PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW (BERNAS) ReviewerQUPTERY THE NATURE OF INTERNATIONAL LAWY ‘Whats International Lan? “OA Eady of rules end principle of sction hice CGrilaedstatesin their ftatientaane encther |S Ala wich dest wih the conuct ofthe states and of ternational Gygentetiaeoné wither retaions Inter ae. ex wells with ame of ‘her relations ehpersone, whether stra sf Jogieal 1 binding upan Scope of tcrnational Lane ‘Regulation of spec exoections Girton af the ocean lor Protection ofan igh nagement of iterntisnal financial ters Regubbonof the eneranment Prevention of peace te International Law 2 Law? ‘Thelin Mh probably the cove that almast ll nations bce. ll Principles of finational law end smeet all thai ebtgetions ‘Stl of theme (3 Brerlye Te timate esplanation of the birting free of alt Litt any whether he iss single individual o wither he aoc War Ghee men in 9 state, eonsuined, nos (ar as Bee Feasenetla beng orl that order and not chaos ie the garni principe of the wrk sabi hes Some Theories about Internationa! Law Command Theory | Ausine Law estat of com mane iginting ram soversign and backed up by thrests of sanatien If ebevee International Law is no tae bexstae it eoes nol Shi fiue a cartecndet sees ‘Corser Tarary | interastinsl Uw derives bing fares fram Oe ferment a states “Teestiet-expeesion of consent (ustom-roluntary adherence tecarmen practices, Issue a exraaion of rereent Tatural Law Theory | Lewis derive by reason ram the nature of man Iruerntienal leappication of metal reston 12 the mvtureet the aste-persoe wexmsor Caatarary (aww are requried ar generally Scoepted pines of lav are fact am enprenson fea ices wea aut Tricrnational ew'2. combination of pall, morality and welinveret iceen “uncer the trcesereevat Legal a international wt lam becniae acon a7 aah by Fragman Theor Pubic International Law v. Private International Law [ube inte rmstions! Law ([Retstioas fuecssucnslioe | leciecia gs Colic afbaas (Caverns the relations etween nd | Oarestic Lew whch dele wth Came mang tates and azo their relies | where foreign lw states in Oe Sith ierretions| orgeneatiore and | comestie sphere where. there a Individual pesos fprctuons ofthe’ apalicaulty af Foreign law the Toke of foreign [fists temas aw GAPTER2 — SOUREES OF INTERNATIONAL LANE What Souress ae Dometic Lave found atetu boos andincallections of court desis \lacsfieations of Sources Tr formal snurces_vvins processes by which rues come int existence (S besation 2. stetslsnurees- tei hat he biter are ‘2 Sate practice ured decisions Busco tg of jars ‘Art 18(1)oF the Statute ofthe international Court of Justice 1. Inernational convertions-eiteblhing russ expres recogni’ by artenting tate 2. Inernstionleuom-eviderce of egener practice accepted 15 Law 3 General prints af tw ec ogrient by esi tions 4. Sooty means fr cetersinsion rules ave “iin ceckione EL Teachings of theme highly qulifedpubticins,Restatement of Foreign Relations Law af the US 1. CastamaryLae E. itremtchd gem 3 General principles common tothe jor legal pater Sources of ternational Law 1 Gata 4. Generally rcoprisnd principal law 2 Treaties 5 Judicial deine E ntemations agreements Tahinge of irquslifeepubliciss Canter or Customary Law "3" A general ane casstnt practice of states followed by them from ee af egal obligation > florets ants Braces of tte at Si ourstow my be clther short er Tong; not the mont ipa element, b. Consbtency-centinuity and repetition © Generally of the practice of states-unitourity ond (Senay of practic newt not be eamplate But Hust fenbuant pic Aiba that x cerin frm of bea gear Dizentng stter: subsequent contary practice © Gisenting sige we Bow by custom unless they had orcntnlly jected tot wide the canann wen reel in the proceso! feraaton TOS tes peartte that ster praeton har bean scented a en, contary poctoe magn aree Eee ofc rte opi Dipti correpandence © Satemensof novana nedersand plicl vier Conduet af tater Iratant Casco Gd spontenmous activity of» great unber af states sappaning specie Lie of action The terters Clase Units complete code of laws of war has been inued, inhabitants (@belietents are protected der the ale om the prinepies af the Ln of ations 2 thy ezadt fom: useges of civilized peopl, laws af homity pub eons 2. Peycekopical or Lbjective acter why they baw the wy they a ‘Tresties "9" Determine the rights and duties of sates jest ax invdual hts are ‘eerie! by contacts > Binsing arc cares fen the voluntary decision af soversign tates ta ‘lligatetheaelve to a rodeo! beherat Treatiesand Custom I thetrestyifntended to be declaratory of cuntmary lan, it may be ean a erilence af ewiomary ae ‘eterence to trees tan be ncestive also of adherence ta practice Sop jr treaty Cares tater than a parila custom westy should prevail Wa latte uenty fr contrny to's custmary rie thet fe the satu of (i oper castor wil pteratl “Trelater costar, bring he expsion of later wil, should eval 4 trecty i aid iat the tene of ts eomelign, ik conics with carpe nee gtaral iterntiona La Precirotry nerm of general iteration ta =x nom accepted and ecogrized by tne ineratitnal community af States ses wicle 22 fev fem which no dorapetian ie purmited tnd whieh can Be [lefed only by subsequent ner of general ternational ving the re Character doe eee es. Genera Pincoles af Law Recognized by Civilized Nations ‘9 This heseterence ta preps f municipal aw ceruan ta the legal stro he wet Judicial Decisions ‘Sacre af the court have ne Binding free except betmesn the Dares adn respecte thet particular ae > Bocnnmeda nat nelle tere decal > Dstibions af the fal ae not nly regards as highly perseive in ‘areal els bat they have ls ent uted Yo he fore stion [Fprncpos that have boro interac Lor “Teachings of Nighy Qualied Writers and *Publicets™ ‘9 "Publicis “institutions ntich writecn internation! te fo Thelhterratienalmmiesian BL The tia ce Dr lternationat teatime! Law dscacaton ‘S.Restaermsntof Foreign Rotations Lawof the US ‘2 Annual pubtiewtion of the Hague AxsdemafInernstionalLw"Sen accepting, an instrument whersky conventional ar customary aurea be supplemented oracaliied in ede to achive ition | nere 2 patra have sumed en Mental or a reciprocal ciation, Ore pap whch i gaged ino eorlimang oar-prfareanee a thal blgsir shold ot ped tobe vantage es srl ner ermaneaf that dalgaton by ie ahr ‘he Cee sracegnan ot equ par of atl lw 0 2 way restric by he special power conferred upon it toi a cave Se eeguo et hora ithe portneagree theresa (> ings of tautye 1 ner fegerwthe the awe thea i adagned tobe facts te case 2. Brewter legen beyand tn ew used tefl the gene the Loe 3. Canta egers- agua the Lave esa to apy Une lw wht seen Sinker tier Supplementary Evidence TUR Rescate generally considered merely recanmendtory bt i ‘hey are supportecby all the sine, they are a expres of oping jetomennt 2. Sof Law"*Netenty Agreements": intrnatiensl sprenmants not Conclated ae treatiet and therefore nat covered Py tie Wena (Expentian nthe Law of Treaties “oAdrnetie Rules~gude the practice of states in elation tinerstianal ergsrizations OUPTER] — THELAWOF TREATIES ‘Yortous names of Trestice i Comentios e Covenants ¢Prlacals 5. locks veer 8 beets Shanes concorest 1949 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties "> Gaveir reves rinnen sates 3 Entmed intoforcesm January 100 Definition of Frestice (3 for ioernstional agreement conclade between Sates in writen form ‘aud govemned by imeinatondt ew, whether embodied in single ‘atranant or 2 or moe ralsed metrinents and whatever Mt particular evgnation Even oral epretment can be bing, however. ofty written ‘Sprerunis that ate fw, come Under the provetane of the Viera | Ghorarlor atic to make binding 1. carnitine ae veryspect 2 Thereviera clear venti be Bo hamioe Functions of Trestice ee Sourersot ternational ow EL Charteretiteratisnalarganzatens (6 Used ta tremifer tertory, regulate carmercsl relations, settle Anputer protect human igh guarantee vestnente Ditferent kinds of Trenties "MuttisteralTrestog | Open ta all sates of the ward: Cresta the nares hichare the bas for x gormrales oe Gan ether be Cociication Trenties er “Law Waking Testes" or bol “Treaties that area] Operate bvaugh theerganral dierent iat Collaborative 1 aiveraleeape echontm, 2. Regan ‘ioteral Treaties —] Tre nature of contacto agretrnnts wich eresie shored expectations auch tad agreements a ‘sto or; “Contre Treain™ The aking Tenis ‘Negatatibofreanintie, lotic eanterences 2 toner enegaucie ‘S athenteatera text-sigung of the documents 0 tha states wl know {Be corcens eve meundersancing 4. Croent sabe bund 3. Simature 3. Exehonge of srurents © Rauteston 4. pecrptnee 3. Accson tg woaty—sates which id mot panto in the itil regiistienmay espe ther exon oe End 4s, 2elerationr niaieatsalsmant hones pire. ned, made by 2 State, when signing, railyng, sccepling, spproring or acceding to = teeny. wierey tpusprts to bcclude ex fo my the lel fet of ‘calpain of tre say in thee copiation ithe Sate 7. Emu ito force of testiee- date agreed or ence earent Sven (But provsionateppliationean sbocpaiyr 8. Applestone! retin oP PACT SUNT SCRVANTA~erery treaty in foro BONG Lpen the pies admit be PEAT G2NED yt 00 TT seny may HOT ORE IRTERRAL LAW a jstfestion for ts folureta perormetreaty « Rebbadingopon each pr pin cerpec of tsente terior nls « Cire itetion spars the reay or theives abies buspretin of Westin 3 Daective spprosch-interpetation scearing ta the ertnary irmaring the rc, 2 Aproval Aenean 4p Other messitso spendbe. Telectesieal approseh—intrpretation aeearging to the tales oe Suecestian to Testiee exec the testy ‘lean Slate Rul nenty sndcpenent state is nat bot to maintain in ce. [abject appresthhenrs sprint meaningsivenby the parties force arto bacae © pty tovany testy by reason omy of te fact ttt the date of the accession of stirs, he eaty wasn force in respect of vaiity WF Tresioe the teetarytowhion the sueceson of sate relates 1. Errarrelaes tea fact oraituaton which was anime thet State to feta the ime ahem he ret was corel ah forma 2. Rend Sint hesbecw einndtocanclade a Westy LGIAPTER 4 ACTERSATIONAL LAW AMD MUNICIPAL La 2. Coruptio of Repreventatve ofa State 4. Coercon ols Repeater et sate Dusen. Man 5. orton ofa Sate by the teat er eof force 8. Welatin of in gars oeay vod et the lime of tzcanchaion, Tamcpal eer e ‘teonten witha weerplory sor of genera internsticnal lw DARE ar Wraded of ea] Wester ane ciao Plaratia Theory usta or at | grow song aes Amendment and Mesifcation of Treaties tegietion "D> divert -fermal rein done withthe particastin, at least ts | “when Resulates volts | Regulates — lati age, bya the pasties tothe reaty international nd ieee vide | betes tats | Nectieation~awalvesonly sore partes mune law are peters under the in conc, Bele “Termination of Trestes Municipal Law [A tater | Law af saverign| Law Betwao "B Terminateder suspended accerdng tothe teers af the teaty crwth | mantprevall | sutataner | ereringividals "| soversignstciss ‘he cermentot the parties nie — a | Two thers 1. Material feeseh IMonistic Theory | "A Municipal Lew sutures and is superior to ‘2 Reputintion of the treely not sanctioned by the present ‘ternational tow Cermention sintznationatanc| 8, lntemational lw is superior to Domestic Lew 1 Viltion of = provision exentil to the accomplishment of the | unscpallaue| pupotedlby Keven bye t puree tery Eating to only 2. Superymingimpesib iyo Performance ne sytem oft Semrminginersiyet francs seurton of ” Sncbject parecer thecweeatiom at the weaty ‘unicipgLLaw in itematianal Law 2. Rebunsicstontioae Fale the dats Gedian aed Blocks ames Low fram enka into 2 Teeulted ix radical transformation of the extent of the theinternauonal seve bligations imposed by 1, may. uncer carla caters, + ATG htt fas wolated 2 provision of intestinal low cannot ford ‘the perly affected 2 ground for inching ie hunt tatty cate to ts coment ewe Tesminatic saperiono the weet) Ee hich hes entered ina on intestinal epesment mat tmatiy ts low to mek tcanform tothe opreerent Procecire for the Termination of Treaties " 1 NG) har ste fern apd ewe prepsaed International Lwin Domestic Law 2. Mma cbection carry au he meus propezcd ‘Sew eos ueratieral ew bac part af dereste aw fee duit? 3. artheretean abjectun, flow at 33 te paecrmcteee Ok mat be evpresly and specifically tranfermed it Authority to Terminate ommatic Tow trash, the eppropiste. anathainal Se Elekerto the one who hae suthority tomer into the trey inochiery uch esanectot Congiear Pestoment| 1 InthePhitipanes authority to concluge estes snared between the co Trento dona earns prt ol the leaf al ues iit Stnate and te Present cemented toby the state 2. Bockine al Icorperslicn fo They became parte thetaw af the tend|} Plignines adheres tothe ait Ueery snl a the same ie adept te ear protien thery and ere ets international law prt of Somerton “Intemational Low can be uned by Philippine courts to sete domestic depen 9 ET Sec. 1 of the Corstiuton: nly eastomary lw apd trent: inhi have become porto castmmary low become part af Pilipsine Gwby scaparton Confit between Iternotional Low ns Dest Law internation Rule F" Geter emimiernatienalwibunaly state may nat plead fs own la ss an excise fo fale taeomly ith intentional a > Creepin art 46 af Verma Comrenion in caves here the ‘onuilutional vielstion war mamfert and concerned 2 re ef Hs ‘ternal lof Fundamentat importance > Hate = abjectively evieant to any Site candeting tel! in the smatuerinaccoeance Witnemal patie pd in goed th Confit ety cew ternational Law nd Dometic Law Munciat Pale SS Geeneti curs rebound topyly te lea awe 3 Should 2 confit svise betwee an intematonel agreement end the {Clnuttations the eaty would nat be vlad and peat a ares tow HEE 8 Sec. Sof the Contitution eoplictly recagrizes the power ofthe Suprerue Cocrt ta cect a treaty uncoetona: howe eve if decloes unconthctianl, de treaty wil et loves chara ‘nternatoe lw CAPTERS — SUIJECTSOF INTERMATIONAL LAW “STATES Sulsjeets af Imteratiansl Law entities endowed wih rigs and olson in the international order acl possessing the capacity to take certain his of isn onthe internation plane "> "These with international perinalty (Gajects of Itzenational Law-thoze who incivecty have rights under ar are (tire af nena vr tirsughssspects af inenatonaltor Stator- predominant actor: community of persons mare of lous numerous. erranendy occupying a eefiie por tert error. eendet of eet Fenual and possesion an arganied goveenment ta which the great boay of inhabitants ender atta cocina Commencement of thir isto "P"Sute, 2a pean of htemationl ow, shuld pases the {long juices (onteides Convention cj 118 ong ond Duties of io Fonmanent populaton-PLOFLE $2 comunity of persons ‘ifort in Raber and capable of saaaia the perranest Sst conmy nd beg by cen bod 12. Defined terrtory-an antty may sty this requtement een if ius bouncer ies hare nat boon inaly seed, A oe of rte a Devaar: sre cupid, ef sme of is tani i elened By other ate Ta ene eas ret nacanarly case ts ke state even if alte lerrilary hes Beem occunied bye foreion pawer or FH hos ‘theraive tant contre Re terttery temporary 3. Government tintin or anpragate ef iin: by vb 22 Independent aciey makes cree oat Uwe ules facta trhichare arcnanp to nate eta ve sy cel sate = “ites the Mational Government that has east perapesity and if {uch at is anal inelie reprise forthe nein af be ‘pencies and esruerales of Ue take = Temporary steer af government doce ral Leminale the eitence ofa rte 4. Gaoxcty to enter into relations with ether Seater SBNEREINTY Sirdepencince torn utsidecontal Principle of Self-determination sovereignty a2 an element of state ‘velaias but ro feria to this princple By wrt of ts, pape fenty determine tilt palteel sitiz and fresly purus’ tie Seana, sel and utara evelopment Levelsaf esi te Self determination ". Eablisment of New State-the claim by a group within an ests sat ts Leak avy ae farm re entity (Goesnet invotve Catalin ment of New State-senpy valves claims “Tote fr remetieral eoerien Bh Tosverthrow effective rulers and eatttsh a new govetrenent—the suerte! therightof revelation Of people within amenity abe given autoncery 3 lntermsttanal lan hes nok secegnoed 4 right of secesion from = Uegitatedy existing state Recognitian af States=the act of acknomteczing the capacity af an entity 12 Secret righe belonging tovtatchond naa or eteteercatee reer‘an an saity aim to bea state before ti recegniced by ether states? Declaratory Theory “Carat ve Tear TRESGTon e avely "GeelraEO" oF | PECSGWToN "ears SEE Tie being 4 Fale Geoencs whan Wa] Te hel cues a vie a cae and possession of he required clement cosfars legal perch on the eliey Sie may Gece 18 Tecan a amuty aa sate even if R cows Rok have alltheslewentsofastate Recognition of Cavernment-act of acknowledging the capacity af an enlity ta Sanne pavntsct government ofa sie "Sra chore mm guecrenem. non exiting state comes about thresh ‘rdinary national procetce © recognition by ebvere comes 8 “omgguence of Recognitions Nop Reception "3 Agersmnmments ane recagriel oie heressed prestige ancstbiiy 2° Decrsolfuncng agencies are opened BL amare fected © secee ta foreign eurts andinmnaniy rom auitare sine G._ lity and ancl asistance aacoene wii reach (3 Abvance of feral eeagntien bars av eniy tam sil eve Bena rat lest, scaoeta them ray be sapere (> AGaisienof a avernmemt to the UN ars Pat masa recognition by at ‘ermbers but only te extent o the actvtierat the organiza |B Retoprtion ofa tepine i formated hen another regis i rowyierd Succemonf States A The new siste succeets to oa rights or obligstiors of the preeoceucrsistebst begin withe tabula rose 0, tear ate sumer all cobgetinny snd joys ll the rights of the presecesor esos on Suceesron of Seater 1 Succession fo terrteryonhen a site succeeds apotter state with Bartels tertiary. the capecties, ahs. and ces of "the Drecscem ats with vxpest ta that teeiery terminate red are sumed bythe sucresor state 2. Tdmeenion to state property (We [sweet a agreement between Drececeno and tccesier sates 3. Excceon te camacts-this is subject tw agreement between the ntesconcerned 2 Responsitity forthe public abt ofthe predeceasr, and ght and slgstins under tacontractaremsin wi the pedecesar state Bot uubjectta ceria exersions 4. Sxcenian to testes ‘a mectrg Testy Rule ¥ Woving Boundaries Rule-whan part of the teriury ofa iste berames teary of -aather tater the International agrestis of the pccscesor slate ernie Ua have fetta n respectot the tery oie Vern irenycolgaton 4 rebur sic tribe When asic abzaraed by ares alte, nian agrees ofthe aborted rtm are terminated Clean Slate Theory tuber part of s sate becomes a new atte, the the predecessor se wos PSY Unles,epIEY FEN 4. tiny proses Ruler preeciting boundary and other tevitorial aretmentsconthur tobe bincry etiainding Fundamental Rights of Sater 1 Indegendence-capecty of sate tx prevde far its av we ing td development eam the dominaional there oo "fight te Sveveee wil sper af De gebes tothe exchaion of thers, the functions of aie cs Retritiers upon sstasterty ith ar Fem customary law fom Uiealiesdo not chpeies stnteof independence Theveiseaty et tainterfere nthe iteralfferaof other states Pts awe fer cepa 2 radian ove te teeny encfpemanent population B Rigi attcrtene Rigi lessee 2. Eaquslityrequsity of legal rights irepectve af nize or power of the co Within the General Assembly, the doctrine means ene sate, one 3. Peseeful Co-fxttencemutu respect for each other's territorial Integr andl sovreignty, mutual nan-sgzessio, nee-nterfernce i ccechother's atlas andthe pebiple af equality Some incomplete Subjects . Protecteeates-eependent sizes which howe control er thei fneena fas bet whoze external affais are cantrclled by another late: refered toss 2 Autoemostates 8. Venlstner © amiamereign epee satwaar 2. Federatstate-2 wena previnuly autonomous erties he ental organ wil Kae pest vitro Ua Bt he ‘eto intentional personality af the carpenen enti can BE ‘Soratien 2. Mandated and Trost Teritories-tecritores placed by the League of fatto under ener olor al the vitor lose of 9 ater Wun, ts eplacecby trusteeship system 4eTaiwan-amamstatetsritary which de jure ixpartaf ins 5. The Lavernign Grdor of Maltn-theltalian Court of Cnetion in 1925 ‘ecognared:tsinerna tinal persnalty ‘The Holy See and Vatican City-recogntzed under Lneren Testy; it sstne permanent pptlation CHAPTERS OVER SUBJECTS OF TERNATIONAL LAW. TERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Pv orang Wat i tu Uy ety samang 2 ar ware stats which five tmternatinnl personify 4 Ciuontitnarent of Internationa rgerizatons ae mittee ‘seaties, to which the wellestel ited rules of testy interpretation erly eregorenmata organizations (NGO}~2ct upby private persons ‘Aluhaugh internation er gantaatons ave personality in erations! (er thet powers and provleges re by rer rnsane ie theee of ates ‘Sheets mite by the conettuticnal matters that ested ther > 3 ‘Advicory Opinion on the Use of Huclear Weapon Intereational or genzaions~gverned! bythe Prieiple af Specialy they ate invested oy the States voich reat them wit pavers the limits of ‘hich se a function of tne etmnan Inlarens woes promtion tho Powers conferred