W

W
K

? ?? ?
K

W
K

(Working Stress Design Method)

(Theory of Elasticity)
K

(Ultimate Strength Design Method (U.S.D.M.))

K

KCP. 110Bs 8110EF

E F
K

WK

KZK LZL

KKZKKKZKK

K
K

K

KK

K
W

K E

K E

E
K

K E
K E
K
W

K
K
K

--

Principals of Structural Analysis

J

W

W(Main loads)W

J J

W(Dead loads D.L.) E

-

K -

(Live Loads L.L.) E

(Wind Loads W.L.)E

KK

(Secondary Loads)WJ J

K(Deformations)

KKKKKKKK
K

J W

(Economy)J

(Safety)J
--

(Deflection) (Serviceability) J
K(Cracks)

KJ

K W

KWJ
(Different

WK Structural Elements)
EJ F

(Beams) (Solid Slab) E

(Slab Spans)

F K (Columns)
KE(Spread Footings)

K(Joist-Slab) E
(Beams)

--

Spandrel
beam
Door
lintel

joist
slab

Beam
2nd floor

column

Supported
slab

Column
Joist

Beam
Foundation
wall
Slab on
grade

1st floor

Landing
Wall
footing

Stairs

Basement

Spreed
footing

Column

EJ F

K(Joists)W

(Flange) W

K(beams)T

(Soil)

--

K
W

KJ

KJ

KJ

KJ
(Compressive Strength of Concrete)WJ
(fcu)
K K

KK

EJ F

E (f cu) F

KK
ELf cuFEJ F

EJ F

--

EJ F

EF

E{{{F

E{{{F

E{{{F

.EFWJ J

F EFEJ F

EF E
WEF

F EF EF
KEf cu

--

Stress
6
5
4
3
2
1
0.000

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004
Strain

EJ F

Typical concrete stress-strain curve, with short-term loading.

F EF E
{E

EF

KEJ FEF

EFK
K

--

EJ F

WJ
WJ J

WK

K L E
.LL

W E

.(FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKL

.(FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKL

--

K KE

E F L L L

KEF EJ FKE#F

KEJ F

EJ F

--

EJ F

Table (3-1) Weights and Areas of Reinforcing Steel Bars

Weight
mm Kg/m
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38

0.222
0.395
0.617
0.888
1.21
1.58
2.00
2.47
2.98
3.55
4.17
4.83
5.55
6.31
7.13
7.99
8.90

1
.283
.503
.785
1.13
1.54
2.01
2.54
3.14
3.80
4.52
5.31
6.16
7.07
8.04
9.08
10.2
11.3

2
.566
1.01
1.57
2.26
3.08
4.02
5.09
6.28
7.60
9.04
10.6
12.3
14.1
16.1
18.2
20.4
22.6

Area of Cross-Section
3
4
5
6
.848 1.13 1.41 1.70
1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02
2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71
3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79
4.62 6.16 7.70 9.24
6.03 8.04 10.1 12.1
7.63 10.2 12.7 15.3
9.42 12.6 15.7 19.8
11.4 15.2 19.0 22.8
13.6 18.1 22.5 27.1
15.9 21.2 25.5 31.9
18.5 24.6 30.8 37.5
21.2 28.3 35.3 42.4
24.1 32.2 40.2 48.3
27.2 36.3 45.4 54.5
30.6 40.9 50.7 61.2
33.9 45.2 56.5 67.8

in
cm2
7
8
1.98 2.26
3.52 4.02
5.50 6.28
7.92 9.05
10.8 12.3
14.1 16.1
17.8 20.4
22.0 25.1
26.6 30.4
31.7 36.2
37.2 42.5
43.1 49.3
49.5 56.6
56.3 64.3
53.6 72.6
71.4 81.6
79.1 90.4

9
2.54
4.52
7.07
10.2
13.9
18.1
22.9
28.3
34.2
40.7
47.0
55.4
63.6
72.4
81.7
91.8
102

10
2.83
5.03
7.85
11.3
15.4
20.1
25.4
31.4
38.0
45.2
53.1
61.6
70.7
80.4
90.8
102
113

WJ J

WE
K

K{
KE

KE

E F

KEJ F

- -

EFEJ F

EF

EF

EFL

L
L

L
L

WJ

K

KWJ J

KWJ J J

KE

E

- -

EFWJ J

EF

EJ F

ELF

f c*

(e=e min)

f co**

f cu

qc

qc

q ct

q ct

- -

E
E

fs

E
L

LE

LE

LE

KG
KWJ

KE J F

KEJ J F

EJ J F

EF
K

E F

E FJ EJ J F

K
- -

KK

EJ J FEJ J F

K

0.85 cu

0.85 cu

0.85 cu

0.85 cu

0.85 cu

0.85 cu

cu

co

cu

cu

EJ F

EF

EF E

EFE

EFE
EFE

- -

E

K

K
W

K
K

K
K

- -

KWJ

EDead LoadsFWJ J

KKKKKKKKK

(Slab Dead load)WJ J J

Z(Own Weight of slab - O.W of slab)

K( c)(t)(A)

( c =2.5 t/m3)L{Z
O.W of slab = A t ci.e

K{(A)
O.W of slab = 1.0 t 2.5

- -

EJ F
K

EJ F
EF

EF

J HEF
LZEJ F

Tiles
Mortar
3-5cm sand
isolated sheets

R.C slab

(plaster)

EJ F
- -

L J

LZ
LZ
LZ

LZ

WJ J J
W

(Own weight of Beam)

F(O.W of slab)E
KEJ J J

K
W

Thickness of beam (t) = span / 8-10

For simple beams choose t = span / 8

For continuous beams ,, t = span / 10

J LZtZ

W{Z(t) {Z(b) K{Z

WGGG (L0) Z
O.W of beam = L0 b (t - ts) c

Where;

= 10 cm = 0.1 m c = 2.5 t/ m3
,
ts =
=1.0 m E{F L0 = length of beam
O.w. of beam = 1.0 0.2 (0.6 0.1) 2.5 = 0.25 t/m i.e.
L{Z
- -

K
W

wall = 0.75:1.0 t/m3

wall = 1.20

t/m3 E

wall = 0.75:1.2 t/m3 E

wall = 0.6 :0.8 t/m3 E

wall = 1.8

t/m3 EFE

wall = 1.5:1.9 t/m3 E

K
K

W wall = wall t wall 1

K
(Live Loads)WJ J

E
K

K K E

K

KE

- -

KWJ J J

LJ

KLJ

L W
KEF

EJ F

KKKKKK

FEF BS 8110
KEEF

(working life loads )FEJ F

EFE

EFE
E

EFE

EFE
EFE

EFE
- -

EFE

W(Halls)W

E
EF

EFE

EFE
K

E
W

FE

- -

EFWJ J J

EF

EF

EJ F
KEFP

EJ F

EF

0.9P

0.8P

0.7P

0.6P

0.5P

(0.5P)
(Design Loads)WJ
(Working Loads) WJ J

K
- -

KEKKF
(Working Stress Design K

WMethod)

,,D,,(Dead Load)

,,L,,(live loads)

(Ultimate loads)WJ J

J J FF

WEE

WASCIF

U = 1.4 D + 1.7 L

(2-1)

Dead Loads ZD

Live loadsZL

{E
W

U = 1.5 (D +L)

(2-2)

E
W

U = 1.4 D + 1.7 (E + L)

(2-3)

(Lateral Load)ZE

(2-1)U

- -

KK

K E

E
K

K
W

K E

KE
KE

KE

KE

K
K

- -

Structural Analysis

WJ
W
J

Member Analysis

(Beams) (slabs)

WK(Footings)(Columns)

SlabsE

BeamsE

GirdersE
ColumnsE

FootingsE

Section Analysis

KKK
J W

ULT

KEJ F
KEJ F

- -

Over hanging beam

Simple slab or beam

continous slab or beam

(Column)

