 94, 172
Cn-Th-------------------131, 195
Cao-Ly -----------------40, 74, 120
Cao-Min ---------------------- 192
cao-tro -------10, 83, 86, 88, 106
chu M La-inh ----113, 116, 121
Cheka----------------------------- 34
Chin-khu D--------------152, 194
Chin-lc----------------------- 78
Chinh ng Chinh Ty ------ 201
Chu-n-Lai------- 37, 43, 76, 100
Chu-c ------------------------- 37
Ba-nh ------------------------ 134

Ba-Lan --- 16, 35, 55, 65, 93, 209
Ba-Lng ------------------------ 150
Ba-L -------------- 11, 27, 41, 184
Ba-Nh-Cn----------------- 16, 42
B-Linh --------------- 49, 51, 113
B im------------------ 152, 194
b Huyn Thanh Quan --------- 57
Bc-Liu ----------------------- 195
Ban Padong -------------------- 102
Bandoung ------------------ 42, 100
Bo Cu Quc ---------------- 98
bo Regards ----------------- 167
211
nh-Tng-------------- 189, 195

-Lng ---------------------- 131
ng B-Linh -------49, 116, 117
ng-minh-----------------38, 132
ng-u ----- 15, 16, 42, 50, 129
ng-Dng-- 76, 126, 132, 137,
139, 140, 168, 170, 171, 177
ng-Dng Cng-sn ng125,
126, 131, 134, 137
ng-Dng Cng-sn Linon ------------------------- 126
ng-c17, 49, 50, 51, 93, 104,
114, 209
ng Nam 23, 40, 45, 49, 113
c-quc-------------------- 49, 65
c quc-x ------------------- 132
Chung-c-Mai ------------------ 8
Chng Ti Mun Sng ------- 180
Churchill -------------------------18
C -----------------------------29
Conakry ------------------------ 114
Congo--------- 102, 115, 120, 121
Cng-gio ---------------- 111, 198
Cng-Ha Lin-bang c -----50
Cng-Ha Nhn-Dn -----------39
C-Huy-Cn ------------------- 137
C-Chi -------------------- 152, 194
Cuba ------- 17, 21, 102, 115, 120
D
Dn-ch X-hi -----------------34
De Gaulle-------------------18, 132
Din-An --------------------------20
Dimitri Manuisky ------------- 101
Dorosky --------------------------41
Dng-Bch-Mai ------------- 127
duy-vt bin-chng15, 23, 33, 55,
57, 59, 73
an-Mch ---------------------- 104
ng Cng-sn ng-Dng 125,
126, 129, 135, 171, 172
ng Cng-sn Vit-nam----- 128
ng Dn-Ch -------------------97
ng Lao-ng 97, 98, 125, 140,
143, 147, 155, 169, 170, 171,
172, 195
ng X-hi -------------97, 98, 99
t-Lai Lt-Ma------------- 44, 45
ng-Xun-Khu--------------- 134
t Mi------------------------- 150
Tam Quc-t--18, 77, 94, 156
in-Bin-Ph--- 40, 48, 74, 142,
150
nh-lut bin chuyn --- 59, 65
nh-lut mu-thun-58, 61, 68
nh-lut vn vt tng-quan
------------------------58, 61, 67
nh-lut lng bin cht bin
------------------------58, 62, 73
E-F
Engels 15, 22, 31, 55, 57, 59, 71,
114
Estonia----------------------- 35, 65
Excelsior ----------------------- 114
F. Constantinov --------------- 172
G
Gandhi-------------------------- 104
Genve -17, 48, 68, 76, 102, 142,
145, 147, 151, 152, 166, 169,
182, 190, 191, 197
Georgia ------------------16, 35, 65
Gerard Tongas----------- 180, 186
Ghana-----------------------44, 115
Gia-nh ----------------------- 131
Giai-cp Mi ------------------ 128
Green Pagoda Press, ---------- 175
Guine -------------- 110, 113, 115
H
H-ng ----------------------- 195
H-Huy-Gip ------------------ 195
H-Nam ------------------------ 195
212
Khmer ---------------------------- 10
Khong Le ------------------------ 46
Khroutchev17, 25, 27, 28, 31, 35,
49, 50, 51, 67, 69, 70, 75, 103,
104, 105, 106, 111, 119
Kin-Ha ------------------------ 30
Kin-Phong ---------------- 30, 196
Kirov ----------------------------- 34
Kontum -------------------- 30, 196
Kronstadt ------------------------ 34
Ky-t ----------------------------- 99
H-Ni -10, 30, 46, 98, 103, 125,

