ae ree onw md iereg ae = Scere ae eae ees eae ears eee oe ee YP nvesnca TON OF NOS ee 38 Quntineepiee: tia 8 SS OF DEATH wooo 3 Ton inept Amar 8 meet ny Wiss tfesasermnee nebo Se Samo Seay Coon oD Wink eftewemtes cea Fa he theese Sage etn 398 ter Cara 8 Bestest Wong Pathol! Chalten of Death 188 Xi, FHFYSICAL RUURIES IN DISPERENT PARTS ore mooe ; tenmioaet 3M . ‘Sarma! 31P DEAD BODIES 2 ae Depo of Da DEATH OR Pt YSICAL NVORES ° \/(XIL_DEATITOR ETYSICAL URES CAUSED : BY EXPLOSION retial Expaon | 322 Gas Expouon 322 eeu fhe Sie a apse tnd Clleston of Eedenses "26LEGAL MEDIC the ta Botong to « Male or @Femalet ry indance ie gute impossible to sate the sex from the othe cap of mle are shorter, thicker and more why than fro ha of wma gees Long and more wiry than hat Prccent Advance in Forel Medioine by Sydney Smith and bp 13) gute gift and the examiner hesttas in giving his However, there are some points of tinct fe fine, shor, Sficont of piguents and, as a i tcay appear a the puble. alr on the filer persons, the coloe is usually white oF gray, Stal absorption of pigments and dagenerative change. Chapter 1V MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH (0? Nimporane of Death Determination: 1. The cul personality of e natural person ts extinguld by death: The cil penalty i extinguitimt by death, ‘The etfeh of eath upon ‘the rghis and abligstions 3 the decsaed is deter | ‘mined by aw, by contract and by will (Art 42, Civil Code). 2. The property of a person is trmwhtted fo his heirs tthe tne of na Succesion a mode of acquisition by virtue of which the ‘roperyy rights aod obligations to the extent of the value of the ‘nhertance of « person ae. tamed his death ‘throwge ‘nother or ethers ether by will or by operation sf lw (AR rt Code) 5s det of « pomer on of he sae of ition of rinerhipegrements if Duusolution (of « partnecship) is caused, .. (8) by the death of ‘any partner. (Art 1880, Cl Code, ‘The death of ether the principal or agent ix a mode of extingwah- iment of arenes: “Aezncy_ is oxtlgulehed. . . (3) By death, cil ‘insanity or insclveney of the princigal oof the agent 1918, Con! Code). 5 The criminality of «person i extingahed by death: Ho coal aby oa tage Cin abst stay ented one 1. By deh of th comic, at the person pena ad {© pecumary penalty tector gene snip when the death atthe eftimdet seas aioe ei {i 9 Revie Pena Code) © The civil case for claims which does not suruive és diamieed death ofthe defendant When the action is for recovery of money, debt or ~ thereon, and the defendant dies before the fal judgment | ‘court ofthe First Insiance, shall be dismissed to be | in the manner expecially provided by thew roles (lle 3, See, 21, Rules of Cour),tinea MEDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH 3 2. Some counts o* sats pride both bain and card ian sone court ll tates sn am clone oeceecic way in the determination of Ee sgl persone having maey caine sine the ‘moment of death. In 1970, the cate of Kamas fo > state which spores ore carly the — Gupte 378 of te ‘TA penen willbe conedered medicaly and igaly dead the onion of phen, bana pritee, thre bine absence of spontaneous apa Eidac Kimicn snd Deerae of e dade ot ‘ited, Gace or iterty, these futons to cee. or ReSERE, of the peange ot te net these fwecos nina metered apes; ein nee tive cccuted at Us me eae fanetiona ces ‘Seana person wl bo conedered medical ef legally don inthe opinion of a physica, bead on ordinary aandants of matical practice, thene ls the absence of spontaneous Brat ne Son; and if based om ordinary stangaede Of tail praetiey sring resonable nian of estore spom ‘sit train function, tt appears that farther atlempts a fee Saton or aupportve maintenance wil ot aueced, deat wile | occurred a the tine when these conditions fit coincide. Death ie 09 be pronounead before artical mens af supporting te Piraory and cxculaory function ate lerminaied tm betowe an ‘ot ory is rmoved for purpome of taneplantation.” en Death er : ‘establish a=eondition of ot ‘Tommenatons a mde Bp ' Acconing tothe Herd Report of 1968, te lalowing are the cca, Serra ca ae ree Unrecetisty and unreponabty — There «aad srt etry ape a pa ereponstenas oer os nies baat si not sven ¢ Bla, Wiha a ini Aneel Dug ‘tt beast 1 hour by--phys s oe Dirtion oF response to tnhul wel a‘A. KINDS OF DEATIE IC DEATH OR CLBICAL DEATH MTs te nate ofthe. body in whch thei comple, per. a ate cent na fn Sta Sher sed ung whieh mania Mien beth ears taoment-a phyacianot th oMher menbaof the family Serio has xpi, aod some of e-exy ane ge fremnt Ht heal powble to termine Oat ota fli. nyse death the face and lpe bore pala the Be aie tae ts bce meee er ee To dro the eyes wemaln open pops ce and oe Fors cht. The bony ll ten to gare toe ; yoluntaril it foweien fy binds rotary at at oe cn fren cal Towahn! who coal be abl to as 4 esos for halt an hou), Involuntary supension nat the aa fn nalouth, A newly born child ay seman ot the rDICO LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH Ww ‘ater angry re fom i ad walk wrlded, Tho relative hoe sod alt motte "and placed wrest at's cotta Dea ‘rade, 1808) 2B. SiCNS oF DeaTHS 4. CESSATION OF MEARE ACTION AND CIRCULATION: ‘Tiere it be an ene nd continuous ceuntion of te bert ‘ction sm low-0€ Hood is ths Wale Vacant omic Kio erat emesion ofthe hewt ation ise sompeaie min a The ene of tine the heart, ‘atin! devends upon the length of tine iis mally ‘tabled and upon the oxyarauion of Hood atte fe of tho ‘suptosion Cat‘ geoeral tule, if thee le no Meat eas ee Pio of ive inutn deaths agar tec Resprtion cones frequently before the appage of heart oration and cultion. Unsally the mache & ton et Serltaces afar soi death for slonger period tha the vette ‘nd the ails the lato cop, hence called ulttmen tee ert continues to beat for twenty ‘after the inva bas been execs ‘cul we fete In decapaton ot ‘a present for an how after desptaion Aeglose of Detecting the Ceution of Heart Action end Cie 8 Esaminetion ofthe Heart: (4) Papen of tee ation the Bergh ood veel may be mage at he tein ofthe wrt oH tho nea’ Te eae ne vessis i wachronon ih he Kent ber Paleton 9 very impaceptble amd ieegue Seen Sine enperznct much aiieaty (2) Auction for he eat Sod the Brecon Aree ‘he thythne contetion and enzation ofthe dil trough the wetbonpe. Heat toast eee ‘dole drag te eson without teat ts nese ty cng waa he peor ae Errors the Method of Determining Hert Aeton (9) The heat Nef. ike other muni bea ate ot ‘sponta and nt treat (01h hear wound tay ot alvays be spree to the ‘sve withthe i ofthe vathoncopeoF Saar a ‘The ear beat is accompanied by the passage of oct ieart_which maybe recorded in diogach. achiae. The rdicersph il recor the hear best fren if it too weak ta be heard fy-aasealaton “TR the bet method. of- determining beat arian ful cna a Feniration of th ct Ce GB) stagnns Tet The color of the area where the litare ee no appaselable changr-of color i « Tine person svcutsncouay. i czeation leit Sead all-over the ody and ew resis yellow deoors 75 Zhan, the solution will just retin atthe ‘Thos test should be applied only withthe use oft dayheht 4s tho color ie iffielt to be appreciated with she se 0 ‘el heh. ee "ESSATION OF RESPIRATION vewiyeborn infants may commence only be but may be sesUEcAL MEDICINE nods of Detecting Cesation of Respiration Buyone the chert and abdomen and observe the movement tring inapuation and expiation famine the person with the aid of a stethoscope which ix faced atthe base of the antetior expec ofthe neck and hear und of the curent of sir passing through the tachea during tach phat of repiation. Beariation with «Miror: “The ssrlace of 2 cold looking glass i held in tront of the ‘mout and nostra. I there is dimming of the mirror after hae, Uhece isl respiration. ‘The diming of the cold aor ie dus othe condensation of the warm mois sir exhaled om the Linge respiration ie ell going on. Mowever, must tote forgotten that the dining Of the miror maybe due to the expuldon ofthe air from the hungs de to the contraction ffitie diaphragm in rigor mots. Ondinanlythore sno cimming ‘of the miror wien the subject ic cen. ‘Rzamination with 9 Feather or Cotton Fibers Pace fine feather or a seip of eotton tn frat ofthe lips ‘api nous If thee ie movement of the feather or eotion not ‘Gor to external al, respration is present. The feather or coon sxpintion ‘mil be blown away doring find toward tho ‘nt mouth during mepraion the slightrt movement of outade air or nervousnes ofthe will ore the feather oF cotton fibers. Bremination with o Glas of Water: places fies alt fll of water atthe rion of she chest. if Morface of the water is smooth and sable, there is 00 ftom taving place, but if fe waves OF water movement then respiration is taking place. This snot a good Tpoause of the difficulty of preventing movement of the ce whore Une body hes. inc ns ovement of the imag fred by reecting ‘The progreniv fof the body temperature i one ofthe mos ‘Horinet ta of ath "he tate of collng of the ty sot wilr. Tie rapkt ae ath cos tae or Soong tera the ody gual approaches the temperate of he ings the ie become dower Tie fete to tll exactly the lone of toe the body il awuime the tempersice of the suroundings Sever foccors Sneence hea ol othe body tamper ‘he fal of tempera may seer btor death he follow sng concn once Sri © Calioae “he fal of tomperatirs of 16 to 20 degree fahrenheit is con sired asa cert ngn of death Pout mortem Galore is te eo tgeate of the bod ‘after death duc to rapid and early putrefactive changes or ca itera tuners she death Paskmoren elorcty my dean the folowing conditions Pmcre " the fotowing cond 5 alow tev ‘ectrsInucncing the Ret of Coking ofthe Body + Condon tht we conesteg withthe ns {8} Factor Delaying Cooing (a) Acate pores ets, {6) Suen deat ego Fenth {2} Obesity of person {3) Death fom apy. {2} Death ofthe mide ge (2) Factors Accelerating Cooling. aay sae the body. : (Nena oan — Chron pyres dinrsn uciated with wasting(a) Clotnes (8) Want ot teen fa tthe Body {2 Small 00m (2) Warm sumosndings. ecore Accelerating Cooking (6 Untotaed body {S) Conditions lowing the acon of sr [f) Large room persue dnipation of he ove pid water han in a be sverige rte of fall ofthe Lemperatare during the fat ts Inoue sone al of the ference ofthe Sony omperatane 2 hat of hone Daring the next two hours, tho tmperatare alison halt of revs rate, and duving the sieseeding Ewe Nous ib ‘tthe ast mentions ate Ts a genera rule the Sody attain the temperate of che nding ut ffom 12 %0 18 hour after dea In opie Medical Jurepradence and Taxisoiogy by Mek, ath od». 120) make an approximate etinate of the duration of death ‘This formals x only sppucable 9 cases where the rectal Perfure has not yet anmimed the temperature of the aur ines otherwie, the rel willbe constant. Cremica Method ree “now formla forte dotermibation of the tme of da "eons ceeeroapinal uid examine forthe (bf beetie acd (LA), non-protein nitrogen "(A.A and whos auillary temperature 3 tempentane xiderytempertars ‘The lctie acd content of te eerthroapind fu ae rom 16 ta. over 300 me per 100 ce. The ar etn ring te ‘rt hows folowing det ‘The somivoten mivogen (NPN) increases from 16 to 40 bby antesoctern anemia and raps eooting of the Body. Amino eit (A.A.) increas fom 1 mg. to 12 me percent during the re 20 Roure, but the reel wotied by pe ‘cooling af te bd, Limitations ofthe Schourips Porm hemi ange inochi sar move api ha a a ‘Ge ae to person over the egeof 18 years ‘Tue cerbeoepna sd mit be tee of bed, the presence of Tnjeres mut not have allowed the scape of cerebrospinal a 1 of corah 4: Dah mua hore oocnved within a period 18 hours price to the wibdeeal of the taple of xeon that tow the changes i he concenieatos pet tong a oe {ine kre (Moder Trond Forense Medics 69 et Sinpoon 195% pp 8509) meee 4: INSENSIOILITY OF THE BODY AND LOSS OF FOWER TO MOVE: After death the whole body i insecatbl, No iiod of stimulus ‘scapable of lezing the body have volstary movement. ‘This condion mts be observed in conjunction ih ca ‘thet best md exeulation and cemstion ot vepastgn, ‘The imsmsblty and tows of power to move mey be presen “hough ving, i the folowing comstion: 4. Apopleny 1 Epepes. Trance, .Catalepay. Coretta concussion, 1 Hyena.LEAL MEDICINE jes TE SIN folowing se the changes undertone by the sin after death i tay be obsewed tobe plea waxy looking Sus to absence of coculon, Ateazt ibe sia sell the om ent portnswil develop vd ducolosion a ant pfihe gmdation of blood, ey eee the cones Bi cs aes Sh cre on hs back. Cvs Sopee of premie a ed one face tomedily after Seah snl maybe me aot produce lst: or infantry ection on ins un ibe ining, a falseenaiory edema’ wil devon on AND ABOUT THE EVE: el Refs: Ste ra ot capable of mig oy con wat Tamayo ih Mauna Howey be of eal ty de tx found na ving pen the flowing Clousing of he Comes moist by the application of saline shin ster death wil romain tanmpaent. Opacity of the comes ‘may be found in certain inns, Ike cholera, and therfore ‘Shot arable gn of death. Flaeiity oft Eyaba ‘After death, tho ovttal male owe thei tne eating the fnwa-italtonion rapidly tall The eyeball sinks Ins the orbital four. Intraoral tension i low The Pup ts th Potion of Reet ‘The sacle of the Ws lowe stone, ‘The pupil can not ‘4 to light ‘The sir ofthe pupil varie atthe tine of deat however, f contacied, It may infer owning BY teats drops “A relaxed Ws imay be found in fe im the following (2) Aetion of drugs ike atropine (2) Uremin (3) Tabeadoreli, (2 Apoplesy. *Ophthatmoscoptc Findings: (0) The optic seis pale ond hae the appearance of optic rosy (2) The remaining portion of the fundus may have 8 yellow linge which later changes toa brownish gre¥ of sats color (8) The retina becomes pale ke the optic die, (4) The retin! ves become wigmentd, no cidence of blood ‘om. ‘The Fetinal vein and atari ar inditinguishabe 4 “Tacha aolr de ts wlerotique Aflec death a spot may be found in the scees, ‘The spot shh may be ova or round or may be trimer with te boos toward the cores and may appear in the sloraa few hoursafter death At the beginning fen yellowish but bier h Geese -rown or black: This is believed to be due to Une thins of ‘he seer theretiy making the pigmented hort vse ACTON OF HEAT ON THE SKIN: ‘This tat useful to determine whether death occured betore ‘or after the application of best “The heat is applied to a portion of the leg ot stm. if death i eal, only & dry blister is produced, The epiermis is aid Yapricking the Blier: noid present. Thete no rene of Tcrounding an. In the lrne the Binercontsns toa Gere and wren of vital reaction (congzation) on he tin around Following Combtrctiont of Signe Show Death has Occurred Low of animal hoot. plat not compatine wth ite Avwnce of responce of muscle 0 iuioe Omit of gor mort (G CHANGES IN THE BODY FOLLOWING Dit SIN THE MUSCLE {After death, there is complete relation ofthe whole muscular ster death and later "ety ws in Secondary wenttion the muscles wil appear jut when Secompontion har et eke Mosular Turse Panes Thue Stages AMter Deal Btege of primary flccidty (postmortem muscslr sbi ‘he ruses are Telated amd capahi of contacting wien stimulated. The pupls are dilated. the whincers are telat, sand there i incontinence of uration and etecation Stage of post-mortem rity (Cadavere rity, or Deth rule of muscis oF Rigor Mort) The whole body becomes rip doe to the contraction ofthe ules This develops thse to ahours afer death and may Rist from twenty fort Citys hours Stee of econdary aceity or commencement of putefation (Decay of the maces) ‘The muscles beeome faced, no longe capable of sponding fo mechanical of electrical stimulus and the reaction becomet liane Sua ofPrinary Flaciity of Period of Mascuar Heritability: Ineecintely aftr death, there. in complete rlaration and ning of al the maces ofthe body."