a ere E me) a Ae ie WT sh sco [0 dele) el x Lo) c= Peg oiigaeg oMy> 4 Tutus aaeare sleet] 3A LUIM@P HALICTOB!Hoporne zpy3a! Hap BennKni - cosnarens MOUMOR BOeHHOH Maus Tpye- ct 8 XV 8ene. 32 mynpocte va fone on ero yeanirensuo nasueann Craps pm. Ero nporonxann Gonech W y8a- wate axe nocne cMepmi. B 1792 rony oBvennmennan.apaun Npyccan 1 Aecrpwn eTopmnace 00 Gpanumo w Hacrynana na Napion. Be- rman paryscran pesOmOwh 6b 3eana twee m cTpax y BCEX MOHPXI- Secon nowos Espone. Kowanaoean apunen npyccKMAopon’ OpHApHX Branorene I, median Opava Be- moro, yme nownsisero 8 G03e. OnvaKo rorna cynb6a cronmuis Opanunin Gina Npakrmecn peuena, apm BTOp- seen neontganno croua, eno 87oM, ‘ro Howse 8 covet chamaie OPA Borenaw Il yennen.npapax cazero stamexinoro AAaW. Crapoth Opa No- ‘peboean or HoBoro Kopona Nipycin He- wa lap w oreryrt. Kopone we cHor Cenyuarocn @prapixa Beninoro, xoTe jane w npwepan, W NOsepIayn BOCA avant ipacaa, sete mak YTWpMAACT, to ROpOne MOGnn sein, HaMeRaior A va xpyruyo ary OT Pesonio\WoHepoR crew Opanigysconm axtep, KoTopeiA sxoGw w curpan pon npvapaxa pana Tak, axe nocne cMepri, Opaapix Be- wwii nporionxan enka Ha HCTOpAD Esponei, KoTopOM yeneuNO. AMPH poean npw musi Cyeamenen, rash penaxrop ‘Amurpui KPYYMHMH Nognvwntect Ha razeTy «, xpeiicep co- swaTenbio Hanpaawna no nyt, Fe OH Mor aranyroca na repmancnie Mie Kar npwanaeann —Gpuravcxne vcTopMki, “nofespenite, TO HeMyss Mornin ebicTaBiTT> MHWL K ZaneAy OT Opwnievicxnx ocrposos, y nopaos Aa: smupanrefictea wnence. OnHaKo KoMaH- youn (pana-Onuarom Pixor DoxenniKo cxpenn cepaue Aan otmauuny Ibxennixo Guin suigewentiem nepeoro nopaa AR- mupanrelictea Yancroxa Yepuanns, ‘uumawseroca nocra # 1915 roay nocne nnpoeana flapaavemiscKoi onepaunn Boesunirerp pate ‘eraanopuon Keep 8B 1898 rony Yepuunns cpaxancs nog vaanom Kurenepa npoTHB waxq¥cTOR, WorHowenua meray HiNan cknapbianice become Hanpexennste. FeHepany He Hpar BINA CHUIKOM caMoysepeHHBIA NOR Hewett nocraaiTe KOTOpOTO Ha MeCTO OM, ‘onHako, He MOF noNPHUMHE HaNHARy Toro sbicoxonocrasneni noxposirenett B janbHemwem ux conepHniecteo omexo wapacrano. Karwenep curran Nepunnna nesyuynm He 8 ceoe peno He- npogeccnonanom, a Tor ero ~ conma oHom. Chepre capa Fepbepra owncrana copy Yanctony Ropory Ha BoeHit conmn. 81917 roay Yepsnnne cran wnin- crpom Boopymenini, a 8 1919 roy ~ Bo vim muHincTpoM. Xorn, BosMORHO, Reno Grsno He 8 nep- conanmax. Npmaa K suBORy, NTO Boma axraveckn yrxe BuurpaHa, caMbIe xi Thoywiele Opirackve nonnaKs morn 3anynarecn ~ Kak abipecTH Poccio u3 sorte, MTO6 He menmTacn noBeIet Vi Karueep cero npMonunerio BReHTMOMEHCKMIMM BATMAN BM ‘© Muxann AMMTPHEB BOEHHAR HCTOPHABoccranne B Kapenmn 6onbulesuku i] | _ NOBEDHbIN JibDKHOrO pasrpommin cisiamu dMHCcKMX KypcaHTos! 3umoit GoesEIe ReitcTBNs ecnM 1 He MpeKpaliaiorcs, TO KaK MMHMMYM 3aTyxal0T. Mavio KTO 13 BOCHAaTBHMKOB PHCKOBAsI MPOBOAMTS KPYMHBIe ONlepallyHt B XONOMHBIe MECALIBI, Korya TpyAHOCTH Co cHaOKeHMeM 1 MepemenlenMeM BOHCK yaenmrunpaiorcs MHoroxpaTHo, E”pa 1M He mepsetit cmywait, Kory Sapaviee CIuiaHMpoBaHHEIi yap GBI yoreuHO HaHECeH B caMoe CypoBOe BPEMs rosa, PasOM epeBePHYS KON KAMTIAHII, Mey MecTo B stibape 1922 roma 8 Kapenum. Tee“ Pesci soe 8 Poccnn ctana GopsGa mexay Kpachbimur m Genbimi BecHOH 1918 rona 8 Oninanawn. Mo6ena Torga ocranace 3a Genbinu, KoTopble, PacnpaBMBLWCd ¢ BHyTpeHHNAN Bparamn, B AlanbHeVUIeN prrannce MaKcumantsHo pacuiMpHTe ta: Huub cBoero rocynapcrsa. Bops6a «conmemexxukoB» OGneKrom guHicknx nononsHoBeHMi cram HaceneHHble wx «connemex- ukamut> (kapenamm, ¥KOpO!, MHFep: aHnaHauamn) TeppuTopun Kapenin Kapenscroro nepewerika, V1 Korna ® oKTa6pe 1921 ropa 8 Boc- ‘ounior Kapenun ecnoixayno aHTabons- eeucrckoe Boccranue, Ha NOMOWD eMy TYT Xe YCTPEMANMCS AOGPOBONDYDI M3 Gyomu BOEHHAA HCTOPHA Mo6uneinie napriaanckne orpaasl uucnenHoctbIo oKONO 5-6 ThA ue nosek, AeMcTeosasuiMe Ha meoKaX Xopoulo 2HaBUMe BCe NecHBIe Tpond, yenewHo TecHiNM KpacHoapmeiicKne vacra. Ml Torna npoTaBHnka peweHo Geno Gute ero me opyxviem, Vineinure u rope... Zim paarpoma matexsianos chop twuposann tpi Kononits. asvan pons oreommnace rmHoMy OTpRay, cocTas- AeHHOMy M3 GHHCKIX H KaPeNCKIX KyP- carrtos MerporpagcKoit_ wiTepHauno Droit yaapHoli rpynne npencroano ‘npofirn no Tevnam Gensix oF canuan Ma- cemsckoii wepes jepenn PeGone Kina co2ep0, # opHoi 3 KoTOpEIK, KaK NpeRNO- naranoce, HaxOAMNCA uTa6 HenpwsrenA, Orpag, nacumssasuinit 124 Goiua vw 12 KoMaHANpO®, COCTORN HCKNON TenbHo 13 HO6posonsyes ¢ OTMEHHOI uaniecko noproTosKoi. Boxpacr wx xoneGanca or 22 0 26 net. KoMaHAMPY orpana Toiioo AxTiKaiieny ano ecero 23 ropa, Ho, NoMUMO [paxAaHcKOR sofinbi 8 CyoMH, OM B KaNeCTBE Ko: annnpa nynemerion romans! ycnen no@oesate co ceonMn Gentian cooTeve Croennxanu 8 1919 rony @ Kapenim, a 8 1921 ropy wrypmovan Gacruonb: Kpo#- uranra, 7 aweapn 1922 rona noeagom orpaa npnGwin Ha craHyno Macentckas, nocne wero cosepuan —70-kunoweTpOBbN eon wapus go aepesa anans Boyes Gunn onevst 8 cneynansHoe Tennoe o6myranposatine (wen, ny uuy6Kn, earkbie WAH, eaneHKs, Teno Gense) n soopyikeHt! HOBEHBKNA aBTO- arama Denoposa. AmenAcoy Hix WeCT> rynemeros Magceia v AocTarouHoe KO- rmsecre0 rpanar. HopiHKoM cusranace Genie Mack xanarbl, wcnomaoBaBulnecr 8 nepwon epsom muposom soit. ‘Npoaykret rnranns ~ KoNCeped, CaXap W Cano ex 6pan Ges orpanmvennit,nToMKO woKonag w cnupr asyaeannce crporo noHope. Bec rpyaa cocraanan 25-35 Kino- "paMMos Ha KamgOrO MBOKHMKA, Bssons pore, npoxnagbisasuine seoKWo, epHOAMECKH CMeHANA. ApyT ‘apyra. Qlewranuce co cKopocTio 20 10 knnomerpos 8 uac. Bon 8 pexume HOon-cTon Tlepasie versipe «Atika> Ginn B2ATet 11 Aweapa. Onn coo6uynnn, To 8 Ae peste Menenra HaxonuTca orpaa W315 enosex non KoMaHqOBaHnem nopyuinka Jlaccy. Kypcatrret cosepwann HouHoli 6pocok. Onn npeoponenn 15-xuNOMe- "possi Macenbcxwi KPA. Palio yipOM KypcaHT TayKiHer, sbiOns ‘NpuKnaoM oKOHHyIO paMy, BBANMNCA B m26y,rne Haxonunace epameckaa 2acraea, MxynaKom c6un c Hor benbadeGena. Cne- RoBasuime 3a HWM TOBapMulM NepeGunM M ‘3axeaTMn ocTanbHbIX Bparo8. A sor 8 PeGonax o6ownoce 6e3 ‘popes: yavas o npubnioxennn Gons- WesnKos, Genie yxe ycnen oTryAa petuposaraca. 3aro a Koneyocrpone MecTHble muTenn noBepanh Macy WH- ‘Tepecioro. Oxastisaerca, 6 Kamacosepe acnonaranca waG MATeMHIMKOS, Tomy xe Tyna Asuranace rpynna us 22 Gohuos HenpuaTena. 31oT oTpAg, epexeatiann no qopore. fia KoHBON- oBaHiA nneMHEr BbyIeNANH Bcero ABYX Gofitos, a vroGe1 nnennnKn He yoexann, Yy Hx cpesann nyroBnybi Ha OpIoKaK M ‘ocrasini no onto nsixHom nanke. Barem Anruwaiinen cymen cxpeiTHo ‘sbyMHyTe cBon pot K Kumacosepy. ‘Araky peuimnn cocpenorounTs npoTas raGHoA ma6e1n 3qiaHnA yepKen. OnHaKo OAHOR BHesaNHOCTH He nomysMNOc. B gepesne sasseHenn KonoKona K 33- ytpeHe, i Toliao owwGouNo pewinn, To eo Goiyos obKapyxmnn. B peaynsrare araxa Havaslace NpexAesPeMeHHO, XOTA wenonse ycnewiHo. Hanoniofi ckopocra cpexas Ha mboKaXC opti, KyPCaHTHI 8 CuMTAHHEIE MiHyTE 32- ‘nonnnn ynnupst Kumacosepa. BoA ANANCA meee nonyxaca. Hexoropbie Genbie noi- Tanne orcTpenwaaTeca, Ho GonbiliMHcTBO vo Hx o6parunnce 8 Gercrso. Meno Gnaromapa aTomy cywen cnactace KOMOH- AyOWW YoxHOR rpynnoh noscraHues Toomer. Coon enevamnenin of n3- roman secowa Kpacropesmeo: «C ar0r0 ‘anpasnenia me He wan fame MAL, He TombKo STO MbOKHAKOES. COPOK WECTD He- ‘nosek nonann B men M jessT> norwEnu. Co croposi KypeaHTos y6ureix He Beno. Trapnoe me - yaanoce yrusTORITS pa- 2ReCK uTa6, NTO cosepuleHHO AesOpra- vaosano noscraH\ye. CChanws vacre crpoeHin, xypeatTe Bep ynuce x KoneyoCTpoRy, Ae CoeaUUTNC CCMACTAMM 1OKHOM KOROHH.32TeM, HOSE onysne caMocTomTensiioe sagan, corpan AxrnKatinena asuynca x nepeste BapurHasonox, rae HaxoAce OKONO 300 Genogmntios. Bpar yxpennn cBOn no- Svuyn 8 pepesHe cHEMHEINA OKONaNM, RoKpbIBWMMCR Noche NONMeKK GooR Toncraim regen cnoes VixoA utypwa Takxe peumna eHe- sanHocrs, xOTH Gensim nprxoQMNOCe cpaNaTECA C HeMHOTOMMCTIEHHEM HM 3- yer fonrum nepexonom nporHs- Huwom. KypcaHTe! noTepann wersipex enosex y6nToimi Mm wecTs - panensian B npyroit nepeste - KonnoKe ~ Konh- wecrso noscratues aocrarano yxce 400 enogex. Ontako eMopannaoBaHHsie Prenat _"nxoae niet ofan wacTo Bo RPE eviapa venonsaoeana ‘onennypIc Npenpiayuim Heynavamn, OHM oF crynunm, Tak w He npaHae Gor. Osnages ele HeckonbKMMA HaceneHHEIMN ny krann, orpaa AXTinkaiiHeHa nepepexan pommBHnky nyTH oTCTynneniA 6 Diu ana, 5 despana kypcate: no O6bIsHOA yke ‘creme Bopsaniice 8 nepestio Nonsro- ‘noKua W, 3a6pocas rpanarama OMA, KO Topple 3aHMan npOTMBHINK,BOvepeRHOM pas o6patann ero 8 Gercrso. Muxoh Goes peli saKoHuunca 10 deapans ‘ssntvem jepesnn Boinmups Bemoyeicnenann... 25 espana 1922 ropa orpag AMTH- vaieva npw6uin | Kemb, npohaa a renKax B o6welt CnoxHOCTA T100 KuNO- Merpos nposega 10 Goes c Henpu- stenem. Boccranne Gwuto paarpommeHo, 2 rmapHint repos Kamnannn ~ AHCKHIM meoxnunam — 8 lenwurpage ycrpownn TopxectaeHHyio ectpeyy. Bnocnegcrewn 06 wx nogenrax 6sina anuicaHa nosects Panwa Onwa «fla AeHne Kuwacosepar n cHar gunbe «3a Hawy Conercxyio Ponniy», rae pons AX- Twxaiinena coirpan oveH» onynapHbit 8 1930-x ronax axtep Oner 2KaKo8. Cam Anmuxaiien Gin HarpaxneH ebiculen cosercKoh Harpanoit ~ oppenom Bo- e60ro KpacHoro 3hameHn, a nepexonb! Ro none ero WMeHN Cran TpaAMUt COnHEIM—-MeponpHMRTHeM —Kapenscritx cnopromenos. Ho 370 To, 470 KacaetcA nponarataMct- coro porra. UO me KacaeTCA 4MCTO BOEHHOM chepsy, TO GuHCKOe KOMAHO- Bakine cxlenano w3 sT0m onepayinn Hage >rauyne BbiBopss. Mlonyyanoce, To 31MOH B YCNOBIARK ecMCTO-O3epHO MECTHOCTH, HeGonsuime m xopowio NoproToBneHHbie OTPAMDI MBOKHNKOB Mornn peticTAOBATe He npocro apexTHeHo, Ho Monpenenar rparermo Goeetix neticran, YunroisaR, TO 8 cryvae nonomac luraGHoh soln ¢ CCCP mogcKne pe- cypcs: Cyomn oxaxytca secbma orpa- HuWeHHEIMH, QvHHaM, & cyuIHocTH, He ‘ocrasaioce Nero MHOrO, KPOME Kak BoicTpaveaTe GON’ FpAHMUb! NPOYHBIe ‘6opoHMTensHEIe —-oaMYAK (nH Suqena ~ MaHHepreiima) onHospe- ‘MeHHO roTosHTs Gohyos c ynopoM Ha ymenwe jeficreosary 8 cocTase Mo- Gninotoc neoxHix OTpAAOB. Kak uMeHHO chenyet naprisakimrs cosepwars elias! 8 amaennx ycnosuax, wm noKazann Kypcane: AHTUKAMHeHa, Ypok sHo nowen enpoK, HB 1939- 1940 rr. QHD c TaKOH TAKTHKOMI CMOrN ycriewo nporneoctorr® ropaso Gonee MHOroMMCNeHHOA Mi HaCbiujeHHOR Tex Hukon Kpaco apmum. 31a Bola, KCTaTM, Tak M Haabieanac ~ «SnmHed. © Oner NOKPOBCKMA BOEHHAA HCTOPHA3HaMeHMTEIe KpenocTH CTPADK 3EMJIN PYCCKOM TeHBI IIcKOBa BbIZeEPKAIM ce OCabI BparoB Tourn tsicauy ser [ckonceati Kpemm ocranayica onHoit 3 CaMBIx TposHBIx Kpentocteii 8 Esporie M yk TONHO — camoit Gomsuoi, Ero nnomam: cocTasnsaet pu rexrapa, a o6tjas MpoTs@KeHHOCTS CTeH — eBATS auIOMeTpoB. Kpems, ws — Ha CTapstit 7am - KpoM, Co BDeMeHeM CTayI IDOM MepBOKMACCHOM KpenOCTMH, He pa3 CTAHOBMBLIeMCA MOCHezHMM ‘3AC/IOHOM Ha NTH sasoenareneit. Bcero TicKoscKssit saMoK ‘BBIgep»Kat 26 ocaz. 