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Coxpanan aoe 3HaveHne 3aMoK i WeKoTopoe apein nocne soiihsi ~ Tam nnaHnpo- Banh o6opyaosare GomBoySexna wa caysait anepnon soins, Ho 8 1950-¢ rons 2yepcryo uuTasenb «neMo6unt 30anis: Tenep TaM HaXORUTER TONBKO nyse © Map AMBTUYANEPse se ee) ‘Yeaxxaembie mo6uTeNM MCTOPMM, KTO M3 BAC He MeuTaJI CaM ObITE KOMAHDYIOUIMM Ha Tome Goa? Vim nepeurpars pesymprarsi BaxHoro cpaxkerva. Mbt npeqOCTaBMM BaM TAKY10 BOSMOKHOCTS Ha CTpaHMlax Haltiero 2xypHana. Monpobyitre oTBeTUTE Ha BOMPOC: Kaxum o6pa3om momxosozeu nepcumcKoro wapa [arac MMe BOSMOMHOCTS BLIMIpaTs cpaxexue mpu Mapatoue? HanGonee wmrepecusie orserst oT Halinex wrraTeneit TylaBHOKOMAHAYIONNIX Mbt OyOMKyeM, a mOGenvTess GyneT TAT MDS, 491 rony Ao Hawiei apeinepcnacti 1yape apni omnpasiin @ rpeveciie Fopoga nocnos ¢ TpeSosaHieN «eM WBombP, To OsHaNan0 NpwaHaHNe ero 6 kauectae gepxoBHoro npagnTens 3nna- ‘lB Cnapre nocnos c6pocinu & Kano- ‘eu, NOcoBeTOBAE MckaTb TaM <2eMNM M Bons. B Agunax ~ npocro KasHunn Ges ‘ocoGnix sare B cneayloujem roy, co6pae orpoMtbit nor, lap empaaun Ha noKopenne He oKOpHbXK MloniCoB BOFIcKO NlOR NpeABO- AyenscTaow flamca. AHHH HCTOpMKH COnPeReNsHOT UMCTEHHOCTS STOR apuvin & lumpoxom qvanasone - oT 30,90 100 THIcR. Flepest sbicaainucs 8 MapaioncKom aanwee. Agukae Hanpasunn npomas unc 9-Teicashoe Bolicko, nogxpennentioe ‘-toicaseim orpagom v3 ropoga Maarten. Ha nomous gomxnb! Geinn nogomru uw Chapranupl, HO CaMbili asTopmTeTHEt aguncKHi crparer Minnbtuag HacTonn Ha TOM, sT06H! aTaKouaTh epara, He AOMMAa- cb cOWHAKOB, Buea nponzouna yrpom 12 cextnGpa 490 ropa no walwelt 9pb. Bucrponsuincs anakroit, rpeKn Gerom npeogonenk paccTonlime npi- MepHo 8 200 metpos, nocrraemoe ANA nepcMacknx crpenkos 43 AyKos, Gatuc sagencrsonan 6 Gurse nuns act cBonx cun, Ho He meHee 20 Te- cau BonHOB. OcTanbHble, 8 TOM NMC se NpmmepHo 2 Taicn4n BcaqHNKoS, Haxogunncs Ha cromsulux 8 Gyxre 600 Kopa6nax. B yentpe, me pacnonaranuce or60p- Hive BOVicK, epee! cwornn noTeCHHTo, 2, B03MOmHO, H npOpBATo MMH rpeKoS. OnwaKo Ha npasom w nesom duanrax noGena ocranace 3a agnnanaN H nna Teliuann, Paa6nroe nepcmackoe BolicKo Yykpbiioce Ha Kopa6snax, KoTopsle niocne- wan omnis oT HeroctenpHMmHoro Gepera. Florepu rpekos cocrasnnu 192 wenose- ka, noTepit nepcos npesbicinn 6 ToIcAY, BONPOC 1. Kaxyo oum6Ky zonycrun Dare? BONPOC 2. Kaxnm o6pasom flac umen 'BOsMOMHOCTS BbinTpaTe CpaneHie? BOEHHAAMCTOPHA 9eS tichasse sacs prereseoetie ae Pe Rec Ryn Es sesp CU De Geto Be ete OL eee reset onan ene ee RO ob ede ome on eee see oe pect ett Cet aloe nen one tons uaa aes TO yey, een SEU Cem ctu or tierce cy coe Cet Oe eR eet che woken uerraepxnenne Hykurret Xpyujesa, WT Cranni nnavinpoean 6oeabie onepa- umn no mobycy, HHKTO WB OOujaBLIMACA ¢ BepxoBHiiM FnaBHoKOMaHAyIOW\AM 8 FORD BoitHe! He nogTBepxaaN. Cxopee sscero, Hikitra Cepreesis yanexca, np lOwMiNB KaKOMI-HHGyAb WacTHBI cny¥ali. Vis cemmmapam - BPeBOMOU;IO Moca (Coco) Arxyrawennm poanca 18 nexa6p (no crapomy crane) 1878 rona 8 ropone Topn Tabnuccxoi ryGeprin Bocriertsana wanwsanKa mars —Exarepua Feopruestia, na KoTOpOM On Gein cBeTOM 8 oKOUKe. 3aKOHNTD TAe>NAMcCKYO AyxOB: yo cemmapwo,o vem MesTana ero arb, lo Tak a He chor ~6sin oTuncne 2a yen ene mapxcnamom. C TOM nopel OH Cran npopeccrovansisim pesomounoHepom. B mapre 1917 rona ws ovepenHoit cctin- at Voc Cran Bepiyncn ® pesonio- ‘nonnei Merporpan, 1ne m Havancs ero niyns & sacra. On cran onkospemenHo WPoGecnsepow, HanoneoHoM, axe, noxanyii, Mhonctuxow XV pyceKol pe soniounn. Bens pesonouna He sceraa Mower Cbects cBoMx neTell. Cran ~ 3T0 ‘Tor cnyvait, Kora pesoniouMn CBOHM pe- GexiKom nonasnnace... Tonxosomueckue ne6oTst Tlorpyxenine Crannia 8 soeniise 80- npocss wavanoce 8 wae 1918 rona, Kora of npn axrweHoe yuactue 8 o60poHe Uapmupina @ Kavecrae KoMnccapa. Tam 2*@ oF noaHaxonnnca c Knnmom Bopounn- ‘nopsim, KOTOpEi Cran OAH HB caMX agent ero coparaaKon. Canta sprit va caRsanne co Cra- ‘usin anvaonoe TpaxgaHcroit sores ~ fro Kowanauposxa 8 Netporpag 8 wae 1919 rona ANA mmanaauNn xpusMCa, jseieahtoro HacrynmeHneM Genorsap- elicxom apm Onenmia. Ha cropony ottppesonioynn Torna nepewen gop ekpactia fopxan. Cran cywen co6pare cponyreie canst 8 KynaK, HaBen nopr- ox Ha Baraicxom gore m 3acTaBhn ero ‘oyna Becta o6crpen waTexHOro Gopra. B peaynsrare «Kpacwan Topra> nana, w Cra- ‘hmv ony oppen BoeBor0 Kpacvoro 3hamen Tlocnentt snvson Toaxaancroit wot Hei ~ nonsckaa Kamnanins 1920 ropa. Cra- sui Toraa 6bin unewon Pessoencovera lOro-ZanagHoro dponra M HapAAY c KO- ‘manayouyi 6ponToM Eropossineca6ors- powan pewenie 0 Gricrpot nepeGpocke 14 Kono apni 8 noMous Hactynae. lunu wa Bapuaay wacram TyxavescKoro, Gunraerea, To nmento aTorsnns0n m1o- ‘Mor nonaKantcosepusnte «yao Ha Buc Ha canom gene npines Guin organ c6one- lu onosaHnen, WB cryae ero «80. eepementioro» asinonienun 1-8 Konan CCranmiia pporrenan Uapmuntion. ‘apmua nonana 6s! non dnakroseiA yaap ‘oiice Nuncyackoro. 1 Torna nocneacrun seaypia Ha Biches oKazannce Gel ANA KpaC- Hbtx euje Gonee Tparnveckio, Mexany soiixanat 8 posoentntt nepuon Crana Gin 33- vat Gope6oi 3a enacts, mHaycrpHann- Zale, wonnexrisaaauyre, munnowa- ‘eck wanespann. Boenwyo cbepy oH, 8 ocHoBHoM, nependBepHA TEM, Koro cuiran nposeccnovananis.C none Ty- XaNeBcKOro # O NpiMBeNM K «AMCT- ke» KpacHoti apmaw, 8 xone KoTOpO! pe- ‘Mpeccuam nopBeprance okon0 40 TeIcs enosex. PaccrpenaHHimn oKasannce ‘Tpoe 43 ATH Mapuianos (TyxaNescKni, Eropos, Bmioxep). Ho ocraHbca OHM 8 wBb0x, He daKt, TO Havano Benno Orevecraennoi sonsi cnomunoce 61 ‘ans CCCP Gonee ypauto. Vrorn wHcneK- lum Kpackoh apmnw, nposenenroh 5 1936 roy (hakanyHe «nena TyxayeacKo- Fox), BBIRBHM cOBepueHHO ynpyYai0- lujee cocrontine gen ¢ yposhem Goesoi OpTOTOSKA BOCK, OcHAlNeHHOCTHIO HX TexHuKoli, nonaTano-gocnuTarensHor aGoToii. Tem He MeHee soeHHoe cron kHoBeHHe c anoHuam y O3epa XacaH 8 asrycre 1938 roga 6tino npexpaujeno no poceGe ANoHCKOM cTopoHbl. Cnenyio- uit KoHprincr ¢ TeM we NPOTHBHHKOM y exw Xanxnt-fon 8 1939 roy saKoHNAN- ‘caGnectauwen noSegon. Crpanio sbimnagar sananenua, Gyaro ukengaunn Tyxavesckoro npwsena x Tomy, To 8 KavlecTae rasHolt ynapHoi ‘cams Kpachoit apm rasan crasKa ‘crana jenaTeca Ha KOHHMUY, a He Ha TaH~ xn. Mo yposiio mexanisaunn Kpactan ‘apmita 1941 rona npesocxoamna sep- ‘maxt, KOHHNYa Ke NpoRBHa ceGA 8 Be- auKolt OrevectaeHol aofive snonke Rocroiino. He cnywaiivo orHocmTenbHoe KonmuecTso Kasanepuiickix coegnne- wi 6 1941-1945 ronax octasanoce npak- ‘THNeckn HevEMeHHbiM — KONO 10%. BooGue TexHnkolt Cranuit sannwanca Gonbue, em apyrumm chepamn Boer Horo crponrenscraa, Mo cnozam feoprin >KyKOBa, «OT MaBHbsX KOHCTPYKTOPOB, AM- eKTOpOR BOSHHEIX 228008, MHOTUK M3 KOTOpBIX OH 3Han AMMO, Crank Tpe6o- an nponssoactsa o6pasyos camoneroe, TaHKos, aprannepin apyro saxwen- lle TexHMKM B YcTaHOBNeHHBIe CPOKM Takin O6pasom, sTO6b1 OHH NO KavecTBY Gini He TonkKo Ha yposHe 2apy6emiter, Ho'W npesocKoqni Wx. Bes ono6peHua ranma un oni o6paseu BoopyxeHiin He npaamanca MWe cumanc. BOEHHARMCTOPHA 11ThasHoit BoeHHolt own6Ko! Crannna cunraetca ero HemenaHue BepuTe Co- ‘o6uleHUsM 0 roTOBRWeMCA HanageHHK Tepmannn. Ho npw oueHke 3ToA yrpo3bt ‘emy npwxoguoce Grits He cTONBKO BO- enHBiM pykKOBOAMTeNeM, CKOMIDKO NOM: rukom. Cranii Hagennca, uo Turnep He omper Ha PUCK BeREHUA BORHD Ha AeA ponra. B pesynsrare sce jenanoce, OH NOCbINIAN B Oi MMJIIMOHbI ucnenmocrs —noqumuasunnxca Crannny Kax Bepxosnomy TnaeHo- Komanayroulemy soitcx cocrasnana (waxogauyneca 8 crpoto): © Ha T ions 1941 roga— 4699 478 venosex, (© Ha 1 wiona 1942 rona— 10363 890 wenoaeK, © Ha 1 wiona 1943 rona~ 11449404 wenoaera, © Ha 1 mona 1944 ropa 11.047 090 venosex, © na 1 man 1945 rona ~ 10102 567 venosex. Tetras ee 5 = = Hasoro Csepeawo’ | Ha6parsnevou ronsmwserot | apeer— | Boeo- sestemswocre | ncouma | peannoyrosora supe | souaera PcaPn) BOEHHAAMCTOPHA 1913 rog 1917 rox 1918 ron ‘roel 8 cpeguecpounoi nepcnexrn- be Gyayuan soiina Gbina seunrpana — posogmancs AononHMTenNDHEIe npH- bib, opMuposanuce mo6pesepedi, ctpyktypko nepecrpansanacb cucrema ynpasnenia. A c apyroit cropons, pa3 MeweHHbie 8 npMrpaHiMunelx oKpyrax acta He pHBoqUTNce 8 6oeByIO ro- TosHOCTy, WTOOb He NpoBoYMPOBaTS Hemues. B cyuocty, ace repmanckne noGenbt 1941 roga o6wAckAnHce oAHHN Gonbwuin magne wx ycnexom 8 Benopyccam, rae Bepmaxty ynanoce pasGure camylo Kpynuyio rpynnuposKy 3ananHoro Oco- 6oro BoeHHoro oxpyra. Vi anece rasan inka NexUT Ha KOMANAYIOWIeM OKPyFOM Fenepane AwuTpiim Masnose. Taxoro ornyurensHoro ycnexa He oxwaann Camm Hemupi, VMeHHO KaTacTpOba 8 Be- opyccun npusena vk Heyslaan & Mpa Gamtuxe, wk oTcTynneHio Ha yKpanH kom Hanpaenesnn (rae Kpackan apna onavany cymena ame BKAMHUTECA Ha Bpankeckyio Teppuropuic). He yausurensHo, To MMeHHo [aB- OB okazaiicA emMMCTBEHHEIM 32 BCO Boiiny coserckum reHepanom cron BBICOKOro pavra, npuroBopeHHBM « ‘cmeprHoit Kash (iA cpasHeHina: no npukaay furnepa Gsinw Ka3HeNb! TPM ‘enoamapwiana), Sen Pyrosoqun Peavocosera panne nop COCR unre pesonogiownore 8 pone scram na oprax lap ‘paca Toprar span aug. arpaxgenopnenon Boesoropacoro rane Bepxosunrit € 30 ona 1941 ropa Cranun sosrnas- nan TKO (TocygapcteesHetit KowuTer ‘60poHni) 70 ecre OGvuManaHo ABAANCA Amepom senyuiero BofMy rocygapcrea. 8 wiona ox sain noct Bepxoavioro fnas- HOKOMaHAyIOWJero, 83R8 Ha CeGA BCIO OT- ercTaeHHocTs u 3a noGent, M 3a nopa- Tlonuraueckne coo6paKeHnn nopoh y Hero npesanyposann Han, BoeHHE- a, CaMbili Nevanbibih TOMY MpHMep — atacrpoda nog Kwesom 8 centaGpe 1941 roga. Kyxos rosopin 0 HeoGxonn- moctn ocraauTs ropoa 80 WabeKaHne OKpyxeHHA MB peaynbTaTe NMWANCA nomKHocTA HavanbHuKa TeHepanbHoro uwraGa. Mror — He menee 600 THicRY yOu- ‘Thix, 6e3 8ecTM nponasuiMx vw MneHHsK Bor mene MKyxona, KoTopbit nocne KopoTkoH onanbiniowTH co BOK Bison an oGsaaKHocra zamecruTenn Bepxos- Horo ThasHoKomanayiowero. 