COEFFICIENTS VERSUS NRe

1
Laminar

III
Turbulent

II
Transition

105

104

SPHERES
DISKS

103
CD

CYLINDERS

102

10

1.0

0.1
10-4

10-3

10-2

10-1

10
NRe

102

103

104

105

106

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Reynolds, T. D., and P. A. Richards. Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental
Engineering. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS Publishing Company, 1996.

SETTLING ZONE
V
INLET

vo

OUTLET ZONE
ZONE e
SLUDGE ZONE

Zones of a rectangular, horizontal, continuous-flow sedimentation basin.

2V
1/2 H

2V

v
vo

Reduced tank depth does not increase removal ratio.

V
1/2 H

v
1/2 v0

Intermediate
Tray

1/2 H

Tray in tank provides added floor area & increases solids removal
Figure by MIT OCW.
Adapted from: Camp, T. R. "Studies of Sedimentation Basin Design." Sewage and Industrial Wastes
25, no. 1 (1953): 1-12.

EFFECT OF PARTICLE AGGLOMERATION ON SETTLING

Settling

Zone

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Camp, T. R. "Studies of Sedimentation Basin Design." Sewage and Industrial Wastes
25, no. 1 (1953): 1-12.

EFFECT OF TURBULENT DIFFUSION ON SETTLING

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Camp, T. R. "Studies of Sedimentation Basin Design." Sewage and Industrial Wastes
25, no. 1 (1953): 1-12.

Apparatus For Quiescent Settling Analyses

Siphon

h2

Cock

Constant Temperature water bath

h5

Sample of Suspension

Portion for
concentration test

Sample of
suspension
5

Sludge

Figure by MIT OCW. Adapted from Camp, T. R., 1946. Sedimentation and the
design of settling tanks. Transactions ASCE. Vol. 111, Pg. 895-936.

R1

h1

Sampling Ports

h1

h2
Isopercent Removal Curves

h3

DEPTH

h2
40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

h3
h4
R5

R4

h4

R2

R3

0.5 m

150 mm

h5
t1

t2

t3

t4

t5

TIME

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: G. Tchobanoglous, F. L. Burton, and H. D. Stensel. Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Reuse. 4th ed. Metcalf & Eddy Inc., New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2003, p. 369.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: MWH, J. C. Crittenden, R. R. Trussell, D. W. Hand, K. J. Howe, and G. Tchobanoglous.
Water Treatment: Principles and Design. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2005, p. 781.

RECTANGULAR SETTLING TANK

Sludge hoppers

Influent

Sludge
Drawoff

Drive motor

Skimmer

Chains

Scraper board

Scum

Scum
A

Effluent troughs

Effluent

Scum box

Plan

Drive

Skimmer
WS

Influent

Effluent
Sprockets

Chains

Scraper board

Sludge
Drawoff

Sludge hoppers

Longitudinal Section

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Reynolds, T. D., and P. A. Richards. Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental
Engineering. 2nd ed. Boston, MA: PWS Publishing Company, 1996, p. 249. ISBN: 0534948847.

Flocculator

Clarifier
Corner
blade

Baffle

Walk way
Influent
channel

Blades
Effluent pipe

Weir

Rake arm

Cage Blade

Influent pipe

Sludge pocket
Drive Unit

Chain

Effluent
channel

Guide
plate

Flash mixer
Chamber

Counter weight

Paddle

Sheaves
Corner blade

Stuffing box
Sprocket
Chain
Dry well
Gear
motor

PLAN

Handrail
Diffuser
Water level
Concrete pier

Turntable

Cage

Top of tank

Rake arm
Flow
Baffle

Sludge discharge pipe

Flocculator & square sedimentation tank for water clarification, illustrating ceoss-flowoperation.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Droste, R. L. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

Influent pipe

Effluent
Flume

Collection Trough

Bridg

Scraper Arm

Rotation

Flocculation Skirt

Mixer

Water level

Collection trough
with submerged
orifaces

Effluent flume
Flocculation zone
Settling zone

Settling zone

Inlet port

Flocculator-clarifier provides mixing, flocculation, & sedimentation in a compartmented concentric circular tank.
Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Droste, R. L. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Droste, R. L. Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment.
Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1997.

Figure by MIT OCW.

Adapted from: Binnie, C., M. Kimber, and G. Smethurst. Basic Water Treatment. 3rd ed.
Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.