‘The extremities my flned, the lower aw fall, the eyeball lows te eran, a cr ay be icortinence of urination and defecation. “To determine whether the riices ar sl wrtebe,apoly ‘This sage usally late out thee to et hours after dest, 1m warm plscss the averapr duration only one hour ead ity ‘neminutes (Blackened by Bod p. 128) Ghemically, the reaction of the mle ie slate and the ‘ermal constituents of the taivdual mune protnos ae the Stace of Poxteqoctem Rigi, or Cadaneric Rigi, of Death ‘Stifening. or FDeath Strugsic of Manley" rigor mors, 1. Om nt hur er dah the wea sadly len ‘sh downmaran oth Se ram endows ke a the whole body become silt afer twelve howe Aly ‘Muscles ae ivoire ~ both voluntary snd invari the heat, gor morts may be misahen for cardia: hyperiophes Graal, there ian iorou of etc sid and phorphone content of the mune. "The reaction becomes ae “Taae 10 Seite explain to hw ach contton of mies ‘oturs although it hae been proven that thee is ougalatn ot the plasma pecan, fo the maiconegal view pot, pos-moriem reidity may be lize to-approximate the lrg: of time the bly hos Gore ead tempore counts usualy sprue see eae hours attr death, bul in warner counts it may deveeg In temperate oun it Weer male may a for to Se tec pb ih opal cata te une Sica femdom to forycea hese car cone en siete oe doag cumin. Wome ec ein ety treme off uk snd ne ee Firing he Tine of Ont of go Moti (1 tse ator Gh St oft icin 23 mors appears ne and the dation i np i ce whey ibe muncet hae be Bee Sa, wat belted Te hat een cbaaees ea aks tallowing deaths ths onut of rst mora aes & dima tavingbesn hunt eth, &: Prolonged commun an ingens nee A Death trom typhoid fev typhue choles. an hth(yaee Rigs sects tas tatty com i'w sed and leon, Te omet eae in pod atid good as (1 nner oft Nerves ‘The development of rigor mors te soclerated by igh tomperatire bat s temperature above 75°C wt prosce beat ening. (@) Mouture: Rigor mortis commences rapily but the dation i shore in moi Coniins Seating Rigor Mori 2) Het tfoning the dead body is expowd to temperatures above ‘ill coagulate the muscle proteins and came the SBuicis co be rid. The siffenmg in mare or le pero ‘het and may not be easly affect by putetation, The ody amumer the “pugiaci atte” withthe lower and per extreaitie flexed and the hende clenched because the nor maseles are stronger than the extensors Heat atoning ic commonly observed when the body of 4 penon is placed in boiling hd or when the bodys burned to death {othe solidification of fat when the body is exposed to fheering temperate, Forcible stretching of the Sexe ‘rtwmitie will produce a sound due tothe froven synovial fis (Codaverc Spas or Instantaneous Rigor This is the instantaneous rgiity of the muscles which ‘occurs at the moment of death due to extreme nervous ; ‘exhauition and injury to the nervous sysiem or to the chest. Iti principally de to the fact that the ‘Yoluntary contraction of muscle during life dors not \" ‘op ater death but continous withthe at of cadaveric riety. or praca purponse i cannot be Powsble for the mu tere or asain to imate the Condon, In cadaveric feasn, only group of muscle are nwoed and they ae lly not eptentrel “he findings of weapon, har, pisces of clothing, weeds fn the pls of the handa and frly rope! = nery ‘important medic legal point in the deerminson whether Wa eam of eucte, manor or homicide, ‘The proence ‘home tha the vit was aie before sapoat Ingantaneous rgot may slso be found following ines ion of cyankle it usta generalized and yams Strydonne may preduce the same bat Tidy spoons Kymin tesla. meet hn a a Of eof apes Merete hoon se, whe coiie pom Soper usec sey a oun nes Tue ons lvoe al the munis f te ty tater wotay ce mechan, Ta tat et inate ely ta ma pap oe roe omen, ee (ipa oot i's abel pms shits tur dey ied ace a Sanh Sot eee atte Suto: Ree ert pag bs libel by Zz ‘decomposition progresses, the soft tissues of the body 1b. Bxternol Factors: ects Crecente ae O'neaw | tein ier al oploen pure repel. whe highly mua eytnean Sese eit y pute ate faite dosompontion ()) Moderato Moisture — Moderate emoust of moltuce wil [revent the accom of nto the body theeby delaying ‘scompostion, Moire le anecaxy for tw oreo and iuitipition of bacteria, howerer, # the: cw oction of Midis mated, Uno wil be. moment Hom ofthe tases ad putsofacton wil be vtanios, (©) Condition of the is ~ 1 thea eluded with ppt (4) Tempertute of the Ale ~ The option temnparature for specie decompostion it 10°F to 100°P. "Dream, Poston doesnot occur apatites below 82°F Sr aboue 2250" (6) Light — The orsnian responsible forthe pucefaction fers more the thaece of ight. Bw Dry sorbent sll eetats decomposition while mola fertile wil acoteraeycecommpenition (8) Water Decomposition ia running water is mote rapid than in ‘water: Bactriasladen ‘pools will sceeletate decom Poaon, (4) Clotkings lothings intialy aston putrefaction by maining ody temperature Dut hn the later stage, lothings delay ‘ecompostion bby protecting the body from. the tangs of fie and other tae, Tight clothings delay putvetactton I my be thy ada decompose Iter than infants Ine in norboreinfeat obo havent et bon fod. Marke A calacatd pervon as te teen 0 my.LEGAL MEDICINE MEDICD LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEAT: 13 low gore an itt 8 conducive mation for act nd fr satan The change of tempera ofthe boty ot “Eccont of the chaning weather condition is more muvhed body. Frothy ood ftom the ‘mouth and nosed Sto 5 day ater dost, Abdomen distended with ene ‘Corea islen mand ‘concave Purplish red. steaks of seine prominent on the extemitie ‘Sphincter relaxed. Nal fra, Body groomuh brown. Blisters fecming all ver the boy. Skin Deals off. Pesinreruasecog. able. "Scrotum distended, Body "swollen up owing. to Uistention Maggots foundon the body. ‘Nats an ai laos and nly detached 14 to 20 days ater death 4. Soft pars ehanges imo a thick, sembfiui. ble mess, Skull exposed. Orbits empty. 205 monthe after death. (Gasper, Forensic Mediein, cited by Modi. Medial Jurtspra. dence end Toxicology, 12 ed, 167, p. 124). So Re cet ceremonies mee raean bon ioe fies pec mest dice mil aig rar ae Sento ee Se igs Mee pate tt ctor One ney oem eer nee oe ie crn ee ee ee ee pais tate amet oe eee ae Seem ate veo fn estimate as to the duration of death of a decomposed 48 hour (Ova of fies seen, pare ee orcas cents bees Wie fe eee asad as eat atin ae ee Ren 1 tou Re ene ear ce ian eaten Fea te pore sree a Only more rxstant viscera dintingsish. able. Soft tans largely gone Bs ‘One month Body tkeletonized..a In water, puefacuom procends twice ax wip st, When the body i burind, the rate pends om the fr uri In deep burial with coffin, putrefaction proceeds four to st tines at slowly as compared with that one bet with allow coffnies burl wry Sight retarded, ‘Sequence of Putrfactive Changes When the Body Been Submerged. in Water: Putrefoctve Changes title change AP water [Rigor mors may peri. thin on the bande and feet ye sodden anc leached. face appears votteved and faded white cole. ‘erollen and red. Grocnish oon the eyelids, ns ‘and eterum, Shin of the and fect wrinkled. Uppor rom five to seven days sariace of brain erenish in 4 Skin wind eso pi hat tet Phang ogy @. Aldomen ditended, skin of finde and feet come. off with alike a dove. isto wight weak (Obaration of Deverge, cited by Mod Medica! Juriprudence and Toxicology, 130% et 1997, p. 198) Factor Infuencing the Floating ofthe Rody in Water: Dodies ot fullydeveloped and well-sourshed newly-bom Intute lon alatively fap Ser, ‘Women flost sooner then men. This is due to the lightness of {oale bones and greiee porportion of ft, hence leer specie eit. © Condition of the Body: Stout persone float quicker thn skiony, lean and thin bodies. Bodies with loom clothings wil soon come tothe sack. 4. Seosom of the Year: ‘Tho molit hot air of summer te very favorable for patie: ftction, Putrefaction makes the body tloat cu account of gat focmation, hence It wul acelerate floating of te body, Water Dend body floats in a hullow and stagnant water of creeks ‘« pond sooner than in deep water of sunning scan, The sat ‘ant water has higher apeciic gravity than clear water ct fe ‘sy for the dead body to overcome it by gus formation, Body floats sooner in wet than in fess water on account of the high specifi gray of wen water © External nftuence. The pewsenee Of hewy-vearing apparel or the addition of welgit i the pockets or atached to the body by ies ope or zing will delay the floatang of the bony Onder of Putrefaction When the Body is in Water: '. Faeo and neck or sernam, ©. Shoulders, sota LpOAL Mepiense ot Bacteria in Decomposition : Decomposition is de to acto vactria in various tame of ody.” During the eer” cod of decomposition, arable ivities are prominant er, the facultative aerobes and anus es ate prewent In the advanced sage, the actntice of the es are the moat prominent with the production of gasses toftening of the tusies ie the rrult of bacterial ection, lytic and autolyti femerts, ‘The microorganism thet pays an lmportant and dominant in decompoation s Clostdium welch, This bacteria darts {Bom parenchymatous ong. Tt roponable fr tho di, ion of eytoplasm, destruction of nuclei and generation of ‘ther Destructive Agents During Decomposition: (2) Maggot (are) The premnce of maggots i dependent upon the accer sity f the body to atu fen The fies my eqye mich ‘fer atime is hatched to form maggots, The maggots have 4 sro af ie gr ya (2) Adut Pes The common howe flies a earivorous, They devour he ley uses af expomed peta ofthe body, Beskescon ‘by adult Dee is observed bette when the body ia found on 9. Reptiles Lsards and snakes are attrectod to dea bodies end cat the sft tiauen. Sinall hones may be faced fn tne procera ‘aay be mistaken for mjuries during the le time of the de Rodents Rats and ce wil nibble the skin and other nue and may sow unexplainable injuries. The bones may seo be atenched sid showed corain degre of exoson, 4. Other Mamma. The dogs may participate in the déstruction of the sft aes expecially in cases where the vlim is Iyitg on ine ‘round. In most instances, the ciffernt pure of the Sody no Seatiere! and eeparated from one ancthor "A pat ee ‘ising of geen ja some far dtant paces. in fed fetkce ko participate in the doamuction ‘of decomposed’ turaee © Fuchs and Crate If the body isin water, fuk of slmost all species and crus tsewan will Be feeding om the soft tisues, Maneciog tes ike sharks may devour the whol body’ ot person 1 Motta ‘Av general rule, molds do not destroy the dead bodies but thet growth cause disfigurement and minor sipertical leeeos After a period of time, all of the got tissues of the body wil, isappear. Only the teeth, hones and hair wil remain, These Yissues will remain undestroyed for an indefinite time. "The ones may show siens of disintegration by the diminition ofMummificatiom ls the detiration of the whole body which inte siete tod penton of he bh erecta need oe ange coke of te ain irl copes ay be shruen, tard and with « dk rex blac Golo if the whole fail contents of te body rated, prearvation i; for an Indtie time but tbe ie Edy hayes. iti, weg snares Fouced nay at be Ueto OY parents lumsifcation Ie obrvd in warm countries where er aise place mie ren ot biack olor and faster than Kinds of Mummies ion (2) Neturat Maramitearion; When a person is brid a hot rd say si, here wil be Innuiient moisture forthe growth tne muliplication of putretactie bacterin The body wil become dchpiatea a tral wich cupad Ot ene eee (©) Artif! Marmifcation: ‘The princoles invohed i srtifcial mummuication are the body belo the eehal onset of cata (©) Addition of some bod preservatives to inhibit decom by teste of the body with tree, formal ae or tarry matrial >, Saponifcaion or Adipocere Focsation: ‘This a sonition wherein the fatty Hansen ranefarmod to soft brownish ooera. The Iyer of subat 1 the body are 1 occurs natamlly in the viscera! organs aed ¥en i non-fat tastes ofthe boxy lke the areca Adipocers is a waxy materi, rancid or moldy in odor, Sots im water, ad disstves in eternal alcsbol Wisk anol fotution of copper mle, i snes ight greens Dae cae 4s flammable and bums with » faust Folio Rng wet Asti it poduces «dense oly vapor ‘Some Theotisa on the Formation of Adipocere: (1) The fats of the body spt into lycerol nnd fatty acids, ‘he fatty acids combine with cxisnms Somposiion and make the body surface grant totus (2) There i gradual hydrogenation of preesuing ae tears body like olen to higher fatty aca Hrtieees sauers remétkable swelling and aifening of the fate The ew hydogenated fat i quite sable ta: on sarture ae becomes yellow, ard ad brite Factors influencing Adipocere Formation in Barth Ducal: (1) State of Healt Before Dect “Adipocere formation depends primarily on the presence ‘Of fat in the body of the docotsed. Its sitteal for sayLeCAL MEDICRAE pocee 2 develop in the stato of extreme emacition, [cr ft ty a ss ‘meopibable through the moked aye rpsay nates ri ine other area Toe amount owas te eat thas ls not very eacatial tothe Phescmena: Wise ern ody may be dniwn from the aces aa ae ne (2) Tone Interatbetucen Death and Bart Generally, the longer the mace of tine inter! between eat and tral, the greater ie te demee of alin formation. This ie further secelested wen the toy it subjected to astopey. Exposure of the itera ogint {6 ‘cxeral elements promotes ensyrutic sal taste! tions in the proces of hyarolyie and glycercl formation, (8) Bifet ofthe Coin: ‘The coffin has wt space and If eridely made, & may sutow water to come in comiact with the body uraee {hereby enhancing hyroty of fat. Iwatr bas boon ey smite, collquative.putretaction will develop. for Tonge tte thus making tdpocere formation scanty. (8) Presence of Clothings and Other Coverings of the Body: ‘Adipocere formation is found to le more advanced under ‘clothings or other Body coverings, expecially Hf te lothings are tight. (©) Me of sot Diy soll 6 conducive to mummification, Sufticenthy sist al acceler ipoere formatcn (6) Accom of Ato the ody After Barat: “Tie disturbance of body in the gave shorty ater ural oe bare the formation of adipose prong fe fermion, (7) as Gwe: fen . re is more tendency for adipocere formation wh steal bot tetra sie reer of sm dene of mowers. Macecation: This f the softening of the trues when in 2 Mud metiom “in the absence of patrefacive microorganism which is froquext observed inthe death ofthe fetus on iro. ‘When the fetus dies en utero, provided that the Gesth of the ‘snot due to attempted abortion or rupture of the mer the child is enclosed by the membrane in sterile con- MEDICOLEGAL ASPRCrSOF DEATH si ition, Putretaction docs not take place and the fetus ecox tot, ‘Tha softening ofthe body may te ave tothe ueion ot the uty and proteolytic enya and frees The appearance of the feta ie tyPkal. The bs dio Jered either rich ot raeish wih the shi’ peciag st mod the ase faced and “At maceration niforont See ‘brownisheed dcoloration of the sn. ‘Thee mop be leat formation and the odor le mewbat rant: Por Stile se ‘sPbrhbie dere of maceration to ae pac, sayeben st ‘ety fous