on Eternatinal rgeizatons-nacmaly the subject of Sh erwess sateant in Bier corlitumnt slnurents but inorder (2 Schiere Ue cbectites, they poses subsidiary powers wiih et fiqresy proved for an the basic initrimens which sovern their Inruitios-benecon theres fr the effective exercise oftheir functions and ‘et rom aarercisty OThese enmunities cme frm the conventional inerument ering them ‘The United Nation: Structure and Powers 3" Gm nto beingon Get 24, 5 9 “Runner erginiestion charged with peacelping expanses, deveapment of endly retsions among natana, ectievement of Snterational esoperston in saling iuernational poblers af an seeonoms, social, tutu and humanitarian charset, and the stat of Karan dais and furan feeds fr al aan engi valet Svermination 9 UN i enjoined spain: eteevening in matters which are exentiay ‘etd he domente freon of oat > International Constitutional Sunremary Clausen the hierarchy of ‘terrain orusteatore, the UM oozupies a positon of preeminence snd there b scones with other hteratianel apeenent, ligation funder the UN Charter shal prev. 1 Principal organs of LN 1s General Ascembly-it has plenary poner in the nae hat it may Alomar any queen or ny mation wihin the sexpe Bf the charter Gh dutinuthes between Br egortant qurstions-decided by 2/2 majoity of the sorers voting ad pret Other questione-deted bythe majrity 22. Security Councilhas primary cespansibity forthe maintenance Tintenatienal pence and seca fo” Thee are 15 erber sites, 9 permonent and the hers ae aed tar P year terme in aocardance wilh equiable (geearophiceorezenason Betis between i Proeeduralimation Ball other matiors-recuires 9 atrmative votes. including the censuring wien! the prrrnent iors 9 The Gurter doce not apecfy what matter ee procedirl, hanes. eackion en whether’ matter ie 3. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC}-has 54 merbers elected fer year ters 4. Trusteeship Council-sspanvisesransetf governing testis o The, Game suspended aperaiery afer Palau become Incependin en Cet 1, 1998 SS. tnternatianal Court of Justice ICI} principe util rgan of heute46 Secrotrit-comprizes a Secretary General and such staff athe o"Eretary Gemral-sincted 1a 2 $year term by General ‘sembly upen the reeerumandstion of Ue Security Ceunel, Nbjectto wo per 1 Other agencines ‘United Hatin Edveatonal, Scene an Cultural Organization: «unescay Interstiensl C4 Asation Osariation C40} \oraesshOrgenzstion (a) Food ad agricul rgonzaticn TAD) Wor nk (Ptsatinal Monetary Funda) Resignal Ompaniations-they ae neither organs ne substiry eens of LN, ‘3 They are. autonemous international arganisatone horng an ‘nai st tion with UN by eanelading cages with LI (Greate intaratinnal agreements fer the purpene ef alg with Segenel potters i agnerd ar with apace wets Be hey ‘ically pial ASEAN established en Aug, 8, 1967 in Beng, Thaler withthe sping of the tango Declaration by the $ axetal rmber countries: Indore, elas Piligpnes, Singapore and Thad ‘rune Oaruclam peed en Jan 8, 1794; Vietnam an duly 28, 1995 {Law and tyarmnar on July 2, 1997; Cambodian 1988. 3 Tinea: 22° Pramate economic, social and cultural éveloprent of the region Feouhcocpera:tepestam Segue the oil and economic stability of the region agains Pigpenerrialy cc Setrear frum forthe revolt ire-epiaalditferences nsuRoots ‘D frotocal fist and only international agreement exclsivey epulting the conduct parties ina non-rinatin armed confit “> Retuirernts for daterial Feld of Applicaton: 22 knmed Geidentemuat be uncer repable command They rust erates suc contcl ever sport off teary we to enable them to carry aut uslsined and comerted ailtsy persons and to mplanent this Protocol. > neutgant grauos nich say the material td of applictirmay be segareed ey “pare staal enities posses definite Leite fam of ‘ternaterel personaly” They are cocapeted as having botgcrent stata Juresprerament They ateseen a having esly mskingeapacity 1% Common Article 3for armed confit not of an international character > Propie atounder aslo: 15 Vistenee Cs ean perscn, in patcuse, murder of al kins, mutate, roc western sd ane Taking of stages © Outrages upon personal ign, in partie, humdinting and Pang of sentences and the creying cut of executins without to agen rename NATIONAL LIGERATION MOVENENTS ‘9 Organizes group ening sbabal os whslepeepleer fescom fam 2 They canbe based within the tertiary which ty are sskng to Ubeatece they might d's aoe ina rencly ccumery 1. Their goal ssetFdetennation toffee temsetes fem caer domination or aracit regime cr feregnecrunation & Theveiethe climate gate comtalinge deftte terry GL They rast have an organization eapabie of coring ita conract srilhlherinernationalorganatins IroWwoUALs "Possess Limited rights and cbligaions (deriving fem customary ‘mzrnatondl lay) ntzmational 1 Oiigattone of indwdale are thus arising from the regutation of Streedennftele > When individual rifts ore vetted awever, individuals a hans ely of te enforcement power of slater: but some (reatig Rave Proved forthe right ef inckuls to petition internation bot ‘Bleging thst = coriacling nate has elated some of Tew hare right COUSTERT TERRITORY: LAND, alk, OUTER SPACE Terrivary ia incenstional Lan-an azea aver which = sate his effective tentrat| 3 Enact boundaries right be uncertain but there shuld bea definitive cate rer which:overegmlytseuertied 3 Regcistion of tritorystqusition af smeeianty over territory 1 eludes ond maritime sean siapace rt ster Space rece‘Mocs of Acquistion of Soversignty over Territory 1 "Dieavery sndOeeumatee ‘eGecupation-acauiion of cerca nulls Peeritery which prion tw ‘caption belonged to ma tate ac nigh may have been abSncone tpapeer cigar 2 Thee ip akaraiewrent When seen Lae the teria with the intention of natretring 0 Disreny of terra nui rat erough to establish sovereignty: i vag be secon by sflectveconiah WESTERN SAHARA CASE re: ‘Tevitorins inhabited by tribes or props having » socal and pitt cergunzation were noteegateat 35 lorea nulls. “The information furnished to the Court shows that at the time af sslonization, Western Shara was inhabited by peoples wich, if nomadic, wore socily ond politely oegsnized in U'bes onc under Chelscsinpeten lorspreserd hen THE BLAND OF PALS ve: (Coniguty—US slo argued that Patss wa US" teriery bees the Feland was leser tothe Phitpines than io Indonesia which wat ier bet by Ue Netherlands East ie, The sttestr sid there won ne Fenitheitemationd tor which favored theUS" approach ferevfirm, Shere the neatet continent Hana ef considerate ite ghee tlle to the land in cepute. The arbivater Feld ht re pronaiy wat moka seecuate clam to lon noted Ut if the iertisnal community (allowed the prepaid United Sates prone, Raul lead to rbiery est ‘Continous ae peau play 8 sovereignty Mevuelanés pany feercbed authotty on the bland sete 167P. The arbirato rte that the Uf hed faked 10 show docarmetaticn cing Span saver egyor the iland ecemt tens cocumente that specifically mentioned te ents dacorey. Additonal, there wate tree that Palas ws pert of the jubkial or adminatraive erganisation of the Spanih fomrnment of tre Philipines However, the Netherlaes showed that fhe Ditch Cant ida Conoany hed negated retin with the lol rine of the lad shee the th ceniiny and hed erento Ecveeigry,inclucng a requverent of Protest and the cena of ‘ther nctanasenthe Stared. Tariana pote auth Sp ad Sctuly woercied autrurty. than there would Bave been conflicts Eeivesn thetwesuntiiesbeinone ae prorded inthe eridence. ln realvng and tervtorie eave, the flowing 2 important eles mune flee 1 Tilebased an contigity azo stencing inerratona Lew 1. Tiley escovery won an nchaste tle Xf another sora begin ta surcie cantinose and sctal soveigny and tne disereret dows nat eantet th cls, the lain by Se rerainite necaseavhariy ein han le Sand chmeecsery [EASTERN GREENLAND CASE reo: 2 esi a sovereignty based not upon swe partic actor tie sch Sten or een fut mely upon canted daploy of authority, ‘wolves elerets ach of which ust be shown to exit: (a) tert Sod tract se sovereign and (oj sme actual wuss or play of Sichautharity. nother cicunstance which must be taken into. account isthe extent to twhishthe sovereignty wala clatmed by soe ther Pore Onecf the peclirfealres of the presences is that upto 11, there yes ma lai by any Power ther than Denmark ta the zovesignty of Gesntand 2. Prescription requires effective conta and the abject ie not terre ier "The requvedlength of effective contr ia longer than in cceupation May be negated by 2 derorcicted tk af acguleeener By Un Bi ceripant 2. Ceason-sequistionofterritary trough treaty 9 ALTESiy ef cession whieh i inpexctby 2 conueroe init 4. Congest antSubjugation Conquest ishing posmsion ofa teritry thausharwed force Cie itemccaery thatthe war hel ended eater by ty oe by incication that ll rmitance hac been sbandned How eenquest iproerbed by bternatena awe "No terial sequsitiontetling farm the use oc tues of force Halle rectgries aslegal™ 5. Accretion and Avlsin-saverignty by apeatin of nature @ Aterebian-gragul cream of ter tary by the action of matte Redtton sen change ruling for etancs frm the action of ‘ean amcor ste reece racesle Contiuitya Mode of Acquisition? “> Ik impositie to ew a rule af postive international law to the hich ands steed ulsde the tert ates {a state fears te et thats tesrtry fern ofthe tera firme as Palmas Case} Intertemporal Law “Pes neect at hetene of the sequin shee be applied AIRSPACE “BEach state has exclusive juiscicion over the sir space above ie wenitary Screretnly er sispaceextendsonly unilwhere cur space begs (Consent for rans mut be obtened fram the sibjecen nin ‘State veraftotreft used in ary cures and poi services ‘eats aceft ofa contracting Sia sal fy wees the terry of ‘nthe Suite ee land thereon widwact sulhertztion By speak Stotherwe, and inaccerdance wih the terra inert.” ‘dre fa) of Caesge Crvetion a international Ce Asien) Aitcrafemuct no only ot ee stared nese everson ta rpect ‘hat the sveraft fs 3 real Uvest but len Chat = warning lant iRinge ccursemat beguenbelare t eattached veee ’ ouTeRsPAce “D Outerspace. wheserer thet ight be, and celestial bodies, ae rat ‘Sisceliie to sppeorition by ny sine > “TheMoon and athe eer! bocie ll be wae by all State Parties the Treaty exelsiety fr pesenflpurpoies” (1947 Treaty on he Egleston and Use of Outer Space) cuertRe “TERRITORY: LAW OF THESEA Importance of the Soa 1 Mecham of exmrunication 2. Cents nara esau Gratin - elaborated the doctrine of the open sons which cemsidera the igh seueat rex communis cms al “2 The detrina reeapysed a: penmasible the delineation of maitine Left by