1B. Crane 224aCTyIO TPeGOBAN ABHO HeBEINONAMMBK Ccpoxos nogroroaKn m nposenenun one- pauiii. V onIN no ero KaTeropmeckam tpeGosakiiam HepenKo Hawimhaniice cna~ 60 noproToBneHHtiMMl M HEROCTaTOXHO oGecnevenHeim. Takve onepayin He Tombko He AocTHrani Yen, Ho BneKnM 3a Co60i Gonsuine NoTepH 8 HORAK MW MaTe- Dwanitix cpencraaxs. Kuicny TaKAxHey- ‘a4 oTHocaTca KaTacrpodsi man 1942 rona = pasrpom 2-4 apm Bracosa nog enn panom, xpax KpsiMckoro $poHra M nopa >xeHine nop XapbKOBOM. (Oguako nocrenenno « Cranuiy npu- xoMAn onbiT. Mo MHeHMo Toro Ke HYKO- “nen Pesnenconera oro3aanvore fpovra spe inane Vtpan Fevepansraat cerperapen UKBxTI)Pte e ae eke a TIEPBBIIA YAP (smeape-hespant OxoHuatenbHoe cHaTie BnoKanbt Jlenmurpaga, oceoGoxnene Cesepo- Banana PCOCP w eerxon 8 NpnBanmany. BTOPOM YAAP (bespanc-mapr). Ocso6oxnenne Mpaso6epexHot Yepames TPETUI YAP (mapr-mai). OcsoGoxnetne Oneccts w KDtiNa METBEPTbIA YAAP (mont-mons). Hacrynnenna s Kapennn n Ha Kapenscrom nepewefke. Buia0n #3 sofits OnnnaHaNN, TATbIIA YDAP (wone-mone). COnepayna eBarparnoty — ‘oceobonnenine Benopycenu, 6onsuielt Sacra Mirae m wacra flonbusn WECTOM YAAP (wone-aerycr). OceoGoxxnerme 3anaaHor Yxpanies vaaxear nnauapaa sananHee ‘onbckoro ropona CannoMnpa. CCEAbMOI AAP (asrycr-cenTa6pE). Ficcxo-Kwunneackon onepaln Flepexon ra cropony akurtneposcxoi Koanuymn Pyusininn x Bonrapian. BOCBMOM YAAP (centaGpo- ‘oKrAGpb). Ocsoboxnenne Gonbuiei actu 3cTonnA W SlarBM B Kypnatai 20 KoHUa BOfiHeA 152, NocTenenno on Haysnca emaT» TO, ‘WTO w cnegosano fenar> BepxosHomy ThasHoxomanayioulemy ~ sticnyuas Pasible TONKA 3peHMA, COOTHECTA Hx AYE C Apyrom, a Take c peanbHof no- BenwokOrevecreemoi apes opm Beprosssin Thashoreuanaynayie Beppe cra «we BEET HAC K NOBEAE! Gnomnposare xpyntan pynnuposK Hemeunnx Boric. AEBATBIIAYAAP (oxra6pe- Aexa6po). Ocsoboxnenne Baxapnaren, Gonouseh vacra Benrpan eocrosot sacri iOrocnasin AECATBIIA YAAP (oxra6pe). Sania Mevenru w scrynnevne iKpaciot apmin va Teppuropino cesepHoit Hopeerin AMTHYECKOH cHTyaUKEl, M, HCKORA M3. 3Toro, BbiGpar> onTuManbHble pewle Py6emom crana Crannurpanckaa 6yT- a. KoHewno, He Bepxosnisia npaywan aTy onepaumo, He OH paspabarnigan ee etanv, HO weno Cran Boppens ouenwn pazy, SpoweHlyio acKonbae Ha (ogHoM vs coBeuiaHiiit wywyKasiuncA ' yronke renepananin Mykoobins m Bach: neackwm. He OKOHNMB BOeHHEIX Akane ni, Cranm Gein, no cyt, quneTarTow. Ho amneranTom renuanbibim, nepen- Fpasulum cBOnK npoTHaHHKOR, OKOHNE- lux BoeHHble akanemin, Von ke flan «no6po» Ha nposenenne ‘cokpyuinTenbHoro KOHTPyAapa, KOTOPEA ocne scex nepeHeceHHiix Heyga4 Bi- ‘sigen sepxom Haxanscrea Haysmsiwncb He «rHatb nowaneys, Cra- ‘iH fan «po6po» Ha nepexon x o6opoHE Bechoit 1943 ropa, uro cosnano npep- [1943 ro 1944 rox sfc cramesca, ynapocs 1945 Nogrwcweaer nocranobrente TiO onaane ator ‘no copaano _ronoiGoubs. cons Torah opener (UA KAacn peer cm66) pacsoenossawre revepamcoueya ‘cre cmuepann ocresoeoro apa nnocainka fina pasrpoma neuen Ha Kyp- ‘Koi Ayre, nocne ero WCxOR BOM! He soistean ye Hn manevuinx coMHeHI V, woKoneu, Gnucrarensisit 1944 ron, vorma Btn nposenevts AecRT> KPyHE exparerwvecrine onepauna. Opa 38 Apy- Tom on paseopasnsannce Ha OrpoMeeo npocrparicteax ~ er ApKrixu 0 YepHioro !Mopa ~ c HeSonuina paa6pocom 80 Bpe- ein, HeMuan He yaasanoce nararb ece ‘sips mm nprixopuocs MeTaTCACOCBOMR- inv pesepeani ccesepa na ior noGparHom ‘orcrynare ace ganbuse Ha ana, WnTI6aR Pon BepxosHoro, fahtoe ath onepaui- snaseanite s[leco Cran/Hcn/x A208 starnaguar enone O50cHOsaHHM. Trasnevi mpoTusnnk Vin Gein Agonsé Tirtnep. Cras s rons: Bropom mmposoit soiiMei repmancKnm epxOBHIM rmaBHoKoMaHayiollun, Ga- lumii epeitTop HasmabiBan cBovM reHe- pana asatmopuictuuneie peweHin v, ‘camoe rnastie, nobBanca ycnexa. flo- emy Tak npoMcxoaino, xopowo o6eAC- Hin ero MuMMCTp BOOPyKeHNA AnDGepT Uneep: pewerna diopepa 6binn pewe- Hitawa jiMneTaHta, Ho AMneraHTa O¥eH® aHeprMHoro M TBaxHOFO. OH He Obin cknoHeH K wa6noHaM M npHAMMan mio- Gb1e npentomenua, KoTOpbIe XOTA M C4 TanNcb pickoBaHHbinn, onHaKo cynunn Geictpyio u adextuyro nobeny. Ho nocne Cranmurpana, Tam, fe TPe6O- eanoce YCTyNINTS \acTe TeppHTOpIN Uni oATAHyTe peseper,opep No-npexHeMy an policr@ e Gol, a revepanti He CnMul- KOM HacTORNMB0 emy BospawaNM M 8 pe _ymrare nony4ann Hoste nopaxeHun, ‘Rynet wormocrs Korna 27 iowa 1945 ropa Yxasom Mpe- smguyma BepxosHoro Coseta CranmHy picBoWN sBaHVe reHepanMccnmyca {KO- ‘Topoe nocnegtin 6 PoccHM nonysin 32 146 net go Hero Cysopos), Hi 8 crpae, Hv 1B MMpe MiKTO He YAMBMICR, He CHest TOT TuTyn YpesmepHiin. Bein noGen¥, Goin Wnopaxerua, «Bbin, ~ Kak FOBOpHn To nM, Wonox08, To 1M KTo-To ewe W3 coBeTCKU acco, ~ Kym, Ho Oxia W AMHOCTE». Vi umenno pone, ceirpanlas 370 nM HocTbIo B BofiHe, Hac, XOTA bi YaCTH4HO, ‘cei npumnpser. © Banewray AMMTPHEB eae rane ep ou ee anna BOEHHAA HCTOPHAwarpanEr OQUH U3 TPEX Yapexyermeni euje XV nexe opnex Sonororo pyHa CUMTAvICA ODHMM m3 TDex TWIaBHEIX Op/leHHOB XPUCTHMAHCKOTO MMA. Tlo samsicny ero yupemprrens, repyora Bypryanym Svumma Ill Jo6poro, siexst ‘STOO OpmeHa OIDKHBI GBUIH OBITS IBETOM exporielickoro psitiapcTEa. !Pejbictopia cosqaHina aTOro opAe- Ha Takosa. B cexTAGpe 1396 ropa 8 Gurae np Huxonone Ha Gepery Dysan Typeykoe sovicKo noA KoMaHAOSaHN- em cymraa Bamzera MonkieHocHoro Haronoay pas6nno ofneniHeHHo® B0- icko KpecroHocyes, 8 cocTas KoTOporo SXOAWIN BeHrepcKve, HeMeUKKe, nonb- cae Mi GypryHackne peiuapn. MHoro KpectoHocues. norw6no, vacrs cymena Gexaro. Hemanoe Konnectso poiapeh onan 6 niieH K Typkam. B vx wncne Guin cTapwnit coi repyora BypryHawn 4 BMecTe C Him eule ABARLATS MATS aMaT- Hux Gyprynigckx peiyapel. TypeuKnit cynan nosqHee omnyctin wx Ha ponmHy 32 OrpoMMbit no TeM epeMeHan BbiKyN ~ ‘400 Teicau 3onoTenx FynbAeHOE, ‘9xo nopaxert px Huxonone Flopaxerine npit Huxonone norpacno ‘eoponeliyes. Onn nosyecteosann, 70 ¢ BocToKa Ha HX HaBHTaeTcA OrpoMHan W Gecnowaavian cuna @ nye OcwaHcKoi wmnepin. Tpaena, acxope cynrax Banser Guin paarpomnen npn Axrope apyrum BocTOWHoiM sneAbKor - Tamypom. Ha Kaxoe-To BpeMA TypeUKaR onachocTs ‘6uina yctpanena. Byprynackni repyor Oanunni Xpa- (6peti pewinn cosnaTe peiyapcKnn opnen. Ho oH scxope ymep, m oTy08cxyIO eo mnoaxsaran ero cbt, (Kax Beccrpaunoi How of He cymen sbinonhinte somo ora, ‘ak Kax 6uin y6ur & 1419 ropy 80 apents neperosopos < 6yayiuvm Koponem Opat 14 BOEMHARMCTOPHA rABHEMLUMX Opzex a8 camBix 3HaTHEIX owe Senaroro pa un Kapnom Vil. M niu axyk Onnwnna Xpa6poro, repuor Byprynaun Oununn AoGpeii, pewnn sonnoriT & xusHD 32~ Moicen caoero pena. Opnes 3onororo pyra 6tin yupexen 10 arsapr 1430 roga. Ox Goin nocerwer Mpecertoh Hlese Mapwm u anocrony ‘Avppevo MlepsoseanHomy. Vssectue 06 yupexaeHiin HoBorO opnena Bbi38an0 Bocropr cpean asopancrsa OnanapwM, KoTOpan B TO BpeMA exoAWa B COcTaB Bypryrincroro repuorcrsa, M onn nepe- ann @ununny DoGpomy «ia HyKqel ‘opera 100 roicaY aonorexx rynoneHos. B crazyce opera Gsino 2anncato, “To ununn AoGpein yupexqaet ero keniaeT ApuyMHoxaTe ects M npoyseTaHne, ‘AaGb poluapcrao oxpaHano, sau\Mulano W nonnepxiBano UcTUHHY!O KaTOnANe: cxylo Bepy, YepKose, croKolicTBne M Gnia- Fococtonine rocynapcrsa...» nx «penrapeit Ges crpaxauympexa» ®B craryce opea Guino Kanucano, To fro seHoM MONET CTaTb Mis TOF, KTO ‘mone flowasare cB08 ABOPAHEKDE NPO- wocoxete, uMeer daniterit rep6 1 RBAAETCA «pbiapeM 6e3 CTpaxa M ynpekar. esvaann opaera 3onororo pya Gein: Pretium Laborum Non Vile ~ Ha- rpaga He yctynaet nogeury; Ante ferit {quam flamma micet - «nap nanaer npe- 2xne, ent acranier nnanin> n Non Ald ~ , Mipaena, cyuecrayet M apyran, 60- ee Kypryastan separ - «flobuBunce GnarocknoHHocTA OAHOA game, repyor mann LoGpeuh Tax rinemmnca ee son0- ‘TeIMH BoROCAMM, ‘FTO OcHOBAN B Mx NECTD ‘opaes 3onatoro pyna». BHewme open Sonororo pysa sbirna en cnepyiouynm o6pa30M: CaM opgeH- kypel, Han KoTopoit nomeujeH sonoTo! 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Jho6umeu Texaca Ogun v2 npustenel opomKnn Comy 300 gonnapos w nocoserosan sanares- uber u raurcrepbi : Cama Kons Tosarb nso6perenwe. Halas onbiTHoro opymefinnka exp Mupcora, Konst cymen warorosuT GeaorKasHo jevicTBy: ouyo monens, c Koropoi s 1835 rony omnpasninca Ha nokopeHne Craporo aera, Caoe uso6perenue of 2anaTenToBan TlongoHe u Mapioxe, re oHo, enpoeM, He abia8ano oco6oro uHTepeCa. Aviano- rmunein natenr y ceGR Ha ponmne Konet onyunn 25 espana 1836 roga, sadmK- ‘cHposas CBOE ABTOPCTBO Ha KONCTPYK- mo orHecrpenbioro opyrkuta ¢ epaula- roujelica KazeHHOM wacrb¥o B COWeTAHIN C yapHo-cryckoseim mexannswow.«KOJIbT-YOIKEP» M1846 ‘TEXHMMECKWE XAPAKTEPMCTUKA Kann6p: 44 provaea (112.mu) Emxocte Gapa6ama:6 natpoHos ‘Yaapno-cnycnonon mexann ‘onmapnoro aeicreva Cucrema socnnamenenus: anconsHan ‘Bmna: 400 mo (15,75 nova) Dpmma creoma: 229 (9 nhs) Bec: 1995 r 704 yxy) Mipayen: duxcuposannei Tipenoxpanurenpiie npwenocoBnenun: nonye2008 Kypxa Pynonre: wesx ws opera ones nponycr nonywn HaseaHine skKonsNlarepcov ~ no neni ropOA & rare Hbio-JpKepcn, re OH Npo“sBopMN- 13 Hero MOxHO Gbi0 ocTarowio 6ticTpo, Ho nepeA. Kai BICTPENOM CREAOEANO SBBECTH KYPOK wut 2aTeM HaxaT® Ha crycKOBOA KPONOK fom npowsaoncrea sucrpena, Korg na- POH! 8 6apabane saxarameance, np xonuoce wacraio pas6upare opyrare. AA neni: nocraBiTe KypOK Ha NpeAO- -pahinrensrsih 63800, 706s1 ocsoGomuTe Gapaban, oar duKcaTop CrBona cnpaBa ‘HaneBo AO ynopa, CHATb Crean w GapabaH € uevpansno” oct, 2apnqiTe KaMopsi GapabaHa NopoxoMm, OCTaBMB MeCTO ANA nym, € noMowso iownona BEiTo B K2- ‘opel camyoaie rym, apis 6apaGan ¥ crBon Ha Mecro, Saxpenne nocnenHini ducaropom, eran or paar pe- sonb9epoe He 6onn ssaozaMermeN. Opnako Hance y Konbra 4 NOKNOH- ores Hacronujeenpravanve npmuino xHeny 1 Texaccroit pecny6nite. 310 rocynap- crB0 oTkonano 8 1836,rony or MeKcHt 1 Wa npormnennn nocnenyiou AeBATH ret Beno solic Guisweit Merponome ve Kopenisn mirrenaiu ~neivaMn Tewaccroe npaeurenscrso aaKynnno AA cooero WeSonbiuoro Gora 180 Bik ‘ToBOK M ApobosHKoB. A BOT «bapabaHHDie: rcronets» soizeann socropr y Texac cvs pettursepos (wecrHan nonauna). B cuny npodeccrowanvisix o6R3aHHOcTet ti Sacro npxonunoce scrynare 8 cre Aw cmHeitanar. Oreste KOHTaKTO! Cy Manic 'acTO Ha GNIAR. 