Simple frame

(Column)

EJ F

U - section

L - section

T
circular sec

T - section square sec

EJ F

- -

Rectangular sec

WJ
Statically System

J WWJ J

EF
EJ F (Knife Edge Support)

Knife edge support

EJ F

WJ J

(Linear Elastic Theory)

Three Moment EquationE

Virtual Work MethodE

- -

Moment DistributionE

E F

{{(lo)(d)
i.e

d / l0 < 0.8 for simple beams.

d / l0 < 0.4 for continues beams.
(Deep Beam)

K(Plastic Analysis)

(Effective Span l0)WJ

E

J W

l01

l02 = l0 1.05 {

l03 = l0 + d

EJ FZd

L
L

L 2 = 1.05 L

C
L

C
L

EJ F

- -

KE

FEFE
J WE(Rigid Connections)

l01 = Centerline to Centerline of Supports

l02 = 1.05 l0{

F E

KE
K

Or

L03 = Distance from Centerline to Centerline

L03 =l0 +d

(l01)

J W
L02 = l0 + d2

EJ F

d1

d2

L
L

EJ F
- -

(Straining Actions)WJ
(Normal Forces) (Straining Actions)

(Bending Moments)(Shear Forces)

K

(N)
(M) (Q)
K

Simple Slab or Simple BeamEFE

W(D.L + L.L )

Z(N)

W(Q)

Q = K q wt L

(3-1)

EJ J F{Z (shear factor) ZK q

Uniformly Distributed Load (D.L +L.L) Zwt

Span of Slab or beam ZL

W(M)J

M = w L / Km

EJ J F

(3-2)

Z(moment factor)ZKm

- -

w t/m
Loads
L

wL
2
K q = 0.5

Q=

S.F.D

Q
B.M.D

K m= 8
2

wL
M=
8

EJ F
Over Hanging Slab or BeamE

(D.L + L.L )

Z(N) W
W(Q)

(D.L+L.L)
KKKK (D.L only) E F
KEJ J F(D.L + L.L)
i.e.

Q = K q wt L

(3-3)

EF{Z (shear factor) ZK q W

Uniformly Distributed Load

Span of Slab or beam

(D.L +L.L) ZW t

ZL

- -

W(M)

(D.L+L.L)E

K EJ J F (D.L) EF

Max. M +ve. = wtL /8 w L1 /2

(3-4)

(D.L+L.L)ZwtW
(D.L. only)Zw

ZL1 ZL

(D.L. E

J J F(D.L+L.L.)EFOnly)
Max. M-ve = w L12/2

(3-5)

- -

WE

w1 = D.L + L.L (t/m)

D.L

Loads
L

w1L
2

wL1
S.F.D

Kq = 0.5
wL1

w1L
2

M -v
e

B.M.D

Case of max +ve M

w1L2
8
w t/m (D.L)

w1 t/m

w1(D.L + L.L)
Loads

M -ve =

w1L21
2
B.M.D

Case of max -ve M

2

wL
8

EJ F
Continues Slab or Beam

WW

M = wL2 / Km

(3-7)W(M)

EJ F(moment factor)ZKm

EffectiveSpan of Slab or beam ZL

- -

Q = K q wt L

(3-6

(Q)

EJ F (shear factor) ZK q

(D.L+L.L)Zwt

Effective Span of Slab or beam ZL

L W

Where,

L = (L1 + L2) / 2
L1 < 1.2 L2

and, wt = (wt1 + wt2) / 2

or, L2 < 1.2 L1

w t/m or w1

WL2L1

w t/m or w2
Loads

L or L

L or L

-9

-24

-24

+11

w L2
11

w L2
24

w L2
11

EJ F

- -

Km
( Moment factor)

+11
w L2
9

w L2
24

B.M.D

0.4

0.6

0.6

0.4
K q ( Shear factor)

0.6 wL
0.4 wL
S.F.D
0.4 wL
0.6 wL

EJ F
.W
(Q)

Q = K q wt L

(3-8)

EJ F (shear factor) ZK q

(D.L+L.L)Zw t

Effective Span of Slab or beam ZL

W(M)

M = wL / Km

(3-9)

EJ FEJ F(moment factor)ZKm

EffectiveSpan of Slab or beam ZL
- -

L W

Where,

WL2L1

L = (L1 + L2) / 2
L1 < 1.2 L2

0.45

and, wt = (wt1 + wt2) / 2

or, L2 < 1.2 L1

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.5

Kq

EJ F

-24

-10

-12
+12

+10

-12
+12

Km ( Moment factor)

EJ F

-24

-10
+12

-12
+16

-12
+16

Km ( Moment factor)

EJ F
- -

WJ
EJ F

KK

WEFEF E

EEJ FF
K
K E

F
EJ FE

EFE

EJ FF

FK
EJ FEJ F

- -

EF

K
K

K E

KEFE

E
K

K E

E
K

K

K
K

- -

WJ
W
Solid SlabsE

Hollow Block SlabsE

Flat SlabsE

Waffle SlabsE

Lift SlabsE

Pre-SlabsE

(Solid Slabs)

K(Working Stress Design Method)

(Solid Slabs)J
F

(Beams)KEKKKKK

K(girders)
W

One way Solid Slabs

Two Way Solid Slabs

J W

One way Solid Slabs WJ J

W

i.e. r = L / B 2

EJ F

the slab is one way slab

BLrW

- -

m
1

b
d

EJ F

F EJ F

F KE

KE

Section Analysis by Working Stress Method

(Hooks Law) (Bernoulli theorem)

KW

(Pure Bending Moment or Pure WJ J

Flexure)

(Bond slip )EF

- -

(Plane cross sections)

KEJ FK
fc

3
C

Z=d -x 3

T
fs n

s
Strain diagram

R.C sec

Stress diagram

EJ F

M
b

(4-1)

J W

EFZb
Zd

(f c) Z k1
KEJ FK(f s)

KZM

- -

J W

M
k 2 d

(4-2)

(M)ZAs
Zd

(f c)ZK2
KEJ FK(f s)

KZM

Diagonal TensionWJ J
Horizontal Vertical Shear
KShear

Wq

q =

Q
0 . 87 bd

(4-3)

Zq

K ZQ

BondWJ J

(Bond Stress)

Flexure K
KKShear Strength
Flexure Bond

Anchorage Bond E

- -

Flexural Rigidity WJ J
(EI)

E Es DeflectionEF

-:
n =E s / E c = 15
E
Elastic Deformation (
n = 10 .

EJ F

Design coefficients for bending (working Stress Method)

Fs=2000

Fs=1600

Fs=1400

Fs=1200

Fs=1000

fs

Fs=2200

fc

k1
k2

k1
k2

k1
k2

k1
k2

k1
k2

k1
k2

45
50
.403 .428
.866 .857
.357 .330
866 857
.360 .385
.880 .872
.374 .345
1058 1048
.325 .349
.892 .884
.391 .360
1248 1237
.297 .319
.901 .894
.408 .375
1441 1430
.273
.909
.402
1818
.254
.915
.415
2013

55
.452
.849
.308
849
.407
.864
.322
1037
.372
.876
.335
1227
.340
.887
.347
1419
.292
.803
.371
1898
.273
.909
.383
2000

60
.474
.842
.289
842
.428
.857
.301
1029
.391
.870
.313
1217
.360
.880
.324
1408
.310
.897
.346
1793
.290
.903
.357
1987

65
.494
.835
.273
835
.448
.851
.284
1021
.411
.863
.295
1208
.379
.874
.305
1398
.328
.891
.328
1782
.307
.898
.334
1976

70
.512
.829
.259
829
.467
.844
.269
1013
.429
.857
.279
1200
.396
.868
.288
1389
.344
.885
.306
1771
.323
.892
.315
1962

- -

75
80
.529 .545
.824 .818
.247 .237
524
818
.484 .500
.839 .833
.256 .245
1007 1000
.446 .462
.851 .846
.265 .253
1192 1185
.413 .429
.862 .857
.274 .261
1380 1371
.360 .375
.880 .875
.290 .276
1769 1750
.338 .353
.887 .882
.298 .283
1952 1940

90
.574
.809
.219
809
.529
.823
.226
988
.491
.836
.233
1171
.458
.847
.240
1367
.403
.866
.252
1731
.380
.873
.269
1921

95
.588
.804
.211
804
.543
.819
.218
983
.504
.832
.224
1165
.471
.843
.230
1349
.416
.861
.242
1723
.393
.869
.248
1912

100
.600
.800
.204
800
.555
.815
.210
978
.517
.826
.216
1162
.484
.839
.222
1342
.429
.857
.233
1715
.406
.865
.239
1903

105
.612
.796
.193
796
.567
.811
.204
973
.529
.824
.209
1154
.496
.835
.214
1335
.440
.853
.225
1706
.417
.861
.230
1894

J J
KEJ F WEF
K

Dead loadsW
Z(t)

One - way slab

m
2.25

L=6

w = 0.6 t/m = 6 KN/m

Loads

i.e.

