Mt s vn trong tnh ton sc chu ti cc ng theo Tiu chun

22TCN 272-05
Tm tt
Bi ny tm tt mt s kinh nghim ca tc gi trong qu trnh p dng tnh ton sc chu
ti cc ng, qua nu ln nhng kh khn trong vic p dng Tiu chun 22TCN 27205 ng thi nghin cu xut mt s phng php v cng thc c th p dng trong
tnh ton thit k, nhm gip cc k s tr c th tip cn d dng v lm ch c nhng
kt qu tnh ton ca mnh.
Khi qut chung
Vic tnh ton sc chu ti (SCT) ca cc theo cc tiu chun trc y (Quy trnh
thit k cu cng theo trng thi gii hn 22TCN 18-79; Mng cc tiu chun thit k
20TCN 21-86; Mng cc tiu chun thit k TCXD 205-98) thng khng gy kh khn
nhiu cho ngi thit k. Ni dung tnh ton SCT cc theo cc tiu chun ny tng i
n gin v d hiu; tra bng c ma st n v cng nh cng mi cc ph thuc
vo loi t (t st th da vo st I, t ct th cn c vo trng thi t) v su
lp t phn b ri p vo cng thc tnh ton SCT l xong.
Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh p dng Tiu chun 22TCN 272 -05 th mc d cc k
s thit k khng mc bt k sai st no trong thc hin cc php tnh ton nhng khi
tnh ton xong vn c cm gic bn khon, trn tr v cha hi lng vi cc kt qu tnh
ton. Nhng cu hi bn khon ca nhng ngi c kinh nghim trong tnh ton, kiu
nh: Khng bit tnh ton ng cha? Tnh theo phng php ny th khng t
nhng theo phng php khc li tha rt nhiu? Bn khon la chn gia cc cng thc
tnh, phng php tnh. Vi mong mun lm sng t nhng bn khon trn, tc gi
nghin cu tip cn h thng quy trnh, tiu chun theo trit l thit k hin i, tham
kho, trao i v tip thu kinh nghim tnh ton ca mt s n v t vn ln, mt s tc
gi vit sch trong v ngoi nc kt hp vi hiu bit ca bn thn thng qua mt s
cng trnh thit k, thi cng v c kt qu c th. thng nht trong tnh ton, ng
thi to ra c hi trao i rng ri ca cc ng nghip cng nh vic t vn cho Ch u
t hay thuyt phc c Thm nh, bi vit ny i su vo vic phn tch cc kh khn
khi p dng 22TCN 272-05 v kin ngh mt s phng php, cng thc trong tnh ton.
Cng lu rng, trong bi vit ny ch cp n SCT ca cc ng theo t nn, cn
vic tnh ton SCT cc theo vt liu l tng i n gin c th xem iu 5.7.4 ca Tiu
chun 22TCN 272-05.
1. Nhng kh khn khi p dng Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05 trong tnh ton
1.1 S lc v sc khng dc trc ca cc ng theo Tiu chun 22TCN 272-05
Khi qut
Sc khng ca cc c th c c tnh bng cch dng cc phng php phn tch
hay phng php th nghim hin trng. Sc khng cc bao gm sc khng thnh bn
v sc khng mi cc. Trong tnh ton, t nn c chia lm 2 nhm chnh l t dnh
(cc loi t st) v t ri (cc loi t ct, bn khng do). Cc h s sc khng tng