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Ygopnersopns KpyTEK — Texaccrix apie m soopymente cans, dypMa Konsra Teepyo ecrana Ha Horn w oviny- ‘cruna Gonee Komnakruyio mopens eKoner Benn3 @apro», npycnocobnentyio ana ‘expsrToro HOWeHIA, Konet BoeHHo-mopcKoit 8 yenom n0- BBTOpan ceoero aparyHcKoro coBpara, Ho bin spinonneH Ha Gonee KavecTBeHHOM TexHonorMueckoM ypoBHe W cTan ca- ‘int nponiasaenesm 8 CLIA nuicroneToM 1850-x ronos. Tlocneanwm xpyniim Tsopenwem wao6perarena cTan apmelicxwit Konot 1860 roa, cTaswuit rnasreim nuctone- Tom Tpaxpanckot Bovine Mexpy Cepe- pom 1 !Orom. MuTepecko, ro & nniaHe ‘cKopocrpensHocta on qaxke ycrynan ‘npenwecrBeHukam, 3370 npeeocKonUn x HaERHOCTBIO M TOYHOCTEN Tena ero inn 8 ropy. Noctpoennan vim 8 1852 rony rpowannan GaGpiKa 6 Xapribopge suipocna 8 ABa pasa nocne PeKOHCTpyKuinn 1861 roga. ZauaTHMK npoTuBhukn paGosnaneHna cownce 8 cMepTenblom noenmHKe, w Kon 6bin HacTpoeH rio maKcaimyy yossIeTBOpHTS noTpe6HocTu npasiirenscTsa MiaHKombHa 1 opyrxin. K ToMy spemens On yore Cran urypoh HayMoHanbHoro macuiTa6a MW Hocin aeaHie nonkoaHAKa. Ero cmepT, nocnegosaswiaa 10 aHBapA 1862 roga ot nonarpti, 6tina nsHo npe- oeaespemenion, Caoel mene Snvza6er Xapr Dxapenc oH ocrasin cocroaHue 8 15 mummovios gonnapos (270 Gonee 350 munnmovos gonnapos & Hawe spema). ‘psa Mponomiuna ceoe cyulecrao- Banue 4 x 2010 ropy sbinycrana cebwe 30 Munnvonos enviHMy opyxua. Boil pean Hux HW BiiTOBKH, M asToMaTHl, ucronerei c OGOMAMA, HO KaYeCTBe QupmeHHor npoayxunn ny6nnKa ace ke BOCNPHHMMAET MMEHHO. peBonts Pb, BHeUIHe BecbMa HanomMHaioulne Te, KoTopsie coagan cam «Bennkwit ypanHn: ents. (© Muxann CEPEBPAKOB BOEHHARCTOPHA 17BOC®OPCKMM MMPA)K Pyccxue gumiomarTBI Mexay’ aponvoe nonowene. 37a 2aniava nerna a _mnewn Anercanapa TopvaKosa, = 1856 rogy HasHaveHHoro KaHynepom. OH cnenan crasny Ha Npyccmo, 8 Kpsiickyo Kanynep Bacmapk noctasan nepen co6oi sagayy o6vequnnTs Tepmanio. 3ro osHavano KOHAnMKT ¢ ABcrpue M Megosonscrso @panynn. Poccua anna 8 Yepene repMaHcKHX Bor Heitrpambuyio nose, Ho aBana no- aT, sTo MomeT nonAepxaTe TIpyccio. ‘Aactpun ocranace Ges nogAepKKH 4 Gops6y npowrpana, fopwaxos nonywin oGewjahve nocpegnnuectea 8 oTmeHe ‘ednorckoi» craren [apwxckoro TpaK- Bo epema Opanko-npycckoh Borie Poca acromeKo HenBycMbicneHKo ‘o6wAeHNa O HeiitpannTete, TO aB: Wi pyecxan aoiccan aBancanax ennai Krak Hneana Hionaesins CcTpwiyst np scem Kenai Hanacr> va Mipyccmo He nocmens aroro cnenare. Aurnua Toke o8prenna o HeeMewarenb- rae. Opakun ocranace ogHa m Guna pasrpomneva. Yxe 8 mapte 1871 ropa Rog Aaenenuem BucmapKa Poccun Bep- Hynw npago Aepxare nor Ha YepHoMm ope. Coryayna 8 Espone wamennnace: soshnkna TepMatckan wmnepan, cono- CTasuman no Moun c paHunen m npe- BocxonAuian Aacrpwo. OpaH\nA nocneapr pana recypapcre no Ca-Cregancrony crosopy enesal no aaxniwrenshowy ary Sepnavcrorovoarpeccalenpasal ‘coxpyunrensHoro NopaxeHHa noTepana candi aeropuer, ABCrpn HaxonMace a rpaia packona. Ho Boesare ¢ Typun- ef Hemennenno Geio Bce euje onacHo: HyMHO GdiNo AOAATECA XOTD KAKHXTO rapairaii esMewaTenncrea senmaKux nepxas, «flocromictBo ‘Typeuxoro rocyapcrBa> Mexay Tem Mapiorcxnit porosop, ‘nownMo orpannveHnit PoccMn, ewe ‘npegocrasnan xpwcT¥aHcKMM NOANaH- in Typunn pasHie npasa c mycyn>- mavama, Ho 21s nonomenna rpakrara npaenrenscreo Mlopte! Hanpow HrHo~ puposano. B oTBer To Meno acnsninsa- ‘nn woccTanna ~ na KputTe, 8 Bonrapin, 8 Bocuiu, Tlonasnanuce om © AuKOR AnH eBpo~ nefiyes. Toro peMesin 2KecTOROCTEND. Tomoko 8 Bonrapnn seckoit 1876 roma Geinn yOu: Gonee 30 000 mupHbo x- renei. B Espone nopHanace Heobwar- Ho ocrpas no HaKany aKTATypeuKaR oGwecraennan Kaunatia. MocneaHns 2aU\NTHNKOM BHYTPeHHEM _nonMATHKH Flopres ocrasancn 6purabicai npemsep Avapaonn. (On yrs a we paa 8 Henenvo nyran pe- nyraros nanarel oGunh spyccKor yrpo- 30M pacnyckan chy, 0 WyMinKa CMM onnawweaerca v3 Nerep6ypra. B Poccri o6wectaeHitie HacTpoeHA 33° lwkanusann, Topane roost 3aro8opM- aw o Koncranrawonione n cospatinn cha- BaicKoit Genepayi Bo rnaBe € PyCCKIN uuapen. B osye KoHuos, ¢ axrurypeuKnn aananevuman crana sbicTynar> AaKe Gpwrancian napnamenTcxaA onniosnunA 180 mabe c fragcrooM. A Znspaann Ha Conwom ve aacenannitnanars! Buy 610 nonsepriyr Golikory co cropoHtl o6eux apr, Manrin. Kasiyncn 8 cTopoHy 0H. Ho Havianace oa He Tam, re ee Aan B woxe 1876 rona soimy Typuymn 06% sewn Cep6ua w YepHoropia. ABcrpHA w Poceua npenocreperani wx or 3Toro luara, Ho TeM epemeHeM saKnioNnnn cO- mmauenne Mey coB0%. FopNaKOB AO- Gunca comacns Bewst Ha soaspaujenne Beccapa6inn, oro6parHoi y Poccan no- ‘one Kpbinckoi sone, ahHeKci Baryann ‘mnesasncnmocta Bonrapin, BOGMeH AB ‘crpu nonysana cornacue Wa oxkynautio Bochin u Fepuerosnis, ‘Cep6ckan apmnn, ecrecreeno, 6eina GvicTpo paabuTa, a nonomenne crano HactoneKO yrpomaiouynm, TO nA lnoce o6paujateca. 3a_nocpeaHnve- ‘cTBOM K BennKiM AepxaBaM. flo Haya~ nna 1877 rona tayniice Gesycnewnbie neperosopsi. TypkM BbicTaBnANH CTOM> >xeCTRMe YoNOBMA, WTO pasnpaxKann BCO Espony. B pesynsrare y Hix cosepwieH- Ho He ocranoce 3aCTyNHAKOS - OHM CBO- ‘man pykamn femonTnposann Tapnx- cant gorosop. B fpespane 1877 ropa TopwaKosy yaa- ‘noce crown anrmomataveckoe conpo- Twanenne Axrnin. Bpxranysi nognica- mm ynerumarym Mlopre c tpe6osannen posecrn pedopmi, ynysuiaowyne no- nomeHme XpacTAaHcKOrO HaceneHMA, Hemenneno 3aKniouns map ¢ Cepbneit W YepHoropuen 6e3 ycnosw. TyPKM oT- ‘eprnn 3TOT AOKYMeHT, PaCeHNB EF0 KaK ‘eMewatenscT60 80 sHyTpeHHMe AeNa, npotnsHioe AOCTOMHCTBY TYPeUKOrO ro~ cynapcrea>. Tomsxo omxa: ‘2 anpena 1877 ropa PoccnA oSenowna softy Typunn. Mat ee Gun paspaboran ‘ewe ronom paves. Ha GankancxowTearpe Boehibx pevicrewh Poccua BbicTasHna 185-Tieswyio apmuto no” KOMaHAORS- vem senvkoro KHAaA HnkonaR Hnkonae- ‘ava. Emy nporasocTosnn 200 000 Typox non KomaHnosaHnem Hanap-nawin. o- ‘nosia ero sofick Geina paccpenoToweHa no rapunsonam. Ha Kasxase 150 000 ret- CAN BOMICK BeNNKOrO KABA MuxaMna Hikonaesmua gomKner Gouin cnomars conpormenenne eB0e MeHbWeM rpyn- ruposku Myxrap-nawin, Pedopmsi poccaickofi apm, a varole Anexcanapom Il, yke npmecrn HeKoTopsie peaynbrarty, Ho He ObinA sasepwiendi. B sbiyuxe aptnnnepnn Pycckne sovicka npesockoaun npo- ‘TWBHMNK, a BOT B CTPeNKOBOM BOOPyKe- inn yerynanu. Typkw Ginn cHapaments HoBemIMMM aHrANTicKMMn M amepAKak CCKHMM BMHTOBKAMH, a OTeYECTBeHHDI ‘o6pasust He Morn noxsacraTEcA cO- wepuleHcrsom mM egnnoo6pasne. Ha YepHom Mope rocnoactsosan Typeu- uit nor. Topazno Gonee cepbeanoii npobnemon {6binn cpoKH npenCTORUIeM BOFHEA, YeTKO MW xecTKo nocTaBneHHbie AMUnoMaTaMn, MexayHaponian cityauuia morna usMe~ HMTECA B MOGO! MoMeHT, OCObeHHO 3TO acanoce nosmynn Aucoin. YauTeteaR ee MoGHnMBayYOHHEIe BOsMOKHOCTA pegnanaraemsie cpoKn oTpaaKn Ha Banka 3xcneanunontoro —Kopnyca, ony¥anoce, 470 SCA SoiHa nOMKHa yNlo- >xMTBCA B OAH KAMMaHMIO. (Or aToro oBcromtenbcr#a orranknea- ‘nuce, sbiGupan crparermueckwit nad. Orxpoisannce isa Tearpa BoeHHIX nedi- cranit: Kankaacknit u Bankanckii, Bb CcTpoF peumrendtolk noGeqb: Ha nepsom Gtino He AOGuTECA ® cHy yaaneHHOCTA cor Koucraxratonons, a Toneko yrposa Ccronmue aacrasnra 6b Typumo spilt es omits. Ha Bankackom Hanpasnenan pyc- ‘cKoit apn npnuinoce 61 CTONKHYTECA C AByMa cepseaHsimit npenaTCTEHAMM. Tepaoe ~ nonHosopHoiit Aywai. Typeu- Ki Geper Gein cunsHo 3a60n04eH, TO aTpyAWano BbICAAKy, M CANLHO yxpe- ‘nex. Yereipe xpenoct = Pyuiyn, Lymn, BOEHHAAMCTOPHA 19{Types congar penynapvo nexor 2 Panoaom na nerxonnexoTs. Sonam | Baptia w Cunnctpua ~ crpaxovann apyr ARpyra w 6sinn nepeoxnaccHo oGopyAnosa- ‘ot, Kpome Toro, Boab Aynan Kapaynnnin 17 6porupoearxx MoMTOpOR. Bropoe — Bankanicni xpeGer. Ero Hyx- Ho 6ei10 nMGo OGxoAMTE BRON MOpA, nnpvveM urrypmosare Bap, 60 6pate yskve nepesants, camein ynoGHbiM ¥3 oTopoox 6bin WANKMHCKHIK. 3a Hi OT- xpsteanca npswoit nye a KoncTaHTU- nononb. Barkancxumit 6manxpur Havana sce passneanoce nance nyse ‘oxspaemoro. 29 anpena Taxenan apTan- nepaa noronina gnarmaHcKnl MOHATOp ‘Typox. Hepes se Henlens Karepa, BOOY- >xeHHbIe WECTOREIMM Milam, BHE3ar- Hoi araKoit ompasuni a AHO ewe onVH TypeyRiit Kopa6n. 310 ABANOCe ANA POTMBHMKa NONHOA HEOMMAAHHOCTEIO: epenpasa pyccncsofcn sepesfiynat xarepa Geinn cxperrio nepenpasnents no menesHoit nopore. TypeuKan dnorn- ‘ua ykpeunace Ha 6a3ax, ee GnoKnposann Mumibun arpaxnennamn. C10 1no 21 wio#a pycckan apminn nepe- pasnnace vepes [ynai. Typkn none Tanvice NloMewaTe TOnBKO NepenoBoMy Conpaay, nocne wero penw ce6R naccuBHo. Hacrynnese passneanoce crpemmren- Ho: 25 wioHA asann TeipHoso, 5 wona ~ UnnxwHcknh nepesan. MomHo 6bino Hactynare Ha KoHcTaHTiHonon, HO KO- MangoeaHne nocuMrano cab AA 3Toro HenocraTounbinn, TypKH ONeH yMeno MaHespuposann, npyKpbieaa Hanpasne- He rmasHoro yaapa u coanaean yrpo3y va dmanrax. Ihashoi us Hix Gria xopo- lwo yrpennenHaa MiesHa, 8 KoTopolt 3a ‘cen cunbteil Kopnyc Ocman-naun, nepe- Gpowennoti us Yeproropan. evuipe urypMa ~ 8a 8 wione 4 Aba B ceHTAGpe ~ K ycnexy He npueent, rO- oR npnunocs arte B ocany. Ha Apy- wx ysactkax ¢poHTa Typeykan apMita InpoGosana KoHTpaTaKosaTe, NPMVEM HE cera GesycnewHo. MocteneHHo pyc: ‘cane Bolicka 3aHANM TPH ue veTEIpeX ne- penoasix doproe Means, m Ocmay-na- lula oxasanca B KpuTiaveckom nonoxeHian. ‘Typkn Nonbrraniice yaapure Wa Apyr¥x wanpasnewax wi npeycnen, npopsas ‘por 8 HanpasneHnn TespHoeo, Ecn tt ‘on pewsnnuce pasBuTe cBoit ycrex, KaNt- anna Gouia Goi GesHazewo npomrpa- Wa, HO OcMaHcKOe KoMAHIROBAHINe NPI kasano nepefitu & oGopoHe. 