'a mbicy, O6pasoBaHHoM snanennem jpeki FicxoBts 8 BennKyio, moan ce- WAC eUle B KaMeHHOM Sexe. B cepenimn- He nepaoro TeicaueneTHA Hallet 9pbi TAM ‘cywectoosano roponmuye KpusMuen, Teraue rasan Omari Tickos Kak ropon snepssie ynom- naetea 8 «flogecm spenenisnc ner». OX Kobe! Guin ocHoBaH KiaTueh Onoroit niepen caMbim ee xanyprecrsom (oH Gbina »xeHO KHA3A ViropA”). 3emnaHyIo acune, ocraauyeca or craporo noce- nevuin, o6xo8unH, BosBen AepesAliyo Creny, @ Bnyrpm 3anoxnnn nepesnnnoth 2ne Toon. co60. ‘Cosepuienio TOWNO Momo ycra- Hosur, To UATaReN Ha MBICY YE Cy- uwecteosana 8 947 rony, Ho Gina eue epesmivont, Bexope Moros nonan @ ‘op6imy sninmiun Benuxoro Hosropona, CrpewrrenHo pasenaapweroca YeHrpa. COnvaxo Fenosckme Kpwenun aTHiecnn orminianacs oF HbMeNCRIK cnOBeH (CO 6 BOEHHARMCTOPMA ‘cTaBMABUMX KOCTAK HoBropomues), a oromy Bce Bpems nbrTanvce OTAENUTECA. Tax ro cnegst noxapa, noryénewero AepesaHHBin jeTAHe 8 Havane XI BeKa, cope Bcero, RENAIOTCA HaoMMHaHHeM (06 ocage ropona Hosropoauamn. Beponrio, re-T0 & TO me BPeMA ype kameHHble, CHavana $parmeHTapHo, a XIl pexy ~ noacemecrio. Bonbuloe crpow- TenBCTBO CBABAHO C MMeHEM MTOBCKOTO uaa Jlosmonra (8 KpeweHin Tvmoder), ‘npaswausero MIckoBoM 8 1266-1299 ronax. On yxpenun KONCTpyKuMM KpeMnA o6Hec crenoit nocan, NpMAas KpenocTM, 8 OCHOBHOM, TOT sia, 6 KOTOPOM OHA Aowina no Hauwnx ave C camoro Havana cBoero cywectBo- awa TIcKOB HaxORWcA Ha CTbiKe HH- Tepecos mHowectea Gonee cunbibix rpokos. CHavana nckosuTane GanaHcn- Posann meray ulTepecamm Hosropona w Kneea, sarem Mocksts, Tsepn 4 HoB- ropona. Hepes Mcxosckne 3emnn nipo- ‘eran yA AMTOBCKX, CKaHAMHaBCKMX TeBTOHCKHX 3ap0eBaTenelt, cTpeMMB- luca npoHHKHyTe 8 pycckwe eM. CO- OTBeTCTBeHHO, cama mMSMeHHAR NOrHKa ‘npegnucoigana Aepwate yRpeNneHMAA 8 OpARKe M NOCTORHHOH FOTOSHOCTH. Tlo mepenoszm Texxomormsm Gpownn ykpennemn Mexoscroro Kpemna va conecte, Crevst qBenaa\aru: MerpoBoit sticors! 4 ueTsipexmerpoBoit Tomah! OcTaBanuce aKTyANGHEMA ‘TouKn spenna dopriinxaunn gaxe cno- sanennem orHecrpensioro opyxnr. Lo ac Aowinn dparmenTbs, KnapkKa KOTOpHOX ‘Aamuposaria 1309 ronom. K 1380 ropy sce ‘ocrarKn jepesrienx yxpennenii Ginn ‘oxoHYaTensHO pazo6pavss, niniTRKaA Tena crana yenbHoi Guna ycunesa AeanToIo GauaMn, KoTopbie Ha3biBann koctpamn. Bcero Mickosckan Kpenocrb weer nat ROACOB KaMeHHBIX YkKpenNTeHM Tlepauii onc - 310 coBcreHHo Kpemn, 3annmarouln —oKoHeUHocTY oica. Cama MOuHaA cTeHa ~ 1OxHaA, nn [losmonrosa - omgensie KpoM oT nocaga. Np crpowrenscrse ova Guna ywneva Tpema GawHaNn. K 1400 rony ORBMNNCE CTeHE! BAONS Pex BenlMKori M Tlexosss, KoTopeie Obinn TaKcxe YoATeH Gauanan. KpoM o6HeceH cTeHamun ¢ x0- AOBbIMH nnowaAKaNN, nepeKpErTEIM Ae eBAHHOM Kposneh BHICoTON 6-8 MeTpOS4 TonumMHo¥ OF 2,5 40 6 merpos. NpoTa- keHHOCTP BOCTONHOM cTeHBL KpeMnn — 435 merpos, sanagHoii ~ 345 merpor rontolt cre ~ 88 merpos. revo Guin obnecen m Mlocea, Ko- ‘Topbilt cTan HaabiBaTecA [OBMOHTOBLIM Fopogom. B Hem Haxoqwica anMnincTpa- ‘TweHih YeHTP KHADKeCTBA. B 1309 roay nonswnace crea no- ‘cannuxa Bopuca. B Tevexve nocneny- rouwjero cronerua ova 6uina ycuneva 4e- ‘ToipbMA MouHoiMM GauaMM A TlnocKHM soporann. [lo Hawinx AHeit coxpaHAnca TonbKO HesHaUMTeNbHBIA dparmeHT STOR Tlo mepe Toro Kak ropon pos, ece Hosble ero \acth oxeaTbIeann 3a- Table CoopyxeHMA, KoTOpEIe enne- Tannce & oGoponuTensHyio cHcTeMy kpenoctu. Tak, 8 1375 rony nonewnace ‘crena-Cpennero ropona, KoTopaa wna ‘or Mcracnasckoi Gaull (envncTBeHHaR coxpanmsuanca fo HaulMx AHEM) K peKe Benikoit. Ona 6tina ocHaujeHa AeBATHIO Gawnamn, Kaman Ms KoTOpex AocTarana 24 merpos w Bbicory. Cheayouyw nioscom cranacrena ‘OxonsHoro ropona w creHa, KoTopoit O6- Hecnn HoBbit palion ropona Zancxoabe. BaremcteHoi cOawinmn Guinn OHeCeHEt ‘euye Heckonsko pafioHos. CHauana yxpe- FnneHiA BEINONHANACS M3 AepeBa, a nO powectsnn KaKoro-To spemeHM nepe- ‘cTpanearice 8 KamHe. B 1465 rony Geinn ‘oasenentt CanvopcKan, MinxaiinoBcKan, Tloxposcxaa, Metposckan uw BenmKan Gawnn, cuirpasuine KMioveByIO pone 8 Heckonbx”x ocaflax ropona. B 1481 rony Guia seicTpoeHa 8 KaNaHe HW jonionkeHa naTbio GaulnaMn creva 8 3anckoRbe. B 1500 rony 8 yctee McxoBuy, Ha npo- ‘meononoxHbx ee Geperax, Goinm no- cTpoeHst age Gawnn (Mnockan # Boc- kpecencrar). Moaalee, npawo Mexay Huma, H@A Bono BoseenK creHy C ONYCKAIOWIAMMICR B PeKY HUKHIIMH pe- werxamm. B XVII Bexe aty AepesAHHyIo CcTeHy 2aMeHinu KaMeHHOi ¢ apouHEiNn poemam, 3aKpbTbiMin TlORbEMHEINAA Pewerkamn ns Gpesen, oKOBAHHX me- ‘e200. B 1510 rogy Mexos w sce KHAKECTEO 6buIm OGuRBNeHL BNapeHMAMM MO- CKOBCKOTO KHASR, 8 pesynsrare ero MacuiraGHoe crponTenscrso Mm Monep- usauiia —KpeniocTa—npexparanuce. Bnpowem, nounmaa crpaternyeckoe 3Ha- ene ropoga n ero ymTanenn, speMa oT bpemenn yeHTpanbHeve Bnacta Kpenocte sce xe gocrpansan. Tak, K HpHMEDY, NO- seunca B 1620-e ropst OSpaackni 34x26 (anmnit samKiyrih pynae mexay BHeUHeR W BHYTPEHHe! CTEHOM, B KO- ‘Topom araKyioulMe nonaann & NoByLKy WW nero paccrpenusamnce co cTeH), a 8 1525 rogy — KosmonembAncKan Gawiia. To oueskam cneyanncros, crpowrenn Flexoecxoit xpenocrn 6tini @ Kypce ecex Camelx coppementibnx nocTHKeHnit op- -Tapinraunn w crpownn yxpennenua no no- chenvemy cnoay moKeHepHolt TexHMKK. ‘Yrposa c sanama. B 1240 rony Bolicko TesroHcroro ‘opneta 8 cowse c jaruanamn BTOprnoce B npenents FeKoacom 2emnu, Bein 25 orpaknunbiit ropoqok Vs6opcK, nocne ero Ficxos noaseprca ocaze. Topom snontie Mor ycroaT, Tak KaK pac- onaran cMnbHEIM rapHHsOHOM, 3Hasi- Tenbibimi npwnacama w Kpenkiun ykpe- nenuamn, OpHaKO cpenw nckoaWTAH egnncrea He Gvino. FlaneKo He sce v3 Hun BocnpMHuManK HeMYee KaK 3280e- arene, Owen candies Gein nosMiyan naptan, nonaraauiel, so ¢ pbiuapAMn ny4uie He Boe8aTS, a 3aKMONITTe COW ‘pore HoBroponues M nonbiTaTbcA AO- Gurroca npwaHann HesaBMcHMOCTH. B pesynsrare rpynna 6omp 80 rmase c Teepaino”i Vearkosmsem cocrasina 32- oBop Mt oTTpaBWia NOCROB 8 TeBTOHCKAA ‘marepe. Mlocne neperosopos on orxpeunl roponckne eopora, 1 Mcxoe nan. Ho ya 8 1242 rony Anexcanap Hescxn, 6cTas 60 ase HOBroponcKOrO BoiicKa v nonysiNs opKpennenme ws Bnagywaupa, ocaqin op- ‘Bencrai raprnsor. Pyccxne, ecrecTBeHHo, vam YCTPOHICTEO KPeNOCTH Kak COM ams Manbllee, Tak STO LITYPM, HEOMOTPA Ha conpoTwanese, yeeHiancn ycnexoM. ‘Oxono 70 ptiyapelt nornGnn, oKono 20 onan 6 nies. A nnenMbox ws 4Mcna Bcno- MoraTembHbX< BOVICK M caMoro TaepaMsty vimae Anenanap npyKazan noseciTe Ha Mpenoctuuix creHax. Mlocne sToro oH Ipurpoavn nckoaMYaM, WTO B cryae NO- 'BTOPHOII nonbiTKy croBopiTbcA.CHeMLAMA _ykpervievs ropona npocto cpotor. B 1348 rogy c Hopropofiom 6vin 3a Knlo4en BonoToscknii qorosop, 3aKpe- ‘nueuini HesaBMcumocr TIcKOBa. 8 1407 rony nig cream TIcxosa noa- ennace apMina BennKOrO KHA3A MiaToDs Bu ‘Tosa. Ox, npaeja, He coOmpanca wryp- MoBate ropop, Tak KaK XopOUlO 2HaN CHTY ero ykpenneniit. Onrako ponryio ocany MTOBUAM YuNKUTS HE Aan MOCKBHK ‘OHM npucnann Ha noMouls cKoBy orpomsoe, 10 Tem opemenam, onon- Nene. B wrore Goin nognncaH MnpHit ‘oroBop, ycraHoBuewni rpabne TATE ‘C MockB0H wo ckoBom. Chepyrouyamn vcnpoGosanu Ha pos HocTe cTeHl Kpenocta psiuapy Sln- BOHCKOFO OpaeNa. Eule 6 1398 rony Guin opnncak ceKpeTHBit OroBOP MEKAY Siveonnen uw SluTsoi 0 pasgene cesepo- BOcTOMMtIX pyccKHX 3emenb. B 1444 1448 ronax peiuapy 8 nepesi pas no- NbITaNMCe BEATS CBOE, HO HE CMOTNM GnusKo nopomtu x creHan Ficxosa, B 1473 ropy oun Beprynnce ¢ 15-rH- ‘causoi apmuelt. Ha nojKonss, HM ocena, ‘HM HeCKOnbkO wrypmoB He yeeHuanice yenexom. A scxope noflouina niomouye 3 Mocketl, nMBOHYbI pew He weKyware cyab6y M nopnicann MUP Ha 20 ner. Huyero He BDIUIO y HX H. 80 BPeMA soli 1500-1503 ronos. Aeaxqsi sovicra marucrpa ox Mner Teu6epra nogctynann x Mcxosy, Ho Kaxabih pas sbinynenbi Grinn yGn- areca soceoacy. opnocr B 1510 rony Mcxos sowen 8 cocras MocxoscKoro rocynapcrsa. C 3Tot nop ropog cran opnoctom crpakbi Ha 32- NapHOM WM cesepo-ianagHom Hanpas rnenuax. A spemena ana Pycn Goin He- ‘cnoxofintie. B 1558 ropy Hawanace SMMBoHcKaR poiiva, Mcxos cran masHolt onopHoit Gasoii pyccxunx Bofick. 27 asrycra 1581 roga Mckos ocana ‘apna nonbcKoro Kopona Crepata Ba- ‘opie. Mo npwKasy soesoqy Meana Uyiicxoro Ginn sapaee cowKeHb! Bce penmectea, a crea OxonsHoro ropona Npoay6nposana nepesrHHEIMN yKpe- neHMAMAB cesa6pe or nocronuix o6crpenos f Creve o6pasosanace Gpew, nonaKn rnowinn Ha npwctyn. [epessiie ykpe- ‘news nosBonnni wx cReprare, a 3aTeM ‘o6parvrs a ercrao, HononakaM yaanoce aaxsatuTe Cennopexyio m.Moxposcnyio aun. Pycexne sovicxa emecre ¢ rO- OMaHaMN NPeAMPANRN. KOHTpaTaKY: Camopcxyio Gauiito e2opeann eMecTe C 2acesunun Ta oparants, Noxposcnyto orGnnv, a (pews 6 creve sanenann BareM raphuaon asuzepxan 31 UTypM vw cosepuinn 46 puinaaok. fame nen, cKo~ ‘sap. Pern soxpyr Kperiocty, He loMor 8 BOEHHARMCTOPHA nonakam. 4 gespana 1582 rona Baropuit BBIHY KH Obi CHATS OCARY M 3aKMOYMTE maup. Ynopctao Mckosckoro rapHiz0Ha ‘copeano noxoa nonaKos Ha Hosropoa, W Mocksy # 80 mHorom NoMorno Poccin OCTORHO zaKOHUNTS JIMBOHCKYIO BOMY. Cirpan caoio pon ropoa ue CMyTHOe pema. Slerom 1609 ropa ropoKaHe ‘cTpenbubt peumnn He nyckare 3a sopora wBencKne poiicka, KoToppie Bacnnnit Uyticxui npnenek ana 6ops6si ¢ JoKen- marpnem ll. OHM He TonbKo oT6unn HeckonbKO wrTypMos, HOM ycnewHo ‘okasbisannnomoulp coceannm maniimro- onam. B 1612 rogy ckos 8 TeveHMe no- nyTopa mecayes ocaxqan JixenwuTpHi IW, Co6crBerHo, prom ¢ roponom ero ssnocneacTewn v cxBaTwnu, Tlocnemunit 6oit B 1615 ropy Ko Mexosy nonowna weenccaa apmma —Koponr Tycrasa- ‘Agonusa I. Nlonoxesue ropona cumTann Geanagennim ame 8 MocKBe, Ho rap- ‘vaox pewnn o6oporsaTsce, HecworpA Ha ImHoroxparhoe npesoCXOACTEO wseAOS 8 suncnenocta, soesoast O2nop ByTypminh 1 Bacunnit Moposoa cvavana Hanan Ha ‘npotmaiitka s none, a noToM BoBpeMA ‘oTownn 8 noprorosnenyo Ana O5opOHe xpenocrs. Bo spe nonesoro cpaeHia Sun yOur weencKni KoManAyoui DeepT fopi To cnyrano wmacermalss He TOMGKO ‘ocafb Ho w KaMNaHMA 8 YenOw. 