Chapter 1 Solutions LLL. (a) B= fy(uPde+ fe (-1j*de = 3 () B= PCa Pays (©) B= Rede + f3(-2)2dr = 12 (@) B= feat + f(-1)%ae = 3 Comments: Changing the sign of a signal does not change its energy. Doubling a signal quadruples its energy. Shifting a signal does not change its energy. Multiplying ‘signal by a constant K increases ils energy by a factor K? © oy 1g 2) Ba, = f (ora Fe =} Ea= [oomae fea -3, 4 21)eat = y 3 B= fayan2, Pays ['orans, "Therefore Bey = Ee + By, (by a1 (cae [cont t0=7 B> [Wana aayn [eonsvrpare [aoteyase [" annie [" Pa es0eae = In both cases (a) and (b), Bs4y = Ez + By. Similarly we can show that for both cases Ex-y = Ex + By(0) As seen in part (a), Furthermore, Thus, Exay= f(oinesny at wntoates [" sntate [Pars ef2s20 4084 Aasiceats E, af ; om y= [entvfdtwapr tere Bat In this case, Brey # Bry # Be + Ey. Hence, we cannot generalize the conchu- sions observed in parts (a} and (b) Eee = 64/7 (8 at = 64/7 {b) Pox = 1 f?,(208)Pdt = 4(64/7) = 256/7 (0) Pex = 3 Pletal = 64/7 Comments: Changing the sign of a signal does not affect its power. Multiplying a signal by a constant e increases the power by a factor ¢?, aL (a) Power of «sinusoid of amplitude C is C*/2 (Bq, (1.4a)] regardless ofits frequency (w #0) and phase. Therefore, in this case P = 5? + (10)*/2 = 7. {b) Power of sum of sinusoids is equal to the sum of the powers of the simusoids (Bq. (1-4b)}. Therefore, inthis ease P= DE 4 08 175 (6) (20+ 2 sin 31) cos 101 = 100s 104 + sin 194 ~ sin 31. Hence from Eq. (1.4b) PaO yd 4 deol (4) 10.08 St08 101 = 5(cos St-e08 154, Hence fom Bag (1th) P= SE 4 05 (6) 10sin 5Stcos 108 = 5(sin 15¢~sin 5t. Hence from Eq, (1.4b) P = SP 4B" = 25, (1) e2*cosuot = § [erle*0# + ell@-+9)4]. Using the result in Prob. 11-5, we obtain P= (1/4) + (1/4) = 1/2 ad 72 (2a)? 116. First, a(t) = 0 Next, Pe = AP? AQ? ae = xt+T) oP py - atelh? — awa _ at g Sf (PP Ade a el” 2 AE Since power is frite, energy must be infinite. Thus, , # aE. F and By = 00,1a. 118, @ ) () i. By definition, B(P=x() = © (Pax(Oy de T? Jog TH(Hdt = TPE [a(t wo T2(Oat = ElPa:(t)] = 77 fer(6)} (as(t—T))? dt. Substituting t! = ¢—T Elea(t)) ii, By definition, B [ri(t —T)] = f°. = dt yields f°, 22(t/)di? Blatt —T)] = Eler(0)) iii, By definition, Elai(t)tz.(0} = J2_.(a(+a2(t)Pdt = Seog (23(t) + 221(t)xa(t) + 23(t)) dt. However, x(t) and 22(t) are homoverlapping so their product 1(#)ra(t) must be zero. Thus, Eln()+nO) = fro CO+HO) ae = Jew lta = E [ai (O] + Elea(0)- 1 (ex(t) £0) > (zal) = 0) and (2a(e) 40) = (2a(6) =0), Then, Bl2a(t) +a2(0)| = Eler(t)]+ Elva) iv. By definition, E[x(Tt)] = f°. x3(Te)at. First, consider the case 7 >' 6 Substituting e! = Ele (TO) = fo tHe) = hfe tHe Next, consider the case T <0. Substituting t! = Tt and dt’ = Te yields BlailTt)) = fo a3) = tI aed’ = ZEYO, For T <0, we know IT]. Making this substitution yiekds Ffex(T)] = Zig (2, Since energy is the same whether T <0 or T > 0, we know B Ft) (o) iv) ‘To begin, notice that signal y(¢) = t(u(t) —u(¢—1)) has energy equal to E [y(t)] = fi Pde = 1/3 To determine B{x(t)}, consider dividing 2(0) into three non-overlapping pieces a first piece x(t) from (—2 yaw elenmend dy ‘The integrals of the cross-product terms (when k # r) are finite because the 25integrands are periodic signals (made up of sinusoids). ‘These terms, when divided by T +00, yield zero. The remaining terms (k =r) yield ah . p, tar l [Detar 3° oa (bo) i (0) = 5+ 10cos(100 + 2/3) 5+ SeAIOOUE§) 4 5y2Ct0004§) = 5+ beIA/8 (51006 4. ppd /Sp-pi008 Hence, Pe = 5+ [5077 4 fe IOP = 25 4.25 +95 = 75, ‘Thought of another way, note that Do = 5, Diy = 5 and thus Pp = 5?4+5?+ P75, (0) = 1Wcos(100¢ + #/3) + 16sin(150¢ + #/5) = eI 4. Se FH/B MOE jg gSH (BSD 4 jgeSe/B,—st808 Hence, P= [S37 4507297 4 | — 58/9)? 4 p8eIM/OIF + 25404404 = 178. ‘Thought of another way, note that Day = 5 and Da: 5245? +87 48? = 178, iii (102 sin 31) cos 104 = 10cos 10¢ +sin 13¢— sin 3. Tn this ease, Dg, = 5 Dy = 05 and Das = 0.5. Hence, P= 5? 4.5? + (0.5)? + (0.5)? + (0.5)? + (05)? =51 1O-cos St eos 10t = 5(cos 5¢ + cos 154). In this case, Day 25. Hence, P = (2.5)? + (2.5)? + (2.5)? + (2.5) ¥. 