28 HoRGpA oTwansuiniicn Ocwai-nauia pewmnca Ha IMpopbie, Ho, norepas Ao 7000 wenoseK, seprynca 6 Mnesny v cnoxun opyxe. B ‘eH onan 44 000 orGopHnx TypeuKu congat. Mipasirenscrso Nopret sananiKosa- ‘no. 413-blcaunan pycckan apwun Gina FoTosa K noxony Ha KoNcralTuHonions, ‘Typan He morn co6pate Ana o6opoHDs Gone 180 000. Om Gpocunice K cBO- wm esponeiicxnm noKposHTenaM, HO Te Gbinv He roroBst pearnposars Geicrpo. Bo-nepstix, sanepxxa nog MnesHok yenoxowna Espony w ysepina mupossie paswrensctea, 70 Mopta cMomeT co- NpoTwanATecA caMocTORTeNbHO AOCTa~ TowHO pono. Bo-BTOpsX, HanBHramace 3vMma, M HMKTO He BepIAN, TO pyccKHe Pewarcr nepexogutb Bankanst mento enepe. OppaKo co6emmva passmeannce crpe- MurensHo: 23 eKa6pa bina sata Co- ua, 28 8 Guree npn UlehHoso Gena yruuroxena 30-Teicnunan apmun Bec cent-naum, a 5 AHBapA nop MospMBoM ‘choxnna opyxkve Hacnex coGpaHian ap- nua Cynevman-naw, 4. Gongar-roapaseu, Zh rcosiremiisassmaci opus MewayHapogHei Kourpecc o6cyaire Can-Credancanit mp. Wx nonnepxana Opar- LUMA, a TaKoKe Pymoinina, Me nonysnewan scero, 470 eft o6ewjann. MocnenHaa 2aHsna HacTonbKo spayieGHyio 1o- anni To oTHOWeHMIO K Poc- ‘ct, To npmwinoce BeecTH solicka e Byxapecr. Havanuice npuroroanennn K HOBO! GonbWwOn Bole c (06ewx cTopo#. [axe TypKM nocrapaniics ccraiyrs x KoncTaHtanononio sce ocras- luMeca BOFicxa n BossoqMnn yxpenneHv Kpome toro, oH B036yqunu axTupyccKoe socctanne 6 AGxasin, npuHABWee Gont- woit paamax, Poccun oxazanace Ha rpani osropenia cyenaprn KpbiMcKoi BOM Hanexns Ha nomous Tepmannn He onpasganucs - Monionan w pactyujan ‘mmnepna cama o6paruna B30p 6 cropoHy Bankan m Nepenwen Asm, Tax uTo Bac Voneparop Anexcanap ‘curranpeuiare Bepnimcxorexonrpecca ‘oovnr camer Gone "panvanaasecun opaxren ais Mapk niocoserowan fopyaKogy npAHATS Fepmatckoe nocpenHiuectso M corna- ‘artbca Ha KoHrpecc. On orxpeiicas Bepninne 1 WioHa w npo- XoAMn nop AukToBKy AHrnii v ABCTpI. Brcmapk, o6euyaauinit FopuaKoay AAnio- arnveckyio NoaREpHKy, cBoero cnoBa Me cgepxan. ‘1 wona Bepnuticxni rpakrar 6tin noa- ucat, PoccuA oTkaabipanace TONbKO or Banzera, Ho nomywana He- ckonbKo GonbWlyio. KOHTpH- 6yumo. Bonrapwa penn Hace Ha TpM MacTH: OT Dynan no Bannan cos Aasanoce HeGonswoe BTOHOMHOe KHRDKE: cTB0 ¢ yeHTpOM 8 Cospun. xian vacre epexonna Typunn 8 KauecTe aBTo- HoMHOM mposMMuMM Bocrouaa PyMenian, a sanagan acts 503- epauanace Mopre 6e3 yenosnit, Teppuropuans- bie npmobperenina Cep6nn Yeproropi Ginn ypesans, piven cep6oi nonywann semmn He 3a cueT Bocuinn, a 3 nema Tex, KoTOpsie ROM bt Geinn orodim Gonrapan. Pymuiiini Tome cyulecrBeH- Ho pacumpanacs 3a cer Bonrapyi Ascrpia nonysana Bock w fepyero- ssuny. Ha ecex noTeHyanDHbix COm3HH- koe Poccam Haknanbieanice paannuHbie Mente orpannueniia. Tak ona HeGpexnocrs, aonywennan Aunnomaramn 8 oTHoweHHN ABCTpAM, pngena K Heo6KoAMMOCTH OTKa3ETECA OT nmogos ycnewHoR BoeHHO Kama © Bopnc WIAPOB: BOEHHAS HCTOPHAey BEJIMKMX PbILIAPEV Pemapcrso Bcerma CumTasIOck BOMMTOMICHVIEM MHOTOHMCTeH- HBIX HOOpopeTeneit, TAKMK KAK ECTS, Gy1arOPOLCTEO, My>Ke- cro. Vsti, JanleKo He BCerma Te, KTO HOCH PBILaPCKUt HOC MW 3OMOTEIC LIMOpLI, COOTBETCTBOBAJI STMM MpepCTaByeHu- sim. Tem He Metiee, B MCTOpHH Osi JUOMM, KOTOPBIe MPocTia- ‘'BWIMCE KaK MOUMIMHEEIe PEIapMt Mo WesaM M110 AYXy. Pompuro Huac ne B ne Busap Brot Kacrunecknit aBopannn Gonee wasecteH non umeHeM Kamneanop (To: Gequrens) ann Sr Cg (Moi rocnoam) icranypi my6oKo uTyr ero namaro, a mpi Wagnexasunit eny Mew TacoHa cumraercn alwoHanbHoim coxposnuyem Vcrannn, ‘3nb Cia, RHEUM Bo BTOPOH nonoBMHE Xexa, cpananca Kak npoTue apa608, 22- xeaTweUnx Gonbuyio 4acte Vicrani, Tak inpotas kopona Kacranvim AnbeboHco Vi ne Cia Cnasinca Tem, ‘ro He NpOw rpeisan Hit ogHoro cpamenin, 3a 4TO ero \W npossann Kantneagopom. 3asuizyA ero yenexans, Anoxco warian Sn Capa Ws Ceomx Bnaneniti, TOF oTnpABIANCA cny- >xunTe supy Caparocel, OAHaKo Korpa Ka Cctimecxne soficxa norepnent HecKombKo >kecTOKINx NOpaMeHINh OT ETOPTUNMXCA V3 Adpnkn nonunuy Anbmopasngos, 3b ‘Ga sepnynca x Anssponco VI. Ox pasrpo- Man mycymoman w ocBo6onMN OT Hix 3Ha- wrrenbiiyio wacrs Menanun. 8 1099 rony HaKaHyHe o¥epenHoro cparkeHina B He oGenmmoro Piuapa nonana oTpasneH- Han crpena, nyuleHian co cropor npo- ‘TuoHntka, OT Agfa OH yMep. Tem He MeHee, ‘ero MepTBo® Teno OGnasWsM B OcTeXK M YycAAWIN Ha KOHA, TOG! BHA Kawneano- a Boogyuesnnn soiicKo. Tak, ame no- ‘ce cwepm, Ine Cay ypanoce BbinrpaTe ewe opty Garay. BOEHHAA HCTOPHA Ewe npw 2v3Hn ero npyaHann Benn ‘afunm peiuapem xpactuatickoro Mupa. Beerpa M 80 BceM oH CoGnionan BepHOcT> aniomy cnogy n npacnre. B 1189 ropy cen Kopona TeMpuxa Il Pa app Slssunioe Cepayentstanca oro6pare Tpo#y OTUs cHnofl.Yunibam Mapusan cpa- ANCA Ha CTOPOHe 2aKOHHOFO KOPONA 8 OpHOM va cxearoK 6yKBanbHO cnac ero or r6ena. Npwem rnGen> rposiina Fepry Il wwenHo or pykn coitial He pe- uMBWce HaHecTu yAap npMHUy Kpoay, Yunoan y6un now Puwapnom KoHA, He nae ‘Tomy npecnegosare paleHoro TeHpina. Bexope Puvapa MibsiHoe Cepaue .cran koponem. Yunsam Mapuian 6sicTpo oKa- aaNica oan us ero josepensenx nioger Brigumo, ror cnyuati s Guree sanomHnnca Monogomy monapxy. AstopuTer Yanbana Mapwana co BpemeHem Cran Tak BEICOK, ‘ro k Hemy O6pauaniice 3a COBeTON nO ‘W064 BonpocaM, B TOM YiKcne cBA3aH Hum c ynpasnennem rocypapcraoM. Benyom ero jesrensiocra Ha 6naro AN- nan crano nopncarine Benakoit xapTan SonbHocTeM, yeHYasuien GeccnasHoe pasnenne Moana Bexzemensiioro. Ae 1216 rogy Mapwan axe cran pereHTom ‘np manionetHem Kopone Terpwxe il Yuep nyswnit 3 puuiapel 8 1219 roay ¥W Goin noxopones c senvxknm moveTOM 8 uepksi ranennepos & SloHgoHe. Priuapcrso ceropta, 8 nepsyio ove- eae, accoummpyetca c ocoGim OTHO- luleHveM K MeHuWiHe, MimeHHO naman no- Cenujan cso mnorouncnennive nogsirH FepMatcxnit poiuape Ynwpux GOH Mx Tenure, OH MpocnaBMNcA He TEM, «TO piiwan ywactae & 3HameHHToXX cpa~ >xenA, a Tem, 4TO BonmnoTiAn 6 peanbHO- Cctv o6paa Hacronwero crpaHcrayioujero poiuapa. B cepeae Xill Bexa oH cosep- wan nyrewecrane or Beeunn ao Benes, Boiabiean Ha Golt KaKqorO BcTpeYHorO peiuapr. Bcero 32 BpemA csoMK crpaH- TBM OH npiiHan yactue Gonee vem 8 ComHe noeamKos wns scex seilen noGe- urenew. VseectHo, 470 o uysTe! w gocre- XM npoTMBHHKoB OH cnoMan 307 KonW O crparicrayioujem poiujape, He aHaioulem opaxetni, rosopana sca Espona. Bee noGersi Yneprx noceAulan pam KOM Gormte mo6sn BeHepe, a8 ncTopito Bowen ewe M KaK TanaHTnMBbiit nosT. Ceon crpancraua w nopeur on onucan 8 KypryasHom pomane «Cnymenine aman,B cpenvesexoeom Espone Goin nonyna- eH crWNcok epeasTH repoess, npencraa- ‘naBuMx cOGOR ngeanbHble O6pastiot Pbk LapcTsa, B Hero sxonMM TpM ASBHECKIK repon—Textop, Anexcavap MaKenoncxii, Tait Oni Lesape; Ton nyneticax— ney Haoii, uape Hasna, Wyma Maxxaseit Tpit xpucriatckx ~ Kopons APryp, Kapn Bennnni Forbpug Bjmonceni OppaKo 2aeM K sTo AOCTORHOM KOMMAHM NH Gaswca euye ony wenosex. Mo cran He cBoero epemeHi Kak aurnimanamm, TaK mw dpaHuysann. Ero ‘upeseoivaiiHo YeHHnH 3a nAsHOE Myke Tao, a TaKMe 38 TO, «TO OF BAN eMYAPHIM M wa06perarenbibim CTpareroND, Kak hnucan cpeqwesekoabit xpomct Kai pyaccap. VimertHo Yano cuuTaeTca OMKHM M2 OCHOBHEX epoXHoBUTeNeh aurnndicxnx noGe 6 Havane CroneTHeh ‘0¥inbt ~ npn Kpeci (1346 roa) u Nyatbe (1356 rog). O# sosce He bin oTuanHHbint yGakoi, coveran BoMHcKOe MacTepCTEO © HEAIOKUHHEIM AMNnoMATHuECKHM Ta saxo. Ho peumTenbHocTy, Tem He Me Hee, emy Geino He 3aHnmat». Hecmorpa Hao, To Yangoc munca ogHoro rasa Ha oxore, oH no-npexHemy Gwica Mapas He co Bcemm. NpH¥eM Ann Toro, 4TO6s syaue eugeTs nporasiwKa, on wen & Go¥i cnognaeim sa6panom, He cTpawiace onachocTH. 31a npussiuKa 8 Tore cTO- wana emy axnsHu. B HeGonbwoi cTbiuKe C partuyzann on monysnn ynap Konbem B INYO W cKOHYancA OF paHbi cnycTA He ‘ckonsko 4acos nocne Goa. TosopAT, 470 kopon’s Opakynn Kapn V Myappii,yaHas (06 atom, cxasan: «Een 6x1 YaHnoc Gein ‘MB, O Halen 6x1 cnoco6 AoCTUTHyTS ‘ApowHoro mnpar. (Oco6eiHo ropesan o cmepra Yaxno- @ coil alrninicroro Kopona ~ 3ayapa no npoaanuy Yepisih pany. B 6urBe ‘np Kpeci nMeHHo ayapa KomaHqosan ahrnaiickuma soiickamis. Ho eMy Ha TOT Moment Goino scero 16 ner, BoeHHoM Ha- yke oH YMCA y KONaHAMPOB, OAH va KoTopsx Gein YaHgoc. Mocne 3T0ro IAPIHY NPOMAKCA K peiYapro rMy6oKnM yeamcennen.. Os cunTan, sT0 6e33T0F0 BO- Ha noGeawt» dpanuyso8 GygeT nowrn HeBoaMOmHO, Bee sHaioT BbipaxeHe «puiyapd Ges crpaxa 1 ynpexa>. Bova, sacnyKneuie- To Takoe npoapuuje B peanbHocTM, 3eanK Tleep Teppatine ae Bann, Arcana cpanan- ‘otis XVI sexe, xorga 8 Espone rpemenn Tak Habieaewble ViransAHcKie BOM (@paruan cnopwna 3a nepsencrso co Cen uesH0F Pucxort wimnep nei w VicraHivelt pasa, cam Baapa npeanowwran, s10- 601 ero Hasbisann Apyr¥M nposéuujeM ~ ‘DoSpeit paape. OH pwn yuacTue 1 cparxenmnax c 14 ner nye K 22 roma s2cryKun peiyapekve wnopsl K BenHuai- tuvex jocrinxenusm HoGporo peiyapa Ha none paki oTHocAT HecKonsKo SnH0H108, 1504 rogy Baapa cropcrioi Tonapuuel sauyujan Mocr Yepes PeKy TapiinbAHo oT 200 vcnaHes. B xone Gon oH Gbin pater ' PyKy, Ho ponomKan cpamaTecA 10 TeX ROP, loka spar He Gein oTOPoWeHDs B 1521 ropy Bana, umen miu Onky Te ccauy Goliyos, Ha npoTANeHMMN WeCTA He- ‘Bene yRepxuean ropoa Mesbep, KoTopbit ‘ocaano 35-ToicauHoe Boricko nog npen ‘oniTenscraom wanepatopa CanujeHHol Pumckoit wnepna Kapa V. 8 wrore unt eparopy npmuunoce orcrynate, a Opa twa 6sia cnaceHa oF BTOpxeHA uinep: ‘xm Bolick. 