ioral water ean vse parvo Hs geman & Maraimebelt=termaratea Convention on the Law of the Sex of 1982 - previ comain ‘Art 2othe 1982 Law ofthe Sea provides that 1 Sovereignty of a cowstal State extend: beyand ite ln territory and itera mater an, cans af an archigcagic Sites rcipelee raters, toanadjncent belt of zea, seaeibed tertile 2, Savreigty extends ta the ir secs oer the tiara eax well ors bed end ute Sovereamly oer the terval aoe ie evercued subject ta shit Convention ancto other rule of international iw ‘Teeritorial Sos «belt of sea cxtmarcl from the beseine and upto 12 nautical ir ‘The width ofthis teeter belt of water is the 12-mile rule S Hawcrers where the appliestton of the Wa rue Lo neighboring \inatal states would tue in averlagping “> the ruts het the Alvading ine ee esi ine acute ant rem epee baseline fe Equidetance mule dove nat soply where hisorke tte ot athe sptiak cHeurlansesremutes ferent mesuurerent Baselines - thew water ine lang the east se maha on ihclyocmyaed by te cocstal Sate pe ocale charts “Two ways of drawing the Bsceine: aT Worms! baseline - one cram fling the low-water tine slang the Sood mashed on lage wale charts offically sesognied by the contal State ei ie fllows the curvatures of the cost and Uhrefor ‘woe rorally rat conta ef wragh ines 2. Straight baseline tranm ennectng belected pints a the east vit ape depen he ital dpe he cat Movtarenpetie staves uve nraight sales AREF ofthe Convention the Law af the Som the erg ‘farh baseline shall not exceed TOO nautical miles except ‘hat up ta ef the taal umber of baer song sy Brchipetayo may exece that lengih upto a maximum length SFB maui sil Sovereignty aver Territorial Sesame at crercignty rite and tritary ‘0 Thescaand the austere aaject ta the FBP ef irecent paS=agE by ther sites ight af nncant Passage pastage that i net prejudicial the pene, sed rae er zecuiy of theta ate So Apliests ships siverafs. al eubmarines© Conteh dates how the uniltoral ight to verify the fnnocent characes of passage ane it may tak the arcesary sepsto prevent frstage theta deternien ta be at hmacent Inteonsl Water allwatersLndardefrem thetnssine of the ewiary “Coal states may regulate aecine tte ports icragueezse} “Archipelogic Waters dn orcipolagic state may designate sex tone and a routes {Hereakore, suitabie forthe conimunis ent wiped: pana of lercigy sige and scat trough ar over fs sehapelagi wo on eat scent teritast ea The eanenpt of the archipelogic waters i sitar ta the concpt of internal waters uncer the Corsten af he Prilopines, end cenoves strats conmeting there waters wilh the eerie cone a high ea from the rights of forcln veel tp ret passe for fnternatonl negation ays well-marked indentation whve penetraion fet sich propetion to the sith of ts rauth a: to conn land laced weterscnd cnsttt mare than rere curvelumel te eat 2 Connidered ar interna waters of coastal stete © Tadantation sal ol be regarded.s boy ufees it ares ea ar large then, thet of the sefciele whose darter is ine Grown Size the mouth of tht indentation istori Bays- trend by the conta sfate ax interna waters on the bas of hrc rigs acknowl by hes slates ‘contiguous Zone ~an arco of weter not exceeding 24 nautical miles fom the fee Westends navtcalriles from he ede of the trite ee O CREG ite esecions eutherly over thel ares. the extent neces) (0 prevent tdringement of custons, fecal irigfeion (Gr scrlstion nuhartiy aver Hs tweral waters or leriary sed to bunch ach rire co Howeter, the power of corral given ta the Bitaal state dacs nat Change the nature of the wars Bojer the tore aes the walersate hgh sen ond ere ot sheet te the sverige the costal ise [Exclusive Econamic Zone ar “Patrimonial Sea” - an area extencing nat more {han 200 natal mile beyond the baste ‘> Cassa sate has rts aver the ecanemie sources af the se, seabed Sd sale "But the ght oes net affect the eight of navgatien and (enlight of her states The dahnitaton of te averlanping OEZ between acjacent sates determined by agreement waa to “Tow Primary Gbtgstions of Casatl States: 1. They mt ensure theugh proper conservation and management moteur thatthe Ung soa of the EL oreo seria to over erpltetion 1. They mat promote the abjsctie of "optimum stilzatian™ of the Uinngsoutees ‘The Continental (trchinelag) Shelf- refers othe Saab apd sibeal of the submarine ares adcent to the cass Sate but cutie the teriirial sem to 8 depth of 200 meer or, Beyond that lini to where the eopnllons explain b, Setbed and suteol of arensacjocent i fond “The Deeg Seabed: “Cemnmon Heritage ef Mankind” 2 Thane area af theaesbed and sean ler, and their sulaol which Ue beyeed an nstional riition o Thaw are tie commen hare of mankind and may not be appropriated by any sate or peneh Islands -neturalty fered ares of ln, sutrunied by water, wich is shove wate ab igh te aria lends ce ntltations are nat “tans” SO rmpntant doe tthe pesity of exploiting ail and gas remarces ‘rain them 9 lander have thee on tertiles, mulunveeconcmic one and continental shel! lacks wich cannot satan human habitation or econo life hall have ng exclusve ccaheeic zane continental shal, but can Rake & vr ses “The High Sons all pets ofthe aa thol renal ince in the ewiterial se crmutheintemnal meters af asiate 1 The fag sates ese jurtilion ove is ships onthe high se {athe extent ct Leited by tment Six Freedams which High Seas are subject to: ee Meigen BL Overfight belongs to bath via aed mitary scree -€ Flibing™ includes the ely to cooperate in tang ensures to ensure the conservation apd rangeven of the lve feeouees of Ue high Lay suarine cables and pete: f. Clbutrectrlieiel landed secre © ScentiieresewehNos Pursuit fo AML 117 lows tot pursit of 2 for essen lo baie thal oe ship hes conialsiae Th mat commence whan the foreign vessl is within the internal waters sfchipetagie wotes, urea waters, exclasive economic “oe cantinental delle the contigs soe af the pursing sate © at purit mast stop ar oon a te ship puraardentors the eet ‘wala ofstsawn sabe of burdatate (ay be cai oat only by warships er eiltay sceraf, or ary other shar aeeraftproperiyenrkad fr thit purpose vesiel wire tate i goed dae or repute = Settlement of Deputes Te Boscefuloctiementicemnpulory querer unseiCTION OF THE STATES Jveeton autvity te feet egal terete The scope af a sie’ Jurisdiction OYE a person, thing or erent lope cm the intrest of the sate aoctng the subject Sas © Cemaspaneing tothe powers ofthe goverment. jurisdiction ean bat Wo Legilties jurtcetn presroe reel conduct 2 eteatie joreticton enforce the marr pened 3 Rat ortho cajun © Inasnationa ao tte Huet criminal rather than iil jure Goal ertedetton taubject for rbate international law cca ef tow & teteton may soa be neared by testy © were, hee a popular princes en jurisdiction “TERRITORULITY PRENCIPLE ‘> Ths i genenallysupported incustomsry aw © Rindaventalssrctejurkeleton'ssovercanty ose toritory © [einmcesary that baundsrieebe Cetsmined Tele erudition, cosapettn ot enough; contral mat aloo be etablized (LisPalnesCee) oundary-sepratingthetand areas af twa tater ie catering the aC of the staan cnprening thee corwant tat late oF when the Eoundary between! Z stat & 2 navigable river > as (Gestion the middle ofthe channel of rovigeir When feaniary between Ztstes a aresvigable river lake > {te actin the middie of he rver or lake wamcor Effects Bactrne Sia lias juacction omer acts occurring Oui it territory but ing effects min 1. Subjective Territorial Principle a state has juriticton to promcite nd puns for cme commenced wilh the slate But comple ot Ccotmamated strand 2. Object Tereltval Principe - sate has juritiction to romecuie ad pun for cre comenercee withact ie iets bot eauminate wih Reterstoy turaction over Foreign Venels in Phitppine Territory — we fallow the tng ele Te French Rule - crime corm sre » foreign maria vent Should not be prorated the court of the euriny mihin woes Territorial jurecicten they were commited urtes Wei comission ‘ects the pence and scrip the tary English Rule ~ crimes perpesled under such cicurmenres are in peneral ialcinthe courts thecmntry wihin whoa erty they ‘ere commited NATIONALITY PRINCIPLE 1 Thistageneslysuperted in curtamary tw See er Ee atone even when these natimatsare vege thestate Effective Nationality Link - wind to detmmine witch 2 states af which 2 peer i anstzonal wal be sncagized av having the ght tx sje dpm Protection to the hlder of auatmationshity Corporations ~ sate as jursccton aver corporatirs organized under 3 toe ‘Marie weesele sates uetian over vasa ying fag Same applies sifcraftand spacer StateleesPersans- parsons whahave no nationality 1 De jure sales» pean we hve lt tir ational, if they ha (ne, and hae net need sme ee b. De factor stateless" persons who hive a nasinaity but to wm protection ante Geers when of Ue Sia PROTECTIVE PRACBLE oo Thistogeneralysuperted in customary ore Sine may errcae juredicion ever conduct autside is tereitory thst threatens ts security as long a that conduc. general) ‘recepyted ab eiminaby stayin the intamatans erenity Mower, thi is sirly canctrued te thei efenars poem direct, specie reat ts natch eurExamples af acts coveretby Protective Principe: i Blots taoveinva he geremment BL Forsingtscurrency ©) Blan bvesk es igyatien egustions UNERSALTY RACE ° that certein activites, universally dangerous to sttes DE SPB eat Fete sullory toll Sumenunby teres punish weh ats wherever they ray dour even been ink between Ahestate end the partner tne wisn ueston Examplg of acts covey Univeral Erin: ‘Brsey - any Wiegal set of vilenee or deptedtion commited foe pnt ends on the high seus er use the territorial coneol ny b. Genocide actscommited with intent to destroy, in whole cr npr, ‘Srotional, thea, raclalorrcbiious group Grimes against huranity cts camifed espart ofa widespread or ‘Sema attack dvecied agua any eiviian poptaton ‘tack deectecapsinst ay can paplation| Erermitinn neva ifeton ofc Elvemet Deportatianer fre wansfr of populsion Tature Forced presnancy Pareccation| Crime of garth Enlorced dapposranceof persons 4. Wor crimes gave breathes ofthe Geneva Contention of 12 august Naan, arely. toy ofthe lllowing ake gail persers cx popety protectec unter Ue provisions the relevant Genes Convertir e- Mrerah piney Terran ofits PASSIVE PERSONALITY PRINCIPLE = Thesdocanet enjoy wide acerptance Seat ray apply Lamia Lae, ¢9 a act crit ute te teritary by = persona lsnailendt weve the ikinof the act na enatonal Mat accepted for oninery tars or erence but increasingly compte applied Wo terrorist other crgonized attsckx ens Hale's tional by reason of thet natoesity oto exsnisination of asiate's