30miona jo 17 oxta6panporonranace puna Tycrapa-Aponsda_y Mcxoacxoit xpenocra. Ho ece, wero cwor AoGurbcA nerengapHsit nonkononey, npocnasis- <— p. Bemuxaa lunlica HeckonbKinnan ronan nosaHee BO ‘spema TpyauarineTey soit, 310 pas- pywiesHan Gawns (BapnaamoacKan). Tak lekoe cosa cnac Pocciio or BTop:KeHIA. B 1650 ropy Mexoscxyo Kpenocte He cMorn B3ATB PerynapHbie YapcKne BoFicka non KoMaKAOBaHMeM GoRpMHa Xosancxoro, Own onan! Gein no- AaswTs exneGHbi ByHT», HO Bbiy*KAeHEL pin octanosuTeca nog cream Ha Tp mecaya. A ocaxneHHbie ropoxane He a3 cosepurann ycrewnte ebinaaki, Tak ‘fo, 8 KOHYe KOHUOB, BNaCTH BLIKYAKeHDH ‘6bini noir wa Ha ycrynKn, C Havanom —CesepHoi soft Flckoscxan Kperiocte eHOBt crana apce- Hanom, cknanom m Gaa0i ANA pyccKOR ‘apm. 3}ece me HaxORWNace MW CTABKa renepan-denbamapwiana UWepemereea Vimenwo wa Mickowa WaumManuce ace ROXOAY pyccKot apMnn Ha TIpuGanTKy. Ho urorn CesepHoli sojiiet pacumpunn Fpakubt rocyapcTsa, m ropon noTepan aiavenue BoeHHoro GopnocTa. A crpo- wrenvcteo Merep6ypra nMuiHno TIcKOB 1 2KoHOMMecKOrO aHaXeHnA, OH npespa- TWACA 8 rnyxOF NPOBMHYKANDHEL yrONOK. Tickos ewe we pas oKasbisanca 5 ‘camo ryuje Baxnbix cobsrTit: nepexAn Age Hemeuxne oxgynaunin (5 1918 1 1941-1944 rogax), Gops6y Genoix pactiix, HecKonisxo pas saxsaTbieasiinx ropon, paapyxy # soccranosnenne. Ho lace 370 ye He Kacanoce apeBHelt Kpe- RocTH, KoTOpaA Bepori M NpaBAoM oT cayxuna caoe w crana npocro nama HuKoM apxueKTyPb © Bopuc LIAPOBBursa npu Canamune (480 ron m0 1.9.) crana cymB60- HocHOM aya [Ipesuei 'peuvas. Orpomustit cbnor nepcucKo- ro wapa Kcepxca norepnen CoKpyninTemHoe nopaxkenne or ropasqo MeHbmlero To "C- MeHHOCTH uIOTa STTMHOB. Tipowsoumo 970 Graronapa 480 rogy ao Hauie 2pei Hap rpeNe- lckMMn FOPORAMM HABMCNA cTpaL Wan yrpoza - golicko uapa Nepcan Keepkca stoprnoce Ha Bankanbl. Llenb BTOpxenun Odin ovesyaHa: NoNHOe NO- Kopenne acex, ele coxpannBunx Hes BHCHMOCTS, TpeYecKMx sewers. KDoMe cyxonyTHoro poiicKa, y Kcepxca Gein Mout Gor. epost cracyt Flonsirka orpana cnapranies 80 nase € wapem Meonnjom nperpaziTe.nyTe soficry Keeprca 8 epwionnnerom yuiense oronsnacs Heynaved. Nepcet npopaanuce ® ueHTpanbHyo Teuwo. ¥ agncroro crparera Demucroxra Bo3Hin inal AeiCrBMi, KOTOPBIA ® KOHENHOM urrore w oGecnewnn nobeny rpeKos Ha, mnepeamin Ho wr06s! sonnoTite aTor MnaH B iaHe, OeMcrOKY MpHUNoce Mo- GunnsoBars 8cio cBOI0 XITPOCTS M Opa: open gap. AguxaHe ornpasunn §=nocnoB 8 Rens, 706s! cnpocis y opaxyna 0 anbieruwe co6siTanx. Mpopovecteo ‘orasanoce mpaunti. Mvorwte 8 Adutax nan ayxoM, HO He @eMMcTOKn. Jeno 8 Tom, To npegcrasarne pentguiicxoro ‘opakyna Bcerga Gino AByCMbICNeHHEIM: w eonpereneritim no ope H3n0- -xeHA, H NP ENAHINN ero MOMHO BIO Tonite w Takin aTaK. ¥ DemutcToxna TaKOe -menanine 6tino. OW noHNMAN, HTO HyHaHa NoGefonockan Gurea Ha Mope, \WTOGt mut cyXonyTHoe BoACKO nepcoB ‘803MOXHOCTA ogEosa noaKpennenit W nponosonscreus. Ho Kak YOenMT KO- neGnowwcA v HanyranHeX snoseunM npegcKasarnen? Bor Tyr-7o u npuronunca DemmctoKny feFo ocTpi ym. B npencxazaHin roso- pwnoce, ro cnacenne Aun - «@ aepe BAHHDIX CreHaxs, OObieaTenK, KOHesHO, Pewmnu, 410 pew wsleT 0 cTapoM no ypaaeanwBulemca \acToxone, —OKpy- >xaauieM ropon. 3HaUMT, Hy'KHO CHAeTE B opone M ante, Korga 6orM npMAyT Ha omoub. Tak Ayman Tpyckt, Ho emu ‘cTOKmy tino CHO, TO TaKoe pewieHwe ~ Gens. M on npocu cnosa Ha HaponHoM co6panun. Npwseas Ha noMoUi> Bce Boe KpacHopesne, Demucroxn cymen y6equTs auras, wronon «pepenaHneimu ‘cTenanve opakyn wen 8 siay aguncKe Kopa6nu. B wrore rpeveckne ropona co6pann ‘nor. [peviecke Tpuepsi acranu @ yaKoM ponnse y octposa Canamik. OpHaKo WTYT nowaqoGunace 8ca mynpocTs De- ‘mucroxna, uroGs! AoBecTH sanyMaHHoe fo Konua. Komanayiouam dnoToM Grin ‘chapraveu, Eepi6nan. OH xoTen cHaTiocn € AKopA n rinbirs K KopungpcKomy nepe- wedi. Hawmait, usr no6emymurs! Ho @emcroxn nownuan, «ro 8 oF xpurTom mope y Kopnigcroro nepe- ueixa mount nor nepcos 6e3 Tpyna 3ama6uT CBoei uMcneHHOCTINO >cKANDY Fpexos. Yaxuit nponas y Canamuna, Ha- Inpotwe, HnBennpyeT wx ancneHHoe npe- oCKOACTEO. Ceomnn poBonann DemucroKn cMor ba HecKOMeKO Ave OrCpoUNT OF Invirne covsHoro dnora. OpHaxo Kora va Gepery noneinocs orpomnoe BolicKo nepcos, rpexi peuntni Gexare. M Torna Genncroka, c ymacom novumasut To anniek moryr yrycrmte eniicrBentth lwaicno6enim, peulnn oxaTp¢ro Ow ompasnn onvior 4 CROW nO: sepention. pa60s, CuKara, nepca no alwonansHocra, x uapio KeepKcy ¢ co- o6weHHem: «AdMHCKKA BOeHavaNbHMK @emncrosn nepexoayt Ha cTOpOHY Be TWROTO \apR w nepELiA vapeWIaeT ero 0 TOM, To annus xoTRT GexaTe. Dew cToKN coperyeT He fat> um yGexaty, a Hanacto Ha Hix, MOKA On HaxORAT & rpaxe, nyauuronite ine mopnve cnt Keeprc coaban soe coper. Ero pwneopriie conerosann wap nat TpeKGM cpaneHne 8 yaKIX Nponnaax ‘oxono Canania - ace Pash KysKe TPYETMBE rpeKOB He ycTORTS nepen owe nepeuacroro gore, Slaw Ka Dicken uapinia ApTemcnn coserosana we acrynars & cpaxenie, Ho Keepxc He Cran cryuare merry pewsnn nate annavan cpanevite Heneanenro Tlona Kceprc coseutancs, emncroxn ‘myn apeN, saTeBaR wapKHe cMOpE EepvOvanioM W He AasaR TOMY B03MOX- Hct gare npixas 06 omnes. Bpasrap 31K chosecrbox. Garant Denvcroxry coo6uwn RonFoxRaNHVIO oBOCTS — nepcancave Kopa6nn souun & anne Ca ‘ava chur na my Gy 32. Tenepo rperamyne Hero He ocrasarioce, Pome KaK foTOBIRTCRKcpaRehino. Manovevee — xopowo wasecrio. 8 Yy2roM MponMee TaeNbIe nepewRCAHe xopa6nit He corn cnpaBiTeca c 6st Crpoxonkinn rpevecniian Tpwepan ‘nor Keepxca Gri pasrpomnen. 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Yepes wero wna nepenicka mexay ywacTHMKaMi 32- OBOa, 6 TOM 4Ncne W C aFAIicKAM KO- ponem Feoprom Il ‘Opuapux co6upanca Genare #8 AHEnWNO, ro efo oTe4 BOcTpHHAN KaK ABOHHOe ‘ocopGnenne. On Henasiien OpmTanyes w ace 6prraicKoe, BAHOA ToMy Goin ‘ReTcKe o6wabl. feopr Il Gein KyseHOM @puapuxa Bunorenoma. 31oT manb4nk pin nOCTaTONHO cMen M cinneH, 47068 nO- konorir® Gyayuero MpyccKoro MoHapxa, W HenpaRaHs K apauanBomy KyzeHy co- xpatinnace y Opwqpina Ha BIO MUSH, Ho sarosop nposanunce. Opanpixa ‘or Karre cxearann m 6pocunn B Toppy Kocrpiia. Npanuy 6tin0 o6euaHo npo- were 8 o6MeH Ha orkaa oT pasa Ha npecton, Ox orkasanca. Opwapinx Buns- renbm npnwen 8 APocTS M npaKasan ‘omgate cbina Noa cya. ‘OnnaKo CyAbn ynepnice: 2aKOHb! KO- Ponesctsa sanpeuann cyaitTs KpoH- pmnya. 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B peaynorare Gon Karre 6uin ocymiien u o6e3cnaenen non oxnom xanepti Opnnpina, A vor va cnenwnna Koon» OCTAR, XOTA H HE cpaay. fsa rona on npoven ® Kocrpmne 8 pons uneka Boeuoro cyna Heinapx- koro oxpyra, a 3areM nasvaven weom NexorHoro nonka i Bosepaulen 3 Oxonvarenswo Opwnpux npmwnpunca « omuom 8 1733 ropy, Korga cornacuncn fo ero Bone xenimucn via Envsasere Spaynueircxom, B Tom me rony of ysacTeosan ® BomHE 3a noMdcKoe Ha- Cneqcreo, cpawance non HavanoM ne rensapHoro nonkosonua EsreHnn Ca- soiicroro. Torna me Symyuit ropone rnponaan ce6x u 8 kavecrse nimeparopa On wanwcan -nonvmao-unocodch paKrar «AkrivaKraBenm, rie KPI osan uiiiam asropa «ocyap.Npo- vapenehine yROcronnoc xbane6HOr oF sti08 BonsTepa, ofpenaKrmposaHo HM W cony6ninoaano BOEHHAA HCTOPHA‘pycevan apron cpanerna np Llopxncnte. prapcraxine qennooesirs ste Byeoxvo spre PEW WIM HE TEM? Twes Kopona 6bin suissan He TOnbKO HenOBMHOBeHHEM CbIMa Nenanucroio K Aurnun. BeposTHo, fon sanogospin, ro 3a oTHOWe nama coina c Gon Karre cxpbt- BaeTEA roMOCeKcyaNbHaA CBASD. Buorpadi Opuapaxa ue caom ‘ene cuwrair, Toy npyccxoro Koponn 6bino WecKONDKO ANK- ‘Tenbibix pomaHoe ¢ MyAMMHaM. Kpome toro, Opuapux He pas Bbs- ‘exaabipanca 8 2aujNTy oAHONONOA mo60u, 8 TOM wucne MB prae CTA XoTBopenit, m3qaHMbIx aHOMMMNO. ‘Tawone wanectHo, #70 0H Ne noAReP- >awpan cynpymeckux oTHOUIEHHi ¢ enol, a xeHUNHaM B ero ABOPEY nionacr Gbino sarpyanuTentno. Bnpowem, — coxpanunnce cee eva w 0 ero pomanax ¢ naman. Tipu xuiann 8 Ascrpau, Poccan ©panyin Opwapyx. mmen ycroii- aneyio penytaumo conomnra-n3- sspauyenua, ® To Bpema KaK 6 APY- ecroenHoit emy Aurnun 06 3TOM roBoput Goino He npunaTo. Pogunc Bepmane scene acrennnea gycroronpecrona pomp Spaon Noms cfexars ANNO, ssmopeaat sawoxtorp, ‘Ypa! Boia! B 1740 rogy Opuapwx Haxoneu-To cTan Koponem 4 nonysiun nontyio cBoGony neiicreui. Emy pocranac onpasne- UiaAcA OT NOTPACHNA, sHaWMTeNSHO yeenuuneuanca B paamepax n GoraTan ‘crpana. Mpyccran apmun 6sina o6yvena 1 3aKaneHa @ Gonx. KaaHa Koponescrea Guna noma GnaronapA «KoHTpONO aKoMOMAMD. ToBOpAT, TO Korga DpH: Apwxy AonloNAM © KONYMNHE ero OTHA, OH BocknmxHyn: «pal Hakoneu-To soitHal» ‘A noTom mononoit Kopont c nono no- Xoponnn otya {kcTam, Hapyline ero no- ‘cheno Bone, cormacHo KOTOPOA no- XOpOHE! AOMMKHB! BLINH NPOITTA CKPOMHO) Waemanca 8 apaKy. B Kayectee nepsoh enn Opuqpux pui6pan Agcrpwo. OcHostisance Ha CTapmsttom orosope 1536 ropa, oH pewwn oTo6pare y Hee Cunesmo. Kan- anna omkHa Obina craTb NerKod: Ha BCTPMCKMA TPON ToNEKO TO BOUIN Mononaa wmneparpiya Mapua-Tepesan, To spizeano 8 Espone packon no- OAM MHOKECTBO OXOTHMKOS 32 a+ Ccrpiticxum wacnegcreoM. ‘©pwnpwx moGunmsosan 25-TeicAHyIO ‘apm v sroprea 8 Caneswo, saxsatHs ee nowmH cio eule 0 NonxoRa KpynHsx ‘cin npoTueHiika, 2aTeM OK aburpan He- ‘ckonbKo cpaxeHni, ebiny~Ma ABcrpMo NoANMcaTs HesbiroAMeil ANA Hee Mp. 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Yoepna occwiickan wnneparpmua Enmsasera Crreninouini e@ Ha Tpove Texp Il 6or0- Tsopun puapuxa TyT Ke saKMIOUMN C mua, Ra KToMy xe eure H npeATOMUN my B0eHy¥0 noMmoub. 3TH cOBDATHA NO- ysinn waxeanue «yao Bpannen6ypr- croro joa», XorsFletp H nponepixancn via Tpowe Hegonro, Ho CMeHuBLIaR ero Exavepuia Il He sos0SHoBia soi, 8 1763 rony cropons!s2Knoxnnn Mp Ha YEROBMAX BOREpAUIeHMA x jOBOeHHOMY Tonomeno petiei 81778 rony, ynymyme concen crapomt ‘Gone, OpnapioceeRsanca EO‘ 32 ‘anapcroe HacnencTeo Fro NpoTHBHAKOM shoes Tana Ascrpus. Oprnpin. no- Cabin ee va paki nopanevun onium Ianeepann, He Aas HM ORHOTO KPYHOrO cpamenina, W AO KOHUD CBOUX AEH TOP Anes avo Becxposrot noBenoi 8 nocnegne romb xusqn Opuapinx nocearun ce6a nureparype. OH nepemian acex caome Goestix renepanos, cran FpyCTeH M 3aMKHYT, MHOrO Bonen. Yep @puapix 17 acrycra 1786 ropa w flor. caame. B Tepwanina npunAro Ha3bieaT> fro nocnenti KoponeM-sonHioM, oT aban nonxsoe ero xpa6pocra w 61aro- poneray. © Anexcei AHTOHOB 1759roq__1761 ron Topanewwe | Cuepro pyc priest | wanes jena ont snkcrant epee rosso Sepa pyc wrepaTopo Metpwtl Octosneie —_nononoqueckne Apwembi, npacyue —Opuapuxy, APORBWAMCS AOBONSHO PAHO - co Bpemens cuneacknx soan. OcHovoit ero crpareran Gvina _cxopocrs. Bee soiMbi On HaunNan crpeMu- TenbHbIM BTOPMEHMEM Ha Teppu- Topmio nporuennKa, mHorga AaMe pM HerorosHocH mM orcyrcraMM ‘mpunacos, oGos0s w name aptun- ep. 3anorom noGeqbi OH cumTan ‘mmnumarusy 1 Hactynnenve w np#t- Knapbipan Bce canbt K TOMY, HOB! npornennx io nocneanero ne nano ‘ero sampicnax. ‘pagpax yuun coowx renepanos, sro6bi onM MnKOrAa He scTynann ® Goit no sone nenpuarenn, 3a Bce pena ow niu opvamab! nocrasnn ‘010 apmaio B o6oponmTensHyio no- anymio. Kpome Toro, Opwapwx Tua- ‘TenbHo cneawn 32 Tem, 4TO681 crpe- murenbnok aranoh HaMMHance W BoitHa, M orgenbHoe cpaxenne. 