3a ary noGeny «PBitjapio Ges Ccrpaxa w ynpeKa» 6tino laposaHo npaso Habupar> nog cede Haiano CTO BOMHOB, koropnie Tak M Haabisannce ~ acorn Ba- spa». FloMHmo Hero Tako npweMnernel ‘oGnajani Tomko NpWiHUb! KPOBM. BparwTak i He cmornu ononers Banpaa ‘8 YectHoM 6000. Bo epema Gurasi np Ce- sm 8 1524 rony, rae «poiyape Ges crpaxa 4 ynpexa» KOMaKqosan appeprapnoM, wcnaHysi BbicTpennn emy B chMy HS apKebyab. (© Bucrop BAHEB BOEHHARMCTOPHA 23-KAK 4EPTM NOMO BOHAMAPTY Tlouemy Kyry3os ne s06m1 Hanoneona? B nosbpe 1812 rona octarKu Benmxoit apmun Hanoneoua orcry- nay Ha saray, Tlocne nopaxexus y Kpachoro 1 orep MnicKa wu Bure6cka umneparop Gomibulle He HajleWICs OCTATECH 3MMO- BaTb Ha pYCCKou Teppyropuss. Ero enMECTBEHHOM emIbI0 OCTa- BaslOCh YBECTU Ha eBpontelicKue KBADTMPI KAK MOKHO GOmBIIe commar. TlocneqHMm npens?cTEeM Ha TyTH JOMoi crasia He- Gonsuras peuxa Bepesmua. Tlocnemait meanexio Ckonsko k Havany HonGpa ocrasanoce Goecnoco6ux conjiar 8 apmun Hano- neota, cKazate TpyAlo. KOCTAK ero OT ‘cTymaiouynx sovick cocTasnana reapauA, 8 pagax KoTopo! ocrasanocb He Gores 9000 6oriyos. C cesepa Ha coegnnenne CocHosttinan ciunaN cneumann Kopnyca Yamio m Buktopa (smecre oxono 20 000) Vx npecnegosana Ceaepiaa apénn pyc ‘oxi og, KoMalyqosaHvem BurreHurTen Ha 8 coctase 35 000 4enosex. Kpome Toro, Hanoneok paccuwnsisan Ha cowsHiKos ~ 40-TeicAuHyio aacTpnit- ckylo apmiio Weapyen6epra. Mecrom epenpasbi epes Bepesniy Gonanapr sti6pan BopHcos. Yanno m Buxtop Gein ‘ocHosaTensHo norpenahsi 8 Gonx, a oT Weapyer6epr Mor euje oKazaT> cepbes Hoe aninntiae Ha x0R Kannan, 24 BOEHHARMCTOPHA Ewy nporwaocroana 60-reicauran ap- Maal agwupana “nvaropa. Ux npoTHEo- Crone 8 xone ace Kawnianan Gonbwie oxonwno Ha yeHna. Ho Korna Yinvaros € 24.000 wenosex no npmxaay Kyty208a Apnuynca Ha Munck, ToGs orpesate Hanoneona, lsapyenGepr aktaananpo- Banca OH vcKyCHO. MaHeBpuposan M 32 ‘epxan Ynuarosa Ha yen TpM Henenn. 21 HoRGpA pycckve BoticKa sce me B3ANM Bopncos, wckmouns 6OsMOxHOCTS CO ‘egnnenua aBcrpniiyes m panuysoe, Mlo gopore Hanoneo co6mpan ace ocrasnenbie 50 epeMma neTHero HacTy- ‘nneHMR rapHUBOHEs, ero KONOHHD! 4acTO AoroHANK AoBONBHO KpynHBIe wacTH, Tlo ouenKam panuyackix cTopHKoS, K Bepesie oH nogxogian, wen oKono 30.000 urreikoe 4 ca6en @ crpoo, cunTan kopnyca Yano u Brkropa, NpnmepHo CcTonbKo Me cocrasnann «norepasLne ‘pyres (rakaa opmynypoaka nose0: nana waGexars OBaMHeHAR 8 AeZepTHp- tse}, nerkopanensie, orGuswmeca OT Wactevi Mm npocto. AeMopanvaonaHHbie conga, a TaroKe monn cyryGo urrarcKne, ‘no pasHiim npwsvnam pewnewne pH Groce k >paHuyzaM, Kyry308 npecneaosars Bonanapra He Toponianca. OH No3sBonsN BOFCKAM AM Tenbibie OcTaHOBKM, cOKpaulan AHEBHEIC ‘apn, nogonry »kqan pezepa08, K TOMY Momenty, Kak Hanioneon nogowen k Be esive, asanrapati Kyrysoea orcrasan or npormennka Ha 115-130 kunomerpos. K Tomy ae 08 yrtopHo He xoren sameNar> Hanpapnenun newxeHia BoHanapra, Ya: 3as Uinuarosy mectom nepenpasss épaH- uyaos Virynen. Taknm o6pa3oM, sania oxpy Kenna 4 yhuaroxens ocratkoe apwun Hanone ‘ona Noxnnacs Ha 35-THICAUEYIO ApH Birrrenurefina uw 24-Tbicauneili Kopnyc Ynarosa. locnenwemy v Goino npuKasa- Ho KoopgMHnposars onepauio. Tlowrromm1x gem Mactepa Havanom Gures! Ha Bepeamne MoxHO ‘cuntars 21 HonGpa. PyccKwin oTpaa reHe- pana Jlam6epta weoxugaHHo nepenpa‘Agpurpantlasen Yara Banca vepes pexy wnocne omecToNeHHin Goes asin Bopicos. OnHaKo Kyty308 Aaxe He nontsranca ycxopire AByaxeHie CBM Bolick. He Toponwnca w BurrenurTefl, He >xENABLINT NORMHTECR «cyxonyTHOMy® anmupany. B pesynbrare 24-roicA¥HbiA kopnyc Yivaroga OcTaNcR enVHCTEeHHOH nnperpanom wa nyt Hanoneowa. B Tor Me eH’ nonowemwni Kopnyc Yanwo ssi6un pycckix va Bopicona, a Heca wm Gonbuine norepis, EAMHcTBeH: iM ycriexoM cTan noApHIB NocTORHHOrO mocta wepea Bepeauity. Yuvaroay npu- noc yitta Ha sanapHbili 3260noveHHEIA eper pexn. Hanoneo# nonowien k Bepeaune 24 Ho- ‘AGpa m cpasy ouennn o6craHoBKy. ¥ Hero ‘ocraBalocs osonsHo MHOro apTAnnepAan W snawurensioe KonmvecTso Goecnoco6- Holt nexors. A ena sim He nonosAHy cian ywaroea cocrasnana Kazanepia, 6ecno- nesnan Ha nepece¥eHMol mectHocTH. K Tomy me PYCCKHM Bo}ICKaM NPHUNOS pac- Ccpegorouuraca, wroGsi cheque 2a BCeMA ‘Mecrann, npwronstim ana nepenpasb 25 Hon6pa Hanoneow wavan maespu- posam, nbsrance oraneyb Ynvaroea, OF ‘npukazan crpoure nepenpaay cesepHee Bopncora y nepesin Cryslenka, Ho nepe- ABYOKeHHANN HECKONDKMX TRICAM Conga aprunnepulicxnm orneM cosaan y pyc ‘Koro KomaHyroulero HnTI03!N0, 4TO 3TO ‘npowsofiger 1oxliee ropona. O6waH cpa- OMEPAUWA Y GEPESHHbI nea CTYAEHKE 14-16 (252811 | Sasa ewer ar 5 ieee 2 tree Bro ees Goran. Kora Unuaroe craHyn ocHoaHbie ‘cel TyAa, Kyla ero saMannnn, @paH- uyscxve nioKeHepe! 36ne Waceny Havann aoaeoaiTs ‘apa mocTa oan ANA po xona niogei, a BTOPOR ANA ‘apranepn w n06030K. Mapwan Hea, maga Ha Bce 370, KOSH! ckasan ‘ceomm aoranrant «Een wwineparop sbikier ronosy a nernit Ha 3TOT pas, 3Ha- ‘unr, eMy noMoraer HepTi. 26 HoAGpa y HaseneHHon nepenpassi nonsinca Ha- noneok ¢ reapauel. Nepe- Inpasneuraaca B6pon Kasanepuiickan Opi rena oTornana KasaKos, m Ha 3ananHii Geper ABuHynNce nexoTHBVe YactA. OHM Goictpo oTTechunn HeGonewoh oTpA revepana Yannnua, 3axsaTHs HecKoneKo ‘py w napy coTeH nineHHDLX. 27 Hon6pr nepenpaswnca Hanoneor reapanelt n Gonbuieh wacTbo Goecno- ‘coGabnx Bolick. 12000 congat nap KoMaH- Aosakuen Yanno ynepxneann Yivaropa Yoxwee Bopucosa, oT6vean aTaKn Ha nepenpasy, a BukTop stinsneyica sacno- Hom npotis BurrenuTedHa, CPA)KEHME NPM BEPESMHE 26-29 HOABPA KOMAHAYIOLME: @panusa: neparop Hanoneos Bonanapr Poccus: agmupan Yavaros. wrenepan Barrenwreii Pyccxne: CHMIbI CTOPOH: obuyne canes ~ 60 Tuicns enone. @panuyaoi: cero 40 TbicRY YenoseK, 0 250 opyawi NOTEPH: Pycexne:6 Teicnss enoBex yOuToiM, Patent w GonbHuinn ‘@panuyabe: no 35 Toca enosex y6urimn, aHeHbIMn M mieHHEsNan }KAH-BATUCT 3BNIE Ponunca 8 Mosene ® 1758 rogy. B 1773 rony nocrynin Kaonypom 8 aprannepiniicnnt monk. 1785 rony nocnymun- oaKyHposaTe, TOG! ‘nnunrs pyccxyio apmaio Tpode- ee, 36ne npnxasann ynuwronutre owTOHNbIA napK, Ho renepan He seinonnun npinkas. K Bepesune ov NpwBen Be noxoAWble KySKIUS, [hve nowoskn ¢ yrneM u wecrb ~ ¢ MucTpymenTamn. Bes atx maTep- anos moctit HanecTa Gbino Heno3- ‘momo, Bemanan apmnn oxazanach 618 nosyuiKe. Cocratkamn Bolick 36ne Ro6pan- cx no Mipycenm, Grin waanawen a- ‘YaAbHMKOM apTunnepaw BenuKoi apmun, Ho 31 jexa6pn 1812 ropa om exonsanca or nepeoxnarnenna wnepeyronnennn. BOEHHARUCTOPHA 25rmaBHoe cpaxenue Tenepan Brrenuredi @panuyasi HacromKo BoonyuiesH- vce, To Ha4ann nepenpasnaTs paHie- xx, nponycKarb orcraBiulx 1 Heboecro- coGxinx. Onnako nto npaKasy Harioneona onesan maHAapmepan paspeusana scry- fart Ha MOcT TonbKO Tem, KTo cnegosan & cTpOW, x0TR 6x1 m Ges opy HA, Mipst o mepenpane Cpamenne npn Bepesmie Hactonxo spenko 2aceno 8 yuax gpaHuy308, TO sowno ® norosopxy. Ha caMoM ene He caMbih WMpOKH W He cami cTpe- marensuiih npuTox AMenpa ® palione Bopucosa umen 8 To epema wnpwiy 20- 40Merpos,anepeitta ero npn neoGxoRH- (MOCTH MOxHO ObiNlO BOPOA NpakTHYeCKH 8 nioGowt mecre.Mpasja, onbKo Kasane- nn = nexoraHuysi pM TaKOHt norone no- ne exynanms ace past 6:1 nepenpaati enepeninn. K npumepy, a6comorHo ace nosroHe- pu, sossonmaume mocTe, norMGnn oF nepeoxnaxienna. Ho 2aT0 onM cMornA npasnreca co caoeh sanavet w cnacin pmo. 310, mexay npown, paa6unaer mn © GecnopanosHom GercTBe paHuys0E: eens yenoe noapasnenciue MoXeT cO- axarembHo noepreosar> coGOlt pani BoinonieHin 2anaKN, aHauMT, apMUA He ‘ewopanuaosara. Tipwso csurare, sto apunto Hano- ‘eoka npn nepenpase nory6An mopo. OnwaKo panuyacrne oxpuyepss, ecno- MuHaR Te AM, WanOBANWCh KaK pa3 Ha HeglocTarox xonoga. [surance « Bepe- aune, Hanoneok Hanesiicn, WTO ova 3a- mepana, OpHaKo no peKe nisin nib PeAKHe neaWNe, Mewasune paboraTe nowToHepam. [lo kpaliweh mepe, 06 >TOM roBopinin noronoaHo ace dparuyackne opmyepe. Kpome Toro, mocr npHoce TAHT He a 201 He Ha 40 merpoB, a Ha Bce Cro. 32- rapibth Geper Gein cansHo 3a60n0%eH, a rnorona Cronna TaKaR, TO rpykr nae He cxariano 2amopoaxat.Npnuinoce yann- st» NOHTOHE, wae YEAS ol He TOMS KO OpYAA M KONeCa NOBO3OK, HO MA KOH Opanuyscrne opmyepss He Gpocann ‘csowx conaar n He Gexxann cnows ronosy. Tosa ce 6oecnocobubie actu, Kpome focraanennso 8 apbeprapae, nepenpa- snnvce 8 nonkom noprnie. Bonee Toro, pemnpunumaniéce nlonesTKA oprani- 08aHHO cnactA Tony wTATCKNK m 6e3- ‘opykitax conga. 