hour. D. DURATION OF DEATH Jn the determination as to how longa person has been dea frm {condition of the cadaer snd ther enlemal Sobers te {ollowing pints us be taken nto soundest 1. Presence of Rigor Mortis: In warm courri:ke the Philppines rigor mortn at in ‘tom 2 io 3 boure after the death. Ire fly deveioged ie the body afte 12 hour “may las from 18 hous te. 98 hove and its dlappaarance is concomitant with the bnew of Tat feteton ~ 3 2: Pree of Postmortem Livy: Postmortem twice eat Dodition assumed a he ime of death 3. Onset of Decomposition In the Philippines like other troy sition i ary Wi the sage of decomposition and the approximate ‘ime after death, sve tabulations (aipes p43, 5. Entomology ofthe Cadaver Is onder to approzimate the time of death by the use of the ‘Mies present in the cadaver, i is necessary to know the life cycheLacaL MEDICINE ‘is. The common fie undergo lave, pupal and adult “The weal Une for the ogy to be hatched ino larva is ‘after a meal, ‘The approximate time of desth may be from the amount of food in the stomach in relation to ‘eal. This determination is dependent upon the atnout aken and the dgree of tonicity ofthe stomach. ‘exent ofthe gastric ernptying and the progresion of the the gaeo-itertinal tract can be useful in extzating the ‘death However, the position and condition of the dec: last meal ifiuenced by the fllowkng factors lof the Last Meal ~The stomach uavaly starts to empty ton minutes after the fist mouthful hat entered. A mes! leaves the stomach within 1-1/2 to 2 hours after fesen. "A mediuteszed meal will require & to 4 hours ‘Beal i entirely expelled into duodenum In 4 to 6 of Meal — Liquid move more rapidly than semisolid and latter more rapidly than sods. Vanation — Prychogenic pylorompasm can prevent of the meal from a stomach fer several hours, conta fs hypermotile tomach may enhance entry of food into Factors: ds of Food Eaten — Vegetables may require more time iguirie digestion. ‘The lew fragmentation of the food equire more time to stay in the siomac. The ab- ‘Sr insufficeney of pepsin and other digestive fer ‘will delay the food in the stomach. Absence or fof the gastric hydrochloric acil content ‘amount of iguid consumed with solid food ‘delay gastric evacuation. MEDICOLEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH 1s Presence of Live Fleas inthe Cochings in Drowning Cove A flea can survive for approximately 24 hours mitmergnd in water, Tt ean no longer br revived If mrtmerged more that tat Period. In temperate countries, people use to wear woolen Clothes. If the body is found in water, the Neas may be found {the woolen clothings ‘The leas recovered most be placed in ‘© walch ghse and observed if J i ell Ting. IC the fleas ill, ould move, then the body he been in water for 4 period las an 24 hotrs. Wevial af the hfe of the eas ie sot pombe i they are tm water for more than 24 here Amount of Urine a the Bladder ‘The smount of urine in the urinary bladder may indicate the time of death when taken ito conaderation, he was Inst sce voiding is uric. There are several factors which tay modily Urination wit must be alin with caution, ‘State ofthe Clothing: ‘A circumstantial proot of the time of death is the apparel ‘of the deceased. If the viet ia weasing steet clothes, there 'S more likehood that daath took place st daytime, bet if in night gown ot pajama, itis more probable that death ooeured aU night time Chemical Changes tn the Cerebro-Spina! Fluid (15 Hours Fok Towing Death. Lactic ac increases from 15 mg. to 200 mg. per 100 oe '. Nom protein nitrogen inereaes from 18 to 10 a. 6 Amino-aeid concentration twes from 1 to 12% following death, Postmortem Clotting and Decoagulation of Blood! ‘Blood clots inade the blood vessels in 6 to 8 hours after death Decoaguletion of blood occurs at the early stage of decom: Bosition. The presenee of any of these conditions may infer the approximate duration of death. Presence or Absence of Soft Tisues i Skeletal Remains: Under ordinary condition, the soft tiaues of the body may disappear 1 to 2 years time after burial, The disnppearence of the woft tissues varies and are infhienced by sever! factory When the body is found on the surface of the ground, susie from the natural forces of nature responsible for the deniaction of the soft tissues, external elements and animals may necrierate ‘ts destruction.LEGAL MEDICINE eco nw eet acer Sea Re esas Gee Bay wr eases Se. (2), Rules of Court: Presumption: 4 person not heard from for weven year, is dea. tion of Death: Cit Code and Sec, 5(3), Ral 131, Rules of Gourt: Absentee shall not be presumed dead for the purpose of his succesion fll aftar an absence of tun years. It he dis. after the age of seventy-five years, an ubsence of five years sfficient in order that his succession may be openes |, Civil Code and See. 5(x), Rule 131, Rules of Court: stall be prerumed dead for all purposes, including MEDICO.LEGAL ASPECTS OF DEATH ass F. PRESUMPTION OF SURVIVORSH Sec. Sl), Rule 131, Ries ot Court: When two persone perish in the same calamity, such ae wreck, battle, of conflagration, and it ts not ahown who dled fir, there fre no particular circumstances from which i ean te inferred, the Survivordhip Ie presumed from the probabilities realting from the strength and age of the sexes, according tothe following: 4.1 both wore undor the age of fifteen years, the oldar is pro ‘sumed to have urvived, 2.1f both ware above the age of sixty, the younger is presimed to have survived: 3.1 one is under fifteen and the other above sixty, the former is preaumed to have eurviveds, 4. IC both be over fiteen and under sixty, and the sexes be dit ferent, tie male is presumed to have survived; Ifthe sexes be the same, then the older, 5.If one be under fifteon oF over sixty, and the other betwe those age, the later is presumed to have survived. Ant. 43, Cwl Code: {UC there fs donbt, ax between two oF more persons who ace called to smaceeed-each other, as to which of them died fire, whoever allegas the death of one prior to the other, shall prove the eater i the absence of proof, it is presumed that they dic st the sas isne and there sla be no transmission of rights from one to the other. sen."Enapter v MEDICO-LEGAL INVESTIGATION OF DEATH ‘aa inquest oficer isan offea of the state ehargod withthe daly fhatieing oto cera matters In a medioolagal iveetation, Inquest oficer isthe ons changod withthe duty of iverigang manner and cause of death of a pervon. He ie authored (2 Medina’ and dtce: any Perasn to perform ot sat i “The following oficials of the government ar authorized to make Tavesigaions ———— een Acs Coe: ce toons oc, eyes toe sone ot my orev ewe erin ae ea a oy ae ok AS Se okt pre coe, bso et Can ct coe Sella pec, whee mest eratone ceo Seah Ses cos deh nonce iy esata Wrguincn of soy panen sd te sah oer er ee es oe repute in he popes init jatce — eee ater yc as I rat se eesdbm iene te ome 6 Be cect hare ot nom etitnctonay eine el Be i ena ie com wom trom te waa an caters ceptor (ror ol hy. nds Fesee Soe scene, "sx eine scien in Bee ee cee’ arus‘actn, sats of malingsing an Fea aetcn etch acewr wanin the juraticion of he By ost nese examination of eitence and eae as for tat purpose bo may cme maps 1 SeoSan' SS etd to dermand and ect for P=: So Sle eh al exam othe in a sotery of te mia Poles Deparent, or Miethe es and Comins previway sable PY of Josie, tne i of toe medic eel egal ates oc hoowieer, ching he wring of malts bore specified, from the office of the medical examine, o¢ [fom {he Simin! imestigation laboratory of the Mania Pols Depart: tent or from le medicolegal fics ofthe id brea, feaonal tervices at tbe Mayor ot boar ty rogue and shal aidiguecmiwee en sludges of the Courts of the Pst Intence (now Regional Tria ‘Courts) See. 969, Revised Adminitrative Conde (apr Juatice of tke Pooce (now Municipal ‘ial Court) Sec. 983 ‘The Director of the Netional Bureau of Inoeetigation — Rep. A 181 (An act creating the National Buren of invetigation) Sec. 1. — Thare ie bervby created « Bureau of Investigatio under the Department of Justice which shall ave, the follow finetions: = (@) To undertake invectiations of crimes and other offer gaint the le of the Philippines, upon SS UDI Edel many see Grape concer ey ee ee J gunna ee a, 3 Sa a investigation of cases of administrative or cil nature in which cot the instsuction and training of « representative municipal peace officers at the request we muperiors along effective methods ot crimeHpretoon and detection moni 1 ae str eftincy (sth net an m_amindhth ric. nn doory tn toon peaches the NCD ot Seti ne a i (To pio coterie fncsons aie Sera (20% Minune of Suto may asc ton mea tase Sec. 6. — The inember of the estpton sat of the Barons of bmeigation shail be peace -olcr andar sarh Sao the atom poses (Gite make mess, sues, and ews in seordaee th Becta: Se ere Se ee ee een a ere enn a ce een sn ctccen teem ak ct ee sence oem eames See sen ee ee a ere Sa aed ee The Ohi of Police of the City of Monit See. $4, ep. Act 409 (Revise! Charter of the City of Mania) tsamended by See. 1, Rep. Act. 1984 — Chief of Police: ‘There shall be a chief of police... (who) shall cause medico- ation by the meal examiner of the Manila Polis rat of victims of wiolence.ot foul play, x crimes, acc dente, don death, when the cause thereof xs not known, i listed injuries, intoxication, drug addiction, states of mahi ‘mental disorders, which are. being. investigated bythe by-other Ac euborsed by exiting nem snl Goes pacegaty eo Sige of Medico Lees Investigation 1. CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION: The crime scene ete place wher ‘et a rine Nave a welled com, ke tet tnuing eres, ets, However, here mada! evidenc> may be_proent, ite ve, Wome, pays inure rime sent ix alont vara presentGAL MEDICINE MEDICO LECAL INVESTIGATION OF DEATH 1 © Grine scone investigation Jace appreciation of ke condition “apdidrawing un ilerence from i Teal clade the elscion of the phscalevstences tat may fatto the Wien of tha 9, the acer the erin ack wae exeeuted, ind auch thins that way De Ufa the promuion a the coe. Import of Cin ene vein: text amount of physical evidence may be lator unrecovered vestigation merely starsat dh aul py able Fi thee ining £00m. Blood, semen snd other sain Glen Tse Sprain ace of vale tat on ed i DME ofthe oftender and victim may be beyond the compeeheion esate. investigator ifthe erie sen aot i iolnt death cases. the anner and cause of death may be trom the condition of the ae eer The CHAI a Se scene may inicae srugle, handgun Cesly grasp ofthe hand of the decenses may indicale suite The Bees sa sae mem mor eof death ofthe vit, “The investigator has the enrist pombe opportunity to inter: vtho have knowledge of the cicurnaancar Of SG i the commision of the criminal get, The proximity of fon to the actual occurrence makes itreluble than thom afer a lspe of te to Compose the Search Tear: who. bas bad. previous knomlesge_and. traning in, © smmacoeTHo egal investigation muse-direct. the. sarc pity for an effective search atographer who. will take pictures of the scone and the pos of evidence recovered. He may also act as sketcher and An assist. who_will acts the note taker, evidence collector reat hve pons nowindge od ang i "? “THE CRIME SCENY.Patras ok Condcting Se ae gpa bene en | | gene | 3 | ee cones 1 Kinds of Astopsies mere Fant cosy or Ot Auton i o he eed eon elt fort pagum dings and clinical armptcem ness of hetapy sous abe Ie wa, sheave pate ake oof ihe dead upd. Special consiteatia Aang the natal au cess and (5) eicating stedente, Pathology, A Hoadbook for Pathotana 1977p 1h Inasmuch a6 previous consent of the nex of kim is necessary Hefoe +-nontfical autopsy. canbe performed. the Cotode sais wo te the sghful prion Lo give sich const Me ote rove in Artes 204 and 208 ‘he consent all be obtained from: (1) Tbe spouse (2) ie descencants of tbe neared degre; (3) the ascendant, so of the nestor degree; (a) the brothers snd ners (AH. 704 Gui Code) In cu of descendants of the mime degre, of of brothers ts Melo Leal or Off Atopy “his sar examination performed on » dead body for the pees of (9) scam toe cma fe od eo aw, : od presen? oa (a) proving kept tad coe Felton of late and cacunstanes sched La des: (0 io ae facta biscive pede] report for'iw cators: Br prisection a dclense geet aad (3) mpwning deen ‘iscam from deal an to extra! ce for eotecton of the inocect (Forence Piholgy, A end feo for Pothologue Fuher ond Pty duly 1977 B Be cam wich opiceo meticolna salopey, the deat ody Songs to the sat tor the provers af pute eet eel ach tie a © complete and thorough ivesiation ito (Be cxeumaces niounding the death ord the ens theres a been compicted. The poyacen entarke to perform woh Aitons i condor 10 be ibe acthorkatve agent and = Freentnsve of Ue sate who bas the property Hah of te Sac, Tail tt cee to be tured over to the nxt of kin semper: tile for bral of te cena thet reining portion oF ofthe body not nected fa ang ciclo purposes Wroronse Mecicine by Tedevo, Bekert & Tedeschi, VoL T 972) ‘See 983, Revised Administrative Core — Investigation iio ‘of death (aupra p. 156). 1089, Revised Administrative Code — Proceedings in cos ted volence oF ere: ‘the person sho iemes 2 death certificate has any reason (oF if he shall observe any indication of violence ot to aeeriain the cueumetanese and cause of death; and Until pertision is obtained from the provacal fal, i he be Tunsepalty fo which the death cured ‘Ween shall an Autopay be Performed on a Dead Body: ‘Ske 88 (6), PD. 856, Code of Santeation: 2. Whenever required by special lw Upon wrltenrequast of police authorities. Whenever the Solicitor General, Provincial or city fiscal as suthoried by exiting ews tall doom it necesary to duantot tnd take pomasion of the ernine for examination so deter ne the cause of death; and Whencrr the nears kin hl equat i writing the authori ¥ Fervon who are Authorized to Reform Anapsis and Dimections ‘The following ae authored to perform autapsics and dssetions 8 Heath Officers: 'b, Mec officers of aw enforcement agency; and Members ofthe medical aff of ascraaitad hoes (See. 8 (a) P2880) 1 Health oticere: ‘The health officers refered to by the Sanitation Code are the distri helth-offter (HOW protic health otlice) 3 loca Reh officer (Bow the rural health tice, (1) Diserie ealth Officer (we Sec. 988, Revie Aden (Code (supe, p. 186), : — (2) Local Heath Officer: ‘Sec. 964, Revised Administrative Code — Person ta make (nvcatiation — When itis not practicable for the distist health officer to conduct. sich tvestigation tn person, be ‘may require any iocal health officer of member of 2 mi ‘bat board of health. who. is. a temitered physician to And. where the services of a regeicied1G) Macca! ff of the National Dureou of Imertgation sph s compan! of toe amined in tbe evil offee_ Gath uncer the Medics Legal Section aod thom iced in the repos offic of the Bure Uy aS Sentance with the administrative ple per oning ep Ac. 167 (G) Medico Lege! officer of the Philopine Constabulary ‘mad in he Pilppioe Consabulary Crise Laboater? (Fcc) sed einer seagred in ifort teponal com. | {6 The redial examiner of he Mana Poin Dena rents ad 6) Th Motice-Legat Otticers of the Nation Bure of © Inceigaion iw tei earner or mio ye ales “may — Se ee Tange by, tonlaon. dee wan | PSB a too uae y Rep hak HAL [Elemis of themes off acrlted hol tetnecs Patologia (Noma) and Medio ) Antopene = ‘Pathological Autopsy — Medico-iegal