Trigeminal neuralgia most commonly involves the middle branch (the maxillary

nerve or V2) and lower branch (mandibular nerve or V3) of the trigeminal nerve,[6]
but the pain may be felt in the ear, eye, lips, nose, scalp, forehead, cheeks,
teeth, or jaw and side of the face.
The trigeminal nerve is a mixed cranial nerve responsible for sensory data such
as tactition (pressure), thermoception (temperature), and nociception (pain)
originating from the face above the jawline; it is also responsible for the motor
function of the muscles of mastication, the muscles involved in chewing but not
facial expression

but newer leading research indicates that it is an enlarged blood vessel - possibly
the superior cerebellar artery - compressing or throbbing against the
microvasculature of the trigeminal nerve near its connection with the pons. Such
a compression can injure the nerve's protective myelin sheath and cause erratic
and hyperactive functioning of the nerve. This can lead to pain attacks at the
slightest stimulation of any area served by the nerve as well as hinder the
nerve's ability to shut off the pain signals after the stimulation ends. This type of
injury may rarely be caused by an aneurysm (an outpouching of a blood vessel);
by an AVM (arteriovenous malformation);[12] by a tumor; by an arachnoid cyst in
the cerebellopontine angle;[13] or by a traumatic event such as a car accident.