2.25

B.M.d

EJ F

Own weight of slab =11 t c = t c

= 0.1 2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN / m2
Flooring () = 0.15 t / m2 = 1.5 KN / m2
Live Loads (L.L.) ( = )0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN / m2
= 0.60 t / m2 = 6.0 KN / m2

Total Loads (wt) ()

Bending Moments ()
Section A-A:

M = wt L2/8 = 0.6 (2.25)2 / 8 = 0.380 m.t /m

- -

Assume f c =60 kg / cm2

(f cu = 250 kg / cm2)

f s = 1400 kg/cm2

And

(mild steel 37)

i.e.

From table (4-1)

k 1= 0.313

and k 2 = 1217

Eb=100cm.F{EdF
= 6.10 cm.

0 . 313

0 . 380 100000
100

d = k1

M
b

K Z EtF

I.e. take t min = 8.0 cm.

d act. = t cover = t (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 8.0 1.5 = 6.5 cm.

W
= 4.8 cm2/m

0.380 10 5
1217 6.5

= As main = M 10
d

Choose 710 mm/m (5.5cm2/m)

Check: As min = 0.25% Ac = 0.25 / 100 10100 = 2.5 cm2
i.e.

As main chosen is okay.

As secondary = 0.20 A s main = 0.20 4.8 = 0.96 cm2 /m

Choose As secondary = 5 8 mm/m (2.51 cm2)

WW

K Z (t) E
K

K E
EF

K{E

{EFE
K

- -

J WEF

KEJ F{
KELZF

(One way slab) r =

Loads on Slab:

L 6
= =2
b 3

assume t s=10 cm.

O.w. of slab = 0.1 2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN/m2

Flooring

= 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN/m2

L.L.

= 0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN/m2

Total load wt =

= 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 KN/m2

3.0 m

3.0 m

W d.L + L.L
Loads
m
3.0

m
3.0

S
wL2
24

--v M
e

+ve M

wL2
24

m
6.0
B.M.d

+ve M

loads & B.M at section s-s

m
L = 3.0

EJ F

Bending Moments:
2
l 1 0 .6 9
w
t
M +ve = 11 = 11 = 0.49 mt / m
2
l 1 0 .6 9
w
t
M ve = 9 = 9 = 0.6 mt / m
- -

m
L = 3.0

(Cases of L W

K(case of total loads)loading)

Assume f c =60 kg / cm2

(f cu = 250 kg / cm2)

f s = 1400 kg/cm2

(mild steel 3724/35)

And

i.e.

From table (4-1)

k 1= 0.313

and

k 2 = 1217

Eb=100cm.F{EdF

= 7.74 cm. 0 . 313

0 . 6 100000
100

d = k1

M
b

Take t = 10.0 cm
d act. = t cover = t (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 10.0 1.5 = 8.5 cm.

0 . 49 10 5
M +ve 105
2
main =
= 4.74 cm /m
1217 * 8 . 5 = As1
k2 d
Choose 7 10 mm/m (5.5cm2/m)
Check: As min = 0.25% Ac = 0.25/100 10100 = 2.5 cm2
i.e. As1 main chosen is okay.
As1 secondary = 0.20 As1 main = 0.20 4.74 = 0.948 cm2 /m
Choose As1 secondary = 5 8 mm/m (2.51 cm2)

W
0.6 105
= 5.8 cm / m
1217 8.5
2

As2 main =

M ve 105
k2 d

Choose 8 10 mm/m (6.28cm2/m)

Check: As min = 0.25% Ac = 0.25/100 10100 = 2.5 cm2
i.e. As2 main chosen is okay.
As2 secondary = 0.20 As2 main = 0.20 5.8 = 1.16 cm2 /m
Choose As2 secondary = 5 8 mm/m (2.51 cm2)
- -

WWJ J
W
E F (
K{

EF (

KE 1 F
5

KEF

E F (
L

L
K

EF
K

K{{ (

E L F (
K

K (

EF (
KEJ F

- -

EJ F

L
K

(Deflection)F

WE

t min.. =L/30

t min.. =L/40

t min.. =L/35 E

KL
- -

W
{
KK

Tow Way SlabsWJ

WJ J

K??
i.e. L / b 1.0 2.0
ZbZL

J FK

KKE

K
W

EJ F

KL/b E

KE

EF

EF
- -

WJ J

W
t min.. =b/35 E

t min. =b/45 E

Kb

WJ J

KK(b)(L)
EFZb W

EFZL

Z m b
Kb(b)

Z m L
KL(L)

Km L m b

Wm L m b

m b = m L = 1.0W

m b =m L = 0.87W

m b =m L = 0.76W

(r)
(4-4)

r=

m l
m b
l

() ()EJ F

Kr(L)(b)
- -

r()()EJ F

EF

1.0
0.35
0.35

1.1
0.40
0.29

1.2
0.45
0.25

1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9 2.0
0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75 0.80 0.85
0.21 0.18 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.11 0.09 0.08
= 0.35/ r2W

W =Wt (b)
W =Wt (L)

EWL.LWD.LFwt

W(Bending Moments)
W E

b
M = w (4-5)
10
2

M L = w (4-6)
10
L

WE
M b = w
12

b2

(4-7)

L
M = w
(4-8)
12
2

- -

WJ J

KEJ F

EF

F
E

EJ F

K Rigid Beams
K

EFr()()EJ F
r

1.0
.396
.396

1.1
.473
.323

1.2
.542
.262

1.3
.606
.212

1.4
.660
.172

1.5
.706
.140

1.6
.746
.113

1.7
.778
.093

1.8
.806
.077

1.9 2.0
.830 .849
.063 .053

J J
J WEF

K EJ F {
KELZF

(Two way slab) r =

{Z

m l = 0.87 4.5 = 1.0

m b 0.87 4.5
l

From table (4-1)

= =0.35
Slab is continues

- -

i.e. t = 450/ 45 =10 cm

4.50 m

4.50 m

0.40 m

4.50

1
0.20 m

0.40 m

4.50

0.20 m

0.40 m

EJ F
Loads on Slab:

O.w. of slab = 0.1 2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN/m2

Flooring

= 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN/m2

L.L.

= 0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN/m2

Total load wt =

= 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 KN/m2

W =Wt = Load in short direction = 0.6 0.35 = 0.21t/m2

Wt = Load in long direction = 0.6 0.35 = 0.21 t/m2=W

- -

Bending Moments:

WK

M +ve =

+ ve

ve

ve

= w l

2
1

10
2
w l 2

0.21 4.5 2
= 0.425 mt / m
10

0 .21 4 .5 2
=
= 0 .425 mt / m
10

10

(Cases of L W

K(Case of total loads)loading)

Assume f c =60 kg / cm2
f s = 1400 kg/cm2

And

(f cu = 250 kg/cm2)

(mild steel 3724/35)

i.e. From table (4-1)

k1= 0.313

and

k 2 = 1217

Eb=100cm.F{EdF
= 6.45 cm. 0 . 313

0 . 425 100000
100

M
b

d = k1

Take t = 10.0 cm
d act. = t cover = t (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 10.0 1.5 = 8.5 cm.