Autopry nt, uit payed coment 1 x he aw tat ee Zot est of Ki tat const. Const of we kD MEDICO LEGAL INVESTIGATION OF DEATH re spice of ta core, ha ber Bis in welalon ings” a Walt he ineatiaton ‘oned he report WaT be wet “ier Salon Fetares Polar to Meice Lega Autoples “Soe om sretances abst _Beaaiora one. of the The tie of death and the imino oe isa indies must te anewered by te forense paola The foreae pathologist alc imeal of the nomi \ncondtenis Extrem the appar case of den and hi ‘cual ndings the cine are. FA corefil eration. of the extemal sata 1oc-posat ‘aia ineading the closings to det=mine the pater of Injore in elation to jus age {The auopey report is wilten imo sile that wimake it ssiar for lymen to read and. more ‘clearly ovgonsnd-ineoiar oe she sechanam of dash once The profemiona and earsonmental cimaie ot 4 frende Dithologit + withthe coura attorns and pose ho tale ‘eratiy ofthe findings and conchsion = Toe following Manner of rath should be Autopse 4 Daath by silence >. Acodeutal death, Sitios Sudden death ot persons who are apparently in pood hth ‘Death unattended by physician in homptals OF cles (0.0. A.) ehecein» physician wae arrive ata ciical gnosis ease ot dea in unnatural acne,"Dat the mare interchanged the tags. The tin there was no nothornstion given was wip “For cont of kin brought an action agunat the howpal {tor the pathologat and the coroner for wnalher 4. Examination must be ma Mitble that no unauthorized peri souree reece cee Mlsep i dings the examination aust be coded. ‘we Oe Examination: cn pot ao emer wnt greeting ‘enere everyting that sam be weighed oman Prelinars Examination: 4 xaminetion ofthe Surroundings (Crone Scone}: ‘Aietion ous be foeua on he Furst, bales oles on (he eins. Noor and wala amount color. supe and dare of of ihe bod ape, postion ef te monde wespOR: Med ower and hie ard othe 1a Fserination of he Cloris Took for maths to enablah idemity, ind and uals ofthe crs, ain, sea, cut aur o her marks of rsatance End voonce e Mentity of the Boxy: "Determine the beiht, weight, color of the air and cven orplexion,comition and number of tein, bodily deform, |e and tattoo marks, lothingy, dog tag and Angee ————s ono the Body Saree: yore tata ie ote Sc. A wound mu “device in deta, noe sain and forin bode Demin oon prea Fie of Deh tine aac, tn peumes and ee of hypo Fis and inci aed or of te hed nub SS ea Sheng tar san a mon ht are a Sec ia Feedage pop tying ly Fe ae glee oleageier ca Abdomirat and Chew Wal: Maselaane Development,” colon,” thicknces, ne trophic changes ue ~ Amount, character, color, consie omentum ~ Amount of fat, extent edbesions, Ved disrintion Liver — Level of the anteroe border, a etlons, blood ditibuton, color, coat ‘att of erophic changes Pu ~ Amount, color, haracter, con sany, purlet ‘or Moody m — Kind, extent, concomitant, at = Lit, temorenage dieu Enlargement of the lymph voces, —Weighi, ovulation, tatty deeenee ation,UrCAL MEDICINE MebicO LEGAL BVVESTIGATION OF DEATH m fs tabulation paring the weight of the chymus gland with fast a a me See omnes Beste tne oral peccartal fuk from 8 ce. to 6 ce and yoo 2 Supe color, Remove the heart by cting the root of de Bod Songer changer — Abwormal furrows, cred am onnecied. with Re Examine the Dear othe following wane Sormemonding to thei Sie, ehape, comsitency, contrac a oer tion ot mination ofthe vestricle Fo — Adhesions, amount of fat, ser, 3. Weigh Patcchial hemorrhages, ky reread ema, inflammation, congestion patcee incursion Ween: — Normal in’ men ~ 800 grams: wo- —Rount_of blood, Mood elt, eas ——_ Shot, anttation sae Normal: Tecmpld — 12 on Colt Geaginced — Vaation due te age, cruption, pulmonary = 80 em earl Yaron tu to ae ners a ‘Staty.black BE a gon — Noval eft — 14 em ht — satya > Secon = ea ues Light orowntth —— — Hesnoaieri brown induati Of the vaee mura endocardiam. &. Air content and conten Gheonbt core” tod, abe ots te volta pany and compress ‘ne papley mute Motlng Micted ote Formation of cwoty of pow (Cigroet hear) ‘morem decompontnon — Color, eondatency, resistance tose. Firm consitency — Conslidation lon infection, sclerosis, bros Compresibiity’ — — Emphysema. deme i (cur Surtace — Color, condition of consslidation, — Special attention must be made to smnount of air and uid exuding 09 the anteriot branch of the eft Preemie, bronchi, blood veweis coronary artery, selers, seroma. Bronchial Lymph Nodes — Enlargement. anthracoun, theres embolism. q toa [Examine the mediastinum for enlargement of the Iymon gands, Inemorthaye,:aflammatory conditions and other patholnes ‘cavity and. remove the apsen by 98.04 egion of the us Examine the scese, cabs, somieny, tht ~ Ea tng tng of the “Maiphigin corparcing aad tbc, ciency top tacenig wt ey sige t knife rane Seperts the Intsine by cutting the moontory ear ie attach Jaenf with the intestine from the jjomum downvand, Open ite rc a vet te etna afte somone Sac Se fume ihe stomach, duodemusn, and Pancrecs by cuting at the itn end oF the stomach. “Som —Distention. shape, contents con {ition of the cos, pest orem ~ Length catemal appearence, coo tere, maces, Meeps folicse “A Peyer's patchen abstraction, Stesal"dnercaara,parsotee —Teengths, external appearance, con tt emai ‘Ge ee Sppendages, thickness of the walla, ondiion of Use rucos, inflan: Imation, ulerations, condition of the appends, parasites Now growth, Rewortnoid, dyson: fork lees, fistulae Te er removed by spain tom the ahr, =. ung the suprarenal glands as the upper pole of the Kid Fate ob wat akon mo oon framination of the ver: Son Intestine Lange Investine = Nae ~ 1,400 gnums; Female: 1,200 grams (tipo) = Sie, color, conctency, sharpness Of the ges, markings, hicknes of the expe, Joduioion, examination nd examine ham on the following points Weihe 100 180 gama, The Wh fof the veina ‘ {Contition ofthe ut edo verted fr not). Proportiomate thicket ft the’ corte and. the oedulla Gormal ~'13), corte aration, ratory chances Disteation and contents, condition of the micoas and igor, pening of the ureter. out Surface Genital Organ: Male — Remove the prostate and the sna yee wi the usury bladder. The tertile and tho ep ‘idymis is removed by pushing vow the in ftinal lands snd opening the interoal inguinal fing. Note the condition ofthe Seti, ed ‘mi somal vesele and prostate. Female Temove the uterus nd is anexa together wit the upper partion of te vagina ovary ‘Corpus luteum, hydati cyt Fallopian Tube — Distention, hydromalpins. ‘inn, ematonlpin: aeons Uterus — Resting, menetruating, gv ‘oluting, trophic, tumoroi eat Memtenst —— ners ves eck One Bmore the Ines, phar and tongue inching the nn Fae condom of the iy anda truton sod Sede of he Mets frends rnin ts hg a aes co Mat ie trot gd, med comin of te tons nt oes Sa ent at Me sap cid fom the mao proces of one ade pang Resto the ated poor on tt oppo mies Tho ao Mss nn own tothe Wek sad oth tom Note te poses Sthemortape tse, bonnie snd haters ot the a poh Heal by ming othe Forcast show the eytron tot ofon Skis uppr orton ofthe er Se seth ctl ate bot ever and meeting the briaaal cut tthe gon of te appt Dotto ofthe car Hemove te ap of tne an nee the conden Gf menses Remove the tenn after catang fromm esac ent aad the tantrum cerebell amine (ne inn for pate: Seal condition, hemorhage,Ieraton, softening, aod Ue tae ae Wile of the cranial hor for hemorthag: tnd fare, Make evra Beis on the besin and cay the injury or dnvae, Bamination ofthe Extent: “There sno tschnical incision for 2he extremes, Jus open what does nocesary and appropiets fore as 2 ‘Meigs and Ateeure of he Organs Removed ‘he specinen wich are collected fr farther sadly must be placed incase asl brought to the boratory 2 Greamfeence be ‘tertile 208ema igh ventricle Os —03 eme Tei o ten eight of pancreas Livan. Weert Teeth om itt ot 25 — a2 cme Wh of eat lobe 16-20 ome Vertical dimtar sfvightlobe 29 ~ 22 cnn Veruca diameter flebe, 188 cine 90—120 gma anova sx tacos 1900 to 1800 gn kipeys ate oth Ween 10 em Mesenent nse asem ‘Thickness of: i sess 1 em Het to bay welt 200 oktin to wee sfhext uaa ovary. Wight 10em Brat: _Weiene 1.234 ema43-736 sos20c2mme OF THYMUS: ae Recher 13.26 gms 1S yeare 22.08 ge 6 10 yearn 26.18 ge 2128 years 2473 em0 25 — 35 yours 10.8 ene 35-45 youre 16.27 gma ae chee 1285 ge 56-65 yee 608 ge 68 —75 yours 6.00 gm 1a Atopic: Emi or om aioe the colecton of eldence for Wenifeaton 4 Fadure to make front, bie and profile photegaphs ofthe face: eae io have Gngerprinte mace, Fare to havea comple dental earination performed Troms or omision in the collection of ektonce required fot Catan he fone of death Share to spor tbe rca nmperatre of the body {alu to over change that may eeu inthe item and Ggirvction of igor morua™ before, during and afer eutope. Fale ic cherve the ingredients of the Inet weal and Te Sfocstion nthe simentary wast. Brey on fn vations ein or oe amination: ee to collect. specimens of blood and brain for dete. jon of the cor tents of alcohol and barbiturates ‘Wo Ueteraine the blond goup of the dead person if ty violence was acolated with external bleeding: Lo collect ail erapngs nod samples of bar there i esac tat death eed frm as bate tere i any doubt wh 1 Pature to collect spurte specimens of ood from th rg nd Tot sea 9€ te her fr uances in which te body wat pastologt Jit noteapore the srfce of the facared bone, rained fom it biced will slmoxt Invariably ewape into the ‘uural and aubarachnokil space, and such an observation LeThe wae of a hammer and chisel for opening the skull. A ameter and chisel could never be used forthe pamoe in medicolegal autopsy. Fractie produced by ihe chee ae fequently confuse! with ante mort, «© Fall to open the thorax under water if ove wishes svidenee of pneumothores obtain 4. Fallare to te the great vesels between ses of transection and ‘he heart when air embolnm is mspecte © Failure to open the right ventricle of the heart and the pub onary ariay tn il pulmonary thrombo-sbotsa i Failure to remove the uterus, ot abortion ia suspected. (From the American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Vol. 2, No.4 (Dee. 1981), 306) a and vulva en mane iftape _ASeaative Autopnies ~ An autopey i alld s negative autopsy fatter all stfons, including gross and imicroscopic woes wn! iouicalogial Tail to reveal a cause of death. itis an autopsy which ‘Examination with the aid of other examinations definite cause of deat.ay i fpinee must bon cous of death meat ot eapradence, ngigence, lack of ail ok of fre Sins suai, Tho acts orion which may be iment Melber) Tofire 19 hove 2 adequate Nalory or facts and creumutaces Boing the goth, Special cecumstancessurcunding dest Pep requrs speci mopar tectaigues wich the patoloat ny Palto do coring the mop. Aus oobi, drag reacion, Hatin ney be 1 wanoicad becuse of abemes of Dstoy. File to mo thorough external eXominatin ~ Anca ites, Tieton” a, slocries! pecan nay be overlooked i «ba Tadacucie or Inproper internal examtations — Conition of Sip gene, proence of im peumornoras or bubbles of ws BS Sn Ey cm ray remain unnoticed by eh pathologist improper Histological exemination ~ Tie tocks may not bt Fiore tole fear poor pispartion of the microcap file anc improper tghing during the proces of examination Pay len ian erconcous mpretaton. Lath of toxicological or other tsbortor aie — A guatative ax Tae lane detcmation of tome materale or te metabolites Sat be Shown, "Sometimes dlficulty ts encountered by the Tense chert boca of te pee of tie asd apd mization oftiedre Pathog incompetence — The examines must have had vast ‘cxperccs in nitopay vestigation and emust have the capacity adstingisn pathological changes inthe body tues fllantsoot of Foren Pathology by Aullh Path, pp. 254. abs aAaew Jonjectons to Auiapsies: Ye no place inthe Bibl, the Tanai or Post TalmadicChapter VI | CAUSES OF DEATH lds is the dirsct and proximate conwequance of the criminal oF tne Of Setonce wounds om the vc oie freon of wrulon or ee s Ee epee as Fo srenra (ee) Ces of Death — The ic eee eet Seat Za i the physiologic derangement or bio compas wat he whieh td bye vray oe hemontiagi dock, metabolic disturbancs, touemic comition cardiac ames, tamponade, {indiogs may tend to favor saci Ov accslental det and tan One of such tare ner tha Une podical ceamination hmormage, ab wound with profuie hsmertinge, cessing head LLobar paeumonin, electrical ‘LAhen the cane of deaths tablanad primarily by Mstorcal facts which ae ca by poutine or nogstive ane a or mt bytrophobin, drag {/Miben neither Wstory, Iabortory and anatomic findings, taken ‘mainly x i combination a wlticent to determine tne cous of seth merely speculic aso Une caus of dosh death atone want, Itrogeic diseases), ‘Uae ofthe Term “Probably: As ouch a posible the use of the term “probeb!y" as 2 gy cation to a cause of death must be discourcged inasmuch atws tecaL MeDicne Bch sation wit tal shore of “proof beyond reamnable doube’ Peedi eo to he soul the noc asnstine se palstling efor the examiner cannot ante afte cou 0 death tne body t found he ee afte peda tho cae of dash may be tlre : I ented ese Deano Ou are cs en is Sn i so DP cersanss anc cxpoation of the ecnanion Oy which he —- i Reenmsiges ont = Rs Sova ace es ccna ae oso q i feiely vote foretsonal cnurbance viich ed ual ber teenie sande oro emastory area (ne Peroione Instntancous Pyticlogi Death (Death fom Inibition, Death fom Primary Shock, Syacopt with Intaianeows Bs): Dk cen death tien occurs wit seconde ors inate foes (ao more) afer » minor tama ot peripterl stimulation Simple sel ordinary fnoevoussoture. The peripera Fiuefubsinant csclotoryfadure is eased by (vogoartse) ow Mpcepaae of ne ent, ele ination with profound fal n (Blow io the larynx or sole: plorus, a Kick fn the scrotum, Death by ixtittion can be sade ony by excsion and is com Dependent on the avadablty of accurate Information. After fataral cisase hax been elimicaied by avtopry and tox Malye sre sonconrivuory, thea only the physlolax Misa be cxteriained (Mtedieo-tegt! Invention of Decth * ood Ruse Fasherm, p83) {be docane when ter arn eee Maing stot 4 ‘Spam al Samim re ‘beth si ie, The lnm Deed om Artal (DOA) msc ot om \Sipermepico txcan cuassinicanion oF ‘Tn catses OF Natur Death aera G) intnictavdentn, (6) Homies deat 4. Natur Dest: hls dest caused by & natural die condition at od he dns my Sv test acconmquence o€ phys! injury wee prt Aevopmens. ifs satura duce cesetd rapoenble or se death poplesy ate the st common enue of death da fo IBaweers co of vnc Cont, By cam cn Tory tnd externa findings may thew Teas to eersine exactly the suiae of desih and orcas the ist, the physician mast be able to answer the folowing piBlé the Peron Die of « Notuel Couse and were the Phyicel Camps npictes ramet ater Death? the physical injuries cannot be guilty of murder, womickde of The ct conaidered fo be an inponsble ene od Ingo knowing that the tine aondy dowd th ie of HBiinn iabity shall be incre ey any penton who pe fonma an act which would be am ofense agaist perms sed (ast. 4, No. 2, Reviond Penal Cose) (court ving in mind the social danger tnd th faitaty shown Dy the offender shall impose vpon him the emaiy of eres mayor of « line rang from 200 to 500 Desom (Art £5, Revaed Penal Code. ridge and wanted fo kill “B {Fave a wrong at that committed (Art 18, Review tonttis and although the victim was prevoualy atfected with ‘ecru be accelerated the tine of deuth by fs Yohinary sd unbwfal act (U8. Rodrigues, 29 Pau £2) The deceased was sferng from tuberculosis. The ae