134, 141, 151, 152, 154, 155,
167, 180, 184, 186, 187, 196
H Lo-------------------- 196, 197
Hn-quc------------------------- 16
Hn-Khu ------------------------ 37
Hgel ----------------------------- 56
hip-c Varsovie ------------ 113
Hiroshima ---------------------- 133
Hoa-K------------- 21, 47, 50, 51
Hong-Vn-Ch --------------- 184
Hong-Trung-Thc 126, 130, 176
H-Ch-Minh ---31, 69, 110, 125,
127, 131, 134, 135, 137, 166,
168, 173, 176
H-Vn-Ng ------------------- 133
Hi-quc ------------------------- 47
Hi-ng Ha-bnh ----- 101, 103
Hng-qun ----------------------- 40
Hng-Qung ------------- 176, 177
Hu ----------------------------- 195
Hung-Gia-Li 16, 35, 50, 60, 65,
93, 104, 107, 113, 208, 209
hy th---------------------------- 56
hy th ca hy th ------------- 56
Hy-Lp ------------------------- 122
Hy-M-Lp-Sn ---------------- 42
L
Ladak-------------------42, 43, 110
Laniel----------------------------- 18
Ln Sng ------------------ 144
Lng-Sn ---------------------- 131
Latvia-------------------------35, 65
Lm-Ng-ng ------ 20, 34, 93
Le Comte de Nouy ------------- 61
Leland Stowe-------------- 68, 115
Lnine 15, 28, 31, 33, 34, 36, 55,
67, 68, 77, 82, 86, 87, 90, 99,
119, 157, 174
L-T-Vinh----------------------- 7
L-Dun-------------- 30, 170, 173
L-Dng---------------------- 132
L-c-Th ------------------- 173
Lnin -------------------- 65, 66, 71
Liban ----------------103, 115, 120
Lin NgaDung Cng 37, 41, 127
Lin-Hip Nghip-on Th-gii
------------------------------- 101
Lin-hip Php ---------------- 136
Lin-Hip-Quc----------------- 75
Limeling ------------------------- 42
Lithuania ---------------- 16, 35, 65
Lon Nol -------------------------- 10
Londres ------------------------ 116
Longyu, n --------------------- 42
L-Ma-Ni ------ 16, 35, 50, 65, 93
Lun-n ------------------------ 27
Ludwig Feuerbach -------------- 57
Lumumba ---------------------- 121
I-J
I-va-np (M.) ------------------ 121
Imre Nagy---------------------- 107
Iraq------------------------------ 115
Jules Caesar-------------------- 201
K
Kadar ----------------------------- 60
Kamenev ------------------------- 34
Kampuchea ---------------------- 10
Karelie---------------------------- 35
Kennedy (J. F.) --- 27, 49, 51, 106
Kerala ----------------------- 43, 44
Kerensky ------------------------- 33
Khnh-Ho -------------------- 194
213
Mt-trn Vit-Minh 95, 135, 136,