W
0.425 10 5
= 4.11 cm /m
1217 8.5
2

= A main = M
k

+ ve

sL

10 5

Choose 6 10 mm/m (4.71cm2/m)

0.425 10 5
= 4.65 cm /m
=
1217 7.5
2

M
A Secondary =
k

+ ve

sl

10 5

Choose 6 10 mm/m (4.71cm2/m)

W
0.425 10 5
= 4.11 cm /m
=
1217 8.5
2

su

M
main =

ve

10 5

k2 d

Choose 6 10 mm/m (4.71cm2/m)

- -

0.425 10
= 4.65 cm /m
=
1217 7.5
2

su

M
sec ondary =

ve

10 5

k2 d

Choose 6 10 mm/m (4.71cm2/m)

10 m m m

10 mm m

10 m m m

3
3

4.50

10 m m m

m
1

10 m m m

4.50

10 mm m

10 mm m

10 mm m

EJ F

4.50 m

4.50 m

3
+3

3
+3

10 m m m
10 m m m

10 m m m

10 m m m
10 m m m

S ec ( 1-1 )

EJ F

J WEF

{Z

KEJ F

(Two way slab) r =

{Z

m l = 1.0 3.5 = 1.0

m b 1.0 3.5
l

- -

EJ F
From table (4-3)

= =0.396

Slab is Simple

i.e. t = 350/ 35 =10 cm

Loads on Slab:

O.w. of slab = 0.1 2.5 = 0.25 t/m2 = 2.5 KN/m2

= 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN/m2

Flooring
L.L.

= 0.20 t/m2 = 2.0 KN/m2

Total load wt =

= 0.60 t/m2 = 6.0 KN/m2

W =W = 0.6 0.396 = 0.21t/m2

Bending Moments:

WKEF
2

+ ve

+ ve

w l1
8

0.2376 3.5 2
=
= 0.364 mt / m
8
Assume f c =60 kg / cm2
(f cu = 250 kg/cm2)
And
f s = 1400 kg/cm2 (mild steel 3724/35)
i.e. From table (4-1)
and
k2 = 1217
k1= 0.313

Eb=100cm.F{EdF
= 6.0 cm. 0 . 313

0 . 367 10
100

M
b

d = k1

Take t = 10.0 cm
d act. = t cover = t (1.5: 2.0 cm) = 10.0 1.5 = 8.5 cm.

0.364 10 5
= 3.52 cm /m
1217 8.5
2

= A main = M
k

+ ve

sL

10 5

*d

Choose 7 8 mm/m (3.52cm2/m)

0.364 10 5
= 3.98 cm /m
=
1217 7.5
2

M
A Secondary =
k
sl

+ ve

10 5

d
2

Choose 8 8 mm/m (4.02cm2/m)

- -

KE F E F

K W
i.e. A s . A s .

10 mm m
0.2

8 mm m

8 m

8 mm / m

Concrete seat
i

8 m

m
3.50

10 mm m
8

8 mm m

m
3.50

Sec ( i - i )

EJ F

: J
E
KK

K(=8mm)E

ELFE
EFK

K{W{EK
K

KE

- -

WJ
EF
(Flexure)

K(No need to check shear stress)

EDeflection in SlabsFWJ
KW

BS8110 CP110 ACI

EJ F (ACI-318-71)

(L/d)EJ F

ACI

(Fy kg/cm2)

{ (L/d) EJ F
K
- -

(L/d)EJ F

E.C.O.P

(Fy kg/cm2)

J
J

(ACI-318-83)K
K

K J K ACI-318-83
K

EF(Drop panels)
EJ J J F
EF

{
EF

- -

E
E

KL

KL

Z
Z

KL

J
E

KLKL

J
K EFE
WK{{Z
KE

KE

KE

EJ FEFE

K K { {ZK
WK{ZZ

KE

KE

KE
- -

6.50 m

6.50 m

1
0.2

4.50

0.2

4.50

6.50 m

6.50 m

EJ F

KEJ F EJ J F E
WK

KEFE

KE

E
K

- -

5.00 m

5.00

5.00 m

6.00 m

0.2

0.2

5.00

0.2

6.00

6.00

0.2

5.00

5.00

6.00 m

EJ F

- -

5.00 m

5.00 m

K E

E
K

E
K

K
K
K

- -

WWJ
K
KKK
KEF

WWJ

E
K

KWKK

KEJ FF

T
12 cm
b

12 cm
b

b< T

20 cm

25 cm

12 cm
b

25 cm b< 25 cm

20 cm b< 20 cm

EJ F

(Lintling) E
K
K

E
K

E
K
- -

(To reduce buckling length of columns) E

WJ

W
Main girders

Secondary beams

E F

F
KEJ FE

4.00 m

4.00 m

Beam

0.3

0.2

Seconadry

m
Seconadry

3.00

Beam
Main

0.3

Beam
m

3.00

EJ F

- -

F
KE

K EJ F
(G1) (B1B2B3)

KC4B1K

4.00
4

4.00

G1

C4
3.00

m
2

C5

B2
1

3.00

B3
B1

C2

C3

C1

EJ F

K EJ F

G1

C1G1 B3B2B1

KC4C3C2

KWJ J

E F E
(Embedded beams) (Dropped beams)

K
- -

(Loop of loading)E

E FEFEJ J F
a d c b a
K

EJ J F

aEJ J FKEJ J F

K D e d c b
K

m
D

m
D

m
D

m
D

m
D

EJ F

- -

m
D

m
D

m
D

E F

J FEJ J FKEJ J F

KEJ J FEJ
X m

X m

ks
ac
Cr

Cr
ac
ks

EJ F

KWJ

W

- -

W
(Uniformly distributed load)
KEJ J FK{

Loads
L

b< 5.00 m

EJ J F

W
K

KEJ J FK

- -

w t/m

Loads

b<7.00 m
L

EJ J F

{K

KEJ J F

w t/m

b< 7.00 m

EJ J F
- -

Loads

K{

W

K{

W
F
K E
KEJ J F

KW

w t/m

w t/m

EJ J F

- -

K :-

EF

EJ F Allowable working stress

KWJ J

K (Slabs)

EJ J J J FEF

EJ J J J F

J J F EF

EJ J

KWJ J

EJ F

WK

- -

L
Y

45

Beam A

2X

Beam B

KEJ F

EF K EF
K

KEJ F

EJ F

L/2x 1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0

0.667 0.725 0.769 0.803 0.829 0.853 0.870 0.885 0.897 0.908 0.917

0.500 0.554 0.582 0.615 0.642 0.667 0.688 0.706 0.722 0.637 0.750

KZW
KZL

KZX

- -

(Equivalent coefficient for moment)Z

(Equivalent coefficient for shear)Z

EFZ w x

EFZ w x

F
KE

KEJ FW

EJ F

0.5 0.667

L/2
L

0.5

0.5

From
table

0.5 0.667

0.5 0.333

0.5

From
table

Take = 1/2x for

one trabizoidal

- -

KEEJ FFWJ J
KEEJ FFWJ J

KEEJ FFWJ J
EJ F
EJ F
K EJ J FKEJ J F

KEL{F

WKEJ J FK{Z
KG1B2B1

K
1

m
6.00
B

6.00

B
m

C
5.00 m

5.00m

4.00 m

EJ J F

- -

3
G2

A
S2

m
6.00 B2

S2

S1

B
B1

S2

B1

0.4 m

S1

5.00 m

G2
4.00 m

C
5.00 m
3

EJ J F

h2 ( clear height )