used gue fit blows in the hypachondras region which ‘caused Drang of the lve, followed hy internal Recon death "The seaused fs inhi for homicide (People were, 54, Pa 549), Did the Victim Die of « Neturet Cause Independent of the "olen Infited? “ : Af 9 person died of « natral couse and the physical Inficte is independent ofthe caus of “ath, tne accu ot be reponsile for the death but merely for Une puaoost Sejuries he ad inflict, Brame: A" aad °B™ are swoctncate, A" at the fof ang Mapped “B” in the face. “8° i etfering tor severe heartfo work. A few days ater, he evlope fevr tet The iPhosicel injuries inflicted. It the physical juries not the et es tat ces te tas Sisco intervening cate, produces ujry or death, and wh bets trreni cosinor hae omar Bi cascade i comet re Be yas mtu BI paces nue aerate tor th ini of ties with Dai coe tiger and ubortany eration the el Date se sir Option esence mo be gen wih ne Beer realness tnsroud aebetion o ie fs totes txines ‘The Following ave Deatha Due to Natural Cause: (A) Arfecton of the conte nervous rte: ag (a) Cerebral apoplery "The mules low of consioumess followed by paraly sis or death due to hemortage from thrombosis ‘mboliom inthe cerebral vesses 1. Cerabeal Hemerage: "Ti fe brought about by tbe breaking oF ruptire © of the blood vessel sie (©) Paty or Myocardial Degen or poet enn of (e) Rupnre of he Heart ‘This ie fond A were candies othe nypcaram () Atfectons ofthe Rerpatory Sytem: (@) Accte eer ofthe ayaa This may devdop from acute infetion o swallowing Wotan ibaa. , (0) Tumor of te knyan (6) Dipther (@) Bana of the unas (6) Pumonaryerbotn @) Lobar peumoria {@) Pulmonary nemo: Severe coughing of aight exertion may niptuse a formal of diseasd pulmonary rows cobsng wvere hemoraxe.LEGAL MEDICINE "Affection ofthe Gastro Intstnat Tract {) Reprared pepic ule (3) cite intestinal obwtraction, {®)Afjectons of the Genito-Urmary Tract. () Acute strangulated hernia. (6) Ropturad cabal prognaney. {o) Ovarian cys with twisted patie, (6) Affection of the Glande (2) Seats thymicoivmphaticue “This a condition saencated with the enlargement of the thymus and hyperplasia of the Iytphoid leases (0) Acute Hernorthage Pancreeii ‘An acute inflammation of the pancreas secompanitd svi nemomhagae ann some cnses mppurstion ate [2 Sudden Death mn Young Children (a) Bronchitis. (0) Congestion of the lange (¢) Acute broncho prousnonia a) Acute gastroenteritis. {@) Consulion (0) Space of the lary 1s Violent Death Violent deaths are those dus to injuries inflicted inthe body {by sore forms of outside force. The physic! injury must be “Mheproximate caus? of death. “The deuth of the victin i presumed to be natural conse (4 Atmosphere injury ~ Those due to the change ot amos (5) Chemica injury ~ Trove came by chemicals (6) Radiation Injury —Thowe brought about by rain {7) Infection ~ Thos eased by microbie invasion nt death, the deuth ofthe vistim ie not due tothe natural onaiquenes of the injures inetd. If there is isteroning conan other than the physical injures, Usen the of fender cannot bo held able forthe deh of the patient, ‘Refusal of the wctim to aubmit to @ aurea operation do not relieve the accused from tho naturel and ordinary tealt of the felonious act ard. doce not releve him of his criminal ibility (US.0 Marian, 27 Phil 508), The presence of Infection on the wounds savieted if not del: cerately induced by the victim, makes tho offender also responsible Ue (People. Red, CA. 43.0.0. 5072 The accused inflicted physical injures tothe victim. While the victim was Undergoing medial trement, he removed the ‘ge from his wound and ae ares. of which he ded of pertonicie, ‘The defenso made by the offender tat the deveased could not have died fad he not removed the drainage. HELD: Death was the natural coneaquence of the 1d. “The victim arly snd with knowledge that be was performing an act Prejudicial to hishealtn (People x, Quiansom, 62 Po. 162) Penal Cesifieatin of Violent Deaths: (2) Accidental Deaths Death due to misadventure oF scsitent, An accident is fomething that happens outside the sway of our wil, and ‘although it comes about trough some act of wily bes beyond bounds of human foreeabe consequences In pure accklenial death, the person who causes the ‘death is exempted from exalt. performing a lawful act with by mere accident withoutLEGAL MEDICINE Beet of he Provo: fa) A pesn's pecorino wl at. {ie peromnt tw a ecm to ath iy mer secten. HB ie wake Sah md wn So re cdg Bronte: ‘2 ptet dit few mins fer the sdminaeaton of penn by notion, The phpscian tock the hing me the pert arto the pres ot sme dunaes mee Dcumry tens and ook other mec preates s even. any untoward rection. The slpscan nao te Del nl forte eat of he patent teas so fected A sine who, whi diving his atowotie onthe pope sie of the on'ata moderate seed tnd wis dus ogame, Sudceny ana unorpectody tes a men in rot hic oni Coming ft te coal trong the sed Thos ary warning that fe would dont Snir Bot physsy pom to eros iting kin, the sd det as ont the tam, ee ot erty abe ba tere accent (0S. @Foyonetona, 21 P17 ed by Drow The ecund wat driver of aged te. hve eng a scum tne rot re explode und asa conmquene of shih he trck fe n'a dich ant rend ome ofthe par fereers tne tee engine rake an whl ween nd fonttion tetore ihe inedent. HELD? "Thee beng m0 roof af execs men the scvient under contest frm she blowout of the tire canner ge to Sc ta deer Oeople Haitn (GA) 49 06 committed when the wrong) soe rats from impr dlnoe,nedigence lack or foraeht or laa of i. ho may be charged for homie Lough Fecless apn Brampe: ‘A. surgeon while performing & laparotomy to ereet ieng, lett foreign bodice (foreep oF sau) tide toe alvdominal cavity and as areauk of which the patil die The surgeon is lable for homicide through retens oapr ‘A pijlean & equally lable forthe sane offonse Ifthe untoward effects of the acministation of drag edministored 1s due to the want of the necotary precautionary meaeares in Gh administration ofthe drug Ia person does an act and denth of the victim ie pain foresseabie consequence, then ib not seckdental but Hom cidal through sinple egigence or reckless impratence The defendant fred a shot on the ground to pacify & (quae. The bullet sleacheitad and Mk « bystander whe diod thereafter. Tae defondact ie guilty ot homicise thaw Feeklew impracence. Iti apparent that he did not exereae Precautionary measutes, considering thet the place, is Populated ana ‘there i Hketinood to hit the byatandes (People v. Nocum, 77 PR. 1018). (8) Suicidal Death (Destruction of One's St): ‘The law does rot punish the person committing suside because society as always considered s person ‘who at tempts to Kil himoeit as on unfortunate being, t wretched Peron desoving more of pty than of peraty, suits 4 pct wo cies amitance to the comminin of another is punithable becuase he has no fight £0 __ destroy oF assist in the destruction of the life of notner to the extent of doine the ‘the penalty of reelusioneds oul be impoen caantenree Acts Pnianate tn Chine Amstance to Sulede (G) The offender amistad inthe comminion of sede of (¢) The otlender amistad another in the commision of [f) Paricial Dea (Kiting of One's eatin): (A=. 246, Revaed Petal Cade Perret Ay person who shal il his father, mother, of chil descendants, or hi youn, hall be pity of partie find be punished by the penalty "Selon perpetuc fo den Regus ofthe Crime a) A peceon wor kild by we ottnder (0) Ime periom killed war the fatber, mother, or chill whether leptmate cr egitate i relalson withthe Stlende. oF other legitimate ascendant, or Jecendante eometet the offense, ‘The father, mother or child iled ust either be lege Ielling of one's eglinate futher i price Bu, insofar a¢ with te other ascendants or descend Ants or spouse, it mug bo lgiumate to make ft pariede “Tus, the hing of common-inw wile or one's Weesimate anchor toot parte ‘A moro who ha Uae wives and Kile the lst maid ‘hat one provided in the wcond paragraph of ave 286, imac sri $b a asta Yonago Sal be puna by cette Pat of gah fame) wis? o's circumstances: * Th eer, king seats of peice sem ‘with the aid of armed mt employing = Fete ie eta cr ae Sate tape $F Intonation of ren, cena o promise PRR mete ot lain, tow, eon moo =r rely arehteeepon » ret eat ofleomotie fll ef an shaip, by mans of ator vl, ot with he tw of any nt ‘Soon voir reat west and rine 4.00 cectsion of any of colamiine enumerted inthe ‘pceding argh, or ofan saebgeake, epson of ‘Tioteang denote cyclone, epidemie o any ober paeesonres Wh ovntent premecatons with county, by deliterately intumanly aupmentng he rtlerng of the vit, of outtging ot sting fir porson of corps Rogues or the Cre of Mander: Sth ofender Kile the vic, {B) The Ling setae by any of the qualifying ceca ihcse mentioned: fc) There we the intent of the offender to il the vietim; {@) Tho huling i not parce o infant, Whenever the Kiling ie attended by more than one ot the qualtving ecumetsoces mentioned, only one of them twit eke the ing, murder and the rst willbe consieed E genecs agpavating excurnsnces, "Tae presence of several wounds iced by the of ender rove tnder becaue Uere x ruc if the i ie ie, oF motling or outranin mth crpee ified afer ce ‘The prewnce of punt wound of entrance a he Da tsa pone rule quae act to mnuser coe her wa SES there ie evachery when the offender commits 2T ine ones aga ponon, employing meats of esi, Se tiem tn ts exesation tneeot which tend dot Ses cxecuuom, without risk 10 PS ct the deter wich the offended Pac smoke [art 14 er 16, Revoed Penal Code) OR SRS en Sa aeons ets ae Score ‘ous drugs were inchaded and as result of whieh the pationt Sori a tee Seo eye ‘emneterie_b dtnaal aat enti nhchorsiarants Death under Specs! Crownstances: (G) Deatn Geused n'a Tumalasous Atay: Art. 251, Revised Penal Code tte, ieee pam nt oman gonpe manizad for the common purpom of stating and at tacking cach other reciprocally, quarrel and abel each ther ime confused and tumultuous tanner, and in the course of affay someone is Kile, snd W cannot be te Certained who actually tilled the deceesed, bat the perton oF persone who inflicted serious physical’ injuries can be ‘aenitod, such person or prone dull Ye panied Sy Hf cannot be determined who inflcted the serious pho icing om the deca, the penal of prion feorreceional in ts medion» ie! i ‘maximam periode al ve Iatposed upon all those who shall ave uscd vislenet nyoe the person of the victim.(2) Dean or Physical Injuier tnficted under Exceptional ‘Any logly marred person who, having surpio bie Ahother person, shall kil any of tem oF both of thea in he ct or immediately thereafter, oF shall inflict upon ‘hem any serious physical injury, shall aller the pean ot deste, fhe Gall fafict wpon them phic myries of any other land, be shall be exerat toma punishment. ‘Thow rilee shall e applicable, under the same etcum sioncen to parents with rexpect to their dans under ‘Soces years of sand ther seer, while the Gnuphers Selvin with the parent “Aay Potion WhO 1 promote or falliste the prow tivation ‘of his wife o: daughter, or hall otherwim hove onsented to the wsfdeity of the other spouse shall not De enttie to the benefits ofthis artic Requiies ofthe Crime: (@) Surprise of the spouse here mst ba ald mari AC Twat the guilty mouse-sae-eaugtby-sureie in the-actof-commiti sexual snterouse_ wit) nother pero. ti ‘That the Bling ox the jury was fit to either tr both at the very act oF iumedintely thereafter. () Surpeie of «danger: ‘ 1 The daughters below 18 yoate ofa, Si, The daughter i ving withthe parents a ep bey pris commtina Giafgceregnmenie y tv FRO KnS[ one done a im vere oct of xt Pesan of indy test AUSES OF DEATH socal aidden death, Sudden dea 'b Death roe Syncope: “of This death dus to mien and fetal eomation ofthe action Sttheheart wh seulition ected eet of Desi rom Sanco: (1) Goonas diay, ee spel ot thesbo (2) anette oan sne (i) Valles diame {Si Rapp efter and ober nearer {6} Sonam entntam:nctring tetra endear (7) Senge ents Sie af he aes 3) Rell akin ath ent oof he eae came (9) Arterial hypactonsion with sclerosis (10) Deresey er lsod asi Brose hemorrhage, sxpecaly asdden : fees St a ete aaa : DeDeath trom Asphyxa: Asphytia ix contion in which the mpriy ut oxygen to ‘a Blood ot the times orto bo has ton seduces low(avers of Dect from Aaphyt: (1) Dicsoss of the Torsion) eyeam, at pneumonia, cute Tronstiti, trong in infancy, rupture of the bloat (@) linpuctios of foreign bodice n the ryan. {) Compression of tse aryas {Gp Presse othe reiatory track de to amo, oie (6) Strangutation, siffocation, hanging, drowning, inhalation 6) Retvction of te atmosphere (7) Cases operating athe norvous yctom: () Paniysis of the respiratory muscles or rewitatory enter from fojury ar disease or wetlon of poison () Fixation of the reypzatory muscles from over stim lation of the spinal tan in stychnire poeonng (6) Causes operating fron + lung or pulmonary crelation: 4a) Fleury wit™ (ir oe “oy Pulmonary emboli. (a) Pulmonary theomboas, Somptoms of Aephy xt (i) Stage of Inrearng Dy pe: his sage snsally lasts from 1/2 to L minute: a) Increased rate and depth of respiration, leading to ificelty of breathing (dyspnea). (0) Exaggerated movement of rapzatory muscles won replied by exaggerated expiration () Wie of bload presaure, consequently the heart eat becomes quicker and more foie. 4) Pern becomes bluish ae consciousness lot. (Pape are contracted, Stage of Explatory Comeusion: ‘This tage late for about a minute: Sreedecereee eres Sees pecan Pte Bc fon Ae o> te Sch ni ert paneer (c} Abdominal viscera conge ore (@) Blood dark in color. . ice A Death fom Coma lb te tte of wacom wth ny of he {heer of the fnconr of te bei RINE em Cates of Coma (2) Grom lasons ofthe bain (2) Depron {©) Averleny {e) Book, (3) Abwees {e) Tumor (2) Poisons:rem Findings: he findings in coma ate the same as in asphyxia, snd in Addition, tere is congestion ofthe bain and the pial ond 1 sumIeIAL DEATH Modern methods In the execution of death sentences have ‘sbandoned inhuman, eusl and barbsross meats. Executions by ‘roting, decapitation by means of the guillotine and by deomning which were common during the medieval days are no longer practiced. ‘The statutes ofall countries state the lees! procedare for the execution of death ponalies. The sonetitation, ike that Of the Philippines, imposes ertain limitations to the law-nakng body as tothe method to be established Art, I, Se. 1, Pa. 38, of the Philippine Constitution provides tat “orl and unamual Punishment shall not be inflicted” The wal for the provision of the new constitution punishment pro. hibited must not only be eruat et clio unueual of vice vera, Banishment may be musual but not ericl and theretoce valid Death penalty is not eruel and tnamal wheiNer it be by hanging, shooting, or electrocution (Legurdaw- ates, 1 Phil 146). Punishments are eruel when they invalvad torture or a ingeing ath, but the punishment of death ls not ervel because tt ot barbarous and inhiman ‘The purpose of the guaranty by the constitution isto eliminate ‘many anhuran_ and. unehilzed punishments former’ kaown, the infletion of which tend to’ barburze. prevent erlsatont (MeBloainec. Brak, 142 US 185) Donth Penalty 1 Arguments in Favor of the Death Penalty [AY It is the only method of eliminating the hopeless enemy ‘of society — Eseape from prison, commutation of sentence land pardon ere ways that criminals, ise by thes iene, “escaped life imprisonment fan unproven sasuinption. — ‘Bunsshment ie properly cared ociety, it sities the verve of satisfaction and a sense of pro-po LeoaL Mspicave PTH the only mune wheredy society i reltved of he Hetero opt War act ae er BBD: ts + roses tet apm temps out the ck of i put wo daath. I i the i St ann a Ben lininaie ome of the degenerated tock of oeety. nthe exciton of cath sete ils dec! Dah Pty | Ar: Si, Revted Peal Coe ~ When end how Oe dec ()1 tm Greene pana — Miakenjadent to ger one eee eeepc ra {2/1 is act retormatve.