144, 147, 160
Maxay -------------------------- 102
Mendes-France ------------------18
Menshevik ------------------ 33, 79
M-Ty-C -------------- 113, 114
Min-in -------- 10, 40, 44, 115
Milovan Djilas----------- 128, 142
Minh-c-Hoi-Trinh----------- 7
Mc-Chu---------------------- 102
Mng Kassay ---------------- 102
Mng Sai --------------------- 102
M --------------- 49, 65, 131, 135
M Dim 160, 162, 163, 168, 192
M-Tho------------------------- 195
L-Cu-Kiu---------------------96
Lu-Qu-K ---------------- 30, 73
Lu-Thiu-K ----------------- 119
L-Lp-Tam ---------------- 37, 38
L-Thy --------------------31, 127
M
M-Lai----------------------40, 122
Mc-T-Khoa10, 31, 34, 50, 111,
112, 114, 117, 120
Madras----------------------------45
Maleter ------------------------- 107
Mn-Chu ------------------------41
Mao-Trch-ng- 16, 19, 20, 29,
31, 38, 39, 55, 65, 66, 70, 72,
90, 91, 103, 111, 119, 137,
141, 175
Marcel Cachin ----------------- 127
Maroc --------------------------- 115
Marx -- 15, 22, 31, 33, 55, 58, 60,
67, 87, 90, 114, 174
mt-trn---------------------------95
Mt-trn Vit-Nam c-Lp
ng-minh ---------------- 131
Mt-trn Bnh-dn --- 95, 97, 129
Mt-trn Dn-ch ---- 95, 97, 130
Mt-trn Dn-tc Gii-phng
min Nam------------------- 155
Mt-trn Dn-tc Thng-nht 99,
162
Mt-trn Dn-tc Thng-nht -10
Mt-trn Gii-phng Min Nam
---------------------95, 159, 164
Mt-trn Lin-hip Quc-gia 137
Mt-trn Lin-Vit - 95, 137, 138,
139, 140, 142, 144, 156, 160
Mt-trn Quc-gia Thng-nht 97
Mt-trn Thng-nht---40, 95, 97
Mt-trn Thng-nht Dn-tc 131
Mt-trn Thng-nht Quc-gia 95
Mt-trn T-quc95, 97, --- 144,
146, 147, 150, 164
N
Nagasaki ----------------------- 133
Nam-Dng - 100, 105, 129, 192
Nam-M------------------------ 113
Nam-nh---------------------- 195
Nam-T --------------------55, 107
Nam-Vang -----------------------46
Nasser ----------------------80, 105
Nehru ---- 18, 43, 44, 45, 80, 100,
104, 113, 115, 152
Nga-hong ------------------ 33, 78
Nga-s -------------- 41, 49, 80, 93
Ng-nh-Dim ---108, 113, 151,
154, 168, 169, 190
Ng-nh-Khi---------------- 133
Ng-Gia-T-------------------- 127
Ngn Lun --------------20, 34, 93
Nguyn-Mnh-Cn -------------- 9
Nguyn-Xin --------------------98
Nguyn-i-Quc--125, 127, 131,
135
Nguyn-Duy-M -------------- 133
Nguyn-Duy-Trinh ----- 171, 173
Nguyn-Hi-Thn------- 135, 151
Nguyn-Mnh-Tng -------- 184
Nguyn-Ngc-Tuyn ---126, 130,
176
214
Nguyn-Sinh-Sc ------------- 127

Nguyn-Tt-Thnh ----------- 127
Nguyn-Tng-Tam---------- 135
Nguyn-Xin ------------ 169, 195
Ngng-Qung---------------- 184
Nhn-Vn Giai-Phm -------- 150
Nht--- 37, 38, 41, 65, 66, 67, 96,
97, 110, 122, 131, 132, 133,
141
Nicolas (Nga-hong) ----------- 34
Ninh-Bnh---------------------- 195
Novedales---------------------- 114
Q-R
Quc-dn ng20, 37, 38, 39, 41,
67, 96, 131
quyt th ------------------------- 56
Qunh-Lu ---------104, 150, 209
Roosevelt ------------------------ 18
S
sch-lc-- 76, 84, 86, 88, 93, 97,
119, 152, 161, 203
sch-lc mt-trn------------ 129
Saigon ------------------------9, 195
Sm Na ----------------------- 110
Sananikhone --------------------- 45
Sanzo Nosaka ----------------- 110
Savannakhet --------------------- 46
Sekou Tour ------------------- 110
Selection Readers Digest ----- 21
Sihanouk ---10, 80, 105, 113, 197
Sikhim---------------------- 42, 110
Sc-Trng---------------------- 195
Soekarno ---------------18, 80, 105
Song Man Tcho --------------- 127
Soudan ------------------------- 115
Souphanouvong --------------- 110
Souvanna Phouma -------------- 46
S-Tht--------------------------- 73
Staline 15, 31, 34, 35, 50, 53, 66,
67, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85,
86, 87, 88, 91, 95, 100, 106,
114, 119, 174
Suez ---------------------------- 120
Suzanne Labin 68, 113, 114, 116,
117, 121, 122
P
Pa Dong, n -------------------- 48
Pankow---------------------- 50, 51
Paris ---------------------------- 117
Paris Match ---------------------- 42
Pasteur---------------------------- 61
Pathet Lo------------- 45, 46, 102
Patrice Lumumba ------------- 121
Pavlov -------------------------- 205
Phm-Vn-ng ------- 17, 45, 76
Phan-Bi-Chu ------ 31, 127, 130
Phan-Chu-Trinh --------------- 130
Phan-Xun-Ha --- 127, 132, 176
Php 47, 49, 50, 51, 97, 117, 122,
129
Php-tn-x ---------------------- 43
Phn-Lan-------------------- 35, 65
Phi-chu------------ 111, 113, 121
Phi-Lut-Tn --- 40, 47, 122, 192
Phong Saly--------------------- 110
Phouma--------------------------- 46
Phoumi --------------------------- 45
Phc-Thnh ------------------ 196
Potsdam -------------------------- 17
Poukhoum --------------------- 102
Poznan-------------------------- 209
Prague -------------------- 116, 117
Prasad ---------------------------- 44
T
T-Thu-Thu ------------------ 133
tp ch Hc Tp --- 29, 72, 125,
128, 136, 146, 147, 161, 166,
170, 172
TASS --------------------------- 115
Tm V L------------------------ 8
215
Trung-Hoa - 65, 72, 91, 110, 129,