EJ J F
- -

B2

S2

B2

G1

m B2
6.00

0.2

G1B2B1W

EJ FB1

2.00

G2

2.50

2.00

G1

G2

2.50
6.00 m

6.00 m

B1
w t t/m
G1

G2

G2

B1
EJ F

Wt on beam B1 = loads from slab + o. w. of beam

Loads on slab:

Assume t s = 12 cm = 0.12 m
O.W. of slab = 0.12 2.5 = 0.30 t/m2 = 3.0 KN / m2
O.W. of flooring

= 0.15 t/m2 = 1.5 KN / m2

L.L

= 0.30 t/m2 = 3.0 KN / m2

Total load on slab

= 0.75 t/m2 = 7.5 KN / m2

Slab s1

is 4 6 m

r1 = 6/4 = 1.5
1 = 0.853

and

1 = 0.667 (from table 5-1)

Slab s2

is 5 6 m

r2 = 6/5 = 1.2
1 = 0.769
- -

and

1 = 0.582 (from table 5-1)

Beam B1 has two equal span = 6.0 m

Assume b =20 cm
And

t = span / 10 = 60 cm

WB1(working loads)
W = total working load for moment

= 0.853 0.75 4/2 + 0.769 0.75 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 0.12) 2.5 = 2.96 t/m

WB1(working loads)
W = total working load for shear

= 0.667 0.75 4/2 + 0.582 0.75 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 0.12) 2.5 = 2.33 t/m

KB1W
K B2

KG1(Main girder)EF

EJ FB2

2.50

2.50
col

col
6.00 m

col
6.00 m

B2
w t/m
t
col

col
B2

EJ F
- -

col

Loads on slab:
Assume t s = 12 cm = 0.12 m
O.W. of slab = 0.12 2.5 = 0.30 t/m2
O.W. of flooring

= 0.15 t/m2

L.L

= 0.30 t/m2

Total load on slab

= 0.75 t/m2

Slab s2

is 5 6 m

r2 = 6/5 = 1.2
1 = 0.769

and

1 = 0.582

Beam B2 has two equal span = 6.0 m

Assume b =20 cm
And

t = span / 10 = 60 cm
Loads from wall:

= 3.0 0.6 = 2.4 mH wall =

W wall = b t w + o.w. of plaster = 1.2 0.2 + 0.05 = 0.29 t/m2

WE)B2(working loads)
W = total working load for moment

= 0.769 0.75 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 0.12) 2.5 + 0.29 2.4 = 2.38 t/m

WEFB2(working loads)
W = total working load for shear
= 0.582 0.75 5/2 + 0.2 (0.6 0.12) 2.5 + 0.29 2.4 = 2.38 t/m

- -

KEJ FG1

R
2.50

B1

R
2.00

B1

2.50

col

2.50
2.50

2.00

5.00 m

4.00 m

5.00 m

G1

EJ F

{ZZG1

W{ZZ

KLZ
K

( ) K

EJ FK ( = = 0.5). .W

Wt = total working load on G1 = loading area / span + o.w. of girder

i.e.
W = W = ( 2 0.75 0.5 4 4/2 + 2 2 0.75 0.5 5 5/2 ) / 14
+ 0.4 (0.9 0.12) 2.5 = 1.77 + 0.78 = 2.55 t/m
- -

WG1B1

B1 (working reaction)

EF

KRB1G1

(load for

WKKKKKKKKshear coefficient) (w )

RB1 = R w + R m
KZR wW

KB1ZR m

KB1EJ F

- -

w t/m or w1
Beam B1
Loads

w = 2.33 t/m

G1

G2

G2

6.00 m

M=

6.00 m

w L2 2.33 * 6 * 6
=
= 10.485 m.t
8
8

B.M.d
G2

10.485

Reaction

G1

10.485
6

10.485
10.485 *2
= Rm 6
6
6.00 m

G2

10.485

6.00 m

EJ F

R w = (wL/2) 2 = (2.33 6/2) 2 = 13.98 ton

R m = (M - ve /L) 2 = (wL2/8L) 2 = (2.33 66 / (86))2 = 3.495 ton

i.e. RB1 = 3.495 + 13.98 = 17.5 ton

KEJ FG1

- -

= 17.5 t
B1
w = 2.55 t/m

B1

= 17.5 t

col

col
5.0

4.00 m

5.0

14.00 m

EJ F
EJ F
G1B2B1W

EJ FEFB1

EJ F

2.33 t/m
Load for shear
6.00 m

0.4

6.00 m

0.6 0.6

0.4

K ( Shear factor)
q

8.4 t
5.6 t

S.F.D Q=K * w L
q

5.6 t
8.4 t

EJ F

- -

2.96 t/m

Load for moment

6.00 m

-24

-9
+11

-4.44

6.00 m

-24 K
m ( moment factor)

+11

2
w L= 11.84
9

- 4.44

2
B.M.d M= wL /Km

9.7

9.7

EJ F

WEFB2E

W (for shear) = 1.74 t/m

W (for moment) = 2.22 t/m

KB2W
KEJ FG1 E

- -

17.5 t
2.55 t/m

Loads
35.35 t

17.5 t

5.00 m

4.00 m

5.00 m

35.35 t

35.35
22.6
5.1
S.F.D
5.1
22.6
35.35
B.M.d

144.88

8 mt

w L2
= 8 mt
8
Mmax= 144.88 + 5.1 =150 mt

5.1

EJ F

Design of R.C. Sections of BeamsWJ

K K

KEJ F

- -

EJ F

(Deflection)A-BEJ F
K

WEB-BFEA-AF

EJ F

- -

EJ F KEJ F EJ F

K (Neutral Axis)

EJ F

KEJ F

B-B

A-A

A-A
T

EJ F

EJ F F E
EEF(F

F T (T-shaped) T E
EJ

(L-shaped)L W
K(L-Section)>L

- -

WJ J

(Linear)

KEJ F

ft

fc
Stress diagram

Strain diagram

EJ F

Kf s

EJ J F

(M) EJ J F EJ J F EJ J F
K(Q)
Wd
- -

M
b

(4-1)
W

(Depth of R.C. Sec.)Zd

EEJ F&EJ FF

(f c) Z k1
KEJ F(f s)

KZB

f s,bf c f cuE

WW
f cu = 250 kg/cm2

f c = 80 kg/cm2

So, k1 = 0.253

and f s = 1400 kg/cm2

k 2= 1185

EJ Fd
WAs
(4-2)

M
d
2

From figure (5-21)

t = d +d
Where; d = 3 + /2 + (2.5 + /2) (n-1)

KZnW

WZZ(n)
d = 3 + /2 4 cm.

KEJ FK

- -

fc

fs / n

EJ F

EF LTWJ J

(Flanged Beam)
LTIK
KEJ FLT

K T

(Floor)K
KL

(B)

WLT

- -

WB
T

B = 12 ts + b
Or

B = L/3 (for simple beams)

Or

B = L/4.5 (for continuous beams)

(4-3)

LE

B = 4.5 t s + b
Or

B = L/6 (for simple beams)

(4-4)

Or

B = L/9 (for continuous beams)

t sKKZ

LKZ

M
B

B
ts

ts
d

As

As

bO
T - section

bO
L - section

EJ F

(Maximum B)W

KEJ FK

- -

6.30
L sec

T sec
bo

L sec

EJ F

LT

J WT

EF (Z)

EF (Z)

KEJ F

KTKEJ F

- -

B
z

ts

ts

z
d

bO

bO

EJ

W (neutral axis distance (z))

Z = 0 . 14

M
B

(4-5)

BK B (r)

WKBr

(4-5)