— Copial panes! indicts im preprinted a eer ns ae creer Saee oe ce ees ee ee ee ace a Deine or miss of Re rluion be polsees ancl Coe Wires Eckecy am out of tao patonomy. Teton Ene srl ots Sta nt ta intr nih a cok.boded and deliberate kind of murder. ~The ot tr Nae he nbn of spp, or of te 1 dusnr ns no puoion to ity fhe petormance ot peneierts ee gee dius act, It 1s, however, a question whether aman who Pulls ; Of the death sentence. — The death sentence shall not be ier mar cobinlbe + OPS ee a. ae ficted ‘upon & woman within the three years next following | even greater than a policeman who. shoots « fleeing mur ‘the date of the wentence or while she is prognant not upon any Sire se sober. i fentence shal be commuted to recluson Perpetua wth th feceuory penaies rowed ns arcle 40 Az 84, Revised Penal Code — Pace of execution nd + tons tio may witnes the ame, The exscition sal ace place fn the penitentiary of Bbid In » space ose and shall be witnessed only by the per aang theoSPECIAL DEATHS. co ty ic teers a by is relatives, not exceting wx, it ‘This tethod of execution of death penalty is applied to Wap eeques. by the physician and the nscetsary personae rmtry personnel end decided by te court rarshals. Death (Of the pera! xalshiment, and by tuch persone ae the Detar bby mockery w covered las heinous than death by banging | BtPrcone ay sothorizn, Ss et se etl ac eee DR eea rarest = 7 sec poee _ Death may be due to shock: respiratory fare due to bulbar "This method not recognized by the Philipine civil or pani or ehyxitiend due to protong end cient conraon raltary lw, In sme dates of the Unit States, sic a legal a Tees bey doa exacts ©The convict is made 19 standin an elevated colapxbe ft ‘fer Methods of Capita Punishment: “form with = bls hood on the fad, a noom made of ope 1 Beheading "The moe common way of beheading swith the “mound ty" "and the otherend of which ified nan cevoted tof the gillotine, ‘The device something ke e-drver ruc” soove the had, Without the bnowledge of the co ‘as hoary axe to sree the hed The descent ofthe blade Met» fatorm suddenly collapses which causes the sxen Tits tbe ack trom betind and the hea fale nto + basket Sarin of the body and tightening ofthe nook around the 2. Crucifixion —Nalling the person on a comand death develops | “beck Desth may be due to mphysia or injury of the cerca Scan ance “Portion ofthe spinal cont 3. Boating — A hard object forily applied to the head to “Inthe Philippines, thie metho! of death execition is only rush the sl “allowed on denth pension imposed by mary ritrals ot Cutting anunder ~ Muteting the body usally with shorp Tubal. it is constered t0 be the most gronoine hoary istrument util death enas. | Geen of death and is impor primary 20 chow who have 5. Precipitation toms a height © been found ty of vary grave offense 6. Destruction oy wild beet. Phtippines, death penalty that are imposed by the ciel! 2. Paying ~ skinning ave wih by eectocutlon. Hanging wt ecomiaed as Impaing ff executing desth sentence, achough the decison ofthe 9. Boning ebunals may impose death by Bangin. 10, Btranaline. vr the couse of death i ude hangin: 1. Smothering. 12, Drowning. 4. Death hy Ga Chamber: “The convict ls encowed in 4 compartment and an abnoxious cx wphyzuting pa fs introduced. ‘The toost common gis ied ws carbon monoxie. ‘The convict wil not be renoved rom the gas chamber unlew he ie pronounced dead by theLacan mepiewe Haba be decent such right to another." Medical ethice ates Ae duty ofs physica eto eve lie, not to end platters 1 the wore fiction of wey to mt at's right to die when ho ehoowes to, provided itn “Palais the rghis of other. M + Glarehes — All churches are eguincteithanasia becouse an in “divi! doesnot have the full dominion over his ie to te ent “ef detertsining whether of not he wil continur to Ure, Os God who crented maniled has the ‘ole right to oxtinguiaes ““Medkinc ~ There is no sense in performing euthanara te Ich ax there is no physical pa to severe that modem mach atin wlable icday “cannot” eibstantlly provide” het “The physician may be mistaken ip the diagnosit of impending dost. Recovery. of the kind bordering clowiy. ont etacis tay occur. There is belief in the saying, “While then te IME, ere ore ‘Soeologically ~ The practice of euthanasia isan endorsement “er foleration of society to sulide and = general approvelof cine jeommitied for bonevclent motive. of Eutnanacs A.Aetive Euthanasia ~ intentional or deliberate application of the means to shorten the life of «person. Itanay be done with fof without the consmt ox knowledge of the person, tie ‘euthenesis on demand i the putting to death of a person i “compliance with the wishes of the person (patient) to storten hissatterinen. 1. Adminktration ofa lethal owe of poison, 2. Overdomge of bodativer,hypooties or other pain rtlerng vas 5 Injection of unto the blood tenn 4 Appliation of ron elacre current. 5: Fae to bate the oecrry manageeat procaise whic 4 Fale to perform tracheostomy when thare Se marked dis tres in bathing due to laygeal obstruction. bs Palle to gine tanafunon in arvere hemorrhage ¢ Depriving te child of motion “4. Removal of patont from srerpiator when voluntary breath Ing sot posable, ‘Who May Perform Suthanssis: 1. The patient himoelf Any person who deiberatly puts am end to his life commite suicide. "Susie Ia pot a exe in our jurudiction because a Peon committing suckdo is amoral wreck and he thst be {Ben an aye of pity or sympathy ralber than an eye of penalty by law, This alo based on pllonpiy that s pera has & complete dominion oer his own boy 2. The physicion, with oF without the knowledge and consent of ihe patient: Bren if a physican has humanitarian or mereifil motive in putting to death a patient, his ect his pnuchableinspie of te atin consent ‘Art 253, levis Penal Code ~ Giving asntance to suicide ~ Any peron who shall asist another to commit mide shall suffer the penalty of prision mayor. if sich person lends he augitance to another tothe extent of doing the Eling hunoe he shall mater the penalty of reclusion temporal. However the suicide no: consummsted, the penlty of arrsio mayor in ite medium end maximum periods sal be ipod, ‘The above provision contemplates the following situations: Tethal dose of poison, for example) withont ft, the law imposes upon hum theLEGAL MEDICINE poison was administered by the physielan to the patient ‘he knowledge and consent of ihe patient thes i 2 murder. Treachery i inherent tothe act of poleningand reach “xy qualities the king to eurder ove “In other jurintitions, the modern stitude i to allow py seis option cathe nome pe cnr “In the case of De. Adama who was charged for murder by | admisstering pain kiling drug to a patient suffer frm « ned incurable disease, which he wae then acquit’, ‘court held that “If the Tt purpou of medicine (the “fasoration of health) could no longer be achioy, ers wat | much for the doctor to-do, and he was entitled to do al “that wat proper and necesry to televe pain and sullering Ifthe means he took might incidentally docten life by ‘of perhaps even prolong it. The doctor who decider “whether or not to sdminiter the drug wowld not do bis | Jobif he were thinking im terme of hows or even in months The detense in the present. case was that the treatment LGren by Dr. Adams was designed to promote comfort, if it was the right ane proper treatnent the fact tt it Bhortened lite dii not convict hima of murder” (R, o. Adams, TB. 365, 1957). Tn a recently decided case (In the matter of Karen Quin- ap. Oa 83976), Karen i nb “sce a yer and tas been Kept ale by a 5 vas ‘the court to authorize Suleide or wllceitction i wmaly the wnforts quence of menial Hess and social disorganization. Societal faction to suicide varios i diffrent juriseson. Some conader Sule acre (Maryland, New dereey, North Carolina, Okipora, South Dakots), others impos no penalty for sicide but asicide temp are considered felonies or miemeanors and could ea {o jal woteness, In criminal atisics there is underreporting of suicide cases Dbeuse of the folowing reasons 1. Bvon ifthe fats are cla to aupportsueida, the strong oppor tion of the family, he physician, attorney and friends may ‘cue a cerlifetion thet te acciiental, pects they nly bereaved ut also sigaaticn. The ll ae moral mpl ‘Of death. If inured may Geprv the beneficiary from rece the full waive of the polley, the ual reigious ies may not be accorded the deceased, and other benefits provided by lew Imhich the heie are entitled may not be receive 2. There ies lack of generally sovepted standards for deter mining death by cuckie. To make death micidal, it mst be the direct, conscious, intentions set of wlfaatruction, Stbcamciosr or mubintended aste which disctly or indirectly feu oF harton death Is not consored to be suicide. NO ‘nl findings the imostigation of death an absolute criterion of mide Suicide rarely occurs daring the predolescet sgt. The in idence increase with the age but mote inthe ederiy) There is ‘more incidence sn male than im female. Moc! veins have ex perieneed depression of long duration peor to dying. Salelde occurs in slmost every conceivable location bat x vast majority of eases occur at home. Tt may occur in other placet Hike hotel, automodiie, jails hospitals and mental initutions. ‘The bodies of victims may be found in riers, lakes, open felis, pie, phoned, premedated, wt marie: : under peat provocion “acental” suicide This Ther Wife into jeopardy by12 treALMepicee Helintary seitinjory, but where we infer that the inten Be de wes realy iow booms the method ow att = febtvely barre, or became provisions for sean Sor ‘The person van “ulcky actualy toda Eerie under ctourtancee which mayest & ack of capacty Be tention, as wen the peruse tus pajehonc or hing Ionia from the eects of rope, nciee ee B.Sefdedruction ve 10 elt-napigence — for example exch self destructive behavior ae chrome alcohoias, seine Hporing medical instructions, cquetic aroting ak ne angers activities Tm genersh sich deaths a fot es ‘husfied os acide” G tsar micde — for exarape, the sf destructive action of SOE ween eee elas taoa ness Bderable current intrest to. phidosophere theologian nick 5. Premee of suede note oeul payehoioriae rom: Povcholoseat Aspect of Suicide by re Modern Lege! Medicine Peychatry and Forensic Sconce, Guns, MeGary & Petty. od. 18, BD, FA Davia Corp. 849) {Cocamon Metnods of Commiting Suicide: TeDigs aod poisons — Barbiturates, nonburituate sedation cits and other icitants, carton’ manowte, pect and Teebicides, other organi and inorpanie pote 7 Evidences tat il ue aut 5 DEATH FROM STARVATION “Aulomatism” due 10 drag may be considered ss accident! er than suickal. A patient develops a wate of toxic delyium ‘one or several doses of the drag, slechol or coor.LEGAL MEDICINE jaf Starvation BI ion i when tbe voce £00 as teen sue compirey withheld froma person,” 2" et eniy ie woretion —ia when there la «gradual ot deficient supply vole deprived of Merty or prisoners may go ta a “hunger ako" to create sympathy, ap body without food loses 1/24th of it weight dally, 'ol 40% ofthe weight results to death ith of survival depende upon the presence or absence of out food and water, @ person cannot survive moce than “rah water @ porn nay mrvive without food for 80 SPBCIAL DEATHS us © Ser — Women ean withitand sation longer because they have relatively more adipows tssior than men 4. Enuironment — Exposure to higher temperttare wil accnerate death, Suitable clothings wil delay death. Active physical ‘ertion wil hast doath, Severe cold wil alo hasten deaih ‘The Length of Survival Depends Upon the Following 4 Presence or sbeence of water, 3. Pat or complete withdrawal of food. ©, Surroundings 4 Pemale sorvive better than males, but children and older persons die quickly © Consition of the body. ‘Symptom 1. Acute feeling of hunger for the fxr 90 to 48 hours and this succeeded by Jocaliuation of the pain at the epgasrium which fan be reloved by pean. 2. A feling of extreme shite. 8. The face ie pole and cadaverous, 4. Four or five days later, thece isa general emaclation and absorp tpn ofthe subcutaneous fat 5. The eyes are sunkened,glatening dilated pupils and with anxious xprenion, 6. The lipg and tongue are dry and with cracks, wile the beat x foal and offensive 1. The voice becomes weal, fain and inasdible 8.The skin is dry, rough, wrinkied and emitting © peculiar die agreeable odor. ‘9, The pulse is weak and the temperature is sshnorms! 20."The abviomen is surkened and the exicemitis ere thin, Nccid ‘with marked lore of muscular power.eat MEDICINE ly emmacated ani emitting a peculiar offensive ofr. The eyes are ary, red and open withthe eyeballs alnkoncd DG The sun 4s dry, shrvalled anc sometimes with ondary akin fatecticn. as 1 Bed sores may be present. 2. nternat Ferdings: “Mle muscles are poe, soft, was with the miocutsneous fat lost completely disappeated ‘b Thore isa general rediation inthe sire and weight ofa onmin, feerpt the brain The bra i pale and sot, while meningoal vse re congested nd fresuently, there iva rons effusion i te ventric, 4. The ear is mal, with fabhy and palo aoules an generally empty chambers (Drown sleepy) ‘e The lungs are edematous with» ustatic congestion The romach is smal, €o" usted and empty with the mucous membrane Iss ined "9 bile, 4 The invective is thin. opty, with its thin ond twanstucent wall “and with he disapr ance ofthe mucosa folds In There may he wna or extensive uli ofthe colon at inate. ous. “A The livr, spleen, kidneys and pancreas ar small ad shrunken Me opically, the liver shows necrore of the central zane | noe Iver damage was de to protein defiier:y cll badder i dietendes with bile while Live urinary bladder 2. Absence ot varius vitmna i the food fox» long period of may cause national ditarbance Deficiency in Vitamin A will cause bupezkeraton of thedkan, Meophy of the mucosa membrane, drying up o¢ the sNary Si aerial and and night lindo Deficiency of Vitamin B wil enue neu, sore tongue, hyper: ‘rophy of the hesry, and. other anions of ber er Deficiency of Vitamin C wil eanse hamonoge in artous pate Bille indesdinet epedenian Mees epee tnan a. Simei oberved In aul Detisiency of Vitamin D and calchisn maybe followed by Deficoney of suger fat and minerals produce various disturbance tice Legal Questions in Death Due to Starvation ‘Determination whether den wae cata by streation Te is noceaary to examine carefully the intemal organ ard search forthe exience of any dase which may joxcbly be the Cause of death. Some disesues may slo lead to pathologies facia, like malignant disuse, tubereioa,cibetee mites Stemia and chronic dines.” Absence of sry disease which thay aise severe emaciation and the presence of suse forthe de Davation of food are the tans for the diagnose of death by Determination ofthe cause ofthe soraton Starvation may be seidal, Romieidal or aecklontal. The condition of the surroundinls Nstory and presims ite of te ‘tim and hi mental conden before ar re ast be takes Into consideration in Loe determietion of te couse,Chapter VIII DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD BODY pon ine rocks RetSnbelow seca he doceand was a married tan or woman the duty of” MU persi Bail devohe upon the surviving wpouse if he cr the uficent means to pay the necessary experas. 