135
Trung-Hoa Dn-quc--------- 192
Trung-Hoa Lc-a31, 35, 41, 44,
80
Trung-Hoa Quc-gia ------ 39, 41
Trng-Chinh 73, 137, 138, 140,
146, 148, 149, 159, 163, 170,
183
Trng-Sn ----------------------42
Tng-Gii-Thch---37, 38, 113,
131, 192
Tn-Cng -----------------------40
Tn Kuan San--------------------44
Ty u----------------------- 51, 65
Ty B-Linh ------------49, 50, 51
Ty-B-Li- -------------------34
Ty-c --------------------------50
Ty-minh -------------------------51
Ty-Tng -- 40, 44, 103, 104, 120
Thi-Lan-----------10, 44, 47, 192
Thanh-nin Cch-mng ng-ch
Hi--------------------------- 127
Tht Sn------------------ 152, 194
Th ------------------------------ 116
thoi-tro -10, 83, 86, 88, 92, 106
Thi mi -------------------------82
Thorez -------------------------- 110
thung lng T Thn----------- 194
Thy-in------------------44, 104
Thy-S ------------------------- 104
Tch-Lan--------------------44, 129
Tip-Khc 10, 16, 35, 40, 65, 93,
108, 121
Tin Sch -----------------------9, 11
Tito--------------------------80, 107
Togliatti ------------------------ 110
T-Hu ------------------- 171, 173
T-chc Bc i-Ty-Dng 113
T-chc Lin Phng ng Nam
-------------------------------47
Tn-Dt-Tin -----37, 39, 41, 127
Tn-c-Thng --------- 137, 144
Tn T----------------------- 19, 20
Trn-c-T------37, 38, 66, 110
Trn-Huy-Liu ---------------- 134
Trn Ngc Ninh ------------------ 7
Trn-Ph ----- 110, 127, 148, 177
Trn-Quang -------------------- 135
Trn-Trng-Kim -------------- 133
Triade du Hgel -----------------56
Trotsky ---------------------------67
Truman ---------------------------18
Trung-u-------------------- 49, 50
Trung dung-----------------------48
Trung-ng-------------- 113, 116
U
U-Minh ------------------- 152, 194
U-c-ren------------------------ 121
c-i-Li-----------------------47
Ukraine ------------------16, 35, 65
Ulbricht---------------------------51
V
Vaillant Couturier------------- 127
Van Viang---------------------- 102
Vn-Tng-----------------46, 102
Vn Bt Vit-Nam -----------9, 11
Vn n ------------------------ 208
Vn Hu------------------------ 102
Vienne ----- 27, 28, 106, 108, 117
Vin-ng --------------------- 116
Vit Bc --------------------------73
Vit-Minh76, 128, 131, 132, 133,
135, 155, 156, 157, 163, 164,
180
Vit-Minh trn ---------------- 141
Vit-Minh vung-------------- 141
Vit-Nam--16, 23, 29, 31, 40, 68,
95, 97, 98, 128, 129, 130, 131,
132, 133, 134, 136, 137, 138,
140, 141, 151, 152, 154, 164,
165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173,
176, 191, 196, 219
Vit-Nam Cch-mnh ngminh Hi-------- 131, 134, 151
216
Vit-Nam Cng-ha -- 13, 30, 73,

103, 154, 167, 168, 189, 190,
191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198
Vit-Nam Dn-ch Cng-ha 99,
136
Vit-Nam Quc-dn ng---134,
136
v-tuyn 38----------------------- 42
V-Nguyn-Gip-------------- 134
V-Hng-Khanh -------------- 135
V-c-Vinh--------------------- 7
V-Duy-Hin --------------------- 7
X-Y-Z
Xing-Khoang------------- 46, 102
Xun-Thy---147, 155, 158, 159,
163
Yalta ------------------------------ 17
------------------- 110, 122, 129
Zinoviev-------------------------- 34
217
MC LC
TI LIU TRCH DN
A. SCH
B. BO-CH
C. TI LIU VIT CNG
3
4
5
CNG BN C HI NGOI
CNG BN C
10
TA
13
SNG TRN DNG
15
MA MAI THAY, MT LI CNH CO
19
PHN I
25
CHIC CU KH CA H-CH-MINH
27
SIU-THC-DN HAY THC-DN-
32
LIN NGA DUNG CNG HAY L NUI ONG TAY O
36
VIN THUC C BC NG
42
KHC XNG TRONG C HNG NGA-S
49
PHN II
53
MT PHNG-PHP DUY TM CA THUYT DUY-VT
55
NH-LUT BIN CHUYN C CHUYN BIN HAY KHNG 57