Uiplamaterepresmuatirescr ther affine CONFLICTS OF JURSEBICTION made of rexcvng cenit ef jurbition 1 alancing Test if the anawer ye to al te flow queions, her theceurvill sume jurediaian Wise there an actuator Pare offeet on tates foreign earemerce? naa ior bt the gift suficieny large to prevents comizeble injury tothe plaints and; tharefre, = alatnnet the attra le? ede Ue inerea of the sate auficently ating, wires thse of (ther nalines, ta juntiipan serena etree dinarysathoity 2. International Coty state will refiin eam evercning its jraticton fir wresanabie co Factnes ta cormcerin deterring inressansblenes: 5 Linker cormartion of the aetiaty tthe txritery ef the rgutting Charactr ofthe sett tn ke regulated Cxilenes of jute’ eopecta tions that might be protected er hurt bythe regulation Likeinoo of canict witheeguationby nether sate 2. Forumnon eonronions -appestin i deteticnary wth thecourt ‘0 Win the whole creuratances ofthe eae be @ocovered that there is teal unfarmet ta ane of the suis x periing the choice of = forum which isnot the natural or groper fem. ter an the ground Sf conenionce of alr the residence or decile of partion o a fe Being the focus contacts oF locus salutinis Aone DXTRADITION « the surtender of an idl by the state within whee terrary he i found ta the state cinder hoor lve he i alleged to Bae Carmi crime eo have been cored of cine (Th iba process thats gover bya ety O Uipalught trcemand eseatian cd he corretaive duty to surender = fuguive ext onlywhen cresteey est & Proutduefocertadan &nrmally trough diplamati:chamnels Princiles governing Extradition 1 Nasiste obliged oecraite unless hereia tresty 2. Ghllsencestlegl pte canbe an eltasle to niepretation of what he cine 2. ligand pltical ofan are not extaitable Bilin Extradition Cares "> Bai may be santed to a pousibla etraditne ely upon a clear snd ‘eng dag hat 1 Havel not be sgh rk or x danger 2 the esemnity 2, ‘There ent special, humanitarian anda cling circumstancesusren 10: AvUITY FROM AMRISDICTION. GR Jucicton af «tate within ts territary fe complete and absolte. “Drowptine fySavercigninmity 2) Dipti fear runity ‘Acdumnity af teed of Sate ‘hoplies obo the eae ef State and tothe Sate elt Might. Sultan of Sohore ‘Te Suftan of Jone wis sued fer bread of premise to marry ins Erith Cou. Gupte the fat thet was 8 poate ucty it was comued pan ‘erica at the Sultan wax sting eregn ever, Pinochet Case: Regina rte ane the Commision of Pte ita of fers. 1809), Gonel Augusta Picchat lad 2 miliary coup thet everthiew the Chilean Freident lence. Acca to tational ull and recone sien, at least 2106 people were kiled oe forcly eapprared darn hit ditnlership. Geitinh authorities deteined Pinachet on an arent warrant anued by Spans ‘Nagieale Estscar Carson Unter the charger ef Sener, trea, an Inafieming thet Binoche dient enjoy inmurity fram przecation a5 frre head ofsiate and caulé thus te enacted, th Haine af ares explained: i Serator Packet saa former Feat of state cnjors romity tice materia in relaton ta sets done by hen in tation ta Bik fiat anctiena such. 1b) However, oganizatin of sate tocure ignot an ect cnmitted in fiz oft uneton. The cormmbsien of 2 crime. whch is am Internatio cin egsineturmaniy and jus cogets eanrat beastie {tnctions The principe cf matical reponsibty for eternstinsL, (Srna crue hs becarne ar oceepted port af bteential Law 1 The notion of eentinied immunity for awhests af sate i Proves hat the irtarasonal rv ol arise can oly conti Ey tm fica or sneer ofl caper. Sie the ery ‘plies soto officiel wha ertied out te functions ofthe sate {RE treated ov effi bance sane tn uty the mony ‘en ne poly wouls be held lise ane the sivctire wf uneesal Jnteetien vet true eomatecby fas reared short AN The, Eovtar Bence won nt sctng tay eapecy which ee fae to tnmuniyrolenar metros ance aoa end epee {ortarearecontery to ntrnstonal low namic ©. State trinity "The Siatemay hot eed without ie ersent_ vedan the principe of equsiy and widspendance of sates: par in pave ronhabet irperum. ‘ib the gresualeapenson af state inyelvement in cormarce, the pncple bf sate nenunity hes evaledto-one af rexriive state wrrty ony acts Sure imperil [governmental acts) and not sels jure seaionis rang and ener i] ar mane. ‘he Schooner Exchange: Maas States enpy absolute srry. Despite the bsolte terial uredicion of Staten, one tare, berg Kound to nat aged the dint of he nation by Pacing hal! within the jaaion af srather, can be sped to ene ft eg erin th cote ta he nies Snag sovereign satan, thvghnot expres sipulaied, are reserved Oy impeatien an wil Be ented him. alle Republic of Ceachstavakia Team no Lange be sid that by international law, acta gestions ae exempt rruneipal rection. The cleie daciene ef remty ares ak steve hen there mes ho justification ere eistincion between piste Waesactans a fis of sovereignty. Taoay, States engage fh commerce set ates ard ener ita compettion wih their ovr national 2 wel (arenes Usa Hor. Vat. Ruke Philipines) ‘The Uacitonsl Me of Site enunity & a necesary consequence of the Feincples ef independence and seaally of Staten Mewerer, he ule of Intemational Law are sanslantly developing and volving, Areaure site fclivties have midtiplind, thas become neceaary to esting. the Eetweem sovereign and goveromental acs, sad pra, commercial ad rapretaryects, “Therezlt isha state Irrunity now entends ony taxes jure impel. Aiate tray Beaaid to have descended to the level of an coil and can hs be ocr to hove tony gir conor be sued nly when enter ne bases cectacts Ca this does rat apply wheve the conace relates to the sori of tr svereign function, In this case, repair af base facitiee are an integral part ofthe naval bese evated tothe dfarwe of hth the US and the Pilippines, whichis a function Of the government fot ulliced ner eeicated ta commerce or Busnes pares US Han, us Reyes Phitipsinesy [Ali of oman by an Areca oficial ys ejecta! hon shaw a have een coitted aus thescope of er autherity as well centro to ew.Unsutherioa! ate of goverement fics or ofcer are net staf the Stats, and anaczm agaiet theater & no mut sea the tae wen the eof oranly of the Stete fom auf The cacine af state truniy tena be ‘Gees an utrunent to per petustean syste ely Se .Eiterto Roser, hips) “The were eruaring ino a contract by a feelgn state wi Ginn fete chine ta of whee i Scammell private pty Savy oF tance fre must ako quention: (a bther the fornigy sate ix engaged inthe ScLvityin the regular courte busines ad (| at wether the nate of the portealar ensactton or ack by part of 2 ceerengr sciy cr at incident theeot.[f Ui amuwer to (b.) & yes, and exgecilly Wie not {nderishen for pratt or grin he he ct jure per Frilgpres Responder fale dsputesuch ai * Poneto cai State irrunity? “In Bly a State raat request the Foreign Oficecf the state mhere itis aed to ‘convey tothecaurt that tie entitled (immunity. * inthe Philippine, the ftrign goverment or iemnatinal organization mist fiat acute an executive ercetsement (im watever fea) ef ts cam of Sormeigner ipernity ep of trove Vnzon (2003) Patton, Repalc of Indes entered fa 2 Msitenarce Agreeret. with Feaperiert, lees Vion of Vinson Tre and Srveess to wainian specified eipnen (alters, generator ats, let eal facies water hectet, water fpotar purge) st the Erbany dain snd Annex Kuisegs ae tht the Wire tas, Chief of Admfiisration, Minster Counselor Azhari Kasim allegedly fund Mins’ work oetatrtony and at in cmp withthe agreed samara “Ts, he Enbay teminwted Ue rere Respandent alleges that. the tmnination wat ebirary and unlawful Vicon Fledmcamplant nthe ATC lat Pettore fed 2 aio to Bain feed fn sovernen inmunity tem st 2: well a eiplomatie immunity uncer the ‘ema Convention on Diplratie Relations, regercing the suit agent ‘Mnbussdar Sore tminand Monster Counsellor Kate. Repandent alleged thet the petitioner has expressly waived timmy feat sit bared ora prevsion nthe Msininanece agreement nate het any egal sein aring tram the agement il be allied seceding (tha ais oF naar the Philippines ny the proper court of Maat €ity, Philipines In adition, theambenador and hinaterCounecr may be ased nthe percnal expacy Foe true aa dave with aber and bad ais ‘Theta court denied the Motion to Das, which the affirmed. Petitioner questions the riding af the CA that the former had wad its temurty fom at boned cn te ages ‘TheSC rein favor of the petitioner Ma) Theres of Me nether unyiting not impervious to chenge. ‘The incessing need of sovereign slates. to enter into purely rere activites keaught about anew conn of iri, Te Fesrictve thwoty hols that trunaty ef Ube saver eg i ecg’ 1.) The mre earn into scantract by = farsgn state with priate Dateycanrot be ennsrued a he timate tet of whether orn its Etec jure taper or jure gestion te feign tate rat erage ‘esuaiiy in 8 uses commercial activity, au av thie cam, Ce [peter act tramaction must be then teed by fs matane, We So pursuit ofa soveregn activity or winch Urea, Un ti an Bijucinpeie 5.) The eitence alone af provision inthe cantrat stating thet any egal aetan ance out of the aurerrent Pull be sltled according (2 ‘the las of the Phlipines ae by cspecied cour of the Philp ‘not nsceaiy = waver of state ieuniy fory aut. Wie arly freon to apply where fa the sovereign pty efecto auc the Teal courts of athe waives ts iermuity By sy suboecuent St The appleablty of Mitppelowe dae ihe peel ecogniringsstereny ian. 1. Subension by 2 frei state to lec rntcion mtb clea a Seo hen opty or neers pian, Tete ot The esatLihrert of aciptoratic mission 3 soerign function WC ceempaac ie mamienance onl upkeep. Hencey te ate nay levi a conlracts wih private entities (p Wain the prem, ‘rnating: aed eqiugarencol the embassy and the lrg etter spent and official 4.)underAticle 2 ofthe Vienna Canvantion en Diglematie Retin, 2 dip agent may He sand in peels capacly for (6) an Sell relating any profess ar carmel sci wurced by ‘he eplomat agent in the reerving, State eusice his ficial ‘etme fu the atte ef the Ambesator and the inter CounelleAeminatng the aprenent wes carmied in relation to ther offi fuetions Thus, they enjoy iru roms C. iplermatic and Cerstar knrunities iaoetoneustnmary Lv. Office repeeanistive of a ste are given ireunics and privileges within the errata another ate "Fas inurtior andl piileges a porsenal for iptrnt's nai but eo Furesional to ene te Golomat topererm hi anti prope. The eing sate has a corrspanding ailigelion to protect the ‘epresertate stds pepertyend wee * plone (Venn sCanventian on Digternatic Rete tions 1951) + Diplmaticelations re purely by mutual coment lan sayennant ty thereeivng state (Re| = prveschite