1B) tne Secosed was an unmarried man or woman, 04 chil W go et ay Bi the dy of burial shall evolve pon Tere: kin of the decease, i Sy be alts and within the | Priijpines and in posmeson of efcent mesos to Sten the pers un whom the duty of burying dead bery ic ime tered yaw val perform auch duty wishin ory ight hours afer ety to do charge by lam with te duty of burying the body of ipeson i ovtled 10 the custody of sich body forthe Thuving is except when an iqust ie equiedby hw fr ‘of termining te enum of oath; and in cate of Seah “Sompie! by 4 dangross communicable izes, sich ntl buried remain inthe custody ofthe Joa bose of Toca! health ater, or there be no sich, then inthe ifthe mania eouncl. OF POSSESSION: Z of cusiody ovr a decd boty means posession, Power. fe noiing of & tna oe enjoyment of right. The 7s thing moans two things: eter in the concept of pIsrosAL OF THE DEAD BODY 29 pein erisarees trees esr canerciocias ene a eee peace ed ; Ercan pene commas he a Seer eeee eee cantare EE Sig demeertd een Se eas Se icc ean ses Od fees gc oe Se aeeetatenreer a aera co Meg pren ee ries eae 2a eee rc ee Sheer aes Srnec cate eases Sear ainee rekon og res ce ee ca nos J ct aN eas inne an Cd aceon rere eee es Pp gag nk lewnpenegee aaa “Sacer banteeetn aoa cay 1 poles eee emaraeam Siraeewace pees es = cuanto sean pamoeereeiaciearnne a eee wee aceite srs et ares aoe cae rau acorn ce et ee eer tn eee celdidmaaiaeLEGAL MEDICINE Of the wil, and claimed the body for burial, which he ied should be ina Protestant cemetery. "Toit War nenees ‘rilow who contended that her husband should be teres cemetery of the church he had joined recently. Phe sont balming is the artificial way of preserving the body alter by Injecting 6 to quaris of antiseptic solutions of formalin Jerde Of mercury oF arsenic, whichis cariet into the cos ‘arotid and the femoral arteries. Umaily scott ded inimize the strong odor of the chemical’ and glycerine to ‘oudy mani be buriot withn + y-eht hours after death: = 1082, Kev Administrative ode within ch-body sll b: buried: oHPt wi. required for the purposes of legal investigation specifically authorized by te loca! health authorities ao aimed body sball remain unburied lorgor than forty. ‘hours after death; and after the lapwe of sch period the {for burial, Interment, or cremation of any such body the void and 2 new permit must be obtained. 1 hag been certified or is known tbat eny person died With a dangerous comminicable diesse, the body of wich shall be burled within twelve hours xfer death, unless \inseted by the local board of health or ather health boat must be buried within forty-eight hours efter me ‘tse a mubjct matter of legal invotiation; {© spcifeally authorized by the local health author DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD BODY a1 8) Implindty when the body ix baled 1 the person died of communicable disease, the body must be buried within 12 hourrunles the local health officer permits there. If the body is not buried within 48 hours after death, the permit previously tamed ie deemed cancelled and there ie = ead oft new perm ae Considering the climatic conditions in the Philippines, the time limit provided for by lew cegatding burial te should be cued 024 hours instead of 48 hours Decomposition of the body in topical countries, ike the Philipines, eet rapid. 1. Death Certificate Nocesary before Buri! ‘Sec. 1687, Reviaed Acministratie Code: Requirement of Certificate of Desth — By whom to be ised: xcept in cass of emergency, no dead body thal be butied Without a certificate of death, if there has been agghysicial in stendance upon the deceased, it chal be the duty of the mid ‘hysieian to furnish required certificate there has been no ‘hci in attendance, it shall be the duty of the lal nell) ‘offer or of any physician to furich such cerificae Should ‘no physicion or medicabotleer be avaiable, it shall be the duty fof the mayor, the secretary, or of councilor of the muniey ality to furnish the requived oa ‘Sec, 91, P.D. 856 Code of Sanitation — Bursa! Requirement: "The burla of remains is sibject to the following requirements (@) No remains shall be buried without « death certificate ‘This certificate shal be isued by the sttendine physician there has been no physician in attendance, ft shall be fasued by the mayor, the secretary of the municipal ‘oar, oF a councilor of the municipality where the denth ‘Qosurred. |The death certfieste shall be forwarded {9 the local evil rgistzar within 48 hours after death ‘The death certificate shall be forwarded by the petion iaming 5 to-the municipal eeretary within forty-eight hours after Seat, su. IW reir the Recents of «death ceritetetetoce exept in emergency eases ‘The fllowing may sgn les erties, Sete hee DAE AE Wg Son 2) The atendingphysicin, tere i anys (2) The Jocat heath (aunicipal health oifce) it vhece ss nn ‘physician in stiends nce,LEGAL MEDICINE ‘it tere I¢n0 eal health ottice and in attendance, ‘The onder in the enumeration in exclusive and successive | The presence of the preceding person wil exchile the | eaccesding person in the enumeration, Inasmuch as almost all municipalities ofthe Pilippines municipal health officers the municipal mayor, retary and aay of the councilors ae pretcallyinhbad fo sen tbe death ertiiate, 4 appears umunsal and contrary to the intent and purpose of ihe death cerifieste whea persons not quite 0 Lnow he cause of death, are authorized by law to sgn ‘This provision of the Administratws Code wan pro: gated during the time when physcians woe quite on from the Provinlal Fical oF from the Municia! li Necewery Uf Death te Due 10 Violence or Ovne 89, Revise! AAministrative Code singe i cose of suspected viol or erime: ‘Person who lesues a death cectiicats has any reason to or if he stall observe any indiation of Walence or he shal at once notify the justice ofthe peace, if he br OF if nether the justice of the peace nor the aux. © be available, he shll notify the munitpal mayer, lake proper siops to ascerais the excimalances or death; end the corpse of such deceased person shall buried or interred until permission f obtained from the ‘eal, if he be available, and af he be not avaik the mayor of the municipality in which the death (0, F.D. 856 Code of Sanitation: DISPOSAL.OF THE DEAD BODY as Rate pd isbneecrieucereinel ceo fo ett the folowing iv erro Seareine the ‘reumatncs ed er Of ath dino th ce (2) Ary osteo topes i he forme not rable Bu the perio or uray ony be grated by. (a) Poeci ic (2) Mint yc he tcl i ot rab Se. 109, Ried Adinsntve Cod Birtal nd tejer dere Municipal ca, the apa of estar of mic sal bods of bean paces whe sath bode have tore rte, on pues wher thre neo municipal Doarse tatty She cacy Of Crs te monkipl tania, Sa tot the precntcon of death eect ue permis fr the bur rane ofthe ead sal eer ve er {ios the pe of terme snd when racial the meer the eae from which the boy or reine he Boos ee fete, and the dopotion tat wt be mf tans body ot emia No wr cab Gani by my mona! merce Gry any the person, tone or diac ary Severe ee Sur ay human bly or rua unt pin of ach, 15 ‘hetcnbefre segue shall have bees whe ne Iowmbieto mci u eat teste the fra one ct Inveitblore proved nia mcrae ay nae ae fon sich dats ay be suai, In cae ofthe transfer of bodies or remeins from one munict Palty to another municipality, a copy af the death certificate sal accompany the transfer ermal. Sec, 1094, Revised Administrative Code. Dipoution of body en belonging Of peron dng of dangerous communteable disease: aLEGAL MEDICINE © Bee. 81 (h) P.D. 888 Code of Sanitation: 2 the cise of- death -a-dangerous_communiceble he remaine shall be baried within 12 howe after deal,” | They shall not be taken to any place Ae > eaperimtendent, ot other person having chase of nd or cemetery sal asst n, agent $0 of alow Pkeing of the body of any deceased person in an un- Overground tomb is prohibited, unless the coffin, oF Containing ‘ie remains shall be permanently sald ‘all be dug, when practicable to a depth of one and if meters end after the implacement of the body shall be firmly file (c), P.D. 856 Code of Sanitatio DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD BODY 2s ‘who shall wantonly oF maliciously remove any fence, post, or Tall or any burial ground oF cemetery, aall be punished by a fine of fot more than two Hundred pesor oF by imprisonment {or not more than six months, or bth. Saree oe rege a ig causa Corea eee erie anes ates pee ai |= ssa ermtaae ee enn eens a sheer rn a fe eee, Dearne ape tt pec ee eeepc ois oe race teste vino = es oe FUNERALS: Art. 808, Ci Code: ‘The duty and the right to make arrangoments for the funeral of 4 relative shall be in accordance with the order established for ‘yppork, under article 294. In cage of descendants ar of the azine ‘or of brothers and sisters, the eldest shall be proferred In ‘sae of sscendants, the paternal shall have a better right.LEAL MEDICINE det the form. of funeral shall desided upon the eso Wake aangeent for the sabe, after consating the ref the fal. £809, Cv! Cote: Berton who shows derespect to the dead, or wrongfully ith funeral tall be Laie tothe fay ofthe 4 essed for darsats, materi of moral Provision ls further Unplemenied by the Revised Penat iby considering it a criminal st. ‘The funeral te «fel owe ceremony oF manifestations of any religion. “Ae 152, eve onal Coa Interaption of religious worsip "The penalty cf prion coreceion! ins minimum period shall “upon any public officer or employee who shall Preven: the ceremonies or manifestations of any tligion. Whe crim shall have been committed with valence, or threat y shall be prison corcectonal ins medias acd as “ds. 198, Revwod Penal Code: “Offending the rtigiou fecting: Te penalty of crreato mayor a ts maximum period to prison in ite minimum period shall be Bcpored upon anyone va place devoted to Telgious worship or during the eel ct any religious ememosy shall perform acts notorousiy tothe feeling ofthe fas. 1BLI9, Cir Code proves that moral damages may De for acts mentioned i At. 308, Civ Code) Disrosal OF THE DEAD BODY ‘Art. 65, Hevaed Penal Code Provision reltie to the corpae of person executed and ts ura: ‘Une chit by his family, the corpus of the calpet shall upon the completion ofthe lgat proceedings mbonquert tothe ‘lecution, be tured over tothe Insisate Of lenrning oF se tite reerch few eppiping for for the purpose of ttady and lnveslaton, provided that wich snautute wal take charge of the decent bural of the remain. Otherwise, tho Disector of Prone shall order the burial of he body of the culprit at (gxerament espanen, granting pecmiason to be pres thereat to the membert of the family of the culprit andthe fieade of ‘the Item Inn cae, shall he burl of the Goy of te parton fenvenced to death be Bed win pomp. euirietion otto funeral ceremonies in caoe of deaths due to ‘communieable ass: See. 1106, Revised Adminitrative Coe: Restrictions ao funeral eeeronis in certain cass: In cae of death due to dangerous communicable iseae or dur to ay epbemie cognized ty the Duector of Health, dhe ody ofthe decaned shall not be taken to any place of pac sembly, nor shall any person be permitted to atten’ the funeral of such deceased person, excep: the adult are bers of the immedine fainily of the deceased, hie nero fiends, net ‘exceeding fon, and other persone whose attendance is abaclute ly necraary. Afar the doceaced shall have been bute! for 5 period of one hour, a public fmeral may be iid at the grave fr imaplace of public auscably or olaewhere, Ja caus of cath due to other cues the right 1 hold pub funerals an ondely manner and to sake the tse of a desea int chucchs or other places for his purpose al 208 ‘be imterierred with, nn Ses 81h), P.D. 856 Code of Sanitation: When the use of death Ie ¢ dangerous communicable inte, tbe remana sal e bred within hour. ‘They dhl not be taken teal. laos of ublicamealy- Ua dul, member othe family of he ceasod say be pened {© attend ne une. 3. Disposing ofthe Dead Baxtyin he Sexi Some dead bodies are not buried, embalmed ot cremaiet bat thrown over board in an’ gph Se8 provited that the decessed icommunicable disasr. Sush manner he dceaeed. oF a bar of. eians to sen for bari, In such cass. the body. must be Ta the manner prescribed by the municipal boanl of SE such, there. bn, ao the marine laws govern Dural a he deceased as not yet nen definitely ne exact cause of death cannot be definitely ascertained oo. of Gration may be needod (Forensic er thet p 2. ody fr Scie Pore: ED. B20, Cae of Saniation: forme tie ond cities Fe may be wre by meal ho a str nes and esmtch sje to she les at DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD BODY as ‘The body of any deceased person which is to be buried at publc expense and which wruncaimed by relatives oF frends for S'peciod of twenty four hours after Geat shall be abject to the kgpontiom of the Baseau of Healt and, by onder of the Director fof Health, may be devoted tothe purposes of medical acience and {a the advancement and promotion ‘of medical knowledge and Information, subject to euch ogulations as eld Director of Healt, with the approval of the Department Head, may prescribe, The Tegalations of the Disctor of Health shall provide for the dovent [Daal of the remains of such bodies and for defraying the neces, Say expenecs incident thereto. Except as herein provided, shall be usu for any person lo maltese of any dead body for any [Sentie Investigation ether than that of peeforming an autopey Corzee of risonere after judicial execution may be turned over to Inatition of learning or cient research: ‘AP. 85, Reve Penal Code: Provisions relative to the corpse of the person executed and ite burial ‘Unless claimed by the family, the corpse of the culprit shall ‘upon completion of the legal proceedingr mbsequent to. the ‘ckecution, be tamed over 10 the institute of learning or slentific fewarsh first spplving for i, for the purpose of study and inves. {pation provided that mach inatitution shall take charge of the ‘decent burial of the romaine. Otherwise, the Diector of Prisons shall order the burial of the body of the culprit at government ‘expense, ginting permision to be prewnt therest to the members ‘of the family of the culprit and the rind of the latter In 30 ‘age shall tho burial of the body of a person sentenced to death be held lh poop. Sec, 98, P1D,RS6, Code of Sanitation Special precautions for safe handling of cadevers containing adinoctioe stone 2. Cadavers containing only traces (very small dose) of radioactive taotope do not require any specs! handling brecautio CCadavers containing large amounts of radioactive isotopes should bo labelled properly Mentiying the type and amount of radioactive isotopes present ard the date Of fe administration, Before autopsy is performed, the Radiation Health Officer ot hs duly authorized representative should be notified for proper Advice. The pathologist andor embalmer should be warmed ‘ccordingly of the radioactivity of the cadaver so that radiation, ‘Precautions can be properly enforce. b.Dil procedures, rules and regulations may be