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OM AKOGe men Buy, BuNyKnOrO U\HTa, NOKDEITOrO xpactoit suansio, c ws06pamernem 30- ‘RoTOrO mbea, OKPYNEHHOFO TPeMA KOPO- rnewcxnnn KopOHaN Boccranoanenst Hak opnena Meva npencrasnaer co6oh mansravicnnit peCT ¢ avarovantHo pacnononeHHsMn ryvama, noKperTeimi Genoit aManbo wmeoulmmin s0noTyo Kalin. waprKn Ha Kona. Memay nyvelt noMeuiest sonore Koponts. B YeHTpe 3haKa - Me- anon HeGecHo-ronyGoro yseTa W30- Gpamennem meva M asposoro BeHKa c raruncrum peavaon «3a Orevecreo> Ha pyroii cropove sHaxa ws06pamenst pH sonoTBe KOPoHE! M BepTyKaNsHO Cronuyni wes. Meaty BepxHnnn nysanan pecta noweujensi 8a cxpewjenienx MeNa € KOPOHOM Hap HMMM, K KOTOPLIM penirca noqsecka. 3HaKM Tpex BEICMINK tenet mmeiot aononmitenbiie cxpe- ljermbte MeN Mexay HiOKHMMUE OMI Hounble Meun Mexly BoKOBHIMM nysaNen ipecra c nevroit. Hse wwaume crenesin HecyT ToMKO Mew H KOPOHY 8 Bepxnei acta. Kpome Toro, OHM HecKON®KO eHwe no pasmepy. PoiyapcKnit KpecT 5-H creneni He HMeeT sonoveHNA. 3H3K ‘AMA yurep-obnuepos BbinoNHeN non octeio ws cepeGpa, Ges mann Komannopam 1-A w 2H creneneh nonaranace cepe6pnhan oppelcKan 30esfa_ 8 BNE BOCoMMKOHESHOTO wpecta ¢ ws0Gpaxennem meva M Tpex 2onoTex KOpOH 8 Meganbone. Jeena oMmanaopa Bonbworo Kpecra conepxKT RononnTenbHbie AMarOHANEHEE Ny, oeenecaoexann Bovanapr nt Sencar Copano ouarppeanind Canapron speak ne cayman ava ‘yen open Mew pyccame oguuepant yspawennble s0ntoTsvm KopoHaNn. 3eesna KowaHpopa TaKoro yxpawleHin ‘wena, HO MMeeT WapMKH Ha KOMUAX. Komangops! Bonbworo Kpecra HocAnA 3Hak Ha WAPOKOA neHTe xeNTOro YseTa cael Kafimoli no Kpanm wepes npasce nevo. KoMalAope! M peiuapn Bonbworo kpecra 1-fo knacca HOCMNH CBOM 3HaKM Ha uiee, ocranbibie - Ma rpynM Ha op- AeHcKOM nexre. Kaanepam Bonsworo kpecra nonaranace 6pouls Benne meva a negoit cropove rpyaM. ina oco60 TopxecrsenHex cnyaes o6napatenam 1-H cTeneHn opper@ no- aranace yen ws Yepenyioulmixca ane- MeHTOB: 3onoToro Mewa, o68uTOro eHToR, ura 8 opme nonymecaua, nema. Komanpopam Buicuinx creneHet fopnera TakoKe nonaranoce YepeMont- anbioe onlenkine, COCTORBUee M3 KeMTOFO € rony6oh oTaenkorh Kamsona GypryHa- Koro NloKpoA, xKeMTBXK UTAHOB, GoT- oproe, uinanel a-na Fexpux IV c Gentia ‘mvomayte, wapipa w nMnoBoi HaKMAK, xe HPMIUIE K BIACTH, Ho paxkgjaHckas BodHa ellie TONLKO HawMHamace, Bragyammp Masxoacxiit o6patwics 8 caoem JIesom Mapuie> K PeBOMOUMOHHSIM MaTPOCAM C TIPHSEIBOM aT CHOBO «TOBapMily May3epy>. irene teescerree ae HO, MoryT 6biTb TonbKO YenoBeK ‘enoBeKOM, HO He YenoBeK c GeaAy Hoi ‘opyxxweM. Opiako 8 Poccnn Gnarogapa Pesonioynn may3ep nour o6pen ayy. ‘To6emurens xocopora caw Cawrare Aaron ero poxgenua ary sbinaun naTeHTa, TO nereHAapHbil Fucroner nonBunca Ha cBeT 11 ceHTAGPA 1895 rona — norm 3a ron Ao BbinycKa epetix onbiTHnx 9keMnnapos. CkoHerpyuposan ero He CaM xoaAMH up Mlarep-Nayns Mayzep, a Tpoe ero CorpyaHnkos - sasenyiouyti okcnepH- MeHTanHtm yexom Ongens Ongepne co comma Gpareama Opynpuxom u Vo- sepom, (OBRMHY Wx TBOpeHMe NoHPABHNOCe NO Ha cBoe HMR. TnasHeim qocronHcreom nucroneTa 6vina ero mouHocTe, Gniakaa K MOU Hoctn KapaGnna. Co6crBeHHo, 8 ahano 16 BOEHHARMCTOPHA kapa6uta ator nuictoner wnpeepauianca, ocne Toro Kak K Hemy npucrerBanace ‘caenannan us opexosoro nepesa ko6ypa, BpinonHaBwaA dyHKuINA NpHKNARA Ta6apure nucroneva Ginn sHywH. Tenpheimn ~ annna 312 mM npn Bece 1,25 wr. «Maraanie Ha fecATe natpoHoR asmeuianca nepea cnycKoBoit cKo6oi We Tak, Kak y GonbuimncTea nucroneToB, 8 pykonrke. 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Cs0%0 6oesyo kapbepy nucroner Havin amecre c opHo: WMeHHOM aunToRKOM @ KuTae npM Nona BeHnM «GoKcepcKorO BOCCTaHMAD: HM Guinn soopyxenits HeKoTOpEIe OOMUEDE, Ho no-Hacromujemy 3T0 opyxne npocna sHnOC® 6 aHT0-GypcKor BoMHe. 81901 rony, norepnes pag nopamennit 8 nionesexx cpaxxenninx, Gypoi nepewins K aprusaHcKom TaKtuke. Kaeanepuiickne ‘orpagss cosepulani nxve peiias,nepe- pesaa GpHrancKne KOMMYHHKALMM ynuuronan HeGonbuine rapHMaoHts. Ana Takin KOHMEIX napTisaH May3ep OKa- 3anca Hesamennmtim opyxuiem. M1 x0TR Boitty Gypst ace me npoHrpann, wx npo: TweHHK axrninuane HavanM noKynaTSrpostie nucroner 32 cBOR cveT, 13 cooGpaneHini, TAK cxa3aTb, MAMOHCTEA. CGauraeren, sro opm ns nepoboe cava IicronerTom Hasan ¢opcurs sett oppecnowgent Yancron Yepsnns. No opHOH M3 NereH”, OH AKO6bI McnonbsoBaN ero eute 8 1898 ropy 80 epewn CynancKon KamnaHun, cyMeB OT6UTBCA OT Yenoro forpania waxqncros. Tak win wave, maysep Bowen B ony Y oguyepos paar crpaH, KoTOpHIE nO xyann ero 3a cool c¥er, PykOBORCTEYACS npnuuom ~ now Aopowe AeHer. A BOopyMeNNX. wayzepaMA ‘monet 4, OTKpIB CTpenbby, Bopeanuch 8 KOMMaTY RasHaNeR, y ABepeh KOTOPOH reve weronera may J-crpon e. ae ‘T-warabnio-crycvovanwopoGiea 8-Goesan ppt 9—rpatuea wera 10-enyerosan are Ti cnppentanonaearen ‘2-nonasaren YW onHoro HageMOTPUINKA W PaHMAA Apyroros. [paGirrs ¢ TakHM rpoMO3RKHM INcTONeTOM 6biNO He OveH YAOGHO, HO BrOTHeAOCTaTOK 8 rmasax HaneTAMKOS MC- xynanca snevarnenven, Koropoe May3ep ‘npowssoqun Wa meprs Hananeni, 6 musapa 1919 roma 8 Mocxse ws- secrrtiti Hanersnk AiKOB KowenKo8. ¢ IiaTwO NoReneHNKaMA ocTaHOBMAN epexsvanposanin Heo6xopvMett wie ADA aneta Ha Gank aBroMo6uNb, 8 KOTOPOM exanu Flew c cectpol, wodepoM w Ox- aHnnkom. ThoGonsiTHo, To y SleHnwa Gunoopycne, Ho, ones HanpasnenHtst a Hero Maysep, rasa coseTcKoro npa- sirtenocrea He cran cnopuTe m organ ni- CToner. Morw6 Kowenbxos 26 wiona Toro 2Re Toma, Ao NocnenHero orcrpennBancs ws cooero maysepa. B oGwel croxnocra gupma «Maysep» seinycrana 22 wonugurauynn cBoero n- cronera. locne Nepsott nposoi soins, apaay ¢ APYTMMN orpaHMNenuann, Tepwanin senperann nponseonars n- ronersi cannot craona 6onee 100 aH. Ho 8 1920 rony ns Cosetexom Poccnm nocrynn saKa3 Ha KPynHY!O naprio 8 30 Teicaw aksemnnapos. Mpnuunioce co3- ‘aware cnewanbHyio MoneN> C YKOpO- NeHHoM cTBOROM, KoTOpaR nonywAna aaganne «Gono» ~ or cnopa «Gonbile- sucroxnin. osm, yme 8 1942 rony, non- ‘inact Monee C nepeBoAYiMKOM PEXHMA OniA, nossonAswaA crpenaTs KaK OM owneua narponann, TAK oOvepeARI OrTlersnta 70 Manpuna. Pesomouna 8 Poccnn onpenenuna tun pesomoumi w 8 apyrux crpaviax — ‘TaKwx, Kak Kira McnaH, B Kurae rpaxsiancxan Bovina nponon- >xanace OT cBepweHHA munepaTopa & 1911 roy Ao nprxona KOMMYHNCTOS K jnact 8 1949 ropy. Pycexmxm Hemues nO 06e cropomts ppora s Kure cparkanoce Rocrarouno. OHM-TO, Hano nonarare, pinhecn mony Wa maysepel B pesynerate a KuTae Geino He Tomko anaxKeHo Wx CepwiiHoe nponssonCTEO, HO MORBMNOC® HECKONEKO MHTePeCHIK Monmuxaunin. pHa ws Hix, HanpAMep, 6sina_-npucnocoGnena nog narpoH ‘or nicroneta-nynemeta Tomcona. Us Apyroit MoxHo Gino BecTM OroH» ove- PenAMM, TaK WTO 3pecb KuTAiIUb! axe onepeginn Hemyes. OpnenTupyace Ha GonbuleBHCTCKHX KOMMCcapOs, Kt- Talicxwe KOMMYHNCTBI weronAN ¢ May- 3epamn annoTe Ao Hauana 1950-x ronos. Kerara, npwuenbHo crpenar> ua KM ‘Talickwx —nucronevos _pekomeHqo- Banocb, nonoxe opyxne Ha60K: eNO B ‘Tom, To no ropu3oHTann paa6poc myn oxasbisanca HamMHoro meHbwe, Hem nO Beprakann, B Vena npowssoncrso co6- CTBennon Monenn Astra 900 Hanannnn 8 cepenvie 1920-x ronos. CHavana Onn ocrynann Ha BOOpyAKeHMe NonK\NH, 3 yme Nlocne Havana rpaxaaHcKom BoM pmo6pena orpomHyio nonynapHocTe penm pecnyGnnnanyes. Ms comn ToicaY ak3eMMNAPOB MONTH NONOBMHA nHCTO- ‘neTos Guu yxpauleHst NosoNoTO!, nep- ‘amyTPOM, FpaBHpOBKAMM C MaBpUTaH- ‘coum MoTUBAN Ee Heckonsko onbiTHeix o6pasyos Guinn cHaGkents emaraantion He Ha 10, 2 cpasy na 20 narponos. B cepiio OHM He oni, Ho ye 8 1970 roay Ha wx ocHose Gpasunscxme opyxehunkn cosqann 2e- ‘Tomarnvecknit niictonet PASAM, npeg- HashaNennbili ana ctpaxef nopanKa. Ceromia may3ep, KoHeNHo, mmeeT He CTonbKo npaxTaseckoe, cKOMIbKO cAMBO- ‘nuweckoe aHaueHne. Ho ormeriiM 1060- eITHyIO AeTaNe: 8 na 3T¥x TeppuTOpAit ce, WTO MOKHO, cosepuleHHO HnYerO He ek/anpisan 8 Mx pazeHTHe. Tak, Ha Ky6e, Hecmorpa Ha sce Tpyahoctn, yaa- anlocb nonyyare Hennoxve Aoxoasl. Ho 41% GiopkeTa cocTaRRANN apMAHUCTpa- ‘TweHbIe pacronbs, 44% - BoeHHEIe, a ewe 12% ornpaananiice 8 Metpononnie. FipH 3TOM cOBcTBeHHO McnaHp! cOCTaBNANA cero 8% HaceneHu Ky6bl. To ect mectHoe HaceneHie - oT paGos Ha riiaH- ‘TauMAK AO caxapoNPOMBUINeHHMKOR — aGorann TonbKo ANA Toro, TOG Conepxats —KonloHNaNSHyIO agyaiHN- CcTpalymo m Boticka, KoTOpHe B KOHEYHOM cuete ucnonssosaniics npoTue Winx. Np -MepHo Takoe me nontoxeHne nen HaGni0- ‘anoce W 8 Apyrx WcNaHCKMx KONOHIAAX.. EcrectaesHo, Tam nocToRHHo scrit xneann soccralita. Co spemeHem npi- lunoc npwshars astoHOMmo MyapTo- Pinko, no Ky6e npoKarwnuce cpasy Ase odin! 2a HezaBUCHMOCT®. Bo rage 3THx ‘occraHit, Mexkay npowinm, croANH Kpyn- Hefume nnatraropsl. Vnaktam rpuxo- Annoce Aepxate 6 KONOHMAX OrpOMHBIe BOMHCKHe KOHTAHTeHTH, HO TONKY OT HK Gbino mano. MaprasancKaa sofia Ha On ‘nunnianax Thema nTeqecRT ser, Ha Kye aeaxab npososrnawann pecny6nary, B 1868 rogy pesomounn m rpaxaancran ‘oinha notpacn n camy Merpononitio. ‘Tem apemenemkncnanckum snagieninm ce npwcransHee nprnagbisanice ame- ikanyps. Ha KOHTHHeHTe Wx 2KcnaHcHA ocrurna npenena, y urgeriyes oTo6par> Gonswe Gino nova Hevero, a nenoBve Kpyru nogrankweana npaaurenbcrao « HoBbim 2as0e8aHnAM.B CBOe BpeMR aMe- PmKaHyp! npegnorxuni VcraMi KynHTS Ky6y 3a 200 mnnnnonos gonnapos, Ho ne- erosopel2aTAHynuce, a 2aTem@ CUA Ha~ anace rpamgaHcxan Boia, Ho Teneps, orga sofiHa Sakonunnace, Hanpasnenne arpeccnenbox ycrpemneniai Bentoro oma crano ovesngHei. Vicnamna npencrasnanace canine cnaGeim npoTuBHNKOM, y KOTOpOTO OTO- Spar HeoGxoAMMoe MOXKHO GbiNC, 3° nnarwe HaMMeHBUyIo WeHy. K ToMy >e Ky6a, Nlyspro-Puo, [yam w Oununnnees oBnapann, NOMAMO CoBcTEeHHON YEH HocTH, ewle H reononmmavecKoit npnene- kaTensHocteto, Oananninnss Morn crate nalyapMom Ana nponBHKeHMA 8 AiO, Fyam Beirnanen nepsoxnaccHoi soeHHO-‘mopcKoi 6220! Ha TwxoM oKeane. A Ky6a ww Myapro-Pako He TombKO nioMormn Ob yeTaHosnTe KoHTpons & KapnGcKon ‘mope, Ho euje M AaBann BOSMOMHOCTE KorTponuposars sexo MahaMcKoro aHiana 6 AmaxTany. Temoxpatus a 3KcnopT Virrepects amepnxaticxoro GwaHeca ‘copnant ¢ niTepecamm amepnKaHcxoro nnpaewtenscrea. C sToro MoMeHTa Boia Vcnanueli crana HenaGemHon, HyMHO 61in0 Tonsxo HaiiTH AocTomH NosoA W Tex, KTO HenocpencTseHHo npMMeT yuactue 5 Goessix feiicreuax. Meny ‘Tem niocne rpaxjaHcroit GoMHe! apMinA CUA crpemmTensHo n HeyxnostHo coKpa- luanac ~ 8 yrony Hanoronnarenbunkan. B KOHUe KOHUOS OHA Gbina AOBeNEHa ‘20 50.000 weixoe u ca6enb, a WTO con- faTaM Gino TpyRHO OBLACHAT, ‘ETO HH Tepecel wx poRHes TheGyOT NpoNMBATS poss 22 COTHM Mune OF OMA. Y HC ‘naHuee xe ® KONOHNAX TOA PYIBEM BINH ‘ontop! coTHA TEICAY enOBeK. ‘Amepnkanuyst Osicrpo Haun BbxoR. loa sHaom nomown yrHeTaemiM Git ‘runnuniyans on Havana nocTaBnsTe nap- ‘aatiam opyxe, Goenpinacsl, cHapA- 2xenne. BeANeCKH NODUIPANACS pa3hOro ona orcrasHbie omuepst nn Mc- raTeNK MpuKMOWeHINA, OByaBUMe BCeX >xenaIoUX GpoCHTs BbiB0B WCTAHCKAM fenactam. EcrectBenno, ce 370 Aenanoce He GessosmesqHo. Mm no SosMomHOCTA Taliwo ~ crouno Komy-T0 nonaCTsCR, Kak ‘enact CUA orkpeuneanice oF HaeM- kos w KonTpabanqucTon. OcoferHo KapHKaTypHyIO _dopmy npinasina nonesrxa aKcnopraposare eMO- sparwo Ha Ky6y. 8 1868 rony Tam Havanace ‘ak Hasbisaeman [lecrTaneTtinn Boa. Y ee ncroxos croan Gorareiuini niaHratop Kapnoc Cecnenec. Ow ocsoGopin cBowx ppabos, yanan jeKnapaiitio ceo60RH1 1 He- 28NCHMOCTI Mt aTaKOBAN MCTHCKA rap- HvS0H 6 Ghuesaitwem roponke. Chavana ero nocrarna Heynaya, HO ScKOpe BOC ‘Crane Tak pa3pocnoce, NTO BECe BOCTOK ‘octposa ornomnnca or Venannv. Tam ‘6esna npososrnawena pecry6nvka Buunccapel Benoro AoMma morannce 10 ‘cen croniiam O6eM%x AMEPAK, “TOO! YFOBOpHTE XOTe KaKOe-HNGyAS npaBit- TenscTeonpwsHare HexaBucUMOcTD Ky6D1 riepawin, 3a 2Tum Goi nocnenosano np- awavue xenanan CWA oxazaTs HeMen- ewyio noMou. Ho craticrie annnowars we orcraeamnt ‘oT onnowesTos w copsani arn nna. VexniounrentHo Korerpa6anoit opy un oom yeret amepnkariyst He AOSMTIC. Veenasust wapacrann cBoV0 rpynniyposKy ‘Ro 250 000 consiar M LeHO HeBepOoRTHOM >xeCTOKOCTH nofaBHn BoccTanne. MewAy pow, camux amepwranyes Ha Kye Tpesnperr CUA Yanem Markit. aero engage Avepuis Hone Bomc Verano He OMANI: KOK ToMBKO CTANO HSBECTHO ccensax Cecneneca ¢ Bauinurroxom, ero yt we OTpewnnu oT nocra npeaupesTa ecny6nni. BykeanbHo Yepes roa nocne ywupo- Teopenna CUA nonbiraniice paseasart Ha KyGe Hosyio BoinHy, noproTosHe M 3a- 6pocus Tyna oTpAA swurpaHTos. Huyero He abUIno m Ha 3ToT pa3 ~ zaroBOPE Ha MecTax posanunice, a noscranyes Guictpo nepenosunu. ‘Sxouomsrsecrasit persar Toraa 8 CWA pewmnn npubernyte K 2xOHOMMMECKHM MeTOMaN pacKaMEAHA cayaugnn, Ky6a ui Mlyapro-PuKo.Gbinw kpynievawa nocrasuwKann caxapa- ceipya w Ta6aKa & CWA, Ogospemertio 370 Goin KnioweBbie OTPACrie IKOHOMUKM Omer paGcrea 8 1880 ronax yaapuna no cpennum cenbxoanponse0- ‘wTenant — yuenenn TonBKO HECKONKO mraHTeKNX NOCTaBUIAKO®, nOAMRBUIME Roa ce6a Bce npova8oncrBo. Awepi- = ae 4 : KapraGoestoxneicronh Venaio-auepiasicxon coi 1898-1899 ancKne GusHecMeHD! M GaHKipE, Kak ‘Mornu, nocoBcrosann zToMy npoueccy. Bein ame oprannsosaH caxapHoit tpecr. 3arem amepnKaHubt npniannce 3a- KaNMBaTS AeHBrM 8 KYOUHCKYIO 2KO- HOMMKY: 8 Nepayio ovepenb B caxapHyio, ‘TaGaunyio 4 AoObiBaIoWyio NpoMtsLunest oct. K 1890 rony o6bem nusecraysit ocTar 50 munnnowos Zonnapos ~ r= aHTCKO CyMMBI nO TeM apeMeHaM. Ha Ky6e, noTopan nonunayeckn ocraganace craHcKOi KonoHHell, nowTH ace crano amepuKancKum, BMappuge nowani, 4em aT0 MoxeT 32° KOHMITECR, M BEEN BBOBHEIe NOW! Ha NPOMbIUINeHHBIe ToRapHI B paamepe 25%. Amepnkanus! 6 OTBeT B8enn NO- luni Ha KyGuHcKMe caxap HW Ta6aK. SKOHOMMECKYIO BOMHY BbigepKaNH kpynibie npegnpnaTia (nHorve s 3HaMn- TenbHomt cTenenn npunaanexann CWA i Monyuanu oF HX PANO TOMOW), HO OrpomHoe Konwiecteo nponse0nM- ‘TeneV-apenqaropos pasopunnce m yusnn coin. K cnoay, yuinn oH B HenpuMMpUMyIO ‘onnosnuinio kucnanickumanacram, Bnaro, TO OrpomHoe KonMwecTBO KyBMHCKHK Faset w xypHanos npmnanneann aMe- wKanLaM HMM HMM SUHaHCHpOBAnACe. EcrecrsenHo, Takne usqanus scio By 32 >kOHOMMNeCKyIO KATACTPO}y BOANOHKIITA Ha Vcnann. Npmwnocs Manpway wana Ha nepe- OBOpE! M cHiIMaTé Bce orpanNieHua, Ho IMupHibie oTHoWeHMA ameprkaHues mire pecosann merle acero. Oni AOBONbHO GuicTpo csenm BMMAHHE faNeKOM Vc- ahi Ha KyGHHCKy!O 3KOHOMMKY K HyMIO, locne wero no MHMYNaTHBe CaxapHoro ‘Tecra esenit 40-npouentHyIo nounmHy Ha caxap. Ha Ky6e, ecrectaeHHo, nocne- osan couManbHisi espbia, u Havanace ‘ovepennan Boia 3a HexapHcHMOCTe, BOEHHAAMCTOPHA 19endo soccrasumx KyGunyes Grin0 He TonbKo npososrnawienne HesaBucH- MocTa, HOM ycTaHosneHve counann- rmueckoro cTpon. 310 He sbiabisano cumnarnit @ BaumurroHe, a NoTOMy Ha epsom stane BoeHHENX AelicTBUlt OHM ‘ane npeceKann KoHTpabaHay OpyMHA. Ho nocrenenno nosy Benoro fom Menanace: npesmpent MaK-Knnnn pane RoroBopwnca NO Toro, TO NoscTanues HyXHO NpusHar Bo!IOWIeN CTOPOHOH, Tlo Gonsuwiomy cvery, amepmranyan Guino ace paeHo, kro NoGemNT B rpan- aHcKoit Boline Ha Ky6e ~ x 1896 rony & Bawmnrrone chopmuposanoce croiikoe MweHne © TOM, TO HOBOe HesasiCHMoe rocynapcrso nog GoKom y CWA npocto We HYKHO. fla 1 OBbiBaTenn ~ ocHoBa amepnkaHcKoh wa6mpatenboh cit CreMbt — ace Hacrorunae TpeGosann picoeanHennAa HOBLIX TeppHTopni ‘Onu ¢ wirrepecom HaGnioganu, KaKOB me norenuwran craw, Bce-TaK 270 Gouna ‘esponelicxan nepxasa, nycTe M sToporo ‘nopagna. To nopes no spemenm CUA He ovens xorenn BoeeaTe 33a Ky6b. OHM flaKe neperonopax ¢ noacrariuamin. Ho K TOMY MomerTy wcnaHubl yoke Hapacrunia rpym- uposry Ha Ky6e 70 250 000 congar OCUMTaNH WaNMUIHMM WAPOKOe BMeWa- ‘Tenscrao CIUA 8 gena csomx konoHWih. Tem spemenem awepiKanubt 30H- ‘Aupyer noway 8 Espone Ha npeqwer OTHOWeHMA BeAyUYAK AepMas K —BO3- MoxHOMy 3axBaTy cnaHCKHX KoROHH, Tlapwx, Netepbypr n Bea He orseuaior ero onpeeneHHoro, SloHOK, cKopee, noaaepxneaer CWA, crpeMAce craft MHorouncneHHbie —npoTusopeunA, B02 Hkwne mexxay AByNA CTpaHaMan. Bepnint porectyer, HO mM NOTOMY, TO MMeeT engoi Ha Oununnibs. Takww o6pa20m, ‘8 Bawmurroue nonmmaior, To VicraHis COcTaHETCA B WZONAUMNM, MWe Gol BoHHA onro He npoznnnacs. Paspa6aroigaerca noApoSHeil rat, KO- Topsit wcxoquT M3 Toro, TO cyxOnyTHBIe ‘aines, KoTopbie MoryT BbigenitT CLA, co- Ccrasnmor acero 26 000 venoseK npoTHs Gone 200 000 ucnanyes. @not amepukanyes _npesocxoavn NpoTHHHKa WM KaNeCTBeHHO, W KOMM Secraenio. Da w cyxonyriie soca Venannn npencrasnann coGom seceia rrankoe spennuye. B o6wem, nan Bo- LUMMFTOa cOcTORN 8 MOnKMeHOCHOM ysusToxennn BMCnpoTusHixa, GnoKane ononnti M nocnenyiowen nowyRAensn I KaMuTyMAWAN BOvHCK, OCTABUINER Ges RoapeprKn. Tem spemenen a Onnunnvax scnensyno Boccranie, TO oKOHNa: TembHo cKnownno CWA Kee Baar me- snaenoe cunoi opyn.Bsa 6e3 Gon B camom Hauane 1898 rona wecTOKOCTS wcnaHyes, noaKpennenHan orpomHoA apmueli, ana cBOM nop ~ nOBCTAHUS! now Ha neperosopel M nosTH BCE (kpome 3-icaunoro orpana) choxnnn opyxue. Vi TyT amepyKanuei cnlenann epetit xon: nocnanm 8 TaBay 6po- HeHocHislt Kpevicep «MoH, 310 6eino none OGsiuHtiI 8 Te BpeMeHa ECTOM, oKaabiBAIOIAM O3GONEHHOCT noNO- 2xeHMeM CBOMX rpaxfiaH B YYKOH CTpaHe, oxBaveHHoi BORHOM. Bor Tonbxo gofiva noun yracna, a «MoH» B30peanc” Ha rasaHcKoM perine 15 espana 1898 roga. B xatacrpode no- a6 266 MOpAKO, a BO BceM cnysiD- wemca o6annnna VcnaHino. Ta, 8 cB010 ovepenb, 3ansWna 06 aMepAKaHCKOA posoxaluy, Ho 8 Tore 25 anpena CLA ‘ce paso obprsunu ei Boiny. ‘Cama no ce6e KamnaHna npowna & OnHOM cooTReTCTBMM ChnaHantn aMepy- axes. Onn bicTpO ROGHAMC» NONHOFO Npesocxogctsa Ha Mope M nepewinn K sbicanke gecaHTa. Mpasna, cyxonyTHbie apm cronna apyr apyra, 6oesbie neit- CCTBMA CBenNcb K BANIM NepecTpenkaM. Y mHorux unocrpannnx Ha6mopareneh ‘choxmnoce oulywierne HenenocTH npo- vcxopaufero, 6 pesyntrate vero HM CLA, hw Vicnanna He uHTepecosann nepen Flepeoi wmposoit soiiHolt npeacraen- Tene BennKnx Aepwas B KavecTBe CO Tem He meHee CWUA AoGanuce no: CcTasnennsix yenelt. 12 asrycra Geino 3a- knioveHo nepemmpne. Ha Onnunnanax amepakanub! KoxTponmpozann Maknny, a mcnaHys! - HeKoTOpee pyre Kpynible nynkrs. Bonbwyio wacTe ap- xnnenara ynepxneann dummnnancKne NOBCTaMULY, KOTOPEIe, KaK OKasaNOC®, Gbinn coBepuleHHo He panbt ocBOGO- Awrenam ankn. Ha Ky6e amepnKaHust He pewanvcb HactynaTe Ha Kpynibie Fopona, a ncnanyss He Mornin H4ero no ‘ena c jecaHTom. fyam nocTanca aMe- pukanyam soo6uje Ges Gon. VicrancKnit nor nepecran cyuwecreosats nocne By cepbestoix MopcKMx Goes, Bce 310 fenano AansHenwy'o sory Geccmeic- B wcnalo-amepuKancKyio pasGopKy nontsranace sMewaraca TepMaHinA, TOKE samnTepecosannan 6 npuoGpeTeHMn KO- ‘noni. OpHaKo ee annneriet Goin yno8- neTBopeHibi TeM, To ucnaHyee o6R2anK npopar> Hemilam ace Mapnanicxne ‘octposa, Kpome camoro Gombwioro ~ Tyana. Ha atom Tepmakin ycnoxomnace: CUA 8 nomoupnnax we nyaKanice, ano- ‘Morare konneram-esponefiyaM Kasanoce B pexa6pe 1898 ropa # Napuoxe Goin ognncan MMpHEIA AoroBop. No HeMy Vcnanua orgasana Oununnnes, Ky6y, Tlyppto-Puno, Tyam — Coeammentoint UWraram Mm nponagana Mapwaricxne coctpoa fepmanwu. Mpasaa, 2a Ou- ‘nunnwibl aMepuKanyam, K wx no3opy, Npmunoce euje AecaT» ner BoeBaTD C MecTHbiMM KpecTBHaMM, HO 3TO yxe pyran wctopua. Vicxon stot crpanHoll w nour Gec- kposHoit (cropont norepann y6uroimn ApumepHo no 2,5 TeIcAYM YenoBeK) pofitis! cumeonvampopan npwnsTue CWA 8 HernacHsiit Kny6 muposbix Repxas Mm oKOHVaTeNbHOe npespa: lujene McnaHnnt 8 TpeTbepaspanHoe rocypapctso. M axe Gonsuie Hem 80- eHHoe nopameHme —npencrasirena Graporo Csera, 06 >To conpetens: cTosana nosMynn Hesmewiarenscrea rpax Eaponti: 80 ace spemena nepe- pasate —rpavinub! —nossonanocy Tomibko Tem, Koro cunTaNH ce6e posHeli cmnpietiune. © Amurpui KPYTNOB oie. BIIEPBbIE HA KMHO3KPAHE Wenar olin ‘crana nepesin BoopyxeHHtim KoH- ‘nuxrom, 3aneuatnenHbim Ha KH onneHKy. Bonee Toro, Texnnyeckn MpoqBUNyTbIe amepMKaNyD! GoIcTPO ‘OWN OKONO AeCATKA KopoTKO- erpamnioix @unbMos o GeiTe ame- PuwanicKnx conpar, conepmaiiux ‘ayenbi, KoTopsie axe MOKHO Ha- ‘30aTp Garanbabimn. TaroKe ucrano- amepmnancxan soma cutaerce epsbim cnywaem coaqaMnn Ha ro- ‘cymapcrsentom yposHe mouyHoi Rponaranpncrcxo mawnbs, pH BaHHoi onpasgare Boitny.THEY PbILIAPE. CODES eo e DA yeleismriey eh ieegslven dey: oferta Ha cpeqHeBeKoBEIx MS00paxKeHMsax M MMHMAaTIOpax HepesKO ‘MOXHO YBUJIET BOMHOB, epxkAllIVX B PyKAX CTPaHHBIe MACCMBHBIe MM, CHJIEHO PACIINPAIOUIVIECH K KOHUY U HOKOIE, cxopee, Ha MacHMnxHe TecaxH. 70 9TO - HeynepxvMas banrasns xynoxumKos? Bosce Her. S70 day1bUIMOH — opy2xte, B cpeqHeBeKoBoit Esporie He YcTyNaBuliee 10 HONymspHOCTH ‘TpamaOHHEIM MevaM Wnt CeKMpaM. Fegan: terse ow Garo (OH) NpOMCOAMT OF NaTHHcKOTO cNo a falx —exoca», uni ecepr, XOTA KMMHOK anbumoHos He Wwen cANbHOrO varM 6a -npo6uanyro cuny emy oGecnewneano acuinpetine Ha KoHUe. Bnarogapa 3ToMy ec cMewlanca Ha KOHeU, M NPOOMEHAA ‘cua ynapa so3pactana_WHOroKparHo. Tem He meHee mHorne nonaraiT, HTO 6 Espone anbuiwonbi BOsHHKAA WmeHHO 1B MonpaKaHMe GOCTOUHEIM USOrHyToIM KAMHKaM, Ha. KOTOpbIE PbiLlapu HaCMo- ‘pence BO speMA KPecTOBEIK oxoAO8, Dipyrie me Hacraneaior Ha esponeiickix KOpHAK, nonaran, 4TO anbuiNOHe! NpO- wBOUINN OT pAHKCKHX TAMeTIX GoeBbX Homefi ~ cKpamacakcos. 