Before the hen of tmisn sent The Rs hos no-otgybon to explain Ws tefl. and may a any Une and without explanation ely the soncing sate (5) that x eiplarstie agent prsonaman gaa ut a te! ember unecceptle "The SE tan ethor recall the perce or terunste Ris TNL wth the {etic the can enjoy ciplaraticinmuritice! SSicetotmonn 07 Epebplometicagen (head of mishnar mene ef digtaticstaffy C) members af the mazion including te ciplostic, acinitative and invent snd seraestath 121 vate sewvant in the dorestc service of @ member ofthe misicn, nat ploy by ve seeing ste APSE eft isin, itespective ef nari [ticle Functions ofthe diplomatic mon: sc Represen the sendingetatein reeinng sate Ei protects intorets anda testinal ‘cpnegotiste with the pveroment| ‘EVrepert enevelspenent eens inte ecsiving ste prams frenayreations * Rights and Prvdegenof the diplomatic msion: aL evicabily of mision premises ad means of tarspert; RS has uty to Fact the promees ard peventany nr bane tothe mctn ce Erp ent Erisalgrty ar 22) fer Tex Bremtor fer the SSand the hesd of mision nt extenting to these pail under th av ofA by perms contacting with hem. [Art 23) Epliwitabity of reverand documents te mtian. (art. 24) 2) Free corenunietion ad Dvlcabliy of affcel sarespersterce, af the plomatecouter, 2 ofthedipiomaticbeg. (vt 27) feat -Enceptions: 1.) sion must have coment of S10 iste and we wireless 2.) Diplomatic bag may erty contain epleatic documents or atic forofcal we avila af the person of diploratc agen fiom mest or detention. Gee F) rail the private esidenee, property, papers and correspondence: Sfeciplomaticagert (art. 3 3) bnmunity of eplamatic agent from criminal civ. and administrative Juri af FS: urunity fom giving crtenoe ss wines enc fer eecition of utgement. rt. 31) “Escepuans: 1 )ted action relation to pivate irmovabe property inthe RS untes faldon beh af the fo sn rps ection eating to succession, doe os priate person and not an tahalf of he 3)acton relating to any professional or corner aetvity ane the RS ovtideie ffietal capaity fn) Expres waiter of irmuity for ait ade by SS implied by plastic {yet upon isoe of pecemecegs, bul ony in respect ta CORpLLATY cnueclaire. Waiter of immunity team aut is distinct tram wsier of Irmunyttem execution at") { Exerption rn ail sity provisions ofthe RS for series cen deved for eSB are Enception: 1.) prete servant who‘ either netiocl or permanent reskient of the BE 2) nok cuvered by the zai security provision in the SE or third 1 Vincret taxes incr peratedin price af ged ot services 21 dues end taxes on price Frode property nS (ules cn bhatt 6, far mesion perpen) ‘Ci prwate near fem win RS 5) Eharges levied or serve rendered ()resitraien, court or recor! Tees, mortgage dues anc starg duty nimorsle propery ke) Free entry of artes or oficial ue ofthe mission and forthe perce ithe epee agent onlay (drt 14) “Eacepton 1) peeanal baggaze of the diplomatic gent may be inspect in histduy uthorged repr crates prevnee thts sera eegyaund {press that # cntaie artes net miele or prchited by Ingarter export Lava cr quarantine rulesLy Ercenson of iemurity to amily of eplomaic agent under Aut. 29:34: temmscty ef renders of tdietcatie ar Lechal sa and thet Famine Under At 235; Imenuily of sevice tat Fr office els and tax exemption Under Art, 1: and tax exemption of priate ervant for emoluments dus 1 seployeert-jare 37} “ception: ‘pretonat AE i}peimanent resident of FS (nat er ary of ciple agers) 1 remuitie af 3 lam ie spent Wh anata ot petmstent revit TERE limited to irany from utadcion and vally i respect tical act, Foe exer, nly such iieges ard Hreniies thet ie RS may fll: et 38) fu) Pivleges and snmunitics begin fram erty ino AS, or if already there, Frocnnatiieaton of appemmert tp Maney of Foren Aah of Une 8. They feaoe pom leaving the BS, on reasonable pero, bat shall wae even meccanict. (2139) ‘Obsigatinsef diploma: 2.) Tavespet the ave and regufations of eR fut) El To rttom tear practice fer personal palit arp profesinal or commercial stirs in the RS sts 2) + Conauls and Cantar hnmunites (Vienna Convention on Cantar Relations 1867) Not concerned with political matlers. -Atindanlyta the aeminiattative wed economic ues. ‘Head of comer pt mut fest be uahormad by era an eeu. Fray at ary tne snd without enhancer rely the © that = coral bier 8» perra nongaa ce asiaf rember unseceptste Scan only socal or ornate hasfunctans with the coven pt Fe tuedity to protset the comslar pees archiver ard eierest of the ‘censure the ntnpeded fanetioning othe coraulsr office. *aetcle. Consular Functions | potect tha interest of USS and of tomatic the RS bi iorter developreent. of seanonrcy commercial sulural and acentific relations and promote ienety eltion between RSord SS {cy report an development an eon of BE 4.) taue pasepors ane treveh documents to nationals of Sand visa and Spotopriate doc unents fot roe whe wish Lave aS Spectacle 1) act notny and civitregsras ene perform edinisuetive functions f)safeguardintereste of nations rrcrses of ssceezor mets causa RS 1) satequaretinerent of ratcnais sha are mina: a ack tal capacity (Glrepresent er aange representation far aticrals before the buns or (her acthor eso te RE 51) Wena jill and excra}scialCocuments cr executing liters to ake dance fer theenuraef tess 1k.) exercise supervision ae imgection over vessels under $5 flag, ireras reyistered in Sand heir trewe Ujetend atiatance to such veces and aire afisand thei rent rmjother ines not prebibeaby lane of 2S * Rights ard Privileges ofthe consular isin: 3.) redeem of manement tart 34) B) resesrn ef communieaban @t25) ©) Conmurieatin snelcantact wih natinsa of the S [rt 36) 5.) Bernal Eiebity af coreuae cir ern ares ce ction Art. 4) “Eaceptons: Type ce: and 2:)purauant toa decsian by 2 cemmpeten judicial suthoisy Notion ef arrest. detention or prosecute (t-42) acts vt 4) 1) eh aebian arising from contract net ertareel ints in affical pay 1) te action by 2 3eaparty for damage arin fcr an acid he RS cawe by a ohio seer acral 5.) Lisbiiey tw give erence: 2 earaular employes can't refize while = Eonar ofhom ay reuse without Uieat af Eoefeiue mesure of pensly- I Walver of privege aut runt uncer set anda 55 art 8) Us, Tehran US Bjplicmatic ane Corer Steff nam Cane J (29809 Iranian students uted the US eas) iTebvan ans rumber of eerelates the actiying ies. Toe lanian authorities fled ta proteet the erbasay and later sppentedto scoot the sticents atoms. Over 0 USationals were Pel Festage for ted Court must decide whether the fritil attack by the students could be SHsiled ta the Iran goverment and whether Iran wat theelore “ation insrnatonat gations Indeciing far ofthe US. the II et 31) The Fenian authoritiee were fully aware of their cbligations under the orwentions ke protect Ue pramizes of th US ember and is plone and oul naff and were ava of Ue urgert eed for scion. They had the fete top fan theeoligeions but aed todos, bb.) The actions required of the Iranian Government the Vien Camventons hd by geneva Ie manent. They ust srimecatsy ake rary ert and etregerenss of the ionalsily of te tnt coreaae aff of the US eric to = pend end and to restore the euuiaes tothe US cantal, and in geal eetablan the status que ander partion or derage,‘e), The Iranian Government's decion t2 continue the subjection of the Erhotny ta uceupater By mais and the staf? to dstonton ae hontages tlesrly gaverite to repeated and malta breaches of the Vienns Conventions, yore fefuretaprevantthe ater 12.) Tre Ionian Government 6d not break of eplmetic elation withthe US. ol did indicate sry inention to ders snp rere of te US Sponatic or oer staff n Teton persons no gfeta, Tus, tan filed ta emp De ‘rei aed npr y Sport nw pectin Seng sctvites tno coralan D.teumunity of Inernatiana Organization Sitar basil thee privileges and femurs Ret sovereignty but mecesity forthe effective exrcieo he Fanci Te Act of State Doctrine deri Hermann “Trroegh the 1947 revlon ia Venezuela, Gen. Heinander whe commanded the at-adinistraion party asarned lescatcng af the govern George Uncerill, US cities, hat constructed a waterworks stem for Baler unger x centract withthe gavetmert wed operated amachinery repo tenia Gen, Hevnandonrefuied ta gram Uncathl = pasepert to lave the ty to coetee hen to operate is wate works and rept wars far the benefit tlhe connate evel onary Foss Underhill es a suit the US ta recover damages fr the detention, his alleged confinement ta Ms awn Peuse. and for ceria alleged assulls and Sirens bythe slces of Hermade rp tn denying Underil's plo, the US court plied the Yat of sate doctrine 23.) Every sovereign states bound lo vepeet the sutependence of every other Sovereign stay ad the courte ere county wil nt st i jdgoent one Sctecl the government of another done wth fawn eriery- 1b Rete of qrevances dw toraafy acts at be cine wea the meee ‘pen tobe aaled of byanvereigpowers as between themselves. anc Rocional de Cabo. Stating “Toe act of sate doctrine & ant fue of intermatinal lw tut of juticiel retzant in does law, emia by th prneple ef ception a paver, ‘wheesey cours eefain frm ahing decisions in deference to he EMSC? ‘thos the pencpal archer of foreign labor wansor Alfred Debi of Landon, Ie. abe ‘The enue weather ot not he fare of Cube to return te Dunhill funds (Pitakeniy pad by the atts or ges sol to hin by sorta apne Cubana bustwse was an at of state.” ‘The Court ruled infor af Dunhill: a1) The concept of am ect of stake should aot be extended to include the Fopudistine a = purely arene abtigetion ree by = frei tore ce Drone ot tecrmercil nsumentalibes, ikgotrick 2. v.Eirommental Tectonics Cara. [Aconisact wasontared ia bebween ne Migeran Gorerrenent end Kirkoalick | Co. for the construction nd eeuipnent of af etarecal center at Nada Focce bane ntgera Critnenentl Tectonics, an uuccmfal bilder, found that rp hed tied Nigarian office to win the contract. E Erought the matter to the Nigetan dit Force and the USebasry inLagen Us attsiney forthe Drct ef MI charged Moosic with winletans of the Foveign Corupt Practices Actof 1977 to whe the later pleted guy Crvitonenental Tectonics brought a evil action agai Kirkpatrick 10 seek ‘Gamage under the acheter Iflveacecand Cort Organizations Act. Defendant moved tp cinmits the complaint on the ground of “act of sicte Sock SC raed thatthe at of state doctrine ix napoiceble where the vai of foveignsoverurent act notin quesin, as H1thease. cuaerer 11 STATERESHONSISILTY PRaTEeTIOH OF ALES 1 No State cig to mdm iene nt it tevitory unlens there 8 testy regina t Generally. i dificult to deny seeiaion to ll; Merce, Slates enpane legal stair fo airsien © Oper sited. at Lat under democratic regimes, line may not be tpellegwithait ie procest + ten = nationals road Gate potect lie within Ui jurnction i the expectation tha he ‘Pennatienaiswl be propery Wedied when residing ojacring ease Fee filtrate forse ile inisreatmentby judi or lice atorsbe Uninet exproprintional propesty Denial of jute or cena of dur proces of law ~ failure ta prosecute those wh stack eign 1 Diplomate prataction= dhe return wed for the protection of aliens: Injury toe notional shroud" injury to the indicus State of satinatity co Thinnest of the Slate inthe dren af the injury to eta wt cf tbe nfryt the iniidus co Tndinduats treat the msey oftheir oon Stale Serametians sod Shereniters one decrine of “eective fk” ‘arcelona Traction Gane Eee The clsin waie aut of the djuication of benkrpley in Sasee of Srestona Traction, scommpany nenrporate in Cana. The dlaim’s abject ‘nat a ach repataion for damage suffered By its archers, Began Pthaals, ac esi of acts corte contary to international Hel “The Count found that Belgium lock jes stare to execie dipematic protection of shurehacers int Conacan crmpeny wih reset to Fresies taken apeie that compenyin Spain ‘Te breach, i ary, wae committed aginst the company, hen, only the company could tak actiom, Whenever a shared inaress ae hare Byam act done tothe company, tothe later that be haste Lack to insttuieappreptiate action. 