TYPE OF

PRETREATMENT
Acid-based
Concentrated acid

Dilute acid

Alkaline
Dilute NaOH

ADVANTAGES
*Highly improvement of
enzymatic hydrolysis

*Low cost material

*efficient degradation of
hemicellulose and some lignin
disruption

DISADVANTAGES
*Product can form toxic and
hazardous
*Need high-resistance
corrosive material
*highly cost
*Destruction of some part of
xylose can form inhibitors and
toxic to fermentation
*for better hydrolysis process
need high temperature

*High removal of lignin

*Inexpensive material

*Ineffective degradation of
hemicellulose
*Ineffective for high lignin
content biomass
*low lignin recovery

Ammonia fiber explosion

(AFEX)

*High removal of lignin

*Less downstream inhibitors
*Ammonia can be reused
*could handle high dry matter
content

*Ineffective degradation of
hemicellulose
*Ineffective for high lignin
content biomass
*High cost of ammonia and
ammonia recovery

Ammonia recycle percolation

(ARP)

*High removal of lignin

*Produce less downstream
inhibitor
*efficient for hardwood and
low lignin biomass
*Ammonia can be reused

*Ineffective degradation of
hemicellulose
*Less effective for softwood
*High energy cost
*High cost of ammonia and
ammonia recovery

*High removal of
hemicellulose
*moderate cost
*No addition of chemical

*Destruction of part of xylose

*form inhibitor for
fermentation
*Limited disruption of lignin

*High removal of
hemicellulose
*Low degradation of sugar
*No addition chemical
*No need for neutralization

*Limited disruption of lignin

*favor low dry matter content
*Higher downstream energy
demand

Neutral
Steam explosion

Liquid hot water

Sources: Bin Gou 2012 (ad *dias)