T L THUYT N THC HNH
64
BA GIAI-ON CHIN-LC
77
CAO-TRO V THOI-TRO
83
NM GIAI-ON SCH-LC
88
BN GIAI-ON TIP THEO
92
BA HNH THC SCH-LC IN-HNH
94
MT TRN:
D HA VI QU
TRUNG-LP hay C-LP
95
99
104
BN CNG-TC K-THUT CHNH-YU

Xm nhp
109
110
219
Tnh-bo
Tuyn-truyn
Ph hoi
111
112
117
PHN III
123
CNG-SN VIT-NAM MC MM GIA NHNG MU-THUN

V MU THUN
125
T MT TRN DN CH N MT TRN T-QUC
129
THNH LP MT TRN T QUC CHE GIU S PHN BI

T QUC
143
TRNG-CHINH T TN V XUN-THY CNG NHN
MT-TRN GII-PHNG MIN NAM
153
NG TA CNG C MIN BC
164
LIN MINH CNG-NNG HAY ST HI CNG-NNG
174
NG LI... I HAI CHN SONG-SONG
189
KHUYT-IM NM TRONG U-IM.
199
DANH MC
211
MC LC
219
TRCH BI IM SCH CA NH VN NGUYN MNH CN221
220
Trch bi im sch ca nh vn
NGUYN MNH CN1
(ng trn nguyt san TIN SCH
ca Vn Bt Vit-Nam s thng 6 nm 1963.)
Noi ve SACH LC XAM-LANG CUA CONG SAN, chac

chan trong vong 15 nam nay, ke ca sach ngoai quoc (ma
chung toi c oc), cha co cuon nao ay u va sang sua
va chac nch nh vay. Le co nhien chung toi a ngh en
Suzanne Labin, nhng Suzanne Labin con kem Minh Vo xa,
xa lam. (Neu cac ban biet chung toi thng mang tieng co
mac cam t ti vi van-hoa Phap, cac ban se thay het tam
quan trong cua s so sanh nay!)
Sach co 4 phan, khong c trnh bay theo mot he
thong cng ran, v du t xa en gan, t ln en nho (hay
ngc lai), cung khong c chia theo giai oan thoi gian
trc, sau. Tac gia, muon cho vui ngi oc, a danh ra 36
trang au e gii thieu van e mot cach tong-quat. Phan
th 2 mi en LY THUYET VA THC HANH, ngha la en
quan iem ly thuyet cua chu-ngha Mac-xt, va s ap dung
1
Nguyn Mnh Cn l nh vn min Nam vi nhiu tc phm vn

hc gi tr trong ng k nht l Chuyn Ba Ngi Lnh Nhy
D Lm Nn, mt cu truyn khoa-hc gi tng, K Hoa T,
em Tm Tnh Vit Lch-s... v nhng tc phm bin kho nh
Ha-bnh ngh g, lm g?... ng cng l nh bo v chnhkhch tng l i-biu quc-hi u tin ca Vit-Nam Dnch Cng-Ha (thi c chnh-ph Lin-hip). ng chuyn mc
im sch ca nguyt san Tin Sch (ca Vn Bt VN) vi bt
hiu NGUYN.
Khi cho ng bi ny, ta son Tin Sch c ghi ch (s 1):
Theo ngh ca bn Nguyn Mnh Cn, ta son TIN SCH
hon bi gii thiu cun Cch-mng v hnh-ng ca Nghim
Xun Hng li ng trong s sau.
221
chung cua cac tay trum Staline, Khrutshchev, Mao Trach