5 10 who abou howe the right to protect the cnporation, i the Sate Stance ar the Protectan af Alias Unie the fom aw 1s sent applicable tabothitizee an lire 2, Jas Che “apaablecaly te Renan eiteere + wmccern tenes 1. Nena reste or Cality of trestrent ies ae ested nthe co Brghtsoe lies wuld enjoy the sare benefits Inca tions Dark seas if he State ie tranmieal and ite municipal Lane are hash {zie alatve ef hurrah, then lis would Lewee be subject 12 uth aie 2. ingrum Intemational Standerd — haaver hare the miicigal Lows ight be, ales shed be protected by cain mir stancards of Ritnenepeatection nexus ‘Neer Claim Eats mr eer, US raters! warking in Mexico, ws sot ta death was (lhimed iat Ube Mestan surement hed been tigen nthe ‘restgation of there. alas Treatrent of am alien, in order to csetitte on intenationl ddlogan shou araunt Lo an euurage, bat faith, ne nega Alay, ar to a halclency of soveramenal slice 23 for shar a ‘menatianel stances that every easonae end imate man wl ely evap ts eile. | Desilo Luce 1 tarvardOraf Crweriion on ie Reps of Sates for Damages. co Shit, Dail of late exatsuhen there Genial BL Unwarranted detayor obstruction of coms tocerts (EG deiceny inthe atininctreton ct jeter remailproces 1 Fale to provide those guarattee: wéich ate geeraly conndered Incapematic tote proper mineiretional ates Manifest unjust dient al er af 3 natin court which does otpredace mnvfect mjelice wot demalefjatce Enfoceamast Ropies 1 Who-ean ral sas of viclations ofthe rights of aliens when appesed {by Sates cuit? 2. ternational Curt hatice 2. Abthoctunaleestbllot forthe purpose 1. USean Clas Tribunal UN Compersatin Setlements 2." urmpum elements (Claim Setementigrtements) 2. Uscantdia Busine DOCH OLSTATE RESP ONSLBUITY 7 Wher an eyury has sen siete there mead detarminewether the State can eld respon for i + Inimatonallywnongid act commited whena State inate customary ‘ule ef inernationa law 2 testy cligtion What meee tae unecoae 3. hemaniofan iisrationaly wwangh ack 2 Attra ofthe wrengil wet tothe State 2 Enforcement the ciation tates feom the wre act INTERNATIONALLY WRONGFUL ACT 7 Nesiate- can eeeapethisresponiity when ance thes cecited an act vhichastisfiestherequtemente of an ~interatiraly wrongful ae+ elenents of Internationally wrong act: 1. Scbjective act mut be attbitable not tthe perm or agencies who fetlomed i Butta the State oll 2. Gbjective- set conatitcer ebrezch ofan inlernational pater of the Site 1 What Geterines the wrongfulcharseer ofthe ct interational sw and fotnlaranllen ‘AUTRUtMNON TO THE STATE Tastee Sate Orgs ‘a Ga of any Siac oxgen whotber he pan cris tative, recut, Jel or any ether frei, wosterer potion hal ‘edehatever te chrercr Organ = telus ype or Rody which han that satus ‘ceurdonce with he irtesatenl lof the Sate 1 Crust ofan enty wht not an rgon of tre tte But whi powered i cuerche elements of gocrmental ther povided Sietijvescameinietrpetyintiecacmeeton Scing Uc Sue of ener gnarl ety oe Ststentuhese dupes hadbeen laces sd Ganduct ofa Slate organ oof an emiy empowered to excise ltoents ef governmental suet suchorgancr entity haying acted ‘Pith espaty, encoding fr autbonty or canraveng werictons CGncerningits euch CAREC eas ate = Frech national, war Kile in Meza by Mexican eles aftr ‘Yny hed demandes mane ram Pi ‘Wi Wexica in esperibe for actions. individual military perecee ctng Miho orgen er agatat the wahevol tei commanciy oficers He ‘Gbjective respersbiity ofthe Sates « espomility fr the act of the ‘Ticats a organs ef nate, wich may Gerais opin t-sven in the Stomnce f any Tout” an sot 1 tends to ire to the State, in eenatonal fis, the espansBliy on all We sets committed by felch ot ersane Wich cama ‘ffenettam the pont af view of aw of maton, whether de ai ‘r organ im question has seled Whiner wkemeded the its of Sooper wena to ile Mena Teepe elite a rel ie thee] SERGUREy QuSiSiaP nan et or Ste Sih et is wn tt EMME phere of competence ‘Te ect of en oficial operating bey this competence f naan act. of Ste shel retin pres, therefore, afect the respersibilty af he Sate In onde ta be able tn nit this so-called sbjectveresporlity of the Slate for acts commited by iis offeis ot crgam outice thet Sonpetoncey they must how scied at lees to all appenamces oe ompetentcficls or agar or they rant have used porers.or methods Sporop intcta ther atic! capac. oping to the present case. the officers in gueation comsstenty anducied tnemastves a affects the beige of Ue Vila generat it ANS lee yep cing ihren oer a mee) sed when Carerefused they finaly shat hen Under thes citcuratanees, there remirera doubt that, even if they are tbe regarded ax havmg ectaceuteide be competence the efits have Kielediteresmn citpetihesiae. oP CORFU CHANNEL jpreviouscae) NICARAGUA. US as ica alleges thet the mining of Wiacaguan ports ar water wae eared out by Us mitary petite The Present of US atahermed 2 US Eorornmentagenry inlay incr hieargean ports ether MNearaguan Invern waters ort ertrial we. by pers he pay a acting the iraticetie of tach agony. UE fo ue any pubs and thea ‘wainnig to Bternational Zipping of the exbtence end cation of the Irinen ahd at persona and material npury war ean by the ean fhe mines, The irawtsility (US of thee stacks pear therefore 12 the Cour to es estan icaraguseemplsne saa ef infingeman of its ait ace by US military perme. The Court finds Wa ory violations of Misra sir space Irpuratia ts USere tance the hgh alii eeannatisane Nights and le aitadeigaceaing "sonic boas.” icaragun sho alleges that US conceived created and ergenined = ipeteenary ary. the contra force. The Cou i potable to satay ie that US crested the contra fron but holds Lngely Financed, tine, ioned sired aiorganged the ON, coe ele a he oetae ‘inthecontres equated sen orga USor i ecting an behal of LIS Malde The Court coraters thet the evidence arileble to tis fouficiont to erergirate the toil depen of the contra or US abd parti (iSpendlany nay br infera rr the fact thet te lenders wre boys. There so clr evidence that US actualy exerci wich + degree tk consol ast jy eating te eereas ns actng on ie bal ete {ren seaming thatthe that tae” was the affective cae ofthe native rebellion, twas tea eal mesa ta whichOVsh Goverment Wa preci entiled to execine 1c wall etallbhed principe of ioermatonl an that na goverment ca] te held reponsitie for the at of rebelioue bodies of mer cami! in Melati of ae suthnye whee ste Heal gly af wa beach af | ath, eof nonetigenar in oppress inumection. 2. dessa other Perera "2. Contuct ofa person or graup of persons acting on the instructions of fr under the dhecten or ctrl of, dat Hate in eryng aut the man be Contuct of » person or grup of pers ecerhing elements of the ‘pnerormntal sutieriy in the abuence or default of the ol Elthorkies and in ekcarstancm nich ne to ll for the enereis af ‘hoo elements of e.zhaiy Us v RaW tpeviourcase) 2. deteot Revolatinarig ‘a Conduct of an tecrrecinsl movement, which becames the new spvernment ofa State be Coniuct of merement, imurestional f abet, which succeeds in ‘Stabling snow Staten par of the tray of 2 pre sist Sate fing tesekery der serine ten (MOE MISSIONARY SOCIETY CLAIM (Uv. BRITANN) Fat: The collection af «tax newly impozte by Great Britian Ue natives of Sara Lznne knoe ae eh tat” wor the signal fr 9 sarour an widespread revlt the Ronit diel, ‘n-tye couse of econ, all US" Nisions were stacked, and either leattyecor damagea, ard scr ofthe milena were muscled US contends thst British Government i esponibe forthe reste snes i uly fale ta take proper ste fer the mawirnates af orca ard the rotation of Lie and property and Wa he Lua fe are duage ts property fsthe esi ef such neglect. ous trlntherevaltis attibulabeta the Bilis Gavernment wameoe ‘Mont +. Man Ferg . ‘latent & an American natal employed by an Amsrcan Company in| tran 1 coy before the blame Revalotonssy Govenment took efice, tlatrar.nae evacuated fram Famam cenpany ender: The ainant sous omperation far salary and olher Ions este, fram his allege) Seplctancartrey tointernat onal le ites ‘Wore 2 revolution leads tothe ectaishrent of new gorernrent. the State i eld esponse or thy vtec the avs theorn govermrant ta atthe ltverenabianed conta of thesituation ‘Claimant rele ery onthe ats commited by reveusionarin anisms ter identily any agent of tae rercutinary mavens whose aeons mated him to leave han. The acte of snpartars of temlition | ‘peed pis agents caret be airbted lathe govevame. ‘lsvant rics on the declarations made byte leader of the Revoltin, ‘Whe tate statements re of storey ana in pail ant Aree senkimer, Dear devs uvaunt to an suferaatan revo tine fesse imsucha wey at the Claimant shell be fared ts envelran. lain of deme of justice may be la dae to free answer orm Frelmineryabjectins 2 ker nationality lie BL Fale imesh ntionat ree ‘0 Purpose: Le protect ternal courts from Being sare with outs whidiaretetterhancle locally = phen es mito date tsi or iy toneaRATION Iniefstenstymaneta act ver ” 2. nny carat cf any damage, whether material or mor oratauenesf the internationally wrangulact 3. Rapes Gate may not rey on the pavisons ef its eternal lw a Jestteation for fur tocol with ceigtian ting in ‘GHORIOW FACTORY