3a nocneaHine Aa AHA {6088 jaa Bepesune a crpoio cows vacret Goinn y6nroi v paver 13 dpanuyacrax revepanos, exniovan YauNo. BpRA Mit Bt 210 cnysnnoce, ec 6 OHM Geman cno- a ronoay. ‘A Bor pycckue conjiars: nosenn eG He coaceM no-RkeHTnoMeNcKn. Bevepon 28 Hon6pa aprannepun BuTreHurrerHa wawana oScrpenueate ckonnenne 6ea- Opn GemenLes Ha BOCTOSHOM Ge- pery. Bor rorga Havanace navinka: ronna Cononetoe aon na opary epi cmena *kaHAapMoB M 6pocunach Ha MO- ru, oni asx pyniyn. Hanoneos np Kora apveprapn Buxropa yrpom 29 Hon- pn cwor npobirrece na sananvsin Geper W nopMeNt yuenesuin moct, Ha ToNNY Genentes Ha6pocamce Kanak, On KO- HeuHO, Crapanice py6uTe o6napareneit Sbpanuyacriee MyHeIMpos, Ho Te yKe He sinh consarawu. Bevepom 27 Hon6pa Haanvice cepbes- ete Gow ~ K MecTy co6siTHi nopowien asanrapa Burremurrenna, a Ynvaros no- Man, To ero BORAT 3a Hoc. Hem cineHee nepepii TecHHn dpaHuy308 Ha BOCTO- Hom Gepery, Tem Gonee ynopHoe conpo- ‘Tenenve BTOpOA scrpevan Ha sarap Hom. Tp 3ToMm 2a Bece ges 28 HORGPA PYCCKHe BOMIcKa TaK Mi He CMOTNH No: areca HenocpencrseHHo K nepenpase, Hantoneoh fame Haan MaHeopy- posars: 2ameHAn vaca apbeprapaa, Chepxnsasume BuTreHwreltia, npen- Apiunwan oTsneKaiouyMe aTaKn npoTHs wwarosa. Bunumo, manepaTop Hacron>- Ko BocnpAHyn RyxoM, WTO paccuTosan Boisecta v3 sanaqhn Bcex, KTO owen Bo Bepesmn. Ho aTam niianam cObiTeca Gein0 He cyaneno. Bonanapr 80 mage 10-12 Teicas conga ROA pyxbew, Coxpakins HeKoTOpyio wacrs apTunnepiu, acto apmelicKoro 06038 jae Kasanepimo, janiynca k HeMaHy. Ewe pakibwe snepea Gecnopapoynoit TOMNOA yun ThIcAUN HeGoecnocoBHEIX congar Geiswe BenwKom apm, KoTO- pie ycnenu nepenpasureca. (6 aexaGpr of ocrasnn OcraTKN Bofick ha mapwana Hea v ompasnsca & Eepo- ny HaGupate Hosen connar. Mo Aopore K OTCrynalowyun cHoBa NpHCOeAMMANHCE COcrarkn rapHioHOB 4 OTCTaBLIMe Ya- ‘cru, Bor Tora octatkn Bennkoih apn 4 goGun «TeHepan Mopoa». Muorme 13 Tex, KTO cMor AO6parsca Ao Hemara, ‘nocnencrai yMepni OT MCTOUeHUA ‘o6mopoxeHiit Kerara, @ BanbHO B AeKa- 6pe 1812,roqa scrynuna apmaa Kytys08a, \MkveBuian 8 cTpow 27 500 venoseK. Xono- fa He nowannnn u pyccxne Boia, «Ceos urpa> bens amapurana Ganrare, ana koro 370 cpaxkenme crano oGenol, @ ANA Koro MopaMeHHEM, leno ‘sxyca. Fopasqo muTepechee, noveMy sce xe HanoneoHy yaanoce ycronbaHyT>. Bepcwio c uepramn or6pocum cpazy. Boenneim rexwi umneparopa Mm xpa- 6pocts dpanuyacknx conaar Toxe BprA 1m OG»ACHROT npoMoWenWIee ChonHa. Coppemennukn s3sannnn orsercTseH: HocTe Ha HepewmrensHocrs Ge3gap- Hoctp Ywaroea. BacHonucey Kppiios fabicmenn ero @ GacHe «lllyka W KOT», anonkosogey Kyry308 cocrasnn yenyio AoKnanHyio 3aniicKy 06 oWMOKAX anMn- pana, Npaeqa, nperenaun (ue ygepxan Bopcos, pas6pocan soiicka m nosaHo obHapyxun MecTO HacToRUIeA nepe: pass!) seitnagar cMexoTBOpHIMM Ha Gone Toro, wro cam genbamapwan Ha- xonmnca 3a 100 Kunomerpos or mecra cpamenva Mexny npownn, KyTy308 npomennin He TonbKo rpm Bepesiihe, Ho MB Havane Hon6pA nog CMomeHcKOM. OH Mor OKPY- >xuTe M 3axeatwTe Hanoneona euje TaM, Ho nio4emy-ro aToro He cgenan. O6ujenseecrHo, wr Muxaun nna PHOHOSHY Gein aKrnodoGoM. Ero pas- ‘Apaxano Bce OpuTaHcKoe - oT BOeHHOR Gopmes 20 sHemneN nonnrukn. Kytys08 canran, 470 PoccHA AOMKHa BBIATH 43 BIH! HemegneNHO To BoccraHoBne- Hann rpaniy 1812 ropa, nycTe axe w Ges saKnio4eHiin mapa. OH pesKo B03- akan npoTue 2arpaHnuioro noxoga 1813 roga w nonaran, “To OKOMYaTenS- Hoe ycrpaHeHne HanoneoHa ¢ nonmTH- eckolt apeHis HaBpenMT, B nepayio o¥e- pee Poccu. Kyryao8 Guin yaepen, «70 Bonanaprno- ‘che 1812 roga Gonswe HiKorna He PACK: er noir Ha Mocksy. Ho Benyuted cHnor 8 Eepone Opanuna ace paso 661 ocra- nace, B07 Tonko Hanoneory npuwinoce 6b1 npHnowuTe sce ycunvA ANA GopEbe! ¢ ‘Aarne, A Poccus 6b! 8 310 epema co: KoliHo Waxwpanace Ha GonBuloh espo- neAcKol Bole, ‘Oven noxoxe, sto nnenenne Hano- neoka He BxORMNO & nnaHbi KyTy308a, Tlostomy cam on octasancr saaneKe OF cpaxenws, a KoMaHqosaTe nopysnn Unwarosy, HamepeHHo oGuges Biren: wena, Koropsii c Gonee canbHbim coenmHenvem men Gombwe waHcos fa ycnex. Ect» ame sepcvA, commacho Koropoit antanpan eficreosan no foro: sopennocs c Kyrysosem. fla sor Gena: Murxann Vnnapwonosny ymep 8 anpe- eneavapwan K7}308 re 1813 roga. Yavaroe ocTancr OnHH Ha ANH ¢ O6wecTBeHHEIM MHeHHEM M, pa 206/KeHHIA, YexaN K POACTBEHHHKAM 50 Opanumi. © Ceprefi EMH eiaax.nocne To KTO M CKOJIbKO To ceeneHiaM neaanTaunnix He- MeuRNX “nMHoBHMKOB, 21 AeKAGpA epes Bocrounyio Mpycemio npow- mm 255 renepanos, 5111 of muepos, 26950 nnaunx4nnos -«ece 8 Beco ‘ma Kankom cocTonHn. Euye OKONO 10.000 Goiiuos seprynuce us Bcno- MoratenbMbix nPyccKMX M ascrpHi- ‘cnx Kopnycos. Bcxope sce on ‘cranu ocHoBoit Hosoi aman Hano- ‘neoa, KoTopaA nossonana emy Bo- esatp ewjenowrunonroparona- 4a ToT pas.co sce EBportoii. ‘Conpxo ppanuysbi novepann wa Bepesmne - Gonbwoi sonpoc. Ecnn comrate ero GoecnocoBupie cHnbt PasHbimn 30 000, monysaercn - ‘oxono 20 000 conaar ofmuepos. Timoc pavensie, o6mopomentibie, orcrasume, —_HeGoecnocoBble, Gexenupt. Ho npn atom Hanone- OM, MHOroKparHo yerynan 8 cAnax POTHBHMKY, CyMeN BEIPEATDCA Ms OBYUKM M OPFaHBOBAHHO OTCTy- urrs. 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U cxoNbxO Hi KONanM NA Hero Mposepmoume, HiKaKOrO KOMNpoMara aa nporae Xopcra mm He ynanoc B6auxe cnayxamu s0Genwo ycepAacreosan Dod. OveHe ‘ckopo oH rowan, To MonoROH Konnera, riepeSpasumiien 12-32 yrpoasi npogana (Cromaronor canonwno Hanuican Ha Hero oHoc 8 MIB FHP, roropeti Fecce npouw- Tan c Heckpbieaentim uhTepecom) 8 eKOH- Topy» oftrra, pacrionoxeHHyto & 3anap-wom Bepnme, ender yenexs, @ noceny mower san ero mecro pest Mlepes nexoTopoe epelwn © nposepKy ynaunweoro arena, KoTopsil Wanljo zocran aocrosepiyio Kap) scnoKattin Tyna coveraionx onc B Tepwaninn, sxmounnen eue opi saencriim ~ or sercreeneih corpyanink passeswentpa Pesye. C atoro moutenra Xopcry-Jhoncy npnuinoce See macinarno OcTopOx: tim, Hecronno paa va vero HeApyT# yetpanoann noKyuenta, noxa xoaresa v3 UPY He pazo6panntc 8 cHTyauin. 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Miacrp WHo ‘rpannx gen OFF Teonop OSepnensep ny6nmuHo 3anemn: «B Poccmm 3emna *ReT ac lonvetlnycrute Tan KOpHM Ms oma ocsoSoniT= He Tonexo 17m AMoHos HaceneHir IAP, Ho M120 mannn- ‘noe wenoser, nacenmoulin Mapeye Bone —pyaneonyeren pasceaxn TOP Eeponeficxyio vacto Cosercxoro Cowsa wcrpan Bocrounioit Eeponis, Mb ZonxHE [BHYLUMT 3TO MONIOAeXM M FOTOBHITE ee K sromyls Ha Takyio HarnocTb Hy‘eH Obit anekeaTHbsl oTBer, MoH nocnenopan. AAxopons-ro romsiii! Ocetibio 1955 rona pykosoairen’ pas- ‘senna AAP Mapxyc Bonn yteepann comma copantiti c [PY nna onepaunn xypHaNHCTos Cc NaHOM «flexo ls, xoroptsit npegycmarpusan «oc- BoGoxKeHMe COBeTCKOH 30H OKKyNIAYWH weoccoeqnsenne Tepmannu nyrem BoeH- Holt oxxynaynn cpeanerepmatickoit Tep- puTopan ennore fo nui Onep-Helicer. 3ro Gein Hoxayr. 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Mopar «Kosetpit» ‘6pocunuce esMcTBeHHOMY «DpnHKo- ys, Ho RYWKy SaKnuniNO H MPRUINOCS OTCTPenMBaTbcA 43 KapAGHHOB. ‘Onwa v2 60M6 HackBoa npowwna eBponcsyopa» n He e20psanace. 3ar0 va Tex YrOAMEUIN 8 «KoBeHTpH> 6OM6 saopeanitce 2x yer qe (no 200 Kuno- rpammos Kaxsaa) Hepes 20 MAHyT 904n- eu nepesepxynca u 2aroHyn. ‘Speamueni vac «Cynep Sraxjapa» oKemuyxniiamu aprerturckoroasna- apxa Gein nats HOBeMUINX gpaHuy>- ‘cxux ncrpeOmrenet «Cynep SraHnap», ‘ochaulentle _npoTsoKopaGenbneiman akeran «Dkaocer», Ho... BCeTO NO Of Holt Ha «Gpata». BepHee, eule ona pane- ‘Ta mMenact B 3anace, nockonsKy WecTor ‘caMoner oxazanca BHe Mrpst ¥2-28 OTcyT- cana aBvonnnn. (Ewe 8 mawnn 23 pa~ erbl apretT#nypi nonyunnn m3 Opanyinn TFonbKO OCR OKOHMAHUA KOHGAMKTA ‘custin awGapro) 4.man wa sananve omnpasiinnce «BraH- ape samecrurens KoMaHAMpa 3cKa~ Apunon Kanurara 3-ro pakra Ayrycro Benaxappaua m neiitenanta nota Ap- ‘Makino Matiopa: [lo Hasonke narpynbHo- roccamonera «Hermryi» om nogo6pannce scmnauy «lUleddvnge mv paKerhomy perary npncasan COTKMIOWHTD Wx, HTOGbI OHM He cosmaBanKt omexi u He mewianu Becra pagnonepero- ‘BopbIcSlOHgoHOM no cnyTHNKOBOM CBA. C paccronnina 8 37 kiwnometpos Bena- kappay npon2een nyck pakeTés, KOTOPAR, ‘npobs Gopr, nponetena cKBOsb KaMGy3 e20peanace @ MaUIMHHOM oTgeneHHM. OF ortin ace ewe pa6orarowjero manra~ Tena «2yaocevay acnbixiyn nokap, 4 KoMaHje NpMuinoc NOKMKyTS Kopa6ne. Bropyio pakery aknnaok eflnumyras c6un noMousbo qunonbibix oTpaKaTener Tloru6wini «tlledypunn> cunranca Kpa- colt ropaoctsio Bpirranicxoro nora, Ha Hem HaxonWINcA KOMAHAHDIM yHKT npo- Tusososayunoh OGopoHs! GpuTaHcKoi DcKanpbt M, KCTATH, KaK MAKAMYM ORHA Agepwan ry6unnan Goma, otnpaane- lwaAcA Ha AHO mopcKoe (gocran ee un er ~ wewssectHo).. Mocnemunit «pune» B Aprentiny Ha yHuuToxeHNe «SraH- ‘Aapos» Opiranub) oTnpasnnn oTpAA, sxonmanfoo, KoTopbIe spone 61 npo- HK Ha nORBeMHBIA aapOApOM HW AaKE '830p8anu To nM opin, To nn Ba camone- Ta, Ho coobueHinA 06 2ToM Gran KaKne- TOHeSHATHBIE M HeyGenmendHie. Bo BcaKoM caysae, tannapem ene paz nponennn ce6a 25 maa. B 3Tor AeH> on, nanoTupyemie _KanmTaHoM 3-10 aura Pobepro Kypunosniem ned Texanrom Xynvo Bappaua, ataKosann pynny cygos npoTasHnKa, exnovaBulyIo apuanocey efepmecs. Bpnrausi nycTann luenbi emepsepK noxHEX Yeneit, AV- onbHbix oTpaxareneit M TennoBbix 1o- ByUIeK, cymes c6uTe c Kypca OB paKero. Ho onn ynann He 6 Mope, a ssopsannics Ha nanyGe KoHTeMHepoaoxa « Ane xaHapo Dpakyvicko sbinycrin pakery v, Yynges rviaMa sspeisa, enn Kypc a Gasy, ‘r06s1 nonoxvmT>O BuinonHeHin san1aHNA, Ha caom gene pakera 8 yen He No- nana, a Geina pacctpensita aprannepwii- Koi ycTaHoBKoR ScwmHYa ¢ KPOBbIO YCCKM KHABeI. B KOHL KOHLOB, Te Ke Popukoanun, cunragwnecn npasauje ‘Auwactuell na Pycu, sTHnuecKH He Goin yccknn, Opvako naam Onbrepaa mewano ‘Mockoackoe kioxectao. B 1368 roay ni ‘TOBCKM KHRab Nowlen BoesaT> MocKBy 1, pasGus nepenosoi nonk mocKsmver,‘ocagin ropop, Npoctosie 3 aK, OnsrepA forpanmunica oBeuakwem MocKsHue He skewnsareca 8 nena ero corsHIKa - Teepn. Ho 1370 rony Kab LwuTprit pas6itn Bolick Maxauna TaepcKoro, ‘Onorepay ona npauinoce mara npoTAB ‘Mocks. oxo oKOHSRCR MHMMDEHN- ‘em 4 6paxom fteo!opoAHoro Opara AM pw cao¥epbio Onbtepaa. 