10sin St cos 10¢ = 5(sin 15¢—sin Sf). In this ease, Dyy = 2.5 and Day ~25. Hence, P = (2.5)? + (2.5)? + (25)? + (25)? = 25 vi. © cosuyt = 3 [elle*vle + eile-+9}), In this ease, Day = 0.5 . Hence, P= (1/2)? + (1/2)? = 1/2. 1.19. First, notice that x(t) = 2°(t) and that the area of each pulse is one. Since 2(t) has an infinite number of pulses, the corresponding energy must also be infinite. To compute the power, notice that N’ pulses requires an interval of width 7 , 2(+1) = N?+3N. AsV ~r 00, power is computed hy the ratio of area to width, or P= byes x2 py = 0. Thus, 8. Hence, Pe = 25 and Daz = Pa and B= 00, 12-1. Refer to Figure $1.2-1 1.2.2. Refer to Figure $1.22 1.2.3. (a) y(t) can be formed by shifting 2(¢) to the left by 1 plus a time-inverted version ‘of g(t) shifted to left by 1. Thus, ai() = 2 +1) +a(-t4+1) = at+1) 420-0). 6integrands are periodic signals (made up of sinusoids). ‘These terms, when divided by T +00, yield zero. The remaining terms (k =r) yield ah . p, tar l [Detar 3° oa (bo) i (0) = 5+ 10cos(100 + 2/3) 5+ SeAIOOUE§) 4 5y2Ct0004§) = 5+ beIA/8 (51006 4. ppd /Sp-pi008 Hence, Pe = 5+ [5077 4 fe IOP = 25 4.25 +95 = 75, ‘Thought of another way, note that Do = 5, Diy = 5 and thus Pp = 5?4+5?+ P75, (0) = 1Wcos(100¢ + #/3) + 16sin(150¢ + #/5) = eI 4. Se FH/B MOE jg gSH (BSD 4 jgeSe/B,—st808 Hence, P= [S37 4507297 4 | — 58/9)? 4 p8eIM/OIF + 25404404 = 178. ‘Thought of another way, note that Day = 5 and Da: 5245? +87 48? = 178, iii (102 sin 31) cos 104 = 10cos 10¢ +sin 13¢— sin 3. Tn this ease, Dg, = 5 Dy = 05 and Das = 0.5. Hence, P= 5? 4.5? + (0.5)? + (0.5)? + (0.5)? + (05)? =51 1O-cos St eos 10t = 5(cos 5¢ + cos 154). In this case, Day 25. Hence, P = (2.5)? + (2.5)? + (2.5)? + (2.5) ¥. 10sin St cos 10¢ = 5(sin 15¢—sin Sf). In this ease, Dyy = 2.5 and Day ~25. Hence, P = (2.5)? + (2.5)? + (25)? + (25)? = 25 vi. © cosuyt = 3 [elle*vle + eile-+9}), In this ease, Day = 0.5 . Hence, P= (1/2)? + (1/2)? = 1/2. 1.19. First, notice that x(t) = 2°(t) and that the area of each pulse is one. Since 2(t) has an infinite number of pulses, the corresponding energy must also be infinite. To compute the power, notice that N’ pulses requires an interval of width 7 , 2(+1) = N?+3N. AsV ~r 00, power is computed hy the ratio of area to width, or P= byes x2 py = 0. Thus, 8. Hence, Pe = 25 and Daz = Pa and B= 00, 12-1. Refer to Figure $1.2-1 1.2.2. Refer to Figure $1.22 1.2.3. (a) y(t) can be formed by shifting 2(¢) to the left by 1 plus a time-inverted version ‘of g(t) shifted to left by 1. Thus, ai() = 2 +1) +a(-t4+1) = at+1) 420-0). 6xe) ‘ 44 Diaerey =a Te as ol t> ol. ~~ St» “4 “4 x(E) ate Kose 4} 12 z 3 Vi > o> o 44 30 so 3 t> +t “4 Figure S1.2-1 4 Xe-a) 44 26G%) 4 mee 2 <2 % ol “6 t= 6 38 “20 a > xcat-) BRE “2 oe “Neto Figure $1.22 {b) a(t) can be formed by time-oxpanding z(t) by factor 2 to obtain 2(t/2) Now, lefishift 2(4/2) by unity to obtain «(4$2). We now add to this a time-inverted version of 2(A5#) to obtain a(t). Thus, rea] nal) = 2(- Observe that (2) is composed of two parts: First, a rectangular pulse to form the base is constructed by time-expanding z(t) ly a factor of 2, Thisis obtained by replacing ¢ with t/2 in x9(t). Thus, we obtain e(t/2) = 242) + 225 Second, the two triangles on top of the rectangular hase are constructed by time- ‘expanded (Factor of 2) and shifted versions of) according to =(t/2) +2(~t/2) ‘Thus, att) = 222) 4 2254) + 2/2) 40-172 (a) 24(t) can be obtained by time-expanding (0) by a factor 2 and then mul- oTtiplying it by 4/3 to obtain 42y(t/2) = 4 [2(442) +2(234)]. From this, we subtract a rectangular pedestal of height 1/3 and width 4. This is obtained by time-expanding z(t) by 2 and multiplying it by 1/3 to yield 422(t/2) = 329?) + 2(274)]. Hence, (c) 2s(t) ism sun of three components: (i) 22(t) time-compressed by a factor 2, (i) 2(¢) left shifted by 1.5, and (fii) 2(t)time-inverted and then right shifted by 1.6. Hence, a(t) = = § PG s(t) =2(¢ +05) +2(0.5- 0) 4 a(t-+15) +2015 -1), 1.2, [User a= [Pou = Exon =f lo-opae= f~ e)de= by Fan = [tetera [” 2) de= 6, son =f etnprat= 2 J” aed Besa [Peers Pala [ewara = af” #@a'= ab, Baan [lot phat Ext) Pay =f lertoPae= oe [” P0d= 2B. Comment: Multiplying a signal by constent a increases the signal energy by a factor 12-5. (a) Calling y(t) = 2e(—3¢-+1) = e(u(—t—1)—u(—t+1)), MATLAB is nved to sketch u(t). >> t= (64,5:.001:4.5]) y = amline("t.