ong, va ca Ho-ch-Minh. Phan th 3 noi ve Viet-cong, t
khi thanh lap ang CS nam 1930 (s lc) en chng trnh
chieu co mien Nam. Ba phan 1, 2, 3 cong vi chng th
nhat cua phan 4 (noi ve u khuyet iem cua CS) co the noi
la bao gom tat ca cac chat tinh hoa cua tac pham.
Cac chat tinh hoa ay, cac ban phai oc trong sach mi
thay c. Ngi gii thieu muon tach lay t cau tieu bieu
nhat ngha la hay nhat e mi cac ban oc trc cho
biet mui (mui thm) cua tac pham, nhng s la chon
khong the thc hien c, bi mot le gian d la co rat nhieu
cau, nhieu oan nh vay.
a khong trch c tac pham, chung toi ch con co
bien phap la gii thieu nhng u iem (noi chung) cua tac
gia. Nhng u iem o cho phep Minh Vo xay dng tac
pham cua mnh:
1. Co nhieu tai lieu va biet x-dung tai lieu mot cach rat
thong minh. S kien co tai lieu co nhien khong phai la
mot cai gioi ve viet lach, nhng oc tai lieu, rut ta c
ay mot cau, kia mot cau, cuon sach nay mot oan, t
bao kia mot oan, roi lap nhng oan trch vao voi nhau
thanh mot he thong chng nghiem sang sua, vng chac, la
mot cong viec oi hoi mot s thong hieu nhanh chong, mot
tr nh dai dang va mot kha nang quy nap cang nhieu cang
tot.
2. S suy luan ng an, ngha la khong qua a i en
cho vien vong (v du vt pham vi sach lc en pham vi
chu-ngha), cung khong thap qua en noi thut xuong hang
chien-thuat. Tac gia to ra ong nam van e rat vng, va chac
chan nh the, ong a than trong lam mot cai sn co chitiet t m.
3. S hieu biet cua tac gia ve CS khong phai bat au t
hom qua. Ong qua that hieu cac oc ke cua CS tan trong
tim en cua chung. S hieu biet nay c an nh trong
222
mot gii han ro ret: sach lc xam-lang cua CS. T bao quat
ca the-gii en thu gon vao mien Nam tac gia luon luon
trnh bay c mot cach ro ret va rat co quy cu nhng ammu a qua, va nhng am-mu ang thc hien cua chung.
4. Tac gia co van phap rat chnh. Giong van nhanh va
nhe, nhe nhng chac, chac ma vui ch khong kho. Nhieu e
tai rat kho, nhieu van e te nh, c tac gia phan-tch mot
cach linh ong khien cho ngi oc co the ham thch. o,
neu chung toi khong lam, chnh la s thanh cong ln nhat
cua ngi viet khao luan ve chnh-tr.
oi vi tat ca cac ban oc muon nghien cu chnh-tr
ac biet ve CS chung toi thanh that e ngh cac ban tm
mua, hay mn (neu ban ngheo) hay xin (v chac chan cquan chnh-quyen co mua nhieu1) ma oc. Ban se khong
the nao oc het ca cuon trong mot lan hay trong mot ngay.
Tnh chat bao la cua e tai, tnh chat co ong cua tai lieu va
tnh chat linh hoat cua ly-luan (cua tac gia) lam cho ban bu
au trong vong mot na tieng ong ho. Bi vay ban se oc
tng oan, gi sach theo loi boi Kieu, gap au oc ay, va
lam nh the nhieu lan hang chuc lan roi sau o ban hay
oc lai mot lt bat au t... trang mot. Ch can biet nh the
thoi cac ban a biet cuon sach co gia tr nh the nao roi.
Nhng lai nhng tac pham khong phai khong co
nhc iem va khuyet iem, ngoai nhng khuyet iem ve
trnh bay...
Thc ra Chnh-phu VNCH (e nhat Cong-Hoa) luc ay bu au ve

vu Phat Giao khong ngo ngang g en cuon sach nay. Ch co
bo ngoai giao (luc ay do Luat s Vu Van Mau lam bo trng)
mua mot so e gi i cac toa ai s, va mot vai ngi mua vi
t cach ca nhan...
223
Vi nt v tiu s ca Minh V
Minh V l bt hiu ca ng V c Minh, sinh nm 1931