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VivesiHo nozTomy AO Haulero epeMenn ansumonios pouno He TaK yok MHOrO. B IMyBeRe 1 ACTHBDK KOMMIEKYMAX PAHATEA cero mis oKONO NOMyAOHAH M3- section axsennnapos. Mo raranoram ay: LunoviencZoMos vaBecTHbl eule HeCKONKO Knox ‘o6pasyos, npoaannex 6 XIX wn Hasane XX pera, Tak «70 GonbulMicTBO ableon08 INpuxopTCA AenaT> No U2O6pAKEHMAM B ‘cPentesexostix pykoniicax, KOTOpSIX Ha- ‘cawmetsaeTca HecKoMKO MeCATROS. Tpuxwooxa Beero Bbiqennerca Tpw Tuna danb- lwnoHos, KoTopsIe AoBonHO cyie- CrBeHHo orMaIOTCR APYT OT APyTA Nn, BO3MONIO, HIMEIOT P2BHOE NPOUCKO- zene lepesit run — Tor, Koropai ale cero BcTpeNaeTER Ha. CpeAHeBeKODH wa06paxeHMAx W HanGonee cooTBeT- CrByer Tpannunonnony npeacrasnenno (05 370M -opynan, PacuMpaIoWlicn KWOK € oRHOCTOpOHHEH 3aTONROH Ipamein o6yx0N. Mpocroit m TRaenet, npowowenwmi, BAA, oT BOER Homeit repwancrine meen (Toro xe ‘cxpamacarca. Bropoit Tun AHO wMeeT EnMKHeDo: crounte Kopn. O6yx Wa KONE Krk CUNbHO CKOWeH M OOpazyeT ANMHHOe crpie. Taxite ancunons uenn no AyTopHyI saToMKy ~ coc obyxa TOME araumeanca, 370 opyaie oGnapano ro- paago GonbuMMM BO3MOKHOCTAMM — HM YE MORHO 65NIO GexTORATE MPH Co- xpaHeHMn NpobwBHOR CMA ¥3-32 NPH- rwnoro seca. Ho Wx shew Bx Guin NactonbKo Henpisbiien eaponeiicxoMy Poluapcrsy, 70 wapoKoi nonynapHocTA fn He 2a00eeann. Cropee acero, wk Tonssosanice Te, ro noGuisan s Mane- ‘rune nnepensin «aocrounyo mony 30 Yactiso noaTBepHaeTCA H30- 6paswTenbHbIMH MCTOYHMKAMM ~ BOMHDIC ansuimovann TaKoro rina, Kaxnpasiano, meer W Apyrve socroNNle sieMeNT! B onexne _cHapaMeHAK. TpaAMuMons- rucres me npeariowurann OB Mes ‘Tpernit un annerca pasnoannHocroo sroporo n nonsunca ye & XIV-XV Bexax On wneer ewe Gonee canbitih cxoc rawira wa KoHYe AUNMMHIO® oCrpve Ero mabian ocoGenocr» — saTouka Bwewnei rpann xMWiKa, KoTOpAR.y Broporo Tia RanneTcn O6yxON. TaKOe crpanoe, Ha nepasth sarnng, pewierie nossonaet nonHoueHHo cronss08aT> Yyron, o6paxosanni CKOCOM KNMHKA, Kak yAaphyWo NoBepxHocTe (nouTH KneseL).. Ine-r0 1260-xrogax. Teme menee mnorme ysepensi 6 TOM, 470 OH Ha- ‘moro apentee. Boamoxno, crapbii xnmwox bin nepecanen Ha HoByI0 Pyxonre. Ha nporameHnM MHOrIX BeKOR ato opymme 6bino cumoonom snacu pone Koysmep2oe wan oxpecrubimn aemnam. Ho 8 pe- anbHom GoW OF ABHO NoGbIBaN He pas, u ero yap © ymenbix pyxax bin nowcrune crpawen — mpi Anmne scero 89 cm (KAMHOK ~ 73,4.cm) anbuinon BecHT 1,3 KF B panonevuem danoumones ycrynnna ‘mecTo HoBtIM TAnaNt xONOMHOFO OPYBNA Ha cmeny nepsomy Tuny npmuinn abop- awrite TecaKn, a BTOPOA MTpeTMA THNDL flocrenesHo TpaHcbopmMposannce 8 es Poneiicnyno caGmo. © Buxrop BAHEB BOEHHAAHCTOPHA 23in Ase L pr 1a ynep»xanua ZepeBHn Bo BreTHame pality3b1 coOmpasINcb MCNOsIE30BaTb ATOMHY10 Gom6y! Tlocne Bropoit mmposoit soft 8 crpaax Asus 1 Adpuxst HaH@JICA NOWEEM HalMOHasIEHO-OCBOOOAMTE/IEHEIX ‘BWKeWG, 170 BLISBAsIO Cepmio BOCHHEIX KOHGIMETOR — ‘MacuITaGHBIxX H He O4eHS. OCO6Oit OXECTOYEHHOCTEIO ormmaaniact Ileppast MEOKMTAyICKAs BOHHA, KOTOPYIO ¢pannysst Ben NpOTMB BEeTHAMLIeB, OOLENMEMBLIMKCA BOKDY? CosaHHOrO KOMMYHVCTaMM HalyWioHambHOrO @poHTa — Beerwmms, 3anepnnma ory GopsGy Grrrsa mpy Tsexbsendy, crapitiag CHIMBOsIOM pasBavia KONOHMaMBHEIX uMmepyit. ofina eenace c 1946 ropa, 2aTpoHys. He Tomisko BbeTHaM, Ho M cocenHne koponesctsa Slaoc m KamOomyy. Ha cno- ax dpanuyats Guin He poTAB Npeno- CTABNeHKA KOROHIAM He3aBHCHMOCTH, Ho nbrannce coxpanur Beayume no- aMUMM & >KOHOMUKE U, KOHELHO, o6ecrie- CopmeHTpozanHoim Ha CosercKni Cows vw Kira Kommynncram, 3a na net Gops6s Beermmnio yaanoce cosqats cunsHyIo W xopoWo tpyktypmposaniyio — BoerHamckyio Haponnyio apmino (BHA), KoTOpan e- munace Ha 125-TeIcRUHBIe _perynapHole vaca (Mrasksie cans), 75-TeIcAUHBIE Pernonanbible cAnel, cOcToRBWHe 43 MectHoro ononueHing, a TaKoKe pa26po- 24 BOEHHARMCTOPHA annie no sce crpane naprvsancxne ‘OrpAnt unCReHHOCTIO HO 350 THICAY, Cambie cunesbie nosmuyiu BHA wena Ha cesepe ~ 8 Tonite (6aK60), HO Tak M He ‘mora osnager> Kpynibini roponaMn Xanoem wi Xahbonom. Hanpaxennoie Goesbie neAcreuA pasirpsieance 4 8 eHTpanbHoi wacté crpaHei ~ AKHaMe, a vore me, 8 Koxiinxnne, neno orpaHin- Uneanoce noKaNbHEIMA napTH3aHcRMNAn onepauuam, MucneHHocTs — ¢panuyackoro 9K eqnynoNMoro Kopnyca cocrasnana foKono 175 TCRY, BKnIOYAR HE TONEKO panuys05, HoH nnn cocTas MHO- cpaiHoro —nerwoHa, —adypHKaticKix YacTe, @ TaKoKe chopmponaHHesx 43 Taiyes nonpasnenenini. K Hm Hao AO- GasnTe npamepHo 10 Teica nusHoro co- ‘crasa BMO u BBC, a TaKxe 150-ToIcRUHOe nnoxo ogroTosnlenHoe BoMHCTEO Mapu ‘oHeTo¥Horo munepaTopa 6a0 flan B enon uncnentioe npesocxonctso Buermaia He 6tino nonaBNmoUHM, Kommnencupynce orcyrcrsnem gnora W sway. Tak 470 HcKOR NPOTMBOCTORHUR sasncen oT Macrepcrsa M Goesoro Ayxa BoMicK, @ TaKXe OT NpABMNDHOCTA BbI- ‘6panHoi wx nonxoBonliamu crparerun, HNMuMaTHOOI MW HaBmabiear> NpoTHBHMAKY OH B MAK ‘caansto yao6HOM Aa cebA MeCTe HBeepan Anpu Haeappa,ronanyoue <¢panuysconen sonata 6 ngoKITa® canoe ssronce spemn. MporwsHiKn Cormevann xopowo nocTasneHKyio npo- naranancrexyo paGory 8 BHA, s10 06- YenosWNo BEICOKMit BoeaOH Ay MULHOFO cocraea. Opanuyackne sojicxa can 1953 roma sosrnasnan Aun Haeapp (1898-1983), ' nepwon repMaHcKOi okKynaunn yua~ creoszeuini 8 aBixeHnn ConpoTne- Nena, a nocne BBICanKA CoreSHAKOS. 8 Hopnnann xomannosasuin” 6poHeTaH- ‘optim nonkom e wacrax ge Fone K momenTy HaaHauenun 8 MisqoKural on 6sin HavansHinkon wra6a cyxonyTHeIX can HATO e ZananHoi Espone. 3eeaq ¢ HeGa HaBapp He xsaran, pki yenexaMa He OTMETHNCS, 2370 men GeayKopyaHenneit —nocnymHion crucox #8 ueTOM npeARORHN NPOAY- manHith ninak, 8 Meane NosBonABuMi lecnu me pasrpomure npoTuBHka, To no paliner! Mepe ynpownTe paHuyackne Nosmynn Ha neperosopax 8 Kenese. B ochosy rvata OH nono TH. «KOH Ueno exa>, — npepyenarpuEaiouyio 3axear Ha KonTponMpyeMoi HenpwsTeneM Teppwropin crpaterwsieckn —aMHOrO riynira m npespauienne ero 8 KoMnteK YyRpennensx OSM, TApHASOHEL KO: Tops orm 6 cosepuiare pefiass.nepe- pesan opamecnne HOMMYHKALH B avectse Taxoro nynira Guna onpenenewa jepesyuika, 2aHsTAR BbeT- anyam 30 HoAGpa 1952 rona. 3uan B-memyapax rican 0 Heit cnepyioule: BlvenOvendy pacnononena 8 ropHom Patione na cesepo-sanane w HaxonuTcn 8 fOnnHe npotAXeHHOCTHO 18 KuNO- Metpoa M oF 6 no 8 KHnOMerpos wnt nwo. 310 caman Gonowan m caman Goraran us weTBIpex paBhil 8 3TOM ropucrom paiioe noGnMa0cTH oT BbeT- amo-naoccKoft rpannuts. Ha Tearpe 20- ennonx geficreni 6 ToxKnie w Bepxien Tigoce HvenSvendy sennerca crparern- ‘ecko nosmyvelt nepeocrareitHoi Bax: HocTA, CnOcoBHOM car upesBsNariHo mS wes TevepanBo Hryen Snan, ssemsancit oovavari, cyMeeunipaarposteTe DrcnenmupoMti Kop Opanin YyRO6HOM 6a30R ANA NexoTH M aBHALNM porMaHinKas.. BuiGop Hasappa onpenenanc & TOM tuncne w onacennem 3a cyAs6y Mlaoca ~ ‘cTpani ManonacenenHom M enone co- _speaulei nn Toro, sTo6ss nonacte 8 pyKM ‘MeCTHDIM M BbeTHOMCKAM KOMMYHMACTAM Boo6we, ecnn 6st flapexe maxnyni Wa opona Jiaoca pykoi w pewinn, sto 3a- uynuiaTe ero He cneayer, dpanuyacxnit Komanayiouwi nonoGpan Goi ANA cos- avn «ea» APyTYIO TOUKy, W cOBEITHA ‘Mornin noBepHyTbcA no-HoMy. Ho no- ruerukus, KaK. O68i4HO, KoneBance, W 2a 370 pew Hasapp oKoHuaTenbiHo PonMA w auinecrosan ceoe aernule. Pacuer ero CTpOMNCA Ha TOM, LTO & cysae osnanenna AverGrendy (one- aun «Kactops) on CMoxer OTTAKYTD ‘Tyna ocHOsHe cunt 3nana, 2 CaM npo- ener MoUHyio HacrynaTenbHyio one- au & Aenbre MeKonra (onepauun Ammar), nepepesas KOMMyHHKAWAN, cenauiearouyne BHA c Knraem, mHamepre0 repexpsia noctynnenne TexkiKi u 60e- rnpiacos. ‘@pamuyacnve noone = Onopredi nyc bpanuycxoro aecnesyuperioro xopryearon onsen crash ORO? ‘rmeonowsaropos Onepayna —_«Kactop» —_Wavanace 20 WorGpa 1953 ropa. He ece npowno wgeansio. B [venGvendy, nomnwo ne- xoTHoro Garansona w wra6a orpenbHoro 148-ro nonka, HaxopWnice MnHoMeTHaa ora w aprannepwiickan Garaper. Boer- Hamust Kak pas _nposoaunn yueHun, oropiie nepepoci @ Golt ¢ npuseM RBUMMUCR paHUyScKMM Napauory- See Ori els ais aC 20 nonGpa 1953 roma - 7 maa 1954 roma KOMAHAYIOLUME ‘panuyscxmit axcneanumonnii xopnyc- AHpu Hasapp, Kpncrwan qe Kactpa BeetHamcxan Mapopman apmna— Bo Hryex 3uan CMMIbI CTOPOH (Ha Moment oxonvaHua cpaeHna) ‘panuyacxmit kcneAMYROHHDIA opmyc~ oKono 14,5 Teicnun venoBeK, 28 aptunnepnincxvx opynn 10 raxKos, BoerHamcxan Haponwan apmun— ‘oKono 65 Teicr wenoBeK, 44 aprunnepiiicxnx opyama, 16 ycranosox «Kanowen, NOTEPA ‘panuyscknit axcneAMyMOHHDIT opnyc- 2293 youre, 11721 nnewnei, ‘ByeTwamcxan naponman apmun- 4020 y6urosx, 792 nponasumx Ges Becta, BOEHHAACTOPHA 25on Goesuo neicrenitsMraonwraee 1953 1954romax Tem He MeHee, xoTA Wc GonbuMN, Hemenn nnaHHposanoce, noTepAM, 463 ‘paruyscux — napauuiorHo-necaHTHEEX Garansona Morn” oBnaneT paitoHom pasmepon 3 Ha 16 Kunomerpos. K Konuy mecaya 8 fen6rendy nepe- Gpocnnu ewe 4 napausorHo-necaHTHorx Garansona. Mmeroulyioca ssneTHo-noca- ‘ouKy'o Nonocy pacwmpunn. BLINn BO3- ‘Begentt 49 onopienx nytKToe (npeMmy- lecrBeHHo cxeHCKMtaN WmeHaMtH), 8 TOM ncne 7 opto8 nonesoro Tana. Koma AyIOWAM rapHu2oHOM HasHauAnM Kpi- ‘ctwana ge Kactpu (1902-1991 rr), xota 3TOT apyCTOKpar M cnoprcMeH-KOHHIMK Mexay#apogHoro Kjlacca noxo nop: xoqMn sina O6oponMTendHbx cpaxeHi, «Kacrop» ympet mocne « K Konuy 1953 ropa 3uany yAanocs Ha- xpenko Gnoknposats dppanuysos, cocpe- oro 8 paiione Asen6sevby rpynn- POBKY 13 YeTUpeX nexoTHEN AMBION, XOpowO ochaulenti aprunnepnel Mm unomeramn. BoeTHaMu Ges Cyers 32- Humana nosMunn Ha cKnOHaX OKeCTHEK op, 8 70 BpeMA KaK dpaHuyasi CrpoHNA ‘eon yxpennenma 8 aonnne. loka NPOTMBHHKH roTOBMNMC K pe- uiaiowen 6urse, Goeawie eicranA no- ‘eoranu Wa apyrix WanpaBneninn. B wawane AeKaGpn dparuyse1 2eaKy- wpopann cawoneramn 8 DbenSvery rapweox ropona Taitay. Npaene, 283- veynposan He ecex:Tafiyam w npucoeny- HMOUIMMCA K HAM MECTHBIM SHHOBHKAMC Cemennn rpmusnoce npoGnearocn Yepes exyarnn Ma npawepHo 2 Tacs venoaek ‘cracea, 8 nysueM cnysae, KAKA ean usta B nuape Hasapp npuctynin x one paumn «Armas» no «xauncTKe> AKHaMA WW cpay yBRs 8 G0RK ¢ NPOTHBHHKOM, Bohs Dpanayaceoro secnennyronoro opnyca enesal Meier Buervancxov naponnon apa lenpasa) oTopbi, Mcnonsayn naprasaHcKyio ‘TaKriny, Tepsan ero GecroHeuHi «6j- nagosntamn yronaMn>. Yeecucrsit ynap 3uan HaHec no ce newwo KoiTyM a UeHTpanbHOM nno- coropee. Opatuyscxnit KoMaHayounm, OHRB, TO ero BHIHyKAaIOT —pas6pa- catsare cunts, 7 deapana npuxasan 982- Kymposarsca wa 3T0ro paiiowa. Onnospemenro —_nepeGpowensnve ws-nog DbenGverby —seeTHancxie 308-a Keneswan quavaun m 148-1 nonk BToprance 8 Jlaoc M4, oBmeqvHAEUINCE MecTHbiMM naprisaHaMn, NOMHOCTEO yriesrominn paHuyscrnit Garanbon 18 Myonr-Kyo. Tyr ym 6sino HuKyna He RETECR, WANA yRepRAHIA NaDCKOI Cronus Slyanr-Npa6anra Hasappy npi- lwnoce nepeSpocuTs Tyna no Bosayxy ‘ts Garansovon. Boobue 3-34 oraneKaiouye yaapos 3nana KonmecrBo Bolick B flensre Me- KoHra coKpaTunoce now 8 Asa pa3a, nocne wero «Amant» Gnaronony\Ho conwanca. Teneps Hacrano ppena noruGiyrb «Ka- cropy Mexay Test 6oesbie nelicTeMA BoKpyr Alven6vendy HaGupann o60pors. Ocaxgentitie panuysei He cmb Taiwan npoGnem ¢ Tpaxcnoprom, Ho 0 KOMMyHIKALINN NlocTORHHO NoABep- ranice napraaHckim HaneTan. Bpacnopaxennnsveramyesnmenoce ‘okoNO THICAYM rpy30BHKOS, NATYO acTe 2 KoTOpEX cocTaBnAM axBavenniie rorraiiyamn 8 Kopee Tpopelibie amepn- aHCKMe Mawinnts. OcTanbibie Bbin No: ‘cannensi ws CopercKoro Coma. Tam, rae mauinnos sacrpeeann, rpysbi neperpy- 2x@nNCb Ha fPKOHKM WN BBBANWBaNNCe Ha Inne. Onvako com apxansisit cnoco6 Tpancnoprnposkit 8 AyHrnAK oKasanNCA enone adbexrasteim, @panuysei mesranuce Gomours Kom MyHinKaunn BbeTHaMes, HO wc NoneTB! npespauanuce 8 peligei no «xopunopy sennTore, BoMGapanposuynkaM pix AMOC YXOAMTS BBEPX, WTO, Pa3yMeCTER, He cnocoScreosano TowwocrH noma: ‘anit. K Tomy xe cBOM OpOrM BDer- HaMubt MackHpOBaNA —eNoTORKOMD WG epennetenHbs serseh nepesbes. V1 8 Aosepwiene scero 6-7 mapra 1954 roga. serHamcre AMBepCaHTo: YerpounH s3psieek Ha aaponpomax Twa-Tian w Kar-Bu 8 ToHRMHCKOR font. B peaynerare Gein yHusronene 78 gpanuyacxwx camonero9, 8 TOM wMCNe nonosna tparcroprHoro asnanapKa B oGwen, soliny Tonos BHA sbinrpana euncry. ‘Avanormsnan crryauin cxnagoianac W Ha nonax cpamennit. Opanuyses pac ‘cammeisanv, 470 npoTMBHnK Gyner 06- ‘ctpeneare wx csaKpbiTeix nosMWAi pu‘OrcyTcrAMM onbrTHBIX KAHOHMPOB M4 KOP- PeKTHpoBUINKoR 3TO He AOMKHO GLO npeacrasnats cepseston yrposb. Yeti! Kak >xanoganca Hasapp, «apa- >xECKHe OpyAUA 6biNn paaMeWieHet B22 wen OT ockonKos GriAnaKax M rpenani vepea 6oFHMUR, MAM xe NH cayragna seneHinn ori soikaroisaria Wx M3 xpos, a 3aTeM sosepaujana oGparHo, ak Tombo c Hawlelt CTOPoHbi HauMHariace ‘OTKpeiTan KoHTpGaraperinan crpens6a. Taxoe npnmeHenve aprunnepun Griio ‘B0sMoxKHO TonsKo GnarogapA HanMNNo B ropax, fae pasmeuiarivce nonesbie v1 3e- wuTabie opyauA BoeTMnHA, mypasbiiiix Hop, TO ONpoKnguisano ece pacveTst ax aprannepucroa, 370 6bina maaan HeoxmaHHocts, ¢ KOTOPOA Mb cron ynice 8 xoge cpaxxennn Kammrynamasa «cpacorox» Tnaprive HenpwaTHocTn Hayannce y panuysoe 13 mapra 1954 ropa, Korna BHA Havana crctemammvecks soiumuyar ‘panuys08 43 wx ykpenneni. TaBHyIo oamlynio, HaxOAMBLIYIOCR —B CaMOR Aepese, ¢ cesepa npuKpsicann TPA yxpennenna-expacorkym — «AHH-Mapio, fa6puane» w «Bearpnc» Mlepsot 14 wapta nana «Bearpucy (noanyun wa ebicore Xummam c aByxray- GnuHoi Garapeei), nocne wero KonbYO OKpyKeHI 3amKHynOCs. Ha ChenyiouNin eH» npmwen vepen «fa6puanbs. Aui-Mapi> npexparuna conporaa- eune 17 apra, nocne Toro KaK HacTb saulmujasumx ee Tahues nepewna Ha CcTopony cvnsnevuero. Ewje mecauy sberHamyam rionano6nca, ‘wro601 Harnyxo NepeKpeiTy HazeMHIA Kopinop, 3akynopns crparermueckne wocce NS w NP 19. Teneps dpanuyse: Morn monaraTec TombKO Ha «803- Ayumi Mocts, npwyem wx camoneraM, ‘sanleTaeuunM c a3pon1pOMOs non XaHoeM, ‘enea xeaTano ropwouero Ana aT#x pelicoe, (Onu name He morn npMseNniTocR, NO- ‘cronby BaneTHan nonoca 6eina yHi- ‘Qpanuyas novepma Hasexay ha cnacenue, 6 wan 1PGrona cnoMANHOpyHe, Sovus! ersanenannapoavon apunn karovpyo anon soenHon enix Toxena sbeTHaMcKol aptannepnel. 3e- Hurrunkn BHA Toxe crpenania Hennoxo, Tak 470 panuyab! pewmnn c6pacsisare fpysbl Ha napawiorax Hc BDICOTD! He Melee asyx KunomeTpos. EcTecTBeHHO, Morne KoHTeMMeps nonajann He No agpecy. Mp 2Tom séecro mnnuwansHo onOKeHHEX 200 TOHH rpy308 AO Ha: CcTonujx anpecatos “qoxoqNn0 ~BRE0e menbwe. 30 Mapra sberHamyam —yganoce oxpyxut opr «Msa6eno», ana ne6no- kuposanna Koroporo ne Kactpm 3a- ‘npocun Hasappa cpoo nepe6pocuTe xoTR 6bi ewe OME Garanton napauiorucTos. Ho OH ero He onywnn, oTOMy WTO oTseaBuN 3a nepepocky reHepan Konbi To nM ywen 8 3anoi, TO nM, No AeNMKaTHOMy 3ame- arwo OnHOro Wa VcTOPHKo®, «Ha Hero Hawino nomyTHeHine pasyMan. Boeriamub! mexAy Tem nponommannt MeToRMNHo OBnagesaTe ykpenmneHiMAMin, Vinoraa onm orctynann nepeg pauys- ‘CKmnn KOHTpATAKaMM, HO NOTOM cHoBa poaepauiannce. Urypmosbie vacra BHA ‘esmance Ha veTbipe rpynnes. MepeaR, Ochaulennan nynemeTamu, MAHOMeTaMM Tain 24. MnoRPHIONEX 2apAA. Tpervo rynny cocraanana coGcraento uurypmoean nexore. Heraepran Kax0- unace 8 perepee B nocneanelt nonsinke vaGerwyte He- waGerioro dpanuy3e OGparwnnce 3a omowvo amepmranuan. Te npeno- Craawni wa oxono nonycorkincaMoneros >xnnaskam wt Goina roTode novi eue anowe ~ cBpocuT> Ha sveTHamcone Nosnuin Tpit arouriie Gow. Ho oF naka, nonywauiero wanmeviosanne ‘Fou, ace me orxa3annce. Pasyueerce, Ne v9 rymaniaa, a ni noroMy, «To nip nnotHom conprrocnoseHnn npo- TwohiKos aToMsbie GoM6N Grint am Spanuyaoe cronb we onach, KaK MW AA deerianue Tlocnennnit axr apanes Havance 4 was, ora ne Kactpn nonyann supexruay vata ka npopsie.K Tomy Bpemein noun Nonosia ero sowwcrea ye We cpa- xranace, a TOMKO MpsTaNaCe 8 caMO- Zenoieix wopax. 6 wan BberHaMS UTYpMOM sannn yrpenmiente «Snein-2»,a na cnemyoun ek —CoHoBHBIe candi raprinsona, fKniosan camoro ne KacrpM, Karyn onan Jauprrninen Gopra.«AsaGens» fon KowarigosarweM nonkoowna Sa ava nownn Ha NpOpEI B HOME C7 Ha 8 wan. Mpopsannce 73 wenosexa ~ npu epio Karki necaTsh A yrpom 8 wan 1954 ropa wa_nepe- ropopbi B Kerese npnGbina sbeTHamcKan menerauwn 80 rmase c Xo Un Mion, Tlyun ewe He 2aMonknu oxosvarensio, Ho To, sT0 panuyasi norepana Vigo ora, Gino ye ovesnaHo © Amnrpnit MUTIOPHH BOEHHARHCTOPHAYAUBUTEJIbHbIX CTOJIETOB Neston pers spon arena Nae prepa Corer eee te euca earner Renee eee a ee Rent cece’ een COR ee ureantct ae} Peete eee eas ee te se uit eee eee Neceee ee eres Nace ciniat Pere cree eer nisd ss okra ss reese nae eros nec Pen ECM see eaten ec eters Cre aCe Ch cece Brent Spe esr SE ect te dene sae) Peeper ce ceca eee cs Nee raa od een ene MC Sr tee tt anu Saeco pec erngeesuene Ze Tucronet cxmanxom Flepauie o6paaysi py'Horo ore: Crpenbioro opyycan He ornavance Hagexwocrie. 370 8 nonHol mepe Ka canoce KaK PyNell, TAK M nucToneTOs Kpewna craumeannce, uTann orc Pesan, cnomibie Konecosbie Bank 8 Sanvcb 3aKMAHMBUINM ¥3-3a rlonaBWe! ‘smexannsMtrpaan flosromy opyeinnnt faneno Me cpaay Havanu paccMarpwearb yrnwe. BnoTe no XIX Bexa MacTepa HO POBMNH CoBMecTATS 8 OAHOM NpeAMeTE IMpMBsIuWioe XoNOANOE W K3eMnnApOB MMeloT HeKoTOpHIe cywlecTBeHHBe OT snuwna. Cama uTe MMeoT KpyEnyIO opmy w warorosnenti u2 pepesa. He- KoTopble ononHiTensHo noKpsITE! Fpa- enim Cranbtimn nnacranamn, Hex Hemeu, onnceieaBuinih —aXEnniicKyo AuKoannKy @ cepemune XVII BeKa, yT- Bepxaian, To Tan’ NonMpoBanace Tak, wTo6s1 xuljenve TanaHTOM cpeqHeBeKoBoro Ma- crepa. Kak Hn yaneuTensHo, crpensiowyit lar sapmoKanca ¢ KaseHHon vactal B ‘Toon sctasnanace orpenbHan. TpyOKa (kamopa), conepxaswan sapap. 3aTem ‘ona $uKcuposanace ¢ NoMoUbio cneuM- ansHomt U-o6pastion eran, Bocnna- ‘MeHeHne nopoxa npoMsBOAMNOCD, CyAR ‘no ecemy, np nomou duTAnA. Yes, He CCoxpaninnoce HAKaKiX cBHAeTENSCTE OT- HocHTenbHO Toro, Kak 3TH YAMEHTeNbHBIE pwcnoco6nenwa wcrionbsosanncs 6 Peansom Gow. V wcnonbsozannce 1H soosuye! Stor nacronet stirnagat KaK eTans wANOCTpayNn WB AeTCKO! KHIOKKA TIPO uparos. Tem He mMeHee 3To a6comioTHo Peanbubiit BMA OpyxiAr, AOBONHO aK- ‘WeHO VCnOMb3OBaBWCA Ha npoTA- 2keHnN OKONO Tpex BeKOS. Y Hero He diNO kaxwx-To onpenenenHix cTaxnapTos, W fake Waabieann ux no-pasHoMy — MyuIKeTOHL,, TPOMGOHEs, TPOMGNOHEs, ‘Tpa6yxo. Ms-3a sToro TpynHO NpoBectA Fpannuy Mexay TPoMGnoHaMmin-PyKbANA WTpoMGnoWaMMN-nucroneTaMu — paaHMua via TonbKo 8 pasmepax. [aslo oT- awwuTensHoih ocoGenHOTBIO OcTaBancA lumpoKni pactpy6 Ha KoHUe Creona, Bna- Fopapa 3ToA neTann TpOMGnoH MoxHO uno 3apARHTs, Bo-nepsLIK, OveHE Geicrpo, @ 80-sTopeK, 8 GyksansHom cmpicne - wem nonano. Nynn, Kapres, pocro py6neHbit canHey ~ ropwnoce aGcomorHo ace. B XVI sexe, Korga nonsMnuce TpOM- Gnowes, cunranoce, “ro pactpy6 yBenn- wweaet pas6poc Kapreum 4, cooTBeT- cTBenHo, nowams nopaxenua. Yeu, ‘uanxa 270 onposepraer. Yro6bi qocrHub TaKoro addeKra, HYKHO AenaTe BeCb eon 8 opme pasHoMepHo pacumpa- touyjeroca KoHyca. Maza npocrorel 8 3Kc- ayaTaunn TPOMGnoH nonbsoeannce Gonewort nonynapHocTeio y nupatos 4 koHrpa6anquicTos. VicnaHcKix MopcKHx aa6oitnnkos Gnaronapa sToMy HepenKo Hasbieann Tpabykepamn. B yenom Ha dnote TpomGnows! Gein wamioGnenHesne opyrxvieM a6opaxkHx KOMaHA KOTOPEAX He saGorwna npuyensian TOuHOCTS, ‘Tak KaK CTpenATb npHxogunoce npaK- -muecku @ ynop. Va-2a ator TpoMGNOH onywan euje OnHo WMA - «aGopAaMHbit rucroners, Korga nicronersi, HaKoHey, npowo Bownn 8 o6uxon, nepen opyxei- HukaMn ecrana HoBaA 2anava - MHOro- 3aprAMocre. K ee peuleHinio nogxonwnn no-pashomy. Cabin o¥esngHEIM (H TEX: Huveckn BosMomnbIM Ha Tor MOMeHT) Pewenwem crana mNorocrsonsHan KoHcTpykuma. OgHako K ee peann- 3aumn nogxonMnn secema no-pasHomy. B XVII pene Gbina peannzoeaHa opurn- Manblan wjeR pasmectiTs crsomst He snnoruy.o apyr x Apyry, a Beepom. Mo- ‘AYMMBWAACA CTPAHHaA KONCTPYKUAA onysnna HassaHne «yTHHaR nankar. O MeTKOCTH npn wcnonbsosaHAN TaKorO iuctonera MoxHO Gyno 326bsTb, HO, YMMTBIBaA B YenOM HeBLICOKyIO TON HocTs crpens6s panne py4noro ‘Opyxma, 310 MHOrYX ycrpawBano. Baro eytaman nanka» 6bina crpaubim ‘opyxvem nporMe Tonne. Ogun 4e- ‘OBEK EAMACTBEHHEIM BEICTPENOM MOF Nopasnrs HecKonbKo Yeneh Ha ¥3- PRAHOM paCcTORHMA Apyr oT Apyra. Fosopar, wMeHHo ostomy cytHHyI0 manky> moGunn mopcKne odnyepd. Depwa 8 pyke TaKoro MoHCTpa, nerKo Gbino yruxommpuTs HaspesaBuinh Ma- ‘TPOCcKMit GyHT ~ BEAD 8 Koro NoneTAT 3apnasi, npeayranars He Mor HHKTO, BKMOvaA crpenasuiero. [lo Tom xe Apmune Nogo6Hoe opyxwe ucnonb- s08anoce oxpakiKamu Tiopem. Ko- ‘MMeCTBO CTBOROB MornO 6bITb caMLIM Pashbim - oT Tpex fo wecrh m gaxe esata! OnHaKo 4em Gonswe sapaqos Buinyckan CMmepTOHOCHBIl «Beep», TeM ‘cnoxtee 6tino c Hum ynpasnaTacr. Tem He mene «nanki pasninuneyx KoHn- Fypaywit npocyulecrsosann ennote 40 XX penal BOEHHARCTOPHA 29campie, camnte. «Tapmoumxa> Kappa Ceol sapnait HorozapanHoro ni- ccroneva 3anarenTosan @ Havane 1860-x Fonoe ppaHuyacknt H06perarenb no Gannnan Kapp. On peanmosan maeo fopwaoKTansHore GnoKa vo naTpo# Hko8 ~ Momo ckaaaT», PesonbsepHsiit CapaGar, passepHyTuh 8 nano. Non KaxgoM abicrpene 27a evan cMe- tanace enpao, nopaean e crB0n HoBti apna. Tak Kak Gnox narponHnos erewHe ciNHO HanoMAKa ry6HyIO FApMOUKY, KOHCTpYKLMR TaK M Gta Ha- gaara - «Harmonica Pistol Jarte>. Kow- CerpyRun Bsina AosonbHo xopOWO Npo- Ayana —nmeniice pysnble KcTPaKTOpE Jann wannewenun ribs w OGotims fH Guictporo cHapaMennn nucroneva na- ‘Tpotann. Bok narpoHHKoe WaroTas- susannice Ha 6, 8 W-10 sapanoe. B nt Ccronere ucnonsso8aniice \unHneNHbie narpotis Kanu6poM 9 Bexope Kapp sbinycran monn xeyuo ceoero nicroneTa, fe 8 AMKy- uwica 6nox Geinn oGvenvHeHe He na- Tponiiney, 2 Yeniie Kapeshiie crBonwL Aina craonoe cocraenana acero 54 Mim. Sra mojene 3apmxanace narpoNanth Ka ‘upon 7 mn. B creonHtsx Gnoxax 6tino ‘60 6, nuG0 10 craonos. 