8 1377 roay Onerepa ymep, nepense ‘snacte Frain - cBoeMy CbiKy OT BTOPO- ro 6paka. Ho ero snacts He npwsHann pate — AHapen TonoyKnih v AwTpnin Bpaticxni, Mimenno Tn 6paton crann co- ‘03HHKAMH MOcKOBCKOTO KHAA MUTA, ‘sticryne c HMM npOTAs MaNas. Takwim o6pasom, k 1380 roay Suarea Ha- paste ¢ Teepoio n Mocksoi 6tina npe- TeHeHToM Ha pons COBMpATENA PYCCKAK kesmmecTa, C yenbio ocnaGneHia snnAHKA ‘Mocxets firafino nowen Ha pickosaHHest lar ~3akniowinn ¢ opabicKnm TeMHiAKOM Mawaem co10s npovas Lpamrpis. Yenoons sTOFO colo3a Gbinn BLiFORHB! HM OGOKM. Tinea nonnepxwsana Manan 6 ero npit TaaaHMAX Ha OPABHCKMIA NpecTon, a Ma- mmait noworan fraiine npw6pare x pykan aanaanble M YeHTpanbHble KHAKeCTEa Pyci. Mpn atom Henbaa COpactisars co CcHeToB M pAsaticKoro KHA3A Onera, KOTO: ps cBoMM cOHBOM c MaMaeM TOE Ben coBcreennyio urpy. Yrpom 8 celTAGpA 1380 roga BovicKa Mockosckoro KHRMectBa (40-70 TeicmY BomHos) comics Ha KynnKoBoM none ¢ MaMaesoh Opnoi (90-150 TeicaY 80- iwios) [Ina Toro BpemeHn 270 Gein He- ane cnnes. Yonex Kynnkosckoi Gwrebi Gonbwi- ‘C180 >KcnepTos OBwACHANN BOEHHEIM ‘TanaHTom KiAaR AMUTpHAM ero BoesoAL! Bo6pora-Bonbinia. HO ecrb MHeHie, MTO [MOcKOBCKOMY KHRBIO, OMAMO BCETO NpO- sero, nomorna yaaa. Korma ceva ¢ nepemesitim ycnexom tuna yore 23 vaca, MaMait ovgan npuka3 KOMHMYe aTaxoBaT> nesbil dnaht Pye ‘caine. C XOnIMA OH KaBaNCA TeNHMKY Ha -MeHe sauyuentin [lon HaTHCKOM KOH- nubt nopeneswh nesei nant cran ‘orxoqmre, Monon yeneKnice aTaKoi Mi Wapsannce Wa BbICTaBneHHbie KONA mnewero pesepea. Norom 8 Tein TarapaNt Yynapwna KonHiua 3@canHOro nonka BOM- xa Kis3a AMTpn, KoTOPaR OGparAna sonoToopauinyes 8 Gercrso Bor tyT Ha KynikoBoM none H nosBH- ‘wee NANOSAHNBLINECA MONK MMTOB- coro Kian frafino. Nepenpasnewnce Nepes Henpaasy, nirosubt yaapiann MockeivaM @ Tei, pas6unn 0603 M cra 1M rpowurs paccesnnsie no Gonswoi nnouanw nonkn AyanrpiA. B HOBO cove rnor#6 m cam mocKoBCRnit KHAab. Moxon Girrast mexay pyccknmlt Tarapann Gein ‘8 nonbsy nnToBcKoro KHASR Araiino. [@ Opnsncrar ronnnua noweyae 8 60;,00na pease none Upyrax Pycs Flopocnesume wyT> nosxe nonin PraatcKoro KHABA Onera gosepuInnn ONHBIA pazrpOM MOCKOBCKOTO BolicKa, fraiino, coeAMHMBuNce ¢ NonkamM pA- 3aHcKoro KkA3n Onera, Ha O6patHoM nyt sa6epiyn Ha Mockey. Yepes Hene- ‘io ropon nan, 6tin paarpabneH 4 cTan actoio MurToscKoro KHAMeCTBa. Take Firaiano NoKopun BoTuMHst cBONX Heno- Kopibix 6parbes ~ Mlonoyk M BpAHck. B caoto ovepen®, nonecwni Gonsusne otepi Mawai ywen ponHuie npMvep- HoMopcKwe cTen. 3aKOHHbI HacneAHAk sonoToopabincKoro TpoHa xaH Toxra- ‘oius pewnn noauMuuTe ce6e cio Opay. Mamait nomen Grin nGo npmaTD ero ‘nace, nGo ymepers. Buea Ha Kynikosom none, rae norM6 socommenHini wnurusng Myxammeg, WMeHeM KoTOPOrO M NPHKpbIBAN CBO! ssnacre Mawait, crafa poKoBoit na TeN- una. B cenra6pe 1380 rona Ha peKe Kanke soficxo Toxrambwa scrperHnocs cocTaTkawn apmnn Manan. Nonysine Ha cctpenax 3anickn, ‘To nepea HMM NO Tomox Uiniriicxata ~ sennKii xaH Tox: TaMblul, GonbUIMHCTBO BOMHOS Maman epeuino Ha cropory nporHBHMka. Benwxoe KimoxectBo MuToBcKoe, cTaB- lee UeHTPoM coBUPAHIA pycCKMK 2¢- ‘Ment, paccumTeisano oTgenarscAa OT TaTap. Ho, pasobpasuincs c Mamaem, ToxTaMbily nnpwcnan Aramino sects 0 BouapeHnn & (Ope w yeegomnn, uTo Tenept oF, Kak pa- Hee Mocksa, nomen 6yner nnarMr> eMy ans. fraiino oTserin, “To He noKopeH any m aahn nnaniro He xenaer. Pacnnara ‘nocnenosana HesaMegnirTentHo. B 1382 roy Toxrambiui 83AN M 6e3 Toro, asopentiyio Mockey, oxer Branmmup, ID Harwors were sanepxan] B09 PyCeKorOpezepea [© BsuogSacamore noma. ‘Ygap 6 Ton w nate opps rome (@ Pyne soe npecreno- a cra apo- owronsat open ‘Ro pexu Kpacnean Mewa {G0raeuue Fymnosa son) me acavera ape opguaen Ory sranpycaopann. opanene Amrit ovcroro Beennropon, Moxaltck, Opses. Hansh- Faouecr nomunua OpABHYeS rposnnn as0pHTb Hapoxgasliyioca vMnepino Firalino, w KxAs» sanpocun mapa. Nony- ne ApMoIK Ha KHAMeHNe, Flrafino Cran -caumuyare» cB0 BoTUMH oF poncTBeH- Hnkos, ocriapasasuinx ero snacrb. B noncrax yGemnuja OHM Genann 6 Tlonbckoe Koponescrso, 410, 8 cB00 ‘ovepenb, BKOHeK cnoprAno oTHOWE- Hin mexny SlmTBo M Floneuien. TaKme Arainno nocamnann kaparenbibie waGert a Jvay TesToHcKoro oppera. B TaKnx ycnoBMax spaxaa sananHoro KaToniwe~ ‘cxoro mapa n npasocnastoro pycckoro KiwmKectea Gouna o4esuAHOM, BBMAY Hero raiino 8 1384 ropy kpectanca no npaso- ‘cnastomy o6pagy. BunsHo cran cron uei pycckoro wpa, a camo KHAXeCTRO Ccrano Haabiearbca MiaroBcKol PycbIo. B 1480 ropy SInroscxaa Pyce oKoMNa~ ‘TenbiHo aoiuuna v3 saamcnmocta or Oppbs. B XV sexe x Basi canoi Geinn npuco- equnenti Hosroponckan pecny6nuKa, Mlexogckan senna w Pazancroe KHAKE- ‘ctBo. Kpome Toro, Ilroscran Pycb 3a- xBarana BocroUHtie 2eMnM Flonbckoro oponescrsa, B XVI pexe penvKnh Kua BuneHcKM pasrpominn Kasaticxoe xaHcro m non inn ceGe Kazan. B aanbHeviwiem pyccKoe Focygapctso paspactanocs npewmyiiie- (cTBeHHO Ha BOCTOK. XVI Bexe ovepeaHoi Benin KHABE hnepeHec cronmuy csoero rocyaapcrea & CoTBoepaNHyIO OT MMBOHCKMX Poiapeh Pury. Hogan cronnya nonywuna Ha3ea- ite Hakonaesck~s vecrs comTurena Hn oman, a Benuki KHABb Cran HMeHOBaTS ce6a waneparopom Been Pyci. ‘© Anexceli MAPTOB BOEHHARCTOPHA 33KEW repress 7eal cayitcs:r) Bucky eb esi/ 61 oi Bparn! ‘froGsr crams repoem, He OSasaTeMbHO MpoBeCTH Ha MOnAK CPpakeHMit NOsDKMSHM. BerpaeT M TaK, YTO ONMH-C]MHCTBEHHEI Goit ae wenoBeKy mpano 3aHATs CBO€ 3AKOHHOe MECTO B 3avIe coranst, Vimennio Tak mponsouto c Bcenorioom Penopoairiem Pynuensin— KomasupoM sierexqapHoro Kpelicepa «Bapar cesonon Pyaies, noroncraennti ‘MOPAR, He Mlcnin AVIA ceBA HHO apbepsy, rpome Kax caynurte Orevectay va dpnore. Onv wa ero npenxos, warpoc Cemen Pyaves, ovimunnca ewe 80 apewn aa08ci0nnoxopio8 Kona XVII wexa v Gin 3a xpa6poct npousBepeHr B odmyepot No yraay Flerpa I. A orey 6ynyusero Kanro- a eBaparay, Cenop Hawonaenns PyaHes, eonboxpaTHo Mponun oTeary so spema Pycexo-Typeuron wots 1828-1829 ro- ‘oe. Beeeonon ¢Aercraa coupaNcs craT> oeHhtim MopAKOW. ogimep B 1872 rogy Bcesonog PyaHes no- crynun & Moperoe yunnuue ® Cari Tletep6ypre. Yue6a qasanach emy nerko, Ws 8 1876 roay o# Gnectnue oKoHuAn yunnnue, Gyaysn ormeven mpi asinycKe Hoxwmoscromi npenwel. fanbveiwan xapbepa rapaemapnia (a ¢ 1877 rona ~ xe mmuvava) Pyqweaa cxnapsisanace seceiva yeneuro. 8 370 spent Poccta He ena Bott Ha MOpe, a OTOMY cnyxGa HO ‘cana vekniounTenbho MupHIAA xapaKTe. B 1880-1883 ronax on conepuunn KpyrO- ‘perce nyteulecTeue 8 cocTabe KOMaH- ‘Abi Kpeiicepa «Adpukar (snocneacrenn 0% OGortyn aeMHOM Wap ele AEB), 8 1888 ropy asinonian oTBeTcTBEHHYIO sccm: reperovan ¢ @paHuyScKix Bep- ‘eft 8 Kposuranr soeHHsit tpaHcnopr «tlerp Benuio. 34 BOEHHAR MCTOPHA B 1891 roay Bcesonon PyzHes nom) in non KowaHjoBaHNe CBOr nep—sLsit kopa6ns ~ mmioHocey «Korine. C 1895 ropa Pyaves (k ToMy spemenn ye kanuTan 2-ro pakra) HasHayanca wcKmio- ‘uTenbHo Ha KOMAHANPCKMe AOMKHOCTH Hecmotpr Ha mupHbie ycnosie, emy He ‘opHoKpaTHo npAxXopWAoce NpoRENATS ‘ny xapakrepa. KpyrocserHoe nyrewe- Cave, KoTopoe 8 OAMMHOUHOM nnasaHnK Cosepumna KaHoHepcKan nopKa «fpe- suai» lon KomakposaHvem PynHe 5a 6 1897 rony, cuwTaercA Hepanosbim AOcTUKeHNeM ANA TaKOrO HeGonsuIOr kopaGna. As Havane 1900 roga PynHes pneen va fepwannn e Kponuragt no- CTpoenieit ana Poccan scxanpeHHt MuoHocey «Ckars, MTA npwuinoc & Kpaline crloxneix noroalbK yonosnnx, K ToMy xe Ha TomMKO 4TO NOCTPoeHHOM KopaGne oxazanca HencnpazeH KOMNaC. Tew He meviee nnaeaniue npoulno 6naro- onyuto. Bexope nocne sroro PyaHes ompa- unca Ha Janbinh BocToK, ero oxnjana OMxHOCTS cTapulero NoMOUIAMIKa KO- ‘Manianpa nopTa 6 Nopr-Aprype. Kopa6mm 5 memmenonxe B 1901 roay Pyanes nonyxnn seanne xanwraia 1-ro pakra, a8 1902 rony 6tin asHayeH KOMaHnNpom Kpelicepa «Ba- parm. Curyauna Ha Zanbtem Bocroxe TeM epemene craHosunace ace Gonee anprenvio. B eosnyxe suceno ong ne Havana sof c finowuelt ‘ina obecnevenns: GesonacHocra poc- ‘niicxo annomaraveckor maconn «Bo- par» ewecre c xannonkoi «Kopeew Oot ‘ompasnes 8 Kopeckni nopr Hemyneno. Henocpeacrocnein HasiansHnom PyA ‘esa npn 3TOM RaNANCR POCCMICKAM NO- nani Kopee AnencaHap Mase. TIpv6tis 6 Yemynsno u ocworpeDUNco, Pynies josonsHo Geictpo noKAn, TO smowcxan oxkynauma Kopen HasHercA GyxeansHo co AHA Ha neH. O cBOmR TPe- ois: wabmionenwax OM nocbinan AOHe- ‘eta 8 lopr-Apryp.a Talore HeonHorpaT- wo ssiesxans Ceyn Tpe6yR OT NOCTaNHIK Peuwennbsx peVicra, orm Goma Gut seaxyauy annnowarnecroi nuconn a eBapares, nore Goessie pelicrona He asennce, onvaro vTmowaTe NpeAOw- ‘anu Megpurs «Bapar» v eKopeeu> Guinn He enmcreenibin PyCCKUMA KOpABNAMA, daxrisvecon Spowienremnns syROMnOpTY mepea nmjom HapBvraowelicn BOR. B TaKOM Ke nonoweHnn oxaRaNACe KaNOA- ra Mananyps 9 voce. Hy nocnaHink NaBnos, Hn Kamran Pyaies He Otinn caoespenento usee- jer 0 paspeise AMnnoNaTANIecKAx O- HoweHNi meray noHMeA W Poccnets Kopeiicxve Tenerpagwie craHUl, KOH ‘ponnpyemtie anoHuam, GnoKuposa- ‘nu saxntie Tenerpanuti. HoBocTs OHM Yyahani OT KanATaHOB HHOCTPAHHDDX KO- paGneit, cronsuinx 8 nopry Nemyneno. B yenosiinx wigopwaymoKHoh GnoKanet Mlaanos cviosa we pewunca Ha >8aKya~ who WAMU npeaRoMMN ornpaBiTs & Tlopr-Apryp «Koperiyas cpovecennen. despann KaHoNepKa sbiuina 6 Nope M scTpeTanace ¢ AMOHCKOM acKeApOR.ee Kopeeu> nonbiraniice Topneguponars AMOHCKHe MMHOHOCYD:. OTBeTHB He cKonbKHMM sticTpenaMM 43. GoprTosbix opyaw, KopaGnb sepHynca 8 nopr. B epsom paylge 3Toro cTonkHoBeHiA He ocrpagan HnkTo. OpHako crano ACHO, ‘ro nosyusxa saxnonsynace. Boi Ges mo6emmreneit Yrpom 9 espana 1904 ropa Bcesonog PyaHes nonyynn yneTamaTym oT ANOH- ‘cKoro KoHTp-aaMupana Ypiy. Npeanaranoce ononyaKA BelliTH BMOpe, B NPoTHBHOM cny¥iae ANOHULI yrpoxKanA ‘arakosaTe Kpeficep npAMO 8 HeitTpanb- HOM nopry. MpoTus pyccKoro Kpelicepa MW KaHOHepcKo! nonkm CoBMpannce BecTA oii asa 6ponenocHbsx Kpeiicepa, YeTbIpe GpovenanyéHbx Kpelicepa M TPM MiRHO- ‘ocya. Cambim MoWHBIM ANOHCKMM KOpa~ Gnem Goin Kpelicep I-ro Knacca «Acama» ‘BonOMsMeWJeHMeM NOTH 10 TbICRY OHH. ‘Cymmapibif Bec Goptosoro anna anon ‘ckoii acxampbt cocrasnan Gonee 1700 Ki- norpamMos npotus 434 kunorpamMos y pyccxux KopaGneh. Tem He meHee PyaHes npw nonnepx- ke Bcex opmyepos npwHan pewenne waw Ka npopbis. B 11 wacos Ha nany6e Gbina noctpoeka KomaHa, M KoMaHAMp «Bapara» cxazan cow UCTOpHYeCKy!O eub: «Mbt He cqaqum Kpeiicep M caMinx ceGa m Gynem cpaxatecA 0 nocnenHel Bo3MoxHOCTH M AO nocnenHel Kann poem. Vcnontaiire Kamabiit cBon o6A- 3aHHOCTH TOWHO, CNOKOIIHO, He TOpO- nace. OcobeHHo KOMeHAOPHI, NOME, 4TO. kaxabii BbICTpeN AOMMeH HaHeCTH BpeA Henpusrenio». Mocne storo Ha «Baparex npo6unn 6o- enylo TpeBory, Kpelicep cnopHaToin gna- TOM ABMHyNCA K BbIXOA 3 GyxTol. «Kope- ‘eu cnenosan 3a Hit, Mlepabili sbicrpen uctopwueckoro 6oA npossywan B 11:45 ~ «Acamay epicrpenun 3 8-qohmoBoh Kpoiceptoparra Ba nuenare eects Son «Bapara> snekKopetiuan a enya Bceoonon epepomvPyaves Rywnn no «Bapary. 