#((temm2)~ (een) 19; >> plot(t.yCe),k-"); axis((-1.8 1.5 “1.1 1.1095 >> xlabel("t/); ylabeL?2x(-30+4) "95 0 Since y(t) = 22(~Bt+1), 0.5ey(—t/3+1/3) = 0.5(2)2(—3-t/3+1/3)+1) = x(e) MATLAB is used to sketch (¢). D> y = imlino('t.4((tee-1)=(te=1))"); >> b= [-8:.001:8]; x = 0.54y(-t/381/3) 5 >> plov(t,x,"k-"); axis([-3 8 -0.6 0.61); >> xLabel (4?) 5 ylabel x(t) 2; 1.2-6, MATLAB is used to compute each sketch. Notice that the unit step is in the exponent Of the function 2(2). 2813-1 13-2, fa) > © i Figure $1.2-a: Plot of 22(~8t +1), Figure $1.2-5b: Plot of x(¢) = 0.5y(—t/3 + 1/3) = (1: .001:11; = inline(?2. 2. #(t>=0)) "5 >> plot(t x(t)’; axie([-t 10 1.10); >> xdabel(’t"); ylabel x(t)” (b) >> plot (t,0.5exC1-240), °°); axis([-1 10 1.1105 >> xlabel(?t?); ylabel y(t) "); (a) False. (b) False, (©) Palse (@) False, (6) False (f) True (a) Thee (b) False x(t) Figure L.1b is an exarmple of a signal that is continuous-time but digital. Figure L.1le is discrete-time but analog, et ig neither an energy nor a power signal e~tu(@) has infinite duration but is an energy signal u(t) is a power signal that is causal A periodic signal, by definition, exists for alt Every bounded periodic signal is @ power signal Signals with bounded power are not necessarily periodic. For example, cos(t}u(t) is non-periodie but has a bounded power of P; = 0.25. 29© (a) 13-3. (a) (b) (o) Figure $1.2-6a: Plot of 2(t) = Figure $1.2-6b: Plot of y(t) = 0.52(1 ~ 21) “True. If an energy signal 2(t) has energy B, then the energy of x(at) is © (a real and positive). False, If power signal x(t) has power P, then the power of x(at) is generally not, 2. A counter-example provides a simple proof. Consider the case of z(t) = ult), which has P = 05. Letting a = 2, x(at) = 2(2#) = u(2t) = w(t), which still has, power P = 0.5 and not P/a = P/2 For periodicity, 14(¢) = cos(t) = cos(t + T;) = x(t + 7%), cosine is a 2n-periodie function, T, = 2x. Similarly, ca(t) = sin(nt) = sin(nt + x72) = sin(a(t + T5)) = xo(t +12). Thus, x72 = 2rk. The smallest possible value is Ty = 2. Thus, Ty = 2m and Ty = Periodicity requites 23(¢) = za(t-+Ts) or cos(t) +sin(at) = cos(t-+Ts) + sin(rt-+ x14). This requires Ty = 2xky and x, = Inky for some integers ky and ko Combining, periodicity thus requires Ts = 2rky = 2kz or = ky/ks. However, is irrational. Thus, no suitable #y and kp exist, and s(t) cannot be periodic. 202 SP" cos*(eyat E (osc sin()os(@)2%5) ae sin®(wt)dt ; Ot amet °) esky il + Fp (eos(t) + sin(et))* de Tim oo ZF fe (cos?(¢) + sin®(¢) + cos(¢) sin(xt)) dt 1 + Pia + litte ase dp [70.5 (sin(xt ~ #) + sin(xt +8) dt Pl +Pm+0=1 ‘Thus, Pes Pay 1 gand Pay =1 13-4, No, f(t) = sin(w2) is not guaranteed to be a periodic function for an arbitrary constant w. Specifically, if w is purely imaginary then f(t) is in the form of hyperbolic sine, which is not a periodic function. For example, ifw = 3 then f(é) = ysmh(t). Only when w is constrained to be real will {(2) be periodic. 135. (8) By = eye IZ, }e*(2Hat. Performing the change of variable / = 2t yields f& $22(e) = Be Thus, By Lou7_ By = Fe ms OUT _ gos70, (b) Since y(t) is just a (7), = 4)-periodiec replication of 2(¢), the power is easily obtained as (6) Notice, Ty, = Ty/2 = 2 Thus, Pip = FJ, (Ode = 4 f,, Sual20ae Performing the change of variable = 2t yields Py = § fy, Taney A Se ate yae' = Se. Thus, 13.6, For all parts, yi(0) = y(t) = {a) To ensure yi(t) is even, yn(t) = P over 1 <0. Since w(t) is (Th = 2)- periodic, wi(¢) = an(t + 2) for all t. Thus, an(0) = Syd = 0.55] 1/5, Thus, Py = Vf. A sketch of yi ({) over ~3 St <3 is created using MATLAB. >> t= [-3:,001:3]; mt = mod(t,2)5 >> yd = (meet). #(at.-2) + (at>t)*((me-2).-2)5 >> plot(t.y 1,7); elabel(?t?); ylabel ?y.1G2)°)5 axis tight; a| VI Pigure $1.3-6a: Plot of s1(0) () Let k ist<15 e Ost> t= (-3:.001:3]; at = mod(t,3); >> y_2 = (atc), #(at.°2)=(ar>~2) .#((mt-3) .