2a80e8ars NO- nynApHocTs y w306pereHMA Kappa, NO HowsTitiMt npHuMKaM, He nony4nocs Bo-nepetsx, efapwonnKas Gouna opien- poBava wa lununeursili narpoH, xoTopHii fexope yeryninn MecTo naTpOHaN Kpy- roxoro M Konbllesoro socnnaNeHeHin Bo-stopbix, 6AOK naTpoHHMKos, “nn Craonos, cansio cMewan YeNTp TANECTH aarpyawan npuyenuanine. flo ato xe pmunve sfapmorina> tuna AOBONbHO rponosaKo#, cinHo ycrynan peson>- sepam. 30 BOEHHAAMCTOPHA Bokpyr 3Toro opyxiiA AO cMx NOP ‘anaT cnopsi no NOBOAY Toro, KTO xe ero ucnonsaosan, Cawaa nonynspHan 3no- Bewe-PomarTaveckan BepCMAMMACMT, TO 3TOT npeawer Guin moGmmum opyacnen apwxcKnx rpaOwTenet, MasbieaswuMx ce6A canauiawit» B YeCT KPOBOKAAHEX ‘aMepmKaHCKX wnneriyes. OT HAX AKOGEI MMHMaTIOpHEIM Pesonsep, OcHa- lweHHeidh 9-CaNTAMeTpOBDIM KNAHKOM A KacTerHoim KonbyaMn ANA nansues, 4 onywnn coe Hassan. [pyran Bepcun Gonee nparmarwuta " rmactT, uTo 370, Ha0Gopor, 6bino opymne camooGopoHD! ‘AA cocToRTensHbix napmxaH, onacas- xen Tex cambix «anaulei>, Ova Gone oxoma Ha npaBay, yanTEIBaR, HTO MOUTH Bce coxpannBuMeCA O6pasus MHHH-pe- Bonbeepa OBONLHO VARLIHO YKPAWIeHD! nozonoroii w rpaaupoaKoit «Anau» Goin sanareHTosak 8 1869 rony Genermincxnm opyxxeinunxom flonshom ws Sibexa. KOHCTpYKuWA_npesicTasnner coGoi Tak HabiazeMyio — ‘cTeona Her, ero ponb sbinonHaior yA AuHeHHBIe KaMopbl. Pesonbeep cHapa- 2xaNiCA WeCTBIO LNHINeYHDIMAA NaTPOHAMM kanu6pom 7 mm. K pane Ha wiapHpax KDenMACA yBKWIh KAHHOK KHHKANA M Py- konTia-kacter, B cnomeHHom cOcToAHIAA ‘ k opmety. OnHaKo novemy-ro aToro Tak H He cnenanu.CTL Koraa nepen cosercknma opyelt- HuKaMM 8 KoHUe 1960-x ropes no- ‘crasinn sagavy paspaGorare nncroner nA Goestix nnosyos, TO HM npxuinoce BepHyTocA K glee MHOFOCTBONEMEIK KOHCTpYKUW CToneTHelt faBHocTH, nave cosgaTe mHorosapagHoe opyxne, ‘cnoco6ice crpenars nog son0i, He no- my4anoce. OpHaKo Teneps 8 ornuune OF CTapunisix «nepesnuyy Ww «yTAHOM anka> sbicrpenbi npowssoAMnHce no fouepenn 3 Yereipex cTBonos. Bpa- lanca np 310M He CrBonbHBIA 6roK, a GoeK, KoTOpsiit nocnenosarenbHo Gun no kancionaM narpoHos 6 pastix OcoBble crpenoanausie narponbs ‘pwuinocs paspaGarbisar> ¢ HyMA, Tak Kak TpaAMUMOMHBIe GoenpHnacss 6 yc- AOBMAX BBICOKOH MMoTHOCTH cpeAD! (8 800 pas nnotHee soapyxa), na ewe co CTBONOM, 3anonHeHHbIM BORO, HMKyAa He ronmnnce. B pesynetate ywe 6 MapTe 1971 rona «Cneunanbresi nacroner opeonHtil> 6tin nocraaneH Ha Boopy- »xeHve, a8 1979 ropy — MonepHianpoBaH (yconepuencraogaia cucrema cnycka). Opymme, cHapaxaemoe creynanbHosnn o6o%mami no YeTbIpe narpoHa Ka- ‘AMGPOM 4,5 mw, noseonneT BecTH APM- enbiyio crpenb6y Ha AUCTAHUMM oT 6 n0 17 Merpos 8 sasncnmoct or rny6mnst. OnwaKo B mioGom cnywae AMC- TaHUMR cTpenb6s1 Gonbue, HeKenM AanbiocTe NpAMOM BNAHMOCTA Ha cO- oveercreyiowjeis rny6une. Ha Bo3ayxe rnyna va CTIN-1 nerur oKono 20 merpos pw. HasambHOA cKopocrn 250 m/c. CaM McToneT NOMTH WenHKOM WsroTOBNEH a HepxaBelouled Cann M BeCHT OKONO ogHoro kunorpamma, ‘TH-82 3ror cTpaHHeiA rHOpHA nucronera W oxorubero yokes Gtin paspaGoraH TYNBCKHMM -MHEHEPAMN NO _ANMHOMt poceGe netunka-KocmoHasTa Anexcen Tleonosa. Vimen onsit aBapuinoit n0- canKn 8 Tare mpm sosspawenin Ha 3emmo axnnaxka eBocxoa-2», leonos Ha ‘npakriake yGequnca, sro urTatHisi FIM a6- coniotHo Gecnonesen ® ycnoanax Tar. Korga Ha KocMoHasroe ebluien MenBenb, ‘OHM Morn AM CTpenAT> 8 BOsRyX, \To6st ornyrayr® asepa. K 1982 rony bin paspaGoran cnewngwuecknit TpeX- CTBonbHtsit ncTOner, KOTOpBIMh OMKEH lomorars @ mo6ofi cuTyauwn. Ux AByx MmapkocTeonbHtix M opHOrO HapesHoro CTaono# MoxHO CTpensTb Tpema BugaMt Goenpiinacos ~ nynai(xaninOp 5,45 mm), ‘ApOGbIO (20 rpammos Apo6u N°3) m cur HanbHbiMl OCBeTHTTeNbHDIMM larpoHAM, Mlocnenwme Heo6xoaMel Ana Toro, \TO6b1 ykazaTb cBoe MecTononoKeHHe. Nip nomouya apoGosex natpoHos Koc MoHaBTo! HMeIOT BOaMOMHOCTE AO6BIEATD ceGe nponwranue oxoToi, a nyna npea- asHaNenbi ana KpaMiHINx cnyuaes — HM Moto yO Kpynloro aaepA Becom ‘Ao 200 Kr wnn cepoesHo pannT> Gonee ‘oniactoro xnuHWMKa. ‘TH-82 ochauuien Coemoim npanknagom, oTopsih npencrasniet co6olt Hom MaveTe 8 XeCTKOM Yexne. VIM MOXHO ‘Apownansieat Tpony, 3arorasnneatt Apoea in KonaTe 3eumio. KOHCTpYK\MA hvcroneta Takosa, WTO WcKMIONaeT 8O3- MOmHOCTS crysaviHeix BbiCTpenos pM ages wan ynapax nnn crpens6ei npa wezaneprsix craonax. VeresraHua n0- aaanu, «To TII-82 He TepRer cBONX Ka- WecTB. non Bosgelicrsnem neperpys0K ‘nia yonoenia Kocianueckoro nonera. Glock 17 Ha nepebih sarnag 8 atom nucronete eT coBepulenHo Hnvero HeOeINHOro. Dro peticrawTenaHo TaK, ec He 34aro, ‘70 GonswaR 4acTb ero perane ¥3r0- Tosnewa He 8 meTanna, @ v3 nacraal BnpoweM, te, KTO 270 >HaeT, Hagennior croner camoimn HeseponTiean Coo Cream Becoma rionynspHsit snd, non RepxueaeMisit KuHeMaTorpapom, 370 10, To Glock 17 He o6Hapynnsacte eramonckaTenann 8 a2ponoprax. 310 rnonsti a6cypa,TaK KaK us 625 rpanwon accel He cHaPANeHHOrO «MaraaMHowD ncroneta oxono 400 npwxonTca Ha Te MeTanMHMeciHe jeTaNA, KOTOpHIE 8 Hem ace me ects. A 801 TO, 470 Glock 17 MOKeT CTpenaT® NOM BOADH, 2TO wiCTaR pasa. Npaena, Tonbko Ha ray6ue RO TPex MeTpOB M np ycnoBNM, WTO B Hero ycraHoaner creunanoisil yapHiK, o6e- crewnsaiouyin cpa6aruearne Kanciona, Ha my6ne 8 ony metp Aucranynn 36- ‘extnenoi crpens6ui cocrasnaer Orono Aasyx merpos. Paspeisa cTeoma nM 3TOM AeficroutensHo He NPOMCXOAU, a 38yKA suicrpena He cnsiuiHo. 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HM twecte0 ~ KolbcKoBaHo. Ha 3TH aeHorH Tannw6an sas0esuiean mobos» wepHn (ane6 wn spennuja» Gein socrpeGosanet He Tonexo 6 Pune), a Take NpMoGpeTan Hosbix COIOSHNKOS M HaHAMAN BO}ICKa. On cymen pent nasiiicxyio npoGnemy, oobewjas nisin, KOTOpHIe NpMMYT ywactwe 8 noxone Ha Pim, Bce npasa Tpaxnar Kapdarena. Mama yuemnentbie W cabie GecnpasHie nonfaHHbie rocy- ‘apcraa nocTapwnn TaHHNGany TeICAWN onto. Floprorosxa x sovine c Pamom wna roniitsm xonoM. B BexHom xe ropone oka sce orpaniuwsanoce rpoMKMMn osysramm: Wa Cynnio onkpennesne. KapdareHle, Tenep» wmeouyve 8 CBOeM PacOpANEHHN Tor ‘noByt0 6a3y, flerko YHHYTOKUN PHMCKAIK ‘nor, novrasuniica oTGur> Cparyse. B xoe MopcKoi 6uTBSI norMGNo yaapHoe ‘REPO PMMCKoro BoHicKA ~ AeCATAM THICRY ‘congar. nor KapdareHaH ycrponn Ha- ‘cTonuyni Teppop 8 Cpeamaemom mope. Vi moka wx AecaHTe! sticaxneannce nog Meccwoit w Kanyell, orraraaan Ha ceGA Hemano cHn pmMnal, TaHHUGaN c ‘OCHOBHEIM BOFiCKOM ABHHYNCA 8 cBOlt shameHMTetl Noxon Yepes Anonis. B TA- >xeneflulem nepexope OH noTepAN MHOrO. congar, Ho Ha cesepe Mraniin ero pati RononkAK ran, xenaBWe NOCH TaTbCA C npHTecHABUIMM Wx PHMOM. KO- HeUHo, OHM cpaxannce He 3a Kapparen, a 3a cBOM MiTepecs, HO TaHHMGana 3TO He ‘cmyujano, Ero mUaHEHHEIM KpenO BtiNO: «Pum ponmen Gomr> paspywerr, a yx ‘ubnm pykami ~ jeno fecsiToe. Saxeat Kapdarenniamm Kopcnka ‘Capainnn gan met Gesorosoponoe npe- wmyujecteo Ha CpenaemHom Mope, a ‘c@moe masHoe - noaBoniin 6paTeAM — Fannu6any,FacapySany 4 Marony - Koop- Anuipposate cBom pelicrena, He onacaAce, ¥4To roHUB,, oTpABNeHHEe MM NO MOP, Gynytnepexsauensi pnorom HenpuaTena, KonewHo, eno jenanoce He 6sicTpO, HO ye 8 24 rogy Ao M13. Pam Guin ocanyteH ‘cpasy Tpema apmnawn xaparenan. Toprosas ‘Yoo, Pum, KOTOpbI cuwran ce6a_He- noGeammant, eHesanHo oKasancR on a pW C sparom. Ero apm Gov paa- ‘pomnensi ioogmnoune, co6pare 8 eit ikynan vax We ynaniocs, Boe ComsHHK M, 8 Nepayio ovepenb, Mpeny, nepemeriynrce a cropony noGesyarens. 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Mxots ocHosHas 3acnyra B PACUIM(pOBKe FepMaHCKHIX KOHOB MpHHAIYIEXHT OPUTAHLAM, 970 BCe 2Ke GELIO IVIOFOM KONIEKTHBHBIX YCWUMH TONIAHALES, paxiiyy30s, NOAKOB, aMepMKAHLeB, B TOM YMCIIe M PyCCKMX... Boro JnoHeceHnit 3a neneHoM umdpa y BoeHHEX npucyTcTBosano acerga. Euje Bennnii Llesape npuGeran Kx xuTpoym- HoMy Koy, nonysmeuemy ero ats. 3TO bin BM WNOPA NlOACTAHOBKM, B KOTO- POM Kamibil ChMBON 6 OTAPHITOM TeKCTe 3aMeHANICA CHMBONOM, HAXODRUIAMCA Ha HekoTOpoM NocTORHHOM 4MicTe NosMust ‘nese wnu npasee oT Hero B andasure. MoxHo ckasaTs, sO WMeHHO 3Tor pAHUAN, HO MHOTOKPATHO ychox- HeHHDIT, W Gbin vicnonbaoBaH HeMUaMA pH KOHCTpyHpoBaHH caMom ycneUHOR Mogenn «Harms, nopna Anmupanreiicraa K awany Mlepaoi wnposof sof we- oBxonmmocTeuunbposaneHtcxycrporcTs Guana ovesnana SceM, M HeManan Pont & 370M npinwapnewana pyccKiM MOPAKAM 26 asrycra 1914 roga ov saxearwnn abt ‘KoUnBUI Ha Menb HeMeuKiti xpeticep «Marne6ypre. B cymaroxe HeMybt BbI- Gpocinn 2a Gopr carsansibie xHura ~ To, Ha eM Gaanposanace Bc Hx Und BOEHHAA HCTOPHA onanbian pa6ora. Haulia passegka aacexperwna ToT dak, WTO 3TH KHMrU Gbinw Hatigenbl, Tem cambiM. ycnOoKOMB HeMeUKNX winbposaneulMKoS, KOTOpBIe 8 cBoeH paGoTe HuYero M He noMeHAN Tlocne atoro ona w3 Tpex 2axeavennnx Curnanbien Kiur Geina nepenana 6px Tanckomy Agwupanrelictey. Pacxperrie umppa okazano sHawnTenbHoe BnuAkMe aK Ha Goesbie AeACTAMA Ha Mope, Tak U Ha xOn softs 8 YenoM. OpnaKo cnyctA HeckonbKo net ~ 8 1923 rony ~ Yancton Hepywnny, Gorewnl 80 Bpema Bobi Mepsbim nopaom Ap- mapamtelicraa, ony6nukosan Memyaps, 8 KOTOpHIK pacckasan, Kak aHrnMuaHe ssnomann npecnosytsi unbp. 310 pwsHanve wmeno faneKo uayulne no- cheactawa vw dakraueckn 3acTasino Hemues GpocuTbca 8 OpATHA coanaTenR Onnrmen, ‘A Takaa mawinwa K >ToMy BpemeHHt ywe cyuecreosana 6naronapa ame- PvKAHCKHM. rOnnaHACKMM wa06pe- arenam. Ho 8 1918 rogy oa «npo- ucanact 8 Tepmaniit: HeMe\yKnit waobperarenb Apryp Wep6uyc Kynun fe y ronnanaues anauuTensHo yco- sepwencrecsan. Cece wso6perenie Wep6nyc oxpectun xeacroacrea nopna Yepwannal Bnnporpanme «nerpa» aaneficreorann fokono 10 TeIcAY HenoBeK: MaTeMaTHKOB, inroKeHepos, nMHrBHCTOS, epesOnsMKos, akcrepros, a TakKe NPOCTO yMeIoUlMx Aepxar> pot Ha 3aMKe coTpyAHMKOS- Texiape. OnHM 3 pyxoBoguTeneh Nporpammei ~ 22 miTennextyanbebima uurra6om —cran mononol 6pHraHcKinl ma Temarak Anal ToIopuer, Brot HeopAMHapHei yweHBIA, Ko- Topomy He WcronHinoce Torna ewe TpaquaTH ner, OTHECCR K NPOEKTY KaK K rusnomy abi208y. 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