Br= r B

B/b0&ts/zK(r)EJ F

- -

(Br=r.B) (r)EJ F
B/b0
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
5.0

1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0

0.9
1.0
.99
.99
.99
.99
.99

0.8
.98
.98
.97
.97
0.97
0.97

0.7
.96
.95
.94
.94
.93
.93

ts/z
0.6
.92
.90
.89
.89
.88
.87

0.5
.88
.85
.83
.82
.81
.80

0.4
.82
.78
.76
.74
.73
.71

0.3
.76
.70
.67
.65
.63
.61

0.2
.68
.62
.57
.54
.52
.49

W
d =

M
1

:k1W
f c= 0.75fc

T = d + d

K f cW

K(t)

WT

M
d
2

Kf s , (f c)EJ Fk2W

(shear stress) (Check)

K

- -

W
LTE
K

(L)E

EF
K

Shear stressWJ J

(q) (shear forces (Q))

(Diagonal Tension) (T) (shear stress)

KEJ F

Wq

q =

Q
0 . 87 b d

Kg / cm2

T
q
q

q
q

T
EJ F

W
- -

KL E

E F E
KHKL

.WJ J

J J F K(Shear force diagram) (S.F.D) E

KE

WE

max

Q
0 . 87 b d

q maxK (Linearity) Q q W
K(Face of column)

K(7kg/cm2)E
KEJ F

- -

Q
Q

By concrete

S.F.D

st

7 kg/cm
q = 1: 1 q
st 3 2 max

Ab

q
max

EJ F

Kq maxE

n Ast
b s

I.e.

q stirrups =(: ) q max =

K(No. of branches of stirrups)ZnW

K(Area of bar of one branch of stirrups)ZA st

(A st = 0.503 cm2)W

KLZf s
(breadth of beam) Zb

KZs

- -

W(A sb)E

sb

Where;

b
s

A b = area from diagram of shear stress.

WJ J

EJ FB1

KEJ &J F

Design data:
L= Effective Span =6.0 m
Q max. +ve = 8.4

ton

Q max. ve = 5.6

ton

M max. ve = 11.84 t.m.

M max. +ve = 9.7

t.m.
kg/cm2

Assume f cu = 250

kg/cm2

f c = 90

f s =1400 kg/cm2
Therefore: Q Design =

8.4

ton

At Sec. 2-2 M ve =

11.84 t.m.

At Sec. 1-1 M +ve =

9.7

t.m.

From table k1 = 0.233

k2 = 1171
Design of Sec. 2-2

(Slab lies in Tension zone)

So design as a rectangular Sec.

- -

d =

10

= 0 . 233

11 . 84 10

20

= 56 . 7 cm

Take:

t = 60 cm
d act. = 56 cm

M 10
k d

act

11 . 84 10
1171 56

= 18 . 06

cm

Take 6 20 mm (18.8 cm2)

Check on section 1-1 (slab is in compression zone)
So design as a T section
B (breadth of flange) is taken the least of:
B = 12 t s + b = 12 10 + 20 = 140 cm
Or B = L/4.5 = 600/4.5 = 133.33 cm
Or B = : =450 cm
I.e. B =133.33 cm
Z = 0 .14

+ ve

9 .7 10

= 0 .14

133 .33

= 11 .94 cm

And

Z > t s > 10 cm
So: the sec. is actually T sec.
f c = 0.75 f c = 0.75 90 = 67.5 kg/cm2
Take f c = 70 kg/cm2
I.e.

k1= 0.279
k2= 1200
d act.= 56 cm

As at sec .1 =
Take 5 20 mm (15.7 cm2)

- -

M 10
k d

act

9 .7 10 5
= 14 .43 cm 2
1200 56

8.4 t

sec 2

255

max

8.62 kg/cm

Ab

st

45

3.6 m

x
2.4 m

5.6 t

7 kg/cm

EJ

Check of shear:

> 7 kg/cm

2 max .

8 . 4 10 3
=
= 8 . 62 kg / cm 2
0 . 87 20 56

Take stirrups 2 branches 5 8 mm/m

st

n Ast
b s

2 0.5031400
1 1
= 3.52 = ( : ) q
20 20
3 2 2 max.

bent

A b = b
A f
f

= (45

8.62 3.52 + 7 3.52

20
2
)
= 2.28 cm
2
1400

Take 2 20 mm (6.28 cm2 for more safety)

- -

KB1EJ F

B1
B1EJ F

KWJ
WE

KH{H{

KE

E
L

KE

F L E
KE

KLLE
KLE
KE

EF E
KL

- -

ELF

- -

K
E
K

K
K

K

K
K

- -

WJ
K

K

K
K

KEJ FK

KWJ

W
(i.e 0.05t or 0.05b) K{

KEF

- -

(Braced and un-braced column) WJ

(Shear walls)

K K
K

WEJ FW

(Shear wall A and B) Y

EF K X

KX(un-braced)Y(Braced)

EJ F

- -

WJ
( i = He/ i)( b=He/b)
KEJ F

WKZiW

i = 0.3b
for rectangular section
i = 0.25 D
for circular section
KDbW

EJ F

i
b
b

WJ
W
K E

F K

KE

KWJ J

KEF E
KEJ FK(Y)(X)

(B-3)EF E
K(A)

- -

EJ F
W(B-3)P E

KEAF E

K E

KE
K E

- -

Therefore; total load P of each floor is equal to:

P = W slab A + weight of beams + weight of walls + own weight of column
Where;
W slab = t s 2.5 + weight of flooring + Live Loads.
If
Weight of flooring = 150 kg/m2

t s = 12 cm,

and Live Loads = 300 kg/m2

So, W slab = 0.12 2.5 + 0.15 + 0.3 = 0.75 t/m2

Weight of beams = b t 2.5 L beams

KEZFZ b W
K(t = span / 10: 14) Z t

(A)Z L beams
K

Weight of walls = wall h wall t wall L walls

KZ wallW

KEFZ h wall

KEFZ t wall

F Z L

For example;
If wall = 1.2 t/m3;
t wall = 0.2 m

L walls = 6.0 m ;
h wall = 2.4 m

And, own weight of plaster = 50 kg/ m2 = 0.05 t/m2

i.e., Weight of wall = (1.2 0.2 + 0.05) 2.4 6.0 = 4.176 tons / floor
Own weight of column / floor = b c t c 2.5 h c
Where;
- -

walls

KE

E{F{{ZZb c
{{ZZt c

Zh c

WPc
Pc = total vertical load on column = N Pc/floor
KZNW
KZPc/floor

E F

KK
WJ
W

W E
t / b 5

and

h/b 5

ZbW

Zt
Zh

W E

andEF b = he / b 15 for braced columns

EF b = he / b 10 for un-braced columns

(buckling length of column)Zhe W

EEJ FF Z b

- -

WJ J

W(Fixed end)WE

KEJ FK

EJ F

WE
K(Partially restrained)

- -

WE
K

WE
K

EJ F = He / H0

EJ F
(Braced column)EJ FK

K(Un-braced column)EJ FK

(Braced column) = He / H0EJ F

(un-Braced column) = He / H0EJ F

- -

EFWJ
EF

K EF
Ke min.

e min = 0.05 t or 20 mms (Whichever is bigger)

P = fc0 Ac + 0.44 f y A sc

(6-1)

KEEJ FKf cu FZfc0

KZAc

KZf y
KZA sc

A sc = 1% AcW = A sc/Ac = 1%

EJ F W
K

WWJ J

WKZ
K(Mild steel 24-35)

KLZ(f cu)
Assume:

(total steel ratio) = 1% ;

f co = 60 kg/cm2

(for f cu =250 kg/cm2)

And

f y = 2800 kg/cm2

i.e.,

applying in equation (6-1)

So

1001000 = 60Ac + 0.440.01Ac2800 = 72.32 Ac

- -

Ac = 1382.27 cm2
b = breadth of column = 25 cm; Take
t =

1382 . 27
= 55 . 3 cm So
25

Take

t = 60 cm
A sc = 1% 2560 = 15 cm2
Choose 8 16 mm

KEJ F

EJ F

WJ
W
K E

KEJ FK E

KEJ F E

- -

EJ F

- -

EJ F

KEJ FK

- -

EJ F
KEJ FK

EJ F

- -

WEJ FK
D=

b +t

Minimum diameter

KZDW

KZ b
KZt

EJ F

WJ
{ E
{

KEJ FEJ F( i)( b)