°2) +, C(mt>#4)&(mt=1.5)ke(ur<2) sqrt (13/5) 5 >> plot(t,y_2,%); xlabel(?t!); ylabel(?y_2(t)"); axis({-3 3-2 21); (©) Define ys(t) = v1(¢) +22(0). To be periodic, ys(t) must equal ys(t-+ Zs) for some value Ts. This implies that y(t) = ys(t + Ts) and yp = yo(t + Ta). Since ys(t) is (Ty = 2)-periodic, Ty must be an integer multiple of Ty. Similarly, since y2(6) is (LZ = 3)-periodic, Ts must be an integer multiple of T>. Thus, periodicity of a(t) requires Ts 2ky = Taka = Ska, which is satisfied letting ky s(t) is periodic with Ts = 6. (a) Noting ys(éus(t) = v8) +930), Pos = He Sr, (WHO +980) dt = Py, + Pre: Thus, RB, 14-1. Refer to Figure S1.4-1 32AC Figure $1.3-6b: Plot of vo(¢) Veo oo t> 6 7 S (4) Co to 2 fe LL t> Figure $1441 142, e(Q) = (b+ Dut +1) ~ w(t] + (~2¢ + u(t) — ult - 29) (4t + 1u(t +1) ~ 6eulé) + Buft) + (2t— Ault — 2) zal@) = Cfu(t) ~ u(t —2)] + (2 —a)fult— 2) ~ u(t ~ 4)] = Pauli) ~ (2 ~ 2t-+ 8)u(t — 2) — (at 8)ult— 4) 14-3. Using the fact that f(z)6(2) = f(0}6(=), we have (@o (b) 36) (e) 36(t) (d) -35(¢-1) (©) phydle +3) (f) 8(e) (use L? Hopital’ rule) se problems remember that impulse 5(z) is located at x 0. Thus, an impulse 7) is located at 7 = t, and so on. 33(s) The impulse is located at 7 ~t and a(r) at rt is a(t). Therefore [ a(r)5(é—r}dr = a(t) () The impulse 6(r) 6 at 7 =O and 2(¢~7) at 7 =O is 2(¢), Therefore [setae =aty Using similar arguments, we obtain oR) wo fe & Os (g) 2(-1) @ -@ 1.45, For shotches, refer to Figure SLA, (a) Recall that the derivative of function at the jump discontinuity is equal to an impube of strength equal to the amount of discontinuity. Hence, dz/dt conteins impulses 45(t+4) and 25(t—2). In addition, the derivative is —I over the interval (—4, 0), and is 1 over the interval (0, 2). The derivative is zero for t < —4 and i 2 The rest sketched in Figure $456), (b) Using the procedure in pact (a), Figure S1.4-5(b) depicts dx/dt? for the signal in Figure Plt-2a Figure $1.45 1.4.6. For sketehes, refer to Figure $1.46. (a) Recall that the area under an impulse of strength & is k. Over the interval O 0) FE ostanar=* ” a2 612) 42 = Lo Similarly for a < 0, we show that this integral is 26(0). Therefore = 1 4p [xo stan) = Hoy = 5 J amanae Therefore tat) = ae) [soon a = MOI, — £ aeate) at = 0 fanseoara 4 1.410. For sketches, rofer to Figure $1.4-10. ©) 473 (b) e- cos 3¢ = 0.5e"O" 4 e°C-I9'}, Therefore the frequencies are 53,2 = 3453. (6) Using the argument in (b), we find the frequencies s12 = 2 53 (@) s=-2 [1-6(2-1) (4-2) 623) +.-aee = tut) —ule—1)-u(t-2)—ult-3)-...@s (f) 5 = Set so that s djs is 4. a 3 : . * -2 |O -| 3 wad | ° Figure $1.4-10 L.S-1. For sketches, refer to Figure $1.5-1 (2) 2e(t) = 0.5fu(t) + u(—t)] = 0.5 and zo(t) = 0.5lu(t) ~ u(-0)] (b) 20(0) = O.5|tu(t) - tu(—1)] = 0.5]e] and z6(@) = O.5ftu(e) + tu(—t)] = 0.5 (©) 2¢(t) = O5|sinwot-+sin(—wot)] = 0 and z6(t) = (a) z(t) = 0 .5|sin wot —sin(—wot)] = sinwnt. cos wot +cos(—upt)] = coswot and x9(t) = 0.5fcosuot — cos(—wot)] = (6) cos(ot +8) = cosuiotcos 0 ~sinwptsin 8. Hence ze(t) = coswyt cos and a(t) = —sinwotsin? (0) s(t) = 0.5fsinwot u(t) + sin(—wot)ul—t 20) sm wot w(t) ~ sin(—wot)u(—| 0.5sin wot Sleinapt u(t) ~ singe u(—H)] and O.5[sinwot u(t) + sinwoe u~8)} = (g) telt) = 0.5feosye u(t) + co9(—wol)u(—f)] = O.5{cosuot u(t) + coswotal—t)} = O.5eosuyt and xo(t) = O.5{cosuotu(t) — cos(—wet)u(—t)] = 0.5feosuut u(t) coswot u(—)} Figure $1.51 a= He-Man eet) oft) = Ze u(t) — eu(—t))(b) Be, = J222()dt. Because out) and eu(—t) are disjoint in time, the ‘cxoss-product term in 22(f) is zero. Hence, a= [Tana }[[ ena fa] -} Using a similar argument, we have Be, = [row Bem Bs, + Bx, Also, Hence, (c) To generalize this result, we first consider causal z(t). In this case, 2(t) and «(-t) are disjoint. Moreover, encrey or x(t) is identical to that of a(t). Hence, seat mries [ora = Using a similar argument, it follows that Bz, = }Bx. Hence, for causal signals, Be. y= Es, + Es, Identical arguments hold for anti-cansat signals. Thus, for anti-causal signal 2(t) Ey = Bx, + Bs, Now, every signal can be expressed as a sumn of causal and an anti-causal signal. Also, the signal energy is equal to the sum of energies of the causal and ‘the anti-causal components. Hence, it follows that for a general case E Fat Bs, 15-3. (a) s(tealt) = Flot) +2(-Aite) —2(-1) = Fhe -te(-oF) Since the areas under |x(t)|? and |x(—¢)[? are identical, it follows that [ . relt)ta(tde = 0 (), [soar [7 aoa 37Because the areas under 2(¢) and x(t) are identical, it follows that [ira [x0 5(e(t) — 2(-1)) = 0.5(sin(at)udt) ~ sin(—nt}ul—t)) = O.5sin(xt)(u() + OSsin(at), which is a (T= 2} 154. 