ng c ly theo bng 10.5.5-2 ca tiu chun, cng trong bng ny cn ch n h s

v thay i t 0,80 n 1,00.
Phng php phn tch l thuyt (c tnh na thc nghim): Phng php ny c
tnh ton da trn s liu cng khng ct khng thot nc ca t Su, xc nh bng
th nghim nn 3 trc khng c kt khng thot nc theo Tiu chun ASTM D2850
hoc AASHTO T 234. Phng php ny ch p dng cho t dnh, sc khng l hm ca
Su. V sc khng thnh bn tiu chun a ra 3 phng php (chi tit tng phng php
tham chiu tiu chun) l phng php , phng php , phng php .
Phng php hin trng (da trn cc th nghim hin trng): Phng php ny s
dng kt qu SPT hoc CPT v ch p dng cho t ri.
1.2. Mt s kh khn khi p dng tiu chun trong tnh ton
Mt s bt cp
Nhn thy, theo tiu chun th phng php na thc nghim ch dng c cho t dnh,
cn phng php thc nghim ch dng c cho t ri nh vy trong mt cng trnh
cn phi c c s liu th nghim Su v va phi c s liu th nghim SPT th mi tnh
ton c; iu ny nh hng n gi thnh cng trnh. Nh vy nu d n khng c s
liu Su t th nghim m ch c s liu SPT th vic tnh ton cho lp t dnh theo tiu
chun s phi quy i t SPT sang Su (cng thc tham kho ti liu [5], [6] v mt s
sch nc ngoi) iu ny dn n kt qu khng cn chnh xc na.
Mt s kh khn trong tnh ton
Phng php ch ra trong Tiu chun 22TCN 272 -05 (theo Tomlinson 1987), theo
phng php ny th h s ph thuc vo Su, cc lp a cht v chiu su ngm cc
trong tng chu lc. Xc nh da vo 3 trng hp theo Tomlison 1987 ca [1] l rt
kh khn, nhiu khi mang tnh ch quan v ph thuc nhiu vo quan nim ca tng
ngi thit k. Mt s kh khn c th k n nh sau: Th nht l vic quan nim cc
lp t sao cho ng, trong thc t cc thng xuyn qua s lp; nhng trng hp ny
u phi quy v mt trong ba trng hp ca Tomlison (y chnh l mt hn ch m [1]
khng ch ra, cng theo [7] th iu kin bt buc khi s dng phng php
Tomlinson l s lp t 2 (lp) v lp t dui mi cc phi l lp t st cng), vy
iu kin a cht Vit Nam cn c mt s trng thi t kh ph bin nh st na cng,
do cng hay st th sao? Th hai, l trong ba trng hp ca Tomlinson th gi tr
ch ph thuc vo gi tr Su vi ba trng hp c th ca DB l DB
< 10D, DB = 20D v DB > 40D, vi DB l chiu di on cc ngm trong tng chu lc, D
l ng knh hay b rng ca cc ng; cn cc trng hp trung gian th [1] cng
khng nu r.
Vn ny tc gi cng cp vi ngi vit ti liu [5] v c cu tr li l cc gi
tr trung gian th ni suy, tuy nhin vic ni suy y l rt kh khn, thiu chnh xc v
mang tnh ch quan bi v ng cong ca Tomlinson l ng cong thc nghim, cc
gi tr ph thuc khng phi l tuyn tnh. Cn lu rng, bn thn Tomlinson tc gi
cun sch Pile design and construction practice cng vit rng qua h v Su l c xu
hng bo th (nguyn vn : tend to conservative results), ti liu [5] dng t rt k d
cp ti vn ny.
2. Mt s phng php v cng thc tnh ton ngoi tiu chun

 khc phc nhng bt cp v kh khn nu trn, tc gi ngh mt s

phng php v cng thc tnh ton mi c th tham kho p dng trong qu trnh tnh
ton lm c s so snh, rt ra kt lun cn thit v i khi l phng php khng th thay
th.
2.1. Phng php l thuyt
Phng php - Tomlinson 1980: Trong nhiu trng hp (c nhiu lp t xem kp
nhau ln ln) c th p dng phin bn c ca Tomlinson (1980), trong phin bn ny
Tomlinson ch ua ra mt trng hp duy nht, (khc vi Tomlinson 1987 c 3 trng
hp) xem phn 2.5.1.1 ca ti liu [5].
Phng php - API (American Petrolium Institute): y l phng php ca Vin du
kh Hoa K, phng php ny s dng c ng sut tng v ng sut hu hiu. Ta vn
dng phng trnh tnh ton nh ca Tomlinson 1987 nhng h s c tnh ton bng
cng thc nh sau:
= 0.5 -0.5 nu 1.0;
= 0.5 -0.25 nu > 1.0 v max = 1
Vi = Su/Sv; v (hay p) l ng sut hu hiu ti im gia phn t cc ang xt.
Tuy phng php API t c mi ngi bit n nh phng php
Tomlinson, nhng n c nhng u im nh sau: phng php API n gin, d lp
trnh (v c dng cng thc, khng phi ni suy nn vic tnh gi tr l kh d dng);
qua so snh vi th nghim nn tnh cho thy API c tin cy cao hn
Tomlinson; c bit nu ta biu th quan h v fi = .Su trn th vui nhng gi tr
ng sut hu hiu nht nh th khng cn im k d nh ca Tomlinson, iu ny
phn nh ng thc t hn.
2.2. Phng php hin trng
Trong phng php hin trng, bi ny ch cp n s dng kt qu xuyn
Tiu chun SPT, v y l phng php ph bin hin nay hay dng. Trong Tiu chun
22TCN 272-05 cp ti vn ny nhng ch dnh cho t ri (xem iu 10.7.3.4).
Di y, tc gi trnh by thm v phng php ca Meyerhof c tp th nhiu tc
gi (Schmertmanm, lai, Graham, Mac Veight...) sa i b sung lin tc trong hn 10
nm qua p dng cho mi loi cc c sn, trong mi loi t v vi tin cy cao
hn. Cch tnh ny ban u c t tn l SPT91, SPT 94 ri SPT97; t nay thng
nht ngi ta gi l Cch tnh Schmertmanm.
Sc khng thnh bn v sc khng mi ca cc c d bo trn kt qu th
nghim N60, N60 l s nht p ng SPT i c 30cm hiu chnh v 60% nng
lng hu ch trong th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT; N60 = N.CE vi: N l tr s SPT,
CE = Eh/60; Eh l t l phn trm nng lng hu ch ca thit b SPT (thng Eh = 30
60). Ch vi N60 < 5 th ly N60 = 0(b qua ma st thnh bn khi t yu) v N60 > 60
th ly N60 = 60.
t nn c chia lm 4 nhm: Nhm 1 l t st; nhm 2 l hn hp st bi ct,
ct c nhiu bi, bi; nhm 3 l ct v nhm 4 l vi mm, ct ln nhiu v s, v hn
(vic phn nhm t nn chi tit hn so vi [1] ch c t dnh v t ri). Sc khng l
hm ca tr s SPT N60 (xem bng 1 v bng 2). Sc khng mi cc c ly gi tr trung