E
K{

E
W

K
- -

KE
KE

KE

K E
K

KEJ F F
KEF

EJ F

WE
KEFE

KE

KE

KE

- -

K K E

KE

WJ J

WEFEJ F
(C5 ; C6)W

K (C5 ; C6) W

EJ F

- -

(L.L = 200 kg/m2)

KEJ F
ZK{Z

EFA5(C5)

EFA6(C6)

EJ F

- -

For column (C5):

Slabs:

W slab = t s c + flooring + L.L

= 0.12.5 +0.15 + .200 = 0.6 t/m2
Area (A5) = (3.0 + 1.0) (3.5/2) = 7 m2
loads from slabs = 0.67 + (0.12 -0.1) 2.5 (3.5/2) 3 = 4.463 tons
Beams:

L (of Beams) = (3.5/2) + 1 +3 +1 = 6.75 ms

O.W. of Beams = 0.2 (0.7 0.1) 2.5 = 0.3 t/m
loads of Beams = 6.75 0.3 = 2.025 tons.
Walls:

wall = 1.2 t/m3

O.W. of wall = 0.2 1.2 +0.05 (Plaster) = 0.29 t/m2
L (of Walls) = 1 + 3 + (3.5/2) +1 = 6.75 ms
h wall = 2.9 0.6 = 2.3 ms
loads of walls = 6.75 0.292.3 = 4.5 tons.
Columns:

assume column dimension = 20 60 cm

O.W. of column = 0.2 0.6 2.5 3 = 0.9 ton
Total load P on column C5 = (Pc5)
Pc5 (per one floor) = 4.463 + 2.025 + 4.5 + 0.9 =11.888 tons
Pt = 11.888 6 = 71.328 tons = 72.0 tons
For column (C6):

Slabs:

W slab = t s c + flooring + L.L

- -

= 0.12.5 +0.15 + .200 = 0.6 t/m2

Area (A6) = (2.5/2 + 2.0) (3.5/2 + 3.5/2) = 3.25 3.5 = 11.375 m2
loads from slabs = 0.611.375+ (0.12 -0.1)2.5(3.5/2)3.25 = 7.11 tons
Beams:

L (of Beams) = (2.5/2) + 2 +3.5/2 +2.5/2 +3.5/2 = 8.0 ms

O.W. of Beams = 0.2 (0.7 0.1) 2.5 = 0.3 t/m
loads of Beams = 8.0 0.3 = 2.4 tons.
Walls:

wall = 1.2 t/m3

O.W. of wall = 0.2 1.2 +0.05 (Plaster) = 0.29 t/m2
L (of Walls) = 8.0 ms
h wall = 2.9 0.6 = 2.3 ms
loads of walls = 8.0 0.292.3 = 5.336 tons.
Columns:

assume column dimension = 20 70 cm

O.W. of column = 0.2 0.7 2.5 3 = 1.05 ton
Total load P on column C5 = (Pc6)
Pc6 (per one floor) = 7.11 + 2.4 + 5.336 + 1.05 =15.896= 16 tons
Pt = 16 6 = 96 tons
Design of column C5:
Assume: f c0 = 60 kg/cm2

for

f y = 2800 kg/cm2
So;

f cu = 250 kg/cm2;
and A sc= 1 % Ac

Pc5 = Ac fc0 + 0.44 A sc f y

721000 = 60 Ac + 0.440.01Ac2800
= 60 Ac +12.32 Ac = 72.32 Ac
Ac = 72000/ 72.32 = 995.6 cm2
Take b = 20 cm
i.e.
- -

t = 995.6 /20 = 49.8 cm

Take column section = 20 50 cm

Area of required steel reinforcement (A sc) = 1/100 2050 = 10 cm2
Take 6 16 mm (A sc = 12.1 cm2)
Use stirrups 5 8 mm/m

. C5 ( -)

C5 ( -)
Design of column C6:
Assume: f c0 =60 kg/cm2
f y = 2800 kg/cm2
So;

f cu = 250 kg/cm2;

for

and A sc= 1 % Ac

Pc6 = Ac fc0 + 0.44 A sc f y

961000 = 60 Ac + 0.440.01Ac2800
= 60 Ac +12.32 Ac = 72.32 Ac
Ac = 96000/ 72.32 = 1327.4 cm2
Take
i.e.

b = 20 cm

t = 1327.4 /20 = 66.4 cm 70 cm

Take column section = 20 70 cm

Area of required steel reinforcement (A sc) = 1/100 2070 = 14 cm2

- -

Take 8 16 mm (A sc = 16.1 cm2)

Use stirrups 5 8 mm/m

. C6 ( -)

C6 ( -)

WJ
WEJ F

(C1-C2-C3-C4-C7)

K(C1-C2-C3-C4-C7)

- -

KK

K
E

K
K

E
E

K

K
K

- -

WJ
K

K K
K

Shallow

F K foundation

KKDeep foundation

WJ
K

WK
KKK

WJ
F
KE
K (Strip footings)

W
(

K (Spread footings)

K (Combined footings)

KK

- -

KK(Raft foundations)

(Design of Strip footings)WJ

KEJ F

K B K

K B b
K(Reinforcement)(Thickness)

K(D f)(q all.)

(7-1)

PT =
1

all

KZPW

KZPT

KELZLZFZ a
KZD f

(Gross allowable bearing stress of the soil)Zq all

KPT

B1.0 = PT / q all

(7-2)

- -

KBEJ F

EJ F

- -

WWJ J

((PT-P)/B) (PT/B)

WF netK

F net = P /B

(7-3)

K Double Cantilever

(7-4)

S = (B-b) / 2

W
S = (B-b/2) / 2

(7-5)

EJ F
2

M = F net S / 2

(7-6)

K
WQ b

Q b = F net S

(7-7)

K(Bond stress)
- -

K
K

E F

FK

K E

KK

EJ F EJ F

W = Pc / S c

(7-8)

KZWW
KZPc

KZSc

(Strip

KK footing)
K

WJ J

KL

KKL{{K
K

- -

EJ F

=
1

a D
q all

=
f

20
= 25 t / m
2 1 .0
1
10
B= 25/10 =2.5 m
Concrete Section:
F n = 20/2.5 = 8 t/m

S = (B b/2)/2 = (2.5 - 0.3/2)/2 = 1.175 m

M = F n S2/2 = 8 (1.175)2/2 = 5.523 t.m. /m
Q b = F n S = 8 1.175 = 9.4 t/m
Assume: f c = 60

kg/cm2

f s = 1400 kg/cm2
k1 = 0.313
k2 = 1217
- -

d = k1

M
5.523 105
= 0.313
= 23.26cm
b
100

d min = b or 25 cm
Take d = 30 cm
t = 30 + cover = 30 +5 = 35 cm

2
5 .523 100000
M
=
= 15 .127 cm
1217 30
k2 d

Take 8 16 mm/m (16.1 cm2)

< 10 kg /cm2 (safe)

9.41000

q = 0.87d oo oo = 0.8730(8 1.6) = 8.96

b

As 0.2 % Ac = 0.2 % 30100 = 6 cm2

As = 5 16 (min. Reinforcement)

EJ F
- -

FL{K{

KE .