26(t) = ‘u{-t)). Since sin(0) = 0, this reduces to w(t) periodic signal. Therefore, z4(t) = O.5sin(xt) is a periodic signal. 15.5. rel) = 0.5(c(t) + x(-1)) = 0.5(cos(rt)u(t) + c0s(—nt)u(—8) = 0.5 cos(mt)(u(t) + St-t) Witen enter ny, x) = {OBS £48 T 40 such that x(6+7) = 2e(0), Since there exists no 2) 8 nol periodic function It is worth pointing out that sometimes the unit step is defined as u(é) = 1 t>0 05 £=0 . Using this alternate definition, z(t) is periodic: 0 <0 1.5-6, (a) Using the figure, #(t) = (+1)[ult-41) u(t) +(-t41)(a(t)u(t-1)). MATLAB is used vo plot u(t) = Se (4+) >> x = inline(? (t+1).#((t>=-1)a(t<0) )+(-tH1) .#((t>=0)e(t<1))"); D> b= (56: .001:5]5 v= Sex(-0.54(t41)); >> plot(t,y,?k-"); xlabel(t"); ylabel v(t) ?); , ———y a \ is ae Figure $1 5-60: Plot of ve) =e (-4(¢41) (b) Since v(t) is Finite duration, P, = 0, Signal is unaffected by shifting, so u(t) is shifted to start at ¢ = 0. By symmetry, the energy of the first half is equal to the energy of the second half. Thus, By = 2 {2 (30)"de = 225 Thus, = 1and P, =0. 38(0) Using 1.5-6a, v(t) = (.5¢44.5)(u(t-+3)—u(t-+1))+(~1.5t41.5)(u(t-+1)~u(t—1)) MATLAB is used to determine and plot v(t). >> vaste = [CL 54brd.5) 0((t>2-3)a(LI))4?, 24. 5etHL 5). ((t>e-1)k(E1)) 15 >> vy = snline(vstr); t= [-4:.001:4]; ve = 0.5e(v(t)+v(-t)); >> plot(tyv.e,’k); xlabel('t?); ylabel Pv_e(t)"); >> axis(["4 4-.28 1.78]); ce os \. Figure S1.5-6¢: Plot of v(t) Thus, Be/449/4 —BSt<-1 - 15, -1st<1 WO) saves 1ete3 0 otverwise (2) Using 1.5460, o() = (1.5¢+44.5)(u(-+3) —u(t4-1))4(-1.5¢+41.5)(u(¢+1)—u(t—1)), MATLAB is used to exeate the four desired plots D> vgte = (11.5444, 5) ACE DRERIIO 7-1. 5et+.5) 9 ((e>—- 1) a(t<1)) 05 >> ¥ = inline(v_str); >> t = [-6:.001:1]; a= 2; b= 3; ax = [-6 1 -.5 9.5); >> subplos (221); plot Ce,v(awesb),"k-'); grids >> xlabel('t?); ylabel('y(at#b)’); axis(an); >> subplot (222); plou(t,vCast)+b, "k-’); grids >> xlabel(’t?); ylabel Cv(at¥b'); axia(ax); >> aubploe (223); plot(t,arv(erb),"k-"); grid >> xlabel(’t’); ylabel Pav(teb)'); axis(ax); >> subplot (224); plot(t aev(e)+b, k-"); grid; >> slabel (0); ylabolav(e)4b!); axie(ax); (6) Using 1.5-6a, v(t) = (1.5t+4.5)(u(t+3)—u(t+1)) +(~1.5441.5)(u(t41) u(t). MATLAB is used to create the four desired plots. >> vist = ['(1.54e1g.6).0(C2s "CL. Setd.8) (Ce >> v = imline(y_str); >> t= [-8:,001:3]; a= -3 b 30/ Figure $1.5-6d: Plots of u(2t +3), (21) +3, 2u(t +3), and 2u(0) +3, >> aubplot(221); plot (e,v(arttb) "k="; grids >> xlabel('t'); ylabel Cv(attb)?); axis (ax); >> subplov(222); plot(t,vCatt)*b,"k-"); grids 99 xlabel('t"); ylabel PvGat)*b’); axis(ax); >> subplor(223)5 plot (t,aev(t+b),"k-"); grids >> xlabel ('t"); ylabel Cav(t#b)'); axis(ax): >> subplot (224); plot(t,arv(t)b, k="); grids >> xlabel('t!); ylabel Cav(t}9b!); axis(ax); Figure S1.5-6e: Plots of v(—8t 2), v(-3t) ~ 2, ~3o(t~ 2), and ~30(¢) ~ 15-7. (a) Using the figure, y(@) = tut) ~ u(t —1)) + (u(e—1) ~ w(e—2)). MATLAB is used to plot yo(t) = MO=RE2. >> y = anlime(?e.((e>=0)m(t=1)8(G<2))?)5 >> b= (+8: .001:51; yo = (ylt-y(-t))/25 >> plot(t,y_o,"k-?); label (’t?}; ylabel(y.o(t)"); axie([-$ 6 -.6 61); 40Figure S1.5-7a: Plot of yo(t) = “25x09. ‘Thus, “A -2St<-1 2 a1st> y = inline(?t.+(Ce>=O)eCe=t)E(E<2)) 195 >> t= [-8:.001:0]; x = Say(-0.54t-1.5); >> plot (t,x,"-"); xlabel(’t?); ylabel ('x(t)"); axis([-8 0 -.5 9.91); mg Figue S1.5-7b: Plot of 2(¢ ‘Thus, 5 -T y = Smdine ( ((4>=-1)E(6<0)) #641) -#((E9-0)4CEE1)) D5 D> b= [2:.001:61; x © ~Bey(-0/392/3); >> plot(e,x,%k-"); label(?t"); ylabel ?x(t)’); axis({-2 6 -2.6 0.6]); Figure 1.580: Plot of 2(t) = ~2y(-#/3 + 2/3) “Thus, -2 acted 0 otherwise fw Nye -1st<2 (b) The even portion of 2(t) is re(t) = 0.5(a(t) + «(—#) D> x = imlimo(’=26(be1)/3.4( (E>=—1)E (U2) 24 CE>=D)HCEB)I"D | >> t= [6:,001:6]; x0 = 0.5e(x(t)ex-t)); >> plot (t,x.0,"K-"); xlabel('t?); ylabel(x.e(t)?); axis([-6 6 -1.5 0.5}); Figure $1.5-8b: Plot of xe(t). 42Thus, “1 2 x = inline (?—De(t+1)/3.