3a cnepyioulnih 4ac AMOHUBI BbiNyCTANK TO AByM Kopa6nAM 419 cxapagos pastoro xannGpa. Bapar nonyswn ot 7 Ao 11 nonana Hii, & TOM wvicne ogKy npoGonly no earepninnn, Florw6nn TpHayate MaTpo- Cos M1 OfMH ObmYep, UT MeHee AByXcOT enosek nionysvnn paneHin M KONTYSHUL #Kopeeu» cymen BbiliTH M3 Gon 623 no- ‘Tepb wnospexneHii, Cornacio panopry PyaHesa , on Honysin 3a pyOeXKOM HaMeHoBaHe Blackjack — KoMOntiatiia B KapTO¥HOi urpe, Ha6paB KOTOPY1O, MIPOK NOMy¥aeT BEC BLIMTPBI. Traarastxocrpperop y-60 Boner Meahoemt BrvcHiok 36 BOEHHAAMCTOPHA Hornars unepernars! Pewlenwe npuctynuts x paspa6orke HoBoro ceepxseyKoBOrO Crparernecko- ro GomBapauposuywa Gein NpMATO 8 CCCP91974ropy—nocne Toro Kak 3 CIA Noctynwa WHopMaUNA 0 TOM, TO TeH- Taron Havan unanorposaHine npoeKTa coananus crparerveckoro paxeToHocua B41. Camoner, cxomni no xapaKrepacri- aM ¢ ameparantcrny, nopysiunn compare Inpocnasneniomy OKB AH, Tyronesa. Yke 8 1976 rony 6b1n roros acKuHeIn nnpoexr,a Ha cneyiouyih ron —nonopas- ephiih maxer cawoneta. On Guin On0- ‘pet 2aKaunKOM, MB ToM me 1977 romy nepebie TpH ons oBpaaya Hava waroronaTs = Mockse & yexax MMB «Ontire, Ho Kpome MOCKBHe, 8 cOBAa- Hae Ty-160 npuanann yvactue aBnazano- st Kazan, Hosocubnpexe, Bopoven waTopexom. Mepssih monet nporotun Hosoro ceepxseykosoro — GomGapanposulnka cosepwinn 18 aexaGpa 1981 ropa. Ewe {Ao 2aBepwienMA nonHoro yMKNa rocy- AapcrBeHHbx McnbITaHKt Nepswe fea camoneta Ty-160 noctynunn 8 184-4 Feappelicxn” — TaxenoGomGapaupo- ouHbIM asHanonK, Gaamponasuuniica & Fipunykax (Yepunroscxan o6nacte Tor gawnen YCCP). SleTunkn zaKanuneann porpamy vcnbsraHid m nposonMni yuebHule crpenbOti KpLinaTEIMM paKe- ‘Tam X-55. B xone ocsoeHUA HOB. Boi Texunku 6bio ycraHosneHo 44 mn- poetix peKopaa Beero k Hawany 90-x rogos npowno- Fo Beka Gtino nocrpoeHo 34 camoneTa Va Hwx, 19 aml oTpaBANH & To scemy semmomy wapy Tepes nyGnwsreit noKas HosorD ca- ‘monera cocroanca 20 erycra 1989 ropa 60 pews npaszHosatins fk aBwanyn. Torna 7-160 npowen Ha anom ebxcoTe Has Ty- umn a2poapomons Ewe ont myn tan emoncTpaunTy-160 6sina nposene- a. 28 mona 1996 ona 8 Canxrlerep6ypre Ha napane, noceawenHom 300-nerH%o Pocewiicxoro fora. Cawanet nogrionKos- tania, Anexcen Cepe6pakosa c 2cxoprom weTBepki Mu-29 v3 ranoraXOi rpynnes «, Stor Ty- 160, euinywenHbidt 8 1991 ropy, He aneran w 100 vacos. A 3a mecny 0 2700, 8 oxtA6pe Toro xe ropa, & ppoceniicknx CMM nonan- Mace obMaRexnBaIOUaA HOBOCTE © TOM, HTO, Ha- KoHeu, mexAy AByMA crpatiama jocrurny- Ta porosopennocrs © nepenave Poccam BocbMM yKpawHckIx — GomGapampos- luyeKos Ty-160 " tpex Ty-95MC 6 cyeT ‘onros 3a nocrasneHHbi ras. 6 HORGPA 1999 roa Ty-160 c Goprostim womepom «10s, eaneres w Npwnykax, npsemnnnca Ha poccalicxoii asua6aze @ Surenece. Tak Havanace nepenaia Ykpannoh poccnit- ckomy aBnanonky crpaternueckinx 6OM- ‘Gapanposuynco8, 8 cocraBe KoTOpOrO 0 ‘37OFo HMeAMNMCe ACETO WeCTe CePHIHEK TY-160 (v2 Hux 8 ToT MomeHT peanbHo ATS Maun Mornin CHRTaTECA B CTPOH). o Konya aHeapa 2000 ropa ace nos: exauyve nepenave Poccam camoneTs! epenerenn s Surensc. Bwecte ccamone: ‘TamaYepania nepenana kpbinatbe paKe- Tol, nocTaska KoTopeix & Poccmio senacs no menesHon sopore. OSujan CTOMMOCT® onyweHHex caMOneToR OUeHHEaNaCe InpamepHo 8 285 mannnoHos Aonnapos, Kaxnomy Ty-160 npuceampannce co6- Teenie MiweHa, KOTOPLIE HaHOCANMCS No o60vm Gopram HocoBOM YacTH $103e- naa. Tak, RORBWINCe CaMOneTEI C HMeHa- mn eVines Mypometp, «Minxann fpomos, eBacunu Pewerankoss, eVean Apbirats, «AnexcaHgp onogaHos, «AnexcaHap Mononwnie, «Bac CeHbxo», «AneK ‘catap Hosnkos. Ha Hauano 2013 roga 8 ‘coctase BEC Poccnn Geino 16 camoneros y-160. 10 cenra6ps 2008 ropa naa 6omGap- Amposuynxa cosepuinnn nepener ua 3H- Tenca no asvaGaan Jinbepragop & Bene- ‘cyane, ncnonbaya B Kavecree aapoqpona RogckoKa soeHHbiri aaponpoM 6 Mypaat ‘ckoWi O6nacTi. 18 ceHTAOPR OHM BbINeTeNH va Berecyants, Han Hopeexckum MopeM Howbio Aozanpasunnce or camonera-2a npaBuynka Un-86 1 19 ceHTaGpA npUeM- uniice 8 3urenbce, TeM caMbiM YcTaHo- ‘ne pekopa AanbHocri noneTa Ha T)-160. B movie 2010 roa camonersi Ty-160 ‘nponerenu nos 18 TeicA' KAVNOMeTpOB, ‘spinon qse Aozanpaskn v npoGus & ‘Bospyxe 8 O6uleh cnoxHocTH 23 waca, Barone covenveconna ‘vrarenes T-160MOHCTPbI BOMHBI CBEPX3BYKOBOH CTPATETMYECKH BOMBAPAIMPOBLMK- PAKETOHOCEL TY-160 PA3MEPbI: qnuna — 54,1 M, Boicora- 13,2 Pasmax kpbunbes: MaKchmanbieil~ 55,7 m, MMNaMEHbIA 356m BEC: nyctoro camonera - 1107, BanerHei~ ‘Chopocrs maxcumanbHian — 2000 Kui Tipaxrwueckwii noronox ~ 15 600 » Tipaxruueckan aanbHocre - 14 000m BOOPY?KEHME: 6 kpbunarsix paxer X-55CM, ‘2 aspobanncrusecknx paKer X15 ‘Maxcumanbnan 6omGoban HarpysKa 1040 ‘3xunank ~ 4 venoweKa 1-Muorogysnunotanoian PIC 2—Ka6nra aknnaka 3—Hocoace Koneco 4~ Texnmecknit orcex 5—Orcex Boopyxennn 6~ Tonnwantai Gax-oTceK npazoro Kpsina 7~Toxjona npasoro sHeuHero ABurarena 8-Orcex soopyrxennn 9-BcnoworarenbHan ‘cnnosan ycTaHoaKa MecrorwnorosaxaGinne Ty-160 BOEHHAR HCTOPHA 2751 Kax on ycrpoex CaepxssyKo8on GomGapamposuynk Ty- 160 spinonven no cxeme miTerpan>Horo uskonnaHa, np KOTOPOM HenoABHKHaA ‘acto Kpoua Hepasbenan m cocrasnneT $ozensorem emnHoe Yer‘oe, c KPEINOM amelmeMoh cTpentosmaHocTM M Tpex- ‘OnOpHIM waccH, YenbHONOBOPOTHBMA ‘cra6wnvaaropom Kien. Mpa waroTOB- HieBble W TuTaHOBWIE CrVaBbs, KoMNOSM- ‘uMioneie MaTepiansi W CTeknionnacraK. 'B HOcOBOH wacTn ycraHoBNena aHTeH- Ha PIIC 8 pannonpospasiiom o6reKaTene, ‘38 KOTOpHIM cnenyeT HerepMeTHUHIA OT ‘cex panmoobopygosanna. Llewrpanbian MacTb Camonera ekmiovaeT B ce6A cO6: cTBeHHo deaenmx ¢ KA6NHOR axunaKa meyma orceKami Boopymen. KabmHa 15~Mneamannueckoe ryckoBoe ycrpoiicrao 16 Paxera X-55CM 17 Iinepasyxosan aspofannucraeckan pakera X-15 penctasnaer co6oh enMneih repMoor- ‘Cex, 8 KOTOPOM, NoMMMO pabouNK MecT _akvmaxka, pasMeulaeTCA pasninuHoe aNeK: ‘TpoHHoe oGopynosaHine camonera, B neyx sHyrpwposennxnon oTceKax asmeujaerca apenaguare paKer X-55CM a jeyx nyckoBtix ycraHoaKax 6apa6aH- Horo Tana wnn 24 aapoSanmucraveckHe ‘ianepseykosbie pakerer X15 Ha YerTsipex InyCKOBbIx yCTaHOBKax. BOMGOBOe BOOPY- wenwe Ty-160 npemwasHaueHo ana no- PAMeHMA yueneauMx noche paKeTHoro ynapa ened, pasmeujaerca & oTceKax BOOpyMeHIAM MOXeT BKmONaTS CBO6OR- Honaniaioune u KoppeKTupyentie COMO ann6pom fo 1500 kr B o6biuHoM M Aaep: HOM cHapAxeHnn, pas0abie GomGostie acceTol, MopcKHe MMH M Apyroe BOOPY- menue.Yeruipe Typ6opeaKTuBHx paurarens HK-32 ycraHosnesb nonapHo & MoTo- Fongonax B H¥KHel wacra GiozenmoKa cHa6xeHsi_npoTueonoapHiimn nepe- Foponkan. Ha camonere ycraHoaneva anexrpoau- CTahuontan asToMaTuseckan GopTowan ‘cucTeMa ynpasneHinn c weTeipexkpaTHiM pesepauposariiem um AySnupopaHvem Mexannueckoit nposogKof. Yapasnenne ‘amoneToM cqsoeHHoe, ycTaHoBmeH: He UTypeants, KaK NpMHATO Ha TAXENIX aunnax, a pyar (PYC). HasHraynonian ‘cucTeMa AByxkaHanbHaR acTponHepYN- ‘anbHaa ~ K-042K. NpnuensHo-Hasnraun- ‘onHit Konnnexc «O630p-K» ekniouaeT 8 ce6a PIIC nepeanero o620pa M onTA- ko-TenesnsvoHsoit npmyen OMB-I5P. Boprosoii Kounnekc o60ponsi «Balixan> 10- Typ6opeakTusHei nayxKoHTypHEAt ‘npurarent ¢ opcanviol KaMepoh 11 BoixonHoe cevenie conna 12 Kppino s nonomennn ‘MaKcnMantHoit crpenosmaHocTH 13- Brox annaparypst 14- Llenbonosoporssii xsocrosoi craGunusaTop meer cpencrea panvorexnmeckoro w VIK oGnapymenna yrposts, cacrembs aanonpoTwsoneficraun orctpennsa- ‘eMbie naTponti-noaywkas flan pa6ore ¢ akerHoim BOopyMeHiiem cnonbayeTcA ‘otensaa ccteama (CYPO). Ty-160 — caMbin Kpynibih _ caMbit MouHeil cBepxaBykoBOA CaMoneT ¢ 13- ‘MeHAeMo” reomeTpHel KPbina 8 CTO inn BoeHHO aBnalinn. On cami Tmxe- ‘neti Goesoi camoner 6 Mupe, uMeOUA HanGonbunl cpemn GomGapamposuyr- o 2020 roaa nnannpyerca nononwuT ‘agnavacrn HOBbIMN THNaMK cTpaTerHue- ‘crix Gombapanposuynnoe Ty-16-M, oc- HaeHHEIMA HOBBIMM rHnepaayKoRbIM xpbinartimn paxetamn X90. @ Buktop CEPTEEB Crparermueckan Kpsinaran pa- era. Copepuiaer noner Ha q03By- KOBbIX cKopoctax Ha npemenbHo ‘anpix seicorax ¢ orm6anmem pe- mea mecrocta. Pakera npep- wasHaeHa Ana npmmenenmn poTws crparermueckn Ba%KHbIx ‘cTauMoHapHeix Hazemnbix yenel © 3apanee masecrHbimn KoopaM- naram. Dnmna 8,9 Craproapiii aec— 1700 Kr Mowocre Goesoit vactu— 200 xunoroHt yuacrke - 40-110" Kpyrosoe seponTuoe orknonenne oT TouKM nonajaHMA— 20 100m BbICOTEI OKONO 40 000 m, a aaTeM ‘cHWpKaeTCA K Yen, PasrOHAACD AO ‘ckopocrn 5 Max. Pakera npeala- aHauewa ANA npumeHeHMA npOTMB ‘crparermueckn BarKHBIX crayno- HapHDix HazemHbIx yeneit ¢ 3apa- Hee M3BecTHDIMM KoopaMHaTamn. Aruna 4,78 Craprospiit sec - 1100 Kr ‘MowHocte Goesoit vacru— 300 KanoToHH Banbuocte nonera - 0 300 km ‘Ckopocre nonera 905M BOEHHARMCTOPHA 39BHd0L9H BYHHIOS BJIECK CTAJIN Vi 3ANAX MOPOXA Zlamacx — camas crapas 13 cromu rocymape7s, coxpaHMBINExca 70 HaLMAX Lie ctopme Sixyr am-Xamasn curan, 470 BOspacT Popomia HY KHO OTCUMTEIBATE OF. Tlo ero MHeHMio, nocrie MarHaHMs 13 OyeMa OHM MOCesIMIIMC MMeHHO B pafioHe’ ee Ha cknowax ropsi Kacbiox, 6713 KoTOpoit pactiosioxer Fopon, ecTb newjepa. Marapar afd (nenjepa mepsoii xpos). ApaGst cuTaior, To MMenHO B Heli Kaun youn Aner, TV eteemme zc 2 rcroonoraamveyernepeuenecenenn a reppuropn copenemoro cra il racnener 0.3. HekitToprosbif ropoR, & KOTOPOM BOCTOKOBea SAAT NMeHHO ZlaMacK, CTan AGnOKOM pasnopa MexKy AKKagOM ¥'YPOM 1 moro pas nepexonun vs pyk 6 pykn. BironHoe nlonoXeHHe Ha nepenyTee ToproBbix nyTeh npenonpenemano cyAbGy cMPHIicKo} Conwiys!~ oka moro pas cTaHosnnace noneM Gon. 1457 ake 2.8 rene nmanecrny ompamanocs soho bapa Mennenepp(yrvoc 27 Gun ero nepew Nokon epenkiow Aawio, Capi rorna 6bina paaqpoBneva a AeCRTKM ropoRoe-rocynapcTs, Ho Ha GopRBy CerMMTAKAMM MONTH Ace Conn ob meanc. 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