EJ F

Design of long beam

Load per meter = 40/5 = 8 t/m

max

W l

12

85
12

= 16 .67 m.t

Choose b = 40 cm

d = k1
Take

- -

M
16.67100000
= 0.313
= 64.3cm
b
40
t = 75 cm

and

d = 68 cm

As =

2
M
16.67 100000
=
= 20.13cm
1217 68
k2 d

Choose

8 18 mm

Shear

Q = 20 ton

kg /cm2 q =
Choose

20 1000
= 8 .45
0 .87 40 68

4 branches 8 mm @ 15 cm Stirrups
2

kg /cm

stirr

4 0.5031400
= 4.67
15 40

The rest to be resisted by four (4) bent up bars 18 mm

Design of slab:

8
8
=
= 12 . 0 t / m
1 .2 2
2/3
1
7 .2
B = 12 / 7.2 = 1.67 1.7 m
F net = 8 / 1.7 = 4.7 t/m
S = (1.7 0.4) / 2 = 0.65 m
M = 4.7 (0.65)2 /2 = 0.993 m.t/m
Q b = 4.70.65 = 3.055 t/m

d = k1

M
= 0 . 313
b

0 . 993 100000
100

= 10 cm

For rigidity requirements take t = 20 cm

d act = 17 cm

=
s

M
0.993 100000
=
= 4.8cm 2 / m
k2 d
1217 17
Take

kg./cm2(safe)

A s min = 6 14 mm / m

3.055 1000
Q
=
= 7.83 < 10
0.87 d o o o o 0.87 17 (6 1.4)
- -

As 0.2 % Ac = 0.2 % 20100 = 4cm2

As = 5 12 mm/m (min. Reinforcement)

KEJ F

EJ F

- -

Design of Spread Footings WJ

K K
EJ FK

Two Way Footings E

One Way FootingsE

EJ F

K
KK
WK

- -

(L - l) = (B - b)

(7-9)
W

A = L B = PT/q all

(7-10)

q all = P T / (L B)
(7-11)
B L EJ F EJ F
Or

EJ F PT KE F

FKEJ Fqall E
KE

EJ F PT E

PT K

K(B,L)

EJ F
- -

KKEJ F

W
Section a -a:

(7-12) M

2
P L l
=
/ 2 +
b
A 2

P
24 A

(2

B + b

)(L

(B b ) L l
2
l

/ 3

)2
Section a- a:

(7-13) M

P
24 A

(2

L + l

)(B

)2

W
Section a -a:
(7-14) M

P
L

(L

)2

/ 8

(7-15) M

P
B

(B

)2

/ 8

KEJ FEJ F
K

KK

WQ b
- -

Fn=P/A

(7-16)

WQ b
For section a -a:
Q b = (B + b) (L - l) F n

(7-17)
For section a- a:

Q b = (L + l) (B - b) F n

(7-18)
Punching Depth WJ J

(L B) (l b)

K (Direct Shear)

KLq PK

KEJ F

EF
WK

(7-19)

2 2

= P Fn b + d l + d
P
3 3

- -

(7-20) q P =

QP
2 d (l + b + 1 .33 d )

EJ F

WJ J

K {K

EFL{

- -

EJ F

Footing Dimensions:

=
1

P
a

D
q all

=
f

100
= 112 . 9 ton
2 1
1
17 . 5

A = 112.9 / 17.5 = 6.452 m2

B=

A = 2.54 = 2.55m
Concrete Sections:

M=

P
(2B + b)(L l )2 = 100 2 (5.1 + 0.45)(2.55 0.45)2 = 15.683m.t
24 A
24 (2.55)

Q b = (B + b) (L - l) F n = (2.55 + 0.45) (2.55 -0.45) 15.38 = 24.221 ton

Q
- -

2 2

= P Fn b + d l + d
P
3 3

d = 0 . 313

15 . 683 10 5
= 49 cm But
(45 + 20 )

Take d =50 cm

Q P = 100

100
2.55 2

&

t = 55 cm

2
2

0.45 + 0.5 0.45 + 0.5 = 90.564ton so,

3
3

QP
90 . 564 10 3
=
= 5 . 78 kg / cm
2 d (l + b + 1 . 33 d ) 2 50 (45 + 45 + 66 . 7 )

qP =

M
15.68 10 5
2
As = k 2 d = 1217 50 = 25.75cm
Choose 13 16 mm

Q
24.221 1000
=
= 8.57 < 10kg / cm2
0.87 d o o o o 0.87 50 (13 1.6)
Footing is 2.55 2.55 0.55 (13 16 in each direction)

EJ F
K

- -

EJ F

K E F

K L {
KEq p = 8 kg/cm2FK

- -

A = P / F all.net = 150 / 20 = 7.5 m2

Choose L = 3.0 m , B = 2.5 m

EJ F

M aa =

P
(2 B + b )(L l )2 = 150 (5 . 3 )(2 . 25 )2 = 22 . 36 t .m
24 A
24 7 . 5

M a a =

P
(2 L + l )(B b )2 = 150 (6 .75 )(2 .2 )2 = 27 . 225 t .m
24 A
24 7 . 5

Q b a-a = (B + b) (L - l) P/A = 150/7.5(2.8) (2.25) = 31.50 ton

Q b a-a = (L + l) (B - b) P/A = 150/7.5(3.75) (2.2) = 41.25 ton
Concrete Sections;
d = 0 . 313
- -

22 . 360 10 5
= 66 . 16 cm
(30 + 20 )

t = 70 cm

M
22.360 10 5
=
= 28.24cm 2
Choose 15 16 mm As =
k2 d
1217 65
M
27.225 10 5
=
= 35.5cm 2
Choose 18 16 mm As =
k2 d
1217 63

Q
41.25 103
qb = 0.87 d o o o o = 0.87 63 (18 1.6) = 8.36 < 10kg / cm2 (Safe)
Q p = 150-20(0.3+0.44)(0.75+0.44) = 132.4 ton

qP =

QP
132 . 4 10 3
=
= 5 . 04 < 8 kg / cm 2 ( Safe )
2 d (l + b + 1 . 33 d ) 2 65 (75 + 30 + 97 )

EJ F

- -

WJ
K E

K L { K
K

E
K

K E F E

{KL

KL{

K E
K E

{L{K

E
K

K { E

{K {

KE FKL

E
K

- -

(References)
1) BS 8110 1985

2) CP 110 , 1972
3) Jack C. McCormack Design of Reinforced Concrete Fourth Edition
Copyright 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
4) James G. Macgregor Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design
Third Edition 1997 Prentice-Hall, Inc.
K E
KJ
K E
7) M. Hillal Fundamentals of reinforced and pre-stressed concrete Dar ElNashr Cairo 1992.
8) Reynolds, C.E and Steadman, J.C Reinforced Concrete Designers
Handbook 9th Edition. -1981.
9) Robert Park and William L. Gamble. Reinforced Concrete Slabs
Second Edition John Wiley & Sons Inc 2000.
10) Shaker El-Behairy, Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook Part I , II
and III Fifth Edition Dar-El-Nashr-Cairo 1998.

- -

(Principals of Structural Analysis)W

WJ
WJ J
WJ J
WJ
WJ
EFWJ J
WJ
WJ J
WJ J
WJ
WJ J
WJ J J
EFWJ J
WJ
(Loads on Structural Elements)W

WJ

(Dead loads)J J

WJ J J

WJ J J

(Live loads)WJ J

WJ J J

EFWJ J J
J
(Working Loads)WJ J
(Ultimate loads)WJ J
(Structural Analysis)W

WJ

WJ

WJ J

WJ J

WJ

(Straining Actions)WJ

WJ

EFW
(Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs)

WJ

WJ

WJ J

WJ

WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ

WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ

WJ

WJ

WJ

WJ

W
(Design of Reinforced Concrete Beams)

WJ

WJ

WJ

WJ J

WJ

WJ

WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ

WJ J

L&TWJ J
WJ J

WJ J

WJ J

WJ

W
(Design of Reinforced Concrete Columns)

WJ

WJ

WJ

WJ

WJ

WJ J

WJ

EFWJ

WJ J

WJ

WJ

WJ J

WJ

(Design of Foundation)W

WJ

WJ

WJ

WJ

WJ J

WJ J

WJ

WJ J

WJ J

WJ

(References)

EF

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