# ((e>=-1)kCE<2))-2e (Ce>=2)E(EB))) 5 >> t= [-6:.001:6]; x0 = 0.58(x(t)-x(-1)); >> plov(t,x.0,"k="); xlabel(*t?); ylabelCx.e(t)?); axis([-6 6 -1.5 1.51); Figure S1.5-8e: Plot of z(¢). ‘Thus, Lo -5st<-2 (tens ere pul 2B 1eted wD) eens ieee AL oastes 0 otherwise 15-9. Notice, w3,(—t) = 0.5(w(-t) + w°(t))* = 0.5(w*(-t) + w(t)) = wea(t). In Cartesion form, this becomes w%y(-t) = 2(-0)~ gull) = 20) 4-9y(t) — inal), Equating the real portions yields x(—t) = 2(f), and equating the imaginary portions yields ~v(-4) = u(t). ‘Thus, by definition, the real portion of w(t) is even and the imaginary portion of wes(t) is odd, 1.5-10. Notice, ~wi,(=t) = ~0.5(w(—é) ~ w(t)? = 0.5(-w"(—t) + w(t)) = walt). In Cartesian forin, this becomes —wiy(—t) = —x(—t) + u(t) = 20) + 2y(t) = wealt) Equoting the real portions yields ~2(—é) = (f), and equating the imaginary portions yields y(—t) = y(t). ‘Thus, by definition, the real portion of wea(t) is odd and the imaginary portion of w.s(t) is even 1.5-L1, Complex signal w(t) is defined over (0 < ¢< 1). (2) Assigning certain properties to w(t) allows us to plat w(t) over (-1.<¢ <1) 1. If w(t) is even, w(t) = w(t), it is even in both the real and imaginary components. ‘Thus, the graph folds back on itself and appears unchanged 4312, (b) (a) (b) © Consicer, for example, point (2,1), whiel now corresponds to both = 1 and t=-1 3. If w(d) is odd, w(t) = —w(-2), it is odd in both the real and imaginary components. ‘Thus, the graph feflects about both the real and imaginary ii Th 0(t) is conjugate symmetric, w(t) = w"(—t), itis even in the real eompo- nent and odd in the imaginary component. Thus, the graph reflects about the real axis iv. If w(t) is conjugate antisymmetric, w(é) = —w*(-0), it is odd in the real component and even in the imaginary component. ‘Thus, the graph relects about the imaginary axis. Figure S1.5-11a: Plots of u(t) Since w(t) is only given over (0 < t < 1), w(St) can be determined only for (0 ¢ t < 1/3). Since the function does not change, only the time at which it occurs, the complex-plane graph of w(t) looks identical to the original complex- plane graph of w(t) with the exception that the points are assigned different times. For example, point (2,1) occurs now at £= 1/3. We know 2(1) = (1 +3) over (1 < t < 2). Since 2(0) is skew-Hermitian, a(t) = =2°(-t) and thus 2(0) = ~2(1 ~ 3) over (-2 1), To minimize ‘energy, x(t) is set to zero everywhere else. Thus, P+3) Ists?2 x)= p39) ate 0” otherwise MATLAB is used to sketch y(t) = Real (x(t)} b> xeebr © [(e.°24(149)) + (erat eCeeay)+ Pe. 24(1 D4 Care 2paCeer2)) 9; >> x ® inline(x_str); >> t= [-2.5:.001:2.81; plot(t,real (x(t)) 7); >> xlabel('t?); ylabel (’y(t)’); axie({-2.5 2.5 -4.5 4.51); MATLAB is used to sketch 2(¢) = Real {yz(—2¢ + 1)} 44Figure $1.5-12b: Plot of y(t) = Real {2(0)) D> xete = [Ct 2e(149)) ACE * Ce. -2e(1-§)) 4 >> x = inline(x_str); >> t = [-2.5:.001:2.5]; plot(t real (jex(-24t+1)),"k” >> wlabel (77); ylabel ?z(t)?); axis((-2.5 2.5 -4.5 4.8]); ace 1. The output y(t) is obtained by time compression of the input by factor a.’ Hence, the output can start before the input (see Figure S1.7-7e), and the system is not causal (4) y(t) = (at), a <1. The oatput y(t) is obtained by time expansion of the input by factor 1/2. Hence, the output can start before the input (see Figure $1.7-74), and the system is not causal, Figure S177 17-8, (a) Invertible because the input can be obtained by taking the derivative of the output, Hence, the inverse system equation is u(t) = d/dt (b) Not invertible for even values of n, because the sign information is lost. However, the system is invertible for odd values of n. The inverse system equation is w(t) = [2(Q1/. (c) Not invertible because differentiation operation irretrievable loses the constant part of x(t) (4) The system y(t) = x(t ~ 6) = 2(3{¢ — 2)) represents an operation of signal compression by factor 3, and then time delay by 2 seconds. Hence, the input can be obtained from the output by first advancing the output. by 2 seconds, and then time-expanding by factor 3. Hence, the inverse system equation is u(t) = 2( +2). Although the system is invertible, it is not realizable because it involves the operation of signal compression and signal advancing (which makes it noncausal). However, if we can accept time delay, we can realize a noncausal system (©) Not invertible because cosine is a multiple valued function, and cos~"{x(¢)] is not unique. (0) Invertible. 