carried futon the above mentioned cadaver provided that ther amount mn ity bax decayed to a safe evel which wil be deter Ihined by the Radiation Health Officer of his authorized re co ition — If cremation is performed without autopsy, there ferno barcling problem; otherwise, autoray preceutions dhould Derercty enforced. Precautions should be takon to prevent xs soncasirton st malctvity at he ase of ie Jadot te cemstor, | _oNATION OF FARTS) OF HUMAN HODY ]ONS TO USE HUMAN ORGANS OR PORTIONS OF HUMAN BODY POR MEDICAL, SUROICAL, OR SCIEN- OSES, UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS Republic et No. $49 as amended by epublic Aet 1088 10 LEGALIZE PERMISSIONS TO USE HUMAN OR- "AN PORTION OR PORTIONS OFTHE HUMAN AEDICA" URGICAL, OR SCIENTIFIC FUR- .N CONDITIONS, may validly grant to » licensed physician, ctenist oF any medical of scentfc Lstitution, ponte and other similar initaions, authority 0 ‘aime ater the grantor's death any organ, part oF Pars Mand t0 aelize the sume for medical, sargcal or sien- uthority may’ also be granted for the utilization for rol or acer yurposes, of any onzan, part. pats vip which for « legitimate reason, would be detached i ofthe grantor. suuthorization refered to in section one of thi Act. ‘iting: specify the pereon oF Inttction grant the Ps the organ, pact of parts t0 be detached, the specific “cr which the organ, part or parts are to be employed ji the grantor and two disinterested witness, 4s « minor or an incompetent person, the author- ferred ‘to in section one of thir Ac, without the consont ofthe rand ‘After the death of the yerson, authority to use buman organs or any portion ot portions of the human body for medial, sur deal or acenifie purposee may also be grarted by ‘ne nearest feintve or guardian at the Usse of his death or in the absenco {here by the person or head of the howpital, of tutttion having custody of the deceased. Proved, however, thatthe sid patton oF head of the hospital oF nstiction has exerted reas Ale efforts to locate the forosid quand. cr restive. ‘A copy of every such authorization murt be furnished the Secretary of Hea, See. 2.A. The provisions of otctons one and two of thie Act notwithanding, it shall be egal for any parson of any int {ution to datseh any ann or portion of the body ofa perm Aying of a dangerous communicable dieeae even if sil organ oF Portions ofthe human bods’ shal be used for medial or scamtiic Purposes Any person who shall volte the provisions of this ‘ection shall be punished with an imprizonment of not less than ‘x monthe nor more than one year. If the violation i com mitted by an institation, corporation or assoelaton, the director, ‘manager, President, andjor Other officials and emplosces wae, ‘nowingly or theoigh neploet, perform the act or ect ren in sid violation shall be held criminally responable therefore See. 3. An authorization gaanted in accordance with the provi sions of this Act hall bind the executor, niministratort end ‘icousore ofthe deseese andl mebers of bis family. See. 4, Any law oF cogalation inconsistent with the Act ate honey repeated Sec. 8. This Act shall tak effect upon ts approval sghPPROVED, May 17, 1980, Ameninent Approve June 12, ‘Sec. 96, Code of Sanitation (P.D. 856), Donati of Hunan Ones for Medical, urged and Selenite Sipe Aeording to the Sensation Gate (PD. 886) Any pron may donate an ofan or any part of his boy to 8 tet 2 Physi. 8 ati «homo 3 sense we $n upon tis death for ungpant, mediel or research purpows ‘subject to the following requirements: vee 8 The donation shall be authorized’ im writing by the donot ‘the recipient, the onjan ot part of his body to Ue [Purpose for which it will Se utilized,EECAL MEDICINE DS Amarin perwon may makesuch donstion without the consent aco Alter the seat of a person the next of in may authorize the “donation ofan organ or any part of the body of the deceased or simin: purposes snaccordance with he prescribed procedure. 4 Hf the deccaiod has no next of kin and his remains are in the utdy of on scereditad howpital, the Dietto of the honpil Inay dovste an organ or any part of the body of the dase Kiraccordance withthe requiremmts precited i this Section GA simple written authorization signed by the donor In the S pretence of two witnesses shall be deemed ficient for the - Gonation of organs or pare of the human body request ths | Becton, notwithitancing the provisions of the Ci Code ofthe | Philippines on matters of donation. A copy of writen author | Aaation sal be forwarded to the Secretary. uthoriation granted in accordance with the requirements Section ix binding to the executors, administra ‘who can grant permission to detach, after death, man oe ptr pasts he bums ody for mete gest azet relative the abvence of the mearet rlative permiion may be iy the heed of the hospital OF Insiation having medial, sugicel and over sientific we: ennitted to deta! hurran organs, or parts ofthe human DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD BODY 2 Hist specity the organ or part of the ody to be detached {2 mt be siged by the grantor and two dsntereeted persons. A copy of the suthoriatim mus be fumuted tothe Secretary or Hea, Limitation tothe Authortstion: TE will be flag to removed organs or portions of the human body I the decrand died oft daneerous communicable isease onal Provision: Imprisonment of not frat than sx months oor more tha one year Ti commited by an lesittion, the deetor, manager Fresyat or other offkial or employer who knowingly of ‘hres neglect performed an actor arte reuling ia mid Wilson ‘ll be crmiralyreponatle EXHUMATION: "The order ay come toot the provincial or city fantom te cout, and om any ey ‘ested with authority to iveipe If the body & exhumed for the purpose of peforming post ‘mortem examination no deadcamt le be apeled Yo the body Tort might intro in the detecon of chemical After the Toys bem dined, st must be kertied by veaives end or by mares on the Body. The proscan must demibe the coi, elothigs, dears of decompoion teore stating the sual dane orvieoee hisses ‘See, 1082, Revised Adminitrative Cot Gemeiryperts— 1 al be naw ela, mana State « mumen body or human versa unll «pers efor approved by the Daector of Heshh, shall have been obiaied ‘Questions Is the National Bareas ot Investigation requved to ‘obtain a peri fom the Divotor of Heats for exhumetson oft dead body in the course of na vestigation coniucied up i? ‘The quary was made on the presimption has he obe to perform Abe exhumation is 2 phydichn who isis a capoey fo pect ble hea ‘Anuwer: In the opinion rendered by he Secretary of Juice the anuer is yeu So. 1082 and 1095 of the Revie Adnininresive Code ring a pei i dinning «burn ce amman resins trom the Daestor of Heals tw chendsto case meee exeLEGAL MEDICINE Shas to be done for an autopny by amy person authorbat 7 the course of a egal investigation. ‘The language of , 9 etctions are clear and absolute In tars and edits of | pion. Not any exception to the said requicement be ‘any of the provisions dealing with legal investigations. to because the purpose of the eequirement of sid permis tion of health which may not be sacrificed where gation i being conducted (Opinion ofthe Secretary of ‘No. 26. series of 1954). evied Aiministrative Code Diisnter after ihre years ~ Treatrcent of remain on to divnter the bodies or remaine of perwone who Sof othur dangerous communicable diseaz, may be after sich bodies had been Buried for a perio 9 shee im src atthe itor of Heh Bay amt nr ot be endangered thers. | cy oF Femnins of any’ sch deceased poTIOR, upon hall be inmedtstelySnifecte” and ielosed fe box, sfeurely fasted, and thi coin, case, oF be plied in-an outs on which shall also be securely Revised Aaeminrative Code Permit toy be lied at any tine fo the distress cru rains of perce, Aig of ches than daages unicble dee, that have been properly embalmed cr of embalmet ot for te taster er temoval of at have been placed in receiving vault sting tas {ton the Philippines," Boxes sovianing the bodies Sis pity tarked so ay to show the tame the ‘pce of feuth: couse of death snd Whe point 10 whi or emai are to be ship. ninatatve Coe. DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD BODY 238 In every sich case, the body or remains, after being disinfected, rust be placed ip sultable and hermetically eraltd container, ‘See. 92, Code of Sanitation ~ Ditinterment Kequirements: Disinterment of remain is subject to the following requirements: | Permision to disinter remains of persone who died of nom dengecous communicable diseases may be granted after burial period of three (3) ars. Permission to dlainter remains of pertons who died of dangerous comnuricabe dnaueray Be gred after a bural period of ive (5) years « Disinierment of remains covred in parsgraphe "a" and“ of hin Sestion.may be perattod WADA shorter tre Us. Cha Dresribed in apeCist cass, subject to the approval of the Regional Dislor concerned or his duly authorized repressm. ‘athe = 4 In all canes of disinterent, the remcing shal be disinfected ara. laced ioa.dumble and sled container prior 10 their at Aisposal ‘Ark 208, Civil Code: ‘No human remains shell be retained, interred, disposed. of or exhumed-without the consent of the pesons nientione im asicon > ‘Wand 205. oe The persons mentioned in articles 294 ar: Gy Spm one (2yDescendinte of thesmoarot degree; (3) Aseendants of the nearest degree; and, (@) Brothers and sizer, . ‘How, Long Can Bxhumation Be Done After inert: ¥ TEthe perion die of dangeroorcomminteable dus, the gaye exhumed oy utr rap of te feat toa the date of burial However, pernit to dian MV be ene eine 2 shorter period when inthe opinion ot the Desetos it willnot endanger pubic heatLEGAL MEDICINE 98 (b & ¢), (PD. 856) Code of Sanitation — Disnterment a - “Formission 10 disinter remains of persons who died of Ganges communicable dicases tay be granted after bur poo of five (8) years Disinterment of remains covered in paragraphs “a” and “b" » ofthis Section may be permitted within a shorter ave than th in mec cass, set to the aporra of ‘he Regional Director concemed or hie duly authori jerton died of « cause other than dangerous communicable » permiason for exhumation may be granted after such Thad been buried fora period of three (3) years. However, Cases the Diector of Health may grant permsion fs shorter period when in his opinion he public heat will 1006, Revd Aminnative Code — Feit dter lives Seae = Treatment of Remain "Permit to he sll or eso perso Pave it of cet near comssenee tiem, ay be paaed at SSOEISE Seta tare fora pr of fee Seno as the Dbectar of Heath may ons Person Stans peri when in he opinion te mse lot be endangae thereby. : i PD. 880) Cade of Sntaton — Disiemen 12 teagan to diner remana of peso he wi ss-tngrouncomrsmicaie esses nay be patel paral pcb of tee (@) 702 oe, Revues Adminstative Coe —Shorent of rang ‘intended for shipment by sea shal be plainly marked »0 “he name, age, nationality of Ube deceased Peon, re dath, and the destination of the rains, DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD BODY ce shall deem it necesary to disinter and take possesion of the femaine for examninalson to" determine the cause of death, Requirement to beatified tn Exhumation: ‘4 Duration of intermont as required (supra). by, ehumation permit: ‘Sec, 1082, Revised Administrative Code —~ Cemetery permite —W shall be unlawful to etablch, maitaim, enlarge, reopen, for remove any burial ground or cemetery, or to dsinter a ‘mumen bedy or fman reraing, until a permit therefor, ap- proved by the Diector of Health, sball have been obtained. Compliance of the sanitary requirements: ‘Sec. 1095, 2nd, pa. Revised Administrative Code — Permit 60 Adster after three yoort — The body oF remains af any mich ‘eceased person, upon exhumation, call be immediately Aisintected and incloved in coffin, case, ot box, ar ecarely fastened, and this coffin, case, or box shall be placed in at ‘outside lox which shall also be securely fastened, ‘Sec. 92 (di), (P.D. 856) Code of Sanitation — tn all cases of Aisinterment, ie romains shall be disinfected and placed tas durable and sealed container prior to thee final disposal Procedures Followed ia Medico-Legel Ezhumetions 4. There must be a formal request from any of the law enforce ‘ment agency or any entity ot person authorized by law to make Investigation addressed to any ectablshment or person author lized to perform medicolegal investigation. The sequost met mention te name of the deceased, place of interment, date of Interment, suspicion as tothe canse of death, eis. The reason for the request maybe (2) To determine the ease of dts (2) To determine the identity ofthe deceased: (6) To recover organs or tissues for further examination: (a) For toxicological analysis, (b) Por histopathologic examination, (e) Smears fom vag cal and tod fr acho! deter (4) To recover foreign baste: (a) Metalic feament or whole slug for balliic examination (©) Operative sponge, medical insirament to prove nee ligence of surgeon.LscAL MEDICINE Fertten request for exhumation of the body of the deceased Po ebet be sotto the Minustry of Health oF the Regional Dew | feecerned, mentioning smong other things ame ofthe doceaed Pace of exhumation ——— =n Destin of wterment 96) Purpose of exhumation Ministry of Health aside from ‘esting the recesscy Bae togetter with the condition to be eSmplled with, wil | Tiforn the local health officer concernat to sont the page | fe pevtons the exmumation to sce so Unt public health wl the proces of diinterment care and diligence must be is avoid deeruction, deformity, contamination oF ther effects that will prevent the fealstion ofits ob Topening the coffin, the body must be viewed by any or Demon. “he can Monty the deceased, The names ofthe Sih identified the grave, wo viewed an identified the Smosh be inckided in the report. The exhuming ph must describe the coffin, wearing apparel and condition of itulopay and adoption of the procedure is needed to pis the parpos of the exhumation, jon of the body and all the areas involved must be ‘oar with the suastonce of the local health officer and ff the bod) to the burial place. be Included inthe Exhumation Report fof the deceased and the pensonal circumstances (4%, atu, address, occupation. ee.) eis) of exhumation, ‘ese and designation of che requesting pars DISPOSAL OF THE DEAD BODY 2» bh The name and address of the person(s) who Mentified the body ofthe decease, |. The postmortem examination and accomplishment of the Durpote(s of the exhumation; 1. Pu conclasan(s) based om the findings and result of the examination; Remarks (if any), and 1 the signature and designation of the physician ‘Some Problems i Exhumation: 2 Hentity ofthe deceased: ‘The exhumed buried deceased might not be subject-matter of exhumation especially when the burl ground isa cemetery. ‘Mase burl of “saesging” vicims or dimer victims may cause ‘erioua problem tothe physician. There mast bea metialousand {ie consuming attempt of the exhuraing Physician to extablsh ‘entity in order Unt bir ceport may be of some value in the lnvostigative or judichl proceedings by, Refisal ofthe nextof-hin to gle consent orto cooperate la the ‘This situation infrequently observed when the nextof-kin 100g port tobe involved inthe investigation ‘The proper remedy to this stoation isto petition the court dose at eer to tc tae ty catia specie reasons why exhumationauiopey will wrve the best incorest ot tic,