ti tnh Nam nh, Bc Vit.
Sau khi u t ti hai Sinh Ng ti H-Ni nm 1953, ng
b bt vo trng S Quan Tr B Th c, nhp hc (tr gn
mt thng) kha 3 ph.
Tt nghip vo nm sau ng c chn li lm hun
luyn vin, trung i trng kha sinh kha 4 ph.
Nm sau ng thng Trung y, c c lm trng phng 5
ca trng, va i tn l Lin Trng V Khoa Th c.
Nm 1956 ng i v b Tng Tham-Mu Qun Lc Vit
Nam Cng Ha, lm tng th k ta san bo Tinh Thn thuc
Nha Tuyn y Cng-gio.
Sau mt thng tu nghip ti B Quc Phng Phi Lut Tn,
ng v nc phc v ti Nha Chin Tranh Tm L B Quc
Phng. Sau c c coi i pht-thanh Ting Ni Qun i.
Nm 1960 c bit phi ngoi ngch phc v ti Nha V
Tuyn Truyn Thanh vi chc v trng phng Bnh Lun.
Sau gn mt nm tu nghip ti i Pht Thanh BBC, Lun
n, Anh Quc, ng v nc nm 1964, ri nm 1966 ln coi
s chng trnh Nha V Tuyn Truyn Thanh. Trong thi gian
ny ng kim nhim chc s quan lin lc ca Hip Hi V
Tuyn Truyn Thanh v Truyn Hinh -chu v Thi Bnh
Dng, nhiu ln lnh-o phi on Vit Nam tham d cc
hi ngh ca Hip Hi, trong c hai ln lm gim kho chm
thi cc gii thng Quc T v Truyn Thanh, nh gii ABU
nm 1966, Gii NHK Nht Bn nm 1970.
Tc phm bin kho u tay ca ng (sau 3 tc phm phin
dch) nhan Sch-lc Xm Lng Ca Cng Sn, xut bn
nm 1963, c Nguyt San Tin Sch ca Vn Bt Vit Nam
nh gi l mt trong vi cun sch hay nht trong vng 15
225
nm, v c i VOA, Ting Ni Hoa K, trch c trong

nhiu tun l. Ri sau , i ny lp hn mt chng trnh
mi, 10 pht, pht-thanh hng tun, mi ng lm ch bin,
ph trch trong 7 nm lin tc, t 1964 n 1971, l lc ng
c c lm ph gim c Nha V Tuyn Truyn Thanh, cng
l lc ng thi cng tc vi i VOA. V chng trnh do ng
ph trch cng ngng hot ng. ng c i VOA trao
tng huy chng c bit (medallion) trong dp ny.
Chng trnh ny c tn l Vin nh Vit Nam Dn-ch
Cng Ha (Perspective of the Democratic Republic of Viet
Nam), chuyn trnh by v cc mt sinh hat ca min Bc Vit
Nam di ch Cng Sn. Phng Thng Tin M (USIS), sau
i l (JUSPAO) cung cp phn ln ti-liu cho chng trnh.
Sau khi min Nam mt vo tay Cng Sn, tt c cc bi vit
ca Minh V cho chng trnh ny cng nh nhiu ti-liu
phin dch, cc bi bo vit cho i T Do, nguyt San Ch
o ca B quc Phng hay nht bo Chnh Lun u mt hay
b thiu hy cng vi nhiu hnh nh lu nim trong cc chuyn
du hnh, cng tc ti nc ngoi.
u nm 1975 ng c B Quc Phng cho gii ng k t
1-7-1975. Nhng c ngh vic i php c lng trong 3
thng t 1-4-1975.
Mc du cm giy php gii ng v ri nhim s
H Thng Truyn Thanh t u thng t, ng vn phi i trnh
din hc-tp ci to, ng ra l vo t Cng Sn. ng b giam
9 nm 9 thng ti 8 tri t t Nam ra Bc.
u nm 1985 ng c ra khi t, mang theo nhiu chng
bnh nan tr. Cui nm 1991 ng c sang nh c ti M theo
chng trnh HO. Sau 4 nm cha tr v tnh dng, ng bt
u vit tr li vo nm 1998.
Sau y l my tc phm bin kho Minh V vit Hoa
K:
Ng nh Dim Li Khen Ting Ch, (380 trang, 16 MK),
Thng V xut bn nm 1998 ( in ba ln)
226
Phn Tnh Phn Khng Thc Hay H (650 trang, gi 28

MK), Thng V XB nm 1999 ( in 2 ln)
Ai Git H Ch Minh? Tm S Nc Non (350 trang, gi 18
MK. ht t lu), T Sch Ting Qu Hng XB nm 2000.
H Ch Minh, nhn nh tng hp (780 trang, gi 32 MK),
T Sch Ting Qu Hng xut bn nm 2003 (in 2 ln)
Hng chc nht bo v tun san, nguyt san M v ngoi
M ng bi ca Minh V trong 9 nm qua. Nhng ng
cng tc thng xuyn hn vi Th Vin Vit Nam Online,
(Th Vin Ton Cu), n Chim Vit Online, Vn Ngh Tin
Phong v Thi Lun.
Tc gi ang cu mang a con tinh thn th 4 sp cho i
227
Gii thieu sach

cua tac gia Minh Vo
Sach a xuat ban:

Sach Lc Xam Lang cua Cong-san. Tac gia xuat ban
tai Saigon nam 1963
Ngo nh Diem, Li Khen Tieng Che, Thong Vu xuat
ban tai Nam Cali, thang 5 nam 1998, tai ban thang 10
cung nam, tai ban lan th 2 nam 2002. Gia 15 MK (Het)
Phan Tnh Phan Khang, Thc Hay H? Thong Vu
xuat ban nam 1999, tai ban nam 2004. Gia 28 MK
Tam S Nc Non I, Ai Giet Ho Ch Minh? Tu Sach
Tieng Que Hng xuat ban, Virginia 2002. Gia 18 MK (Het)
Ho Ch Minh, nhan nh tong hp. Tu sach Tieng Que
Hng xuat ban nam 2003, tai ban nam 2006. Gia 32 MK.
Sach se xuat ban trong nam nay:

Cau nguyen va Nc Tri
Ngo nh Diem, T Vinh Quang en T Nan
Tam S Nc Non II, Chien Tranh Y Thc He
Phat bieu va phong van cua Minh Vo
228

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MINH VO

Sch Lc Xm Lng ca Cng Sn

13. Minh (H-Ch): Cc li ku gi ca H Ch-tch, S

C. TI LIU VIT CNG

au nam 1992, khi mi sang My c vai thang, trong

vi micro phim khong. Nhng trong thay c a con tinh

Khi in lan th hai nam 1970 toi a khong sa cha g.

Ke t khi cuon sach c soan-thao (1961) va an-hanh lan

trong khoi cong ca bai hoa-bnh muon thu, t e cao thien

SNG TRN DNG

Duy-vt bin-chng-php m nhng thanh-nin tr-thc

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

mt phn rt ta t nhng kinh-nghim chin-u ca ng

Sng trn dng

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

ng cch-mng theo li Cng-sn nh nhng con thiu

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

Din-An hi thng 8-1937. Nhng ma mai thay! Chnh

Sch trch dn trang 194 (bn dch Ngn Lun)

Sng trn dng

Mun thng Cng-sn, trc ht phi bit r Cngsn.1

Selection Readers Digest, April 1961

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

Sng trn dng

cng-nhn s khch-quan v chnh-xc ca cc ti-liu

Cc ngi Cng-sn v giai-cp cngnhn s c gng v u-tranh t ti

RONG bi bo Mun thng Cng-sn, trc ht cn

Cng-sn c mt k-hoch chinh-phc. H khng

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

Trong phn kt-thc bn bo-co c trc hi-ngh cc

Tn Tp-ch Quc-t, Nguyt san s 1 nm 1961

Lnh-t Trung-cng, nh l-thuyt-gia ca cc ch con

Theo ti-liu su tm ca T-chc Lin Phng ng Nam

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

Cng trong t bo ni trn, s 7, mt ng-vin Cngsn, Lu-Qu-K, vit vi hng tt ln:

sn thng dng nht trt trch-nhim cho nhn-dn theo

HNG li-l trn y ca mt s lnh-t Cng-sn

Siu thc dn hay thc dn

Ngy m Cng-sn thng gi l Cch-mng thng mi.

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

Op.Cit.: trang 143, bn dch ca Ngn Lun

Siu thc dn hay thc dn

V k t ngy Khroutchev c bi din-vn trng-giang

LIN NGA DUNG CNG

GAY hi cn lu vong u Ty, Lnine ngh n

Lin NgaDung Cng hay l nui ong tay o

Trong lc Trn-c-T, Chu-n-Lai, L-Lp-Tam, Chuc... say m nghin-cu Mc-xt v bt u t nn mng

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

Lin NgaDung Cng hay l nui ong tay o

chng kch-lit mt mt mt cn vi nhau. Nhng trn nh

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

bn dn-ch x-hi ch-ngha. Mt mt-trn thng-nht ra

Lin NgaDung Cng hay l nui ong tay o

ngoi m Cng-sn Nga dnh cho Quc-dn ng, cng

Vo khong u nm 1927, nh cm quyn Trung-Hoa Quc-gia

UT trong 44 nm qua -quc Nga-s khng thi

Ni cho ng ra y l mt k-hoch ln t v cng

tc c t trong tnh trng bo-ng. ng Nehru tuyn-b:

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

Dn dn ri vn- tranh-chp bin-gii ny cng c

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

Khong Le do Cng-sn git giy xi by, ng u mt

Minh V Sch lc xm-lng ca Cng Sn

ngi tuyn-truyn chng Cng kh ni: v t c hy-vng