2(0) = nyt) 1.7.9. (a) Yes, the system is inear. Begin assuming ys (0) = r(¢)23(t) and ya(?) = r(t)za(¢) Applying az(t) + be2(t) to the system yields y(t) = r(t) (ax (t) + b2a(2)) = ar(t)ai(t) + br(t)za(t) = avi (t) + bya(t). (b) Yes, the system is memoryless. By inspection, it is clear that the system only ys y by insp depends on the current input 4817-10. wr (0) Yes, the system is causal. Since the system is memoryless, the system cannot depend on future values and must be causal {a) No, the system is not time-invariant. Since the system function depends on the independent variable ¢, it is unlikely that the system is time-invariant. ‘To explicitly verify, let y(t) = r(t)a(t). Next, delay (2) by 7 to obtain a new input z2 = x(¢~ 7). Applying zat) to the system yields va(t) = r(Q}z2{0) = r(t\e(t —7) ¢ r(¢—r)a(t— 7) = ylt—7). Since, the system operator and the time-shift operator do not commute, the system is not, time-invariant. Using the sifting property, thie system operation is rewritten as y(t) = 0.5(#(4) ~ 2(-#)). (a) This system extracts the odd portion of the input. (b) Yes, the system is BIBO stable. If the input is bounded, then the output is neces- sarily bounded. That is, if [2(@)| < Mz < co, then |y(¢)| = 10.5 (#(4) ~ 2(-9)| < 0.5 (le(t)] +] - 2(-O)) ¢ Me < 00. (©) Yes, the system is linear. Let w(t) = 0.5(z:(0) ~ 2(-t)) and w(t) = 0.5(22(0) ~ x2(—1))- Applying azs(t) + bra(t) to the system yields y(Q) 0.5 (ax,(t) + bra(t) — (axa(—t) + bara(—8))) = 0.5a(ar(t) —2i(—t)) + 0.50(z2(t) — a(-8) = arnt) + bunt) (a) No, the system is not memoryless. For example, at time ¢ = 1 the output (1) = 0.5(¢(1) ~ 2(=1)) depends on a past value of the input, 2(~1) (6) No, the system is not causal. For example, at time ¢ = —1 the output y(—1) = 0.5(2(-1) ~ 2(1)) depends om a futuce value of the input, 2(1). (f) No, the system is not time-invariant. For example, let the input be 2() = t{u(t-+1) —u(t—1)). Since this input is already odd, the output is just the input, ylt) = 2(t). Shifting by a non-zero 7, 2(¢ 7) is not odd, and the output is not u(t—r)=a(t- 7). Thus, the system cannot be time-invariant. (a) No, the system is not BIBO stable. The system returns the time-delayed deriva- tive, or slope, of the input signal. A square-wave is a bounded signal which, due to point discontinuities, has infinite slope at certain instants in time. ‘Thus, a bounded input may not result in a bounded output, and the system cannot be BIBO stable {b) Yes, the system is linear. Begin assuming w(t) = g2i(t — 1) and walt) = £ea(t 1). Applying azx(t) + bx0(0) to the system yields y(t) = # (ara(t 1) + dealt — 1) = eden (t— 1) + bza(t — 1) = evs (t) + bald. (c) No, the system is not memoryless. By inspection, it is clear that the system depends on a past value of the input. Por example, at t = 0, the output 4(0) depends on the time-derivative of 2(~1), a past value (2) Yes, the system is causal. By inspection, it is clear th depend on future values the aystem does not (6) Yes, the system is time-invariant. To explicitly verify let y(t) = $2(¢—1). Next, delay x(t) by 1 to obtain a new input 19 = 2(¢~7). Applying z(t) to the system yields yo(t) = 422(t) = £a(¢— 1-7) = ylt—7). Since, the system operator and the time-shift operator commute, the system is time-invariant. In more loose ‘terms, the derivative operator returns the delayed slope of a signal independent ‘of when that signal is applied. a917-12, (a) Yes, the system is BIBO stable. From the definition of the system, we know that (is either 2(t) oF 0. Correspondingly, if |2(4)| < oo then [y(6)| < 00, and the system must be BIBO stable. (b) No, the system is not linear. Consider two signals: 24(t) = 1 and a(t) = cos(t). The corresponding outputs of these individual signals is y;(t) = 1 and _ f costt) if coslt) > 0 i . wld) = { Oat cont) co However, if we create a third input a(t) = 21(0) + 22(0), the system output is ys(t) = 1+ cos(t) # w(t) + walt). Since superposition does not apply, the system cannot be linear. (6) Yes, the system is memoryless. By inspection, itis elear that the system only depends on the current input. (2) Yes, the system is causal. Since