CASE (GERANIY v. POLAND ess ‘The etn of Foland which the Court fs judged is wot an expropriation ik ai ecaure of property whi could not be exprapeated even age compensation. a IT lows thet the compensston due ta German Gaverrvent not severly lined the slur of tee wndetahing ot te mares af “zoe, pls interes tothe ay of peymert. Such 8 entation sh exit in pseing Germany ana the imtaren protected by Genes Sto eae inorests would ewe been Poland had rexpecied the 6 Exrventon Sachs comenqum weal vot any be seus oat ea ad ‘fore incarpuiie ohn the im of the Comment is de bchibition of the bustin of property, rials ond inirets of Gran fatto ong ef carganies eanualed ty Goran naionsls #1 Uapar Sieve The een principe contained i the actual nation ofan illegal act & thet reseration mutt wipe au all the commune ofthe legal ac and fevslaklih te sisation woul Pave sited W thet act hed not ben conmited. eatiution in Ki, or. if this is mot posite, payment of a sun Carregending to the vive which weston i Vind would bear he Sard, freed bey of dsmager for loss sutamed whic wa mat be ‘covered by restution third or payment in place of i such ae the fiouples hich shoud save to Geleimine the srourl of compenstion {doe fr anacteanurary io Plerralionallaw calvocuause aesecten ‘provian in canine to the effect thet under no coniton sll the Inferventnn of ferelan diplomatic agents in ony mate related to he Contract be evarted to + Th was rejected im Hoth american Drecaing Campany Clem ce tothe ight toe redress 9 sere preegative of Site and 8 priate Inchvicl haxoa ight wave te tet’ ih waa coe [DIEROPRIATION OF ALIEN PROFERTY Ps Expopriation cen br internally erg i it ie done contrary to the rincptesof Fuernalonal awe + TRG UW Caneel asm Recltion an the Sovecignsy over Netra Rescurces Expropriation shal Be based on grounds or reasons af public ulity, eely or Ue national ners igh are eeaghlaed at orricing pure) Sutil or pate ere, both dareste-anc fei co frawch cai; the gorer all be peel aporopiate compensation in Secordunce wih the rue in force he Slate taking uch mses in ‘heeumete of leamereey and er aeeardance with ntenatienal ae CuRPTER 12 INTERNATIONAL MUMAN RIGHTS LAW FROM ALIN RKGITS 10 NUMAN RCTS ‘Bay concen about haranrighsmes shout spec clnesef pple, stores, minorities ond certain tines + wes nt unt the ich of the Ueed Reis thet haan sighs of all eople became the sujet af lexan + Fitan ‘igs "thew itenoble an fundamental nights sich are cnt frie mshumon tongs + Speers humanist: 2. Socatand eccromierisits 5 Rife to peace. cletn enrianment, sclfdeterination, conan erage oftnaind, relent, nei hts AN EMeRciN MTERNATIONAL BALL OF HUMAN RICHETS Th LN becare te race for Ue evetopnent ofthe new international won haan ge 1 Key eeizetins dure by the Orgpniaation and its Nenber: 1 Maher ardurds of Lrg CL empeaymant, and eondiiers for (eanarra tnd secial proyeetcand dorcogenent 2. Solutions or intenalior related patter 3. Univesalvespeet er and abeevanee af, human rights + These, haven, donot prover Uweeafritions of haan rigs ‘THE. COVENANT ON vt AND POL TICAL RGHITS 1 The fellowingare substantive righ 1. Life, Luerty and Property, and Equality + This, however, does not soy whom protarted Ufe begin, whereas the Philp protects the ie othe unborn from conception + Thereivale ne provision on then lpraperiy+ Gn the right to life, dhe Covenan's dre 62) expemees = bins for the stalin of te desihpenstty allows its poston in eoursies wich Blilhave death penalty, ely ater eanvictin ar the mat seriaerznee + narticie 14, tuts mere restritive the matter of pblity of ermine recmatnge hers the inert of juvenile patente ctharose recueet ot he practtings conear mutrtneaal Uputes othe guaran of ildren + Tprevsionsan ight to Corsposation: 1. Anyone whats beenavilin of unlawfalzeet or detention 2. Any gmenn whe a been a vet of isan riage of jatice unis the fomdclenue ef the urkocnin fact in time whaly oe poly tuum 2. Tanure,iilareaurent and Prion Conditions 1 Presptin on attire and atker fet of U-test that offen not ny aia! ay rey ba eau prea iy + nprsenmant meaner serisslyeetrimental 19 8 pena’: hash (Coretttere visatinaf drtices? and 10) the Covenant 3 EeesdomafMasomact igh to vel win the cour ight ta Ure th country. at 12 fetirn tones couniye he Rat Wochnge one redence 2 Hah Stet tote pt tin Soc or thar rode fo , Receaday to prec national security, pic ner, public heath or frei + The eparaion beuneen the ight to save an ight return to o's aunty take the ntton wave marrow than forthe nigh i ae ‘fetes scr cate rnam prehed by costay low ly ee bes eases 4 ‘ine eso betumes patel Th Covenant oes not ‘Legal Personal ‘apart i Whether iuzensar liens Tay not be sistsble sae By eaten, for butane, intaney, mercy 3. Thought, Conusianee, Saison. Grorsaion andPolitea Freda 1+ This inlet explite protection ofthe Righ of Patents nthe miter Gt Roligtn or thee chlzen + Covenant prahibes“propagins fr war” 6. Assacatioatnd Unions + Covenont ailent shout the riht of goverment employee ta farmunions ‘whichisergliccn ew Conatiation wamene 7 Miacis + Tappa ethic, ear Unutc mires” {The nr oft few ngs fsck mor theay the sabjoct of exer Ue Tieciy of Yc sleoer Upper se Tea) «Find pet tree ence or mines Geman cancer for the haan gus af meres and Whe eine to wor 8. Setedeterminatin of Peoples + Thisgerare2 ampartantighs aig ta feely cece tie political status and Freely to pursue thew econo; socal edculal coveeprmene bb Rig for thet own ents, tp rely dapeae of te natural wealth and esouree. witht prejusiee Wa any ellgation arting tof rernvttnal cooperation + Peoples = include thove ruled by oleni powers: these who form 3 Eonpancot prt muli-nationd sate + Pespectso Self Deermnaton: 2 ternal thsis the 2 irpertant rights Erte belongs to eons and to those mana govern ed ‘DETLOWAL PROTOCOL ON THE COVENANT O4 CiviL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS Pee trey espe tn eee pve partie sa ae vie of umen righuswetatons + Complanizmay be filed nly gains! Slates wha have aified the Protocol 1 Theihtsspeiickohisare soil welfarerights gv idee " Bight to fvarable cantons work, igi ioferm free wade urns Regn sect security and euurance ight tooperial stan or fei ep ioacecuatestancardet Ung Bight ote igheat slander of physical and men heath Rahtiaeaucaton mcludingcerpAsery prenary education grt ta the enjoyment of caltral ‘ae selemte, Renefits and rernatona cantar uTVTouwe cura 7 The Phlppines& x party tothe UN Chater, UNDER. the? Comments, anc {ert Optional Poteet tat Covenant on Cha and Paitin She + Trewtycomrntents car put of nen lr + Thor which are not valtaxacutingproviirs must be stendad toby the oceoery step, i ocrsrdence witha cnatiutinel procenes ard ith the pronsioesr present Cavenents rrenpanee+ Progress Resistion - State is cbligated to undertake = prosram of actives and ta eolice have gan are reeegpiaed by the Eeaneic Coament (other Conventions on ttuman Rights ‘Germs Comer ‘Convention ene Elinination a I Ferme Rasial Dina ion {Cemvention onthe Elation of All forms of Deerimination Apert 4. Corwettion gira Torture and ther Cruel, Intuman or Desratng ‘Sfeatrent of uretinert Corwen on Ue Aigo the Chile 1 Conwentin igen lke UST OWABY ean RIGS LA ea rohitnonen Tour canarce,Slveryand Dicrmination IVTEROANTIONAL IMPLEUENTATION OF MAUS RUC. LAW th curry has the cation ko inplerent hue rights aw within Jurudition rope done Has maniipel ar repr courts + Deters precedures ted by Human Rights Careisin far responding 10 ‘ollie of ara igh 2. Conficentitconndeaiionunder (SOC Reslution 1502 ‘o Te confidential inings of the Sub-Carmsior are Brought 0 he Moura 9 Tre CIR s expectedto saben its eport nd recanrentin to the Ecas0e 2 Procedure is hep contbemial, but findings invericly Find ther wy nemesis b._Bubie debate rocetae under ECOEOC Revaation 1235 ‘9. Tiscarres£ Qpesof activities: 1. Ws antl pull cebates fo hich gorerements and NGOs 250) cerumiy to eenly apes sucons wh desene 2. Rengugevin udiesend inestigeioreof particular stustions MILERSATIONAL CADuNAL COURT Unt te etatLsiment oC. international crimes were prosecuted ino Ic eriminck courts hurertberg and Take Tribunal) 1 Thegaslof ICC ito eemand individual ne nat colective cccamtability 2 ka jetidtctien & linited te oon serous international crimes Caneese, Critesagainst luraniy, War cies, and the Crimea Aggresian + Princplea! Comlomentry te cour ef las erat (QUPTERL11: PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL, oepures ‘international dispute? ‘A ctagreerent on 3 paint of tw of fact, a conflict of legal views or Incretabetween 2 persone mast hoe racial efectan theeeltiorahipbetween the parties Peace methods of stling dopa: SATSTHETE ent atte er tid Seth etl te waa ea ced Soy ean ars = ec ale Soe ec nan hn wi agenda EEE AE nse nce, testis Set Key provisira in UN charter At: caputes ely ta endanger leratiorl pence and security) Parte te any cepute shall fink af al zerk a soli by negation, enquiry, medistian, eotegiaton. sibveation, jude vettlemen, Feast taregiml spencer siangermant, oe other preceil wena oftheir chose, Vine doves necessary, the SC shal all pon the pitcs taste ‘ther dputes by such eo. ws SE ay, ay stage cere oppo ees or meta ofedisinent SC shuld take inte consideration what hes slveady been aéopted by tHe parties. SC dui cere that egal putes saul generally reer by the pariestee ic! 1 parton Goto sate disputes via A133, they shall afer tt the 13 deems te cipute to aly endanger intesrationat peace and security it shall fa) take action onder Bet Soot (6) vecarend sppropeiste tensa setlerent at ll partion requ. $C may make retcrmmantstiore for paeiie settlement.Clusifcstions of peaceful means of settlements AL Ren jute Nesetitone Preference Staten are hesitant to brit diaputes to wojutkatary bates Noseteules: fn agreement to negotinte may be formalised vin treaty oF tichange ofrates. thay bearish face ta ace, “Tobebindeg, parties MT agree tit Drelrinary step i "gone affies” whan & nara 3rd pty tres ta bring? eingutants together, after which exputants look fer @ win win Solana grand tam proce eiston: Iivolves assistance of Se partes {approved by bother patie) who ‘ieeact s Brige betwen partic ha don't rest OR ry awh ‘Oe duputantsta chair meetings suspen! wlstion, ete. Init Facetincim done-ty 2 desigited youn of invduals or insti. Revolve doputestased ontuestionscf fact. enciiton: ‘Amor fermaltechnieys whereby parties egiee ta refer eanvaversies ‘ua T panty ta ae ings of fact anal recorenendstions- ‘Generally, parties ve not Bou by the recruenceticn. Merely Sete Quasi ‘tration ‘ircing etilement f= -putean the basso law