bnh ca 2 im cch pha trn mi cc mt on l 8D v cch pha di mi cc mt

on l 3,5D; vi D l ng knh hay b rng ca cc.
Lu , theo cch tnh Schmertmanm, th khng dng c h s sc khng nh
mc 10.5.5.2 ca Tiu chun [1], cng theo phng php ny c thm khi nim sc chu
ti huy ng. Sau khi tnh c sc khng thnh bn n v qs v sc khng mi n v qp,
ta nhn vi din tch thnh bn As v din tch mi cc Ap. ta c tng sc khng thnh
bn Qs v tng sc khng mi cc Qp. Khi sc chu ti huy ng s c tnh theo
cng thc:
Qh = Qs + Qp/3
i vi cc b tng v cc thep ch H.
Qh = Qs + Qp/2
i vi cc ng thp.
V sc chu ti cho php c coi l [Q] = Qh/2; nh vy c th thy h s ssc
khng thnh bn s = 1/2 v sc khng mi p = 1/6 i vi cc ng b tng.
Bng 1: Sc khng thnh bn fi hay qs (kPa), cch tnh Schmertmanm SPT
K
Loi t
hiu
1
t st
2
Hn hp st bi-ct;
ct c nhiu bi, bi
3
Ct
4
vi mm; ct ln
nhiu v s, hn

Cc b tng

Cc thp ch H

Cc ng thp

2.N (110-N)/41,84
2.N (110-N)/47,86

2.N(110-N)/55.72
-2,17+3,16N-0,044N2
+ 2,36.10-4N-3
1,11.N
0,73. N

18,58+20,93Ln(N)
23,27+10,08Ln(N)

1,82. N
0,96.N

5,55+14,56Ln(N)
1,72+12,83Ln(N)

Bng 2. Sc khng mi cc qp (kPa), cch tnh Schmertmanm SPT

K hiu
1
2

Loi t
Cc b tng v Cc thp ch H
t st
67. N
Hn hp st bi-ct; ct c
153. N
nhiu bi, bi
3
Ct
306 . N
4
vi mm; ct ln nhiu v
345.N
s, hn
(Ch : Trong Bng 1 v bng 2 cho gn khi trnh by, N60 c vit l N)

Cc thp ch H
46.N
92.N
126. N
184. N

Kt lun v kin ngh

i vi ngi lm cng tc thit k nn mng cn thu trit mt lun im rng
mi tnh ton mng cc theo l thuyt u ch l d tnh, kt qu phi c kim nghim
qua thc t th ti hin trng v thc t sc chu ti ca cc ph thuc nhiu vo tng v

tr xy dng, nh hng ca qu trnh thi cng; cng nh tnh chnh xc ca cc s liu

thit k.
Trong qu trnh tnh ton, thit k cn kt hp tnh bng nhiu phng php, nhiu
cng thc khc nhau qua c th so snh cc kt qu v rt ra kt lun cn thit.
Trong tnh ton c bit lu ti th nguyn ca cc i lng nu trong cng thc. V
tm quan trng ca h s sc khng ct khng thot nc (Su) khi thit k mng cc
trong t dnh theo h thng tiu chun mi nn trong cng tc kho st a cht k thut
cng nh khi tin hnh cc th nghim trong phng phi c bit coi trong phng php
th nghim v tnh bt buc phi c cng nh tnh chnh xc ca thng s ny.
KS. Nguyn Huy Hon, KS. Nguyn Dng
(Ngun tin: T/C Cu ng Vit Nam, s 12/2006)