the system is memoryless, the system cannot ‘depend on future values and must be causal (6) Yes, the system is time-invariant, Consider delaying 2(¢) by 7 to obtain a new input 22 = x(t -r). Applying 22(t) to the system yields y(t) = a(t—r) if a(t—7)>0 0 if at-7)<0 time-shift operator commute, the system is time-invariant. = v(t— 7). Since the system operator and the 1.7-13. (a) No, Bill is not correct. ‘The 21(3t) term represents a compression rather than the necessary dilation, One way to construct 29(t) is xa(t) = 22y(t/3) ~ ax(t ~ 1). However, this form is not unique; 2(¢) = 22,(t) + 2,(t~ 1) + 22,(¢ ~ 2) also works and may be more useful. 0 ‘The output y;(t) is given for the input signal x(t). ‘The expression a(t) = 22,(0)-+21(t~ 1) +25(t—-2) forms 22(t) from a superposition of sealed and shifted copies of (1). Since the system is linear and time invariant, the operations of scaling, summing, and shifting commute with the system operator. Thus, val) = Blt) + alt 1) + 2n(t 2). Notice, it is not true that y(t) = 2y(t/3) — y(t — 1); linearity and time-invariance cannot help with the time- scaling operation. MATTLAB is used to plot y2(¢). D> t= [et 001: 4}5 yt = Sndine(e,+((t>-o)e(te1))+(t>=1) 7); D> yd = Dey A(t)¥y 1G) 42491 (8-2); >> plov(t,y_2,"k-'); elabel(’t7); ylabel(?y_2(t)’); axis({-1 4 -.5 6.51); Figure $1.7-18b: Plot of yn(t) = 21 (2) + u(t = 1) + 2y(¢ -2) 501.8-1. The loop equation for the circuit is Bult) +Dy(t)=2(0) or (D+S)n(t) = 2) a Alko 1 Dinlt) =n) = w(t) = Fuel) 2 Substitution of (2) in (1) yields (D+3) LP ylt)= x(t) or (D+3)0(0) = Del) 1.8-2, The currents in the resistor, capacitor and inductor are 2y(¢), Dya(t) and (2/D)yn(t), respectively. Therefore (+24 Zale) = a0) “ (D? + 2D + 2)yolt) = Dz(t) a) “ n= Du) or mi)= utd ® Substituting of (2) m () yields PAD +2 « Delo) (D? +2D + 2)in() = D¥x() 1.8.8, The freebody diagram for the mass Mf is shown in Figure 1.8-3. From this diagramn it follows that My = Be — 9) + K(z-y) (MD? + BD + K)y(t) = (BD + K)z() M Bay) Kory) Figure 183 1844, The loop equation forthe fld coi is (DLy + Ry ig() = x(t) a TFT) the torque gunerate, then T(t) = Kyig(t) = (JD? + BDO) 2) 51Substituting of (1) in (2) yields Slo = (Ub? + BDH) mt “ (JD® + BD)(DLy + Ry)O(t) = Kyz(t) Les [alt) — go(t)]At = ASA ite) = Hac) — (0) @ But, golt) = Ra(t) (2) Differentiation of (2) yields ott) = Ri(e) = Flatt) ~ a0] (0+ 8) w= Fac (D + a)ao(t) = aai(t) a=F (3) and go(t) = a(t) Brat a) a) = aera or D+ onto = aco 1.8-6. (a) The order of the system is zero; there are no energy storage components such as, capacitors or inductors. (b) Using KVL on the left loop yields 2(t) = Risn (t) + Ro(us (0) ~ volt) = 3un(e) — 2yz(t). KVL on the middle loop yields 0 = Re(ya(t)—1i(0)+ Royal) + Ra(ya(t)— ys(1)) = —20s(2)-+9y2(4)—4up(t). Finally, KVL on the right loop yields Ra(va(t)— ua(t)) + (Rs + Re)ua(t) = —dyo(t) + 15ys(t). Combining together yields 3-2 0 mit) a(t) -2 9 -4]] w(t) |=] 0 0 4 15 | | at) o(c) Cramer's rule suggests -4 ws MATLAB computes the denominator determinant. >> dot({3 -2 03-2 9 850 -4 15]) ans = 297 ‘The numerator determinant is easy computed by hand as 0-+0-+ 82(¢) = Thus, s te- con apy 2 Heos(OD we ~ 0). 1.2041. From Figure P1.82, we obtain a(t)=q/24+a +a 8a(t). Morcover, the capacitor voltage a(t) equals the voltage across the inductor, which is ip. Hence, the state equations are f=-n/2-g-2 and = 2m 1.10-2, The capacitor current Cgs = 44s is q1 ~ go. Therefore ay = 2m — 2 ‘The two loop equations are With tgs 2 = 2 get e 1 Hay G2 bg = 09 de = Bon + 3a Equations (1), (2) and (3) are the state equations. For the 20 resistor: current is qu, voltage is 2g, For the 1H inductor: current is qu, voltage is gx = 2(0) — 2g — 43. For the capacitor: current is g; — gz, voltage is gs For the 4H inductor: current i go, voltage is Bia = ~@2 + 4s. For the 19 resistor: current is gz and voltage is qs a) (2) (@) ‘At the instant t, ¢1 = 5, g = 1, ¢) = 2 and x= 10, Substituting these values in the ‘above results yields 20 resistor: current 6A, voltage 10A. 1H capacitor: current 5A, voltage 10 ~ 10 ~2.= ~2V. ‘The capacitor: current 5 ~ 1 = 4A, voltage 2V. ‘The 4H inductor: current 1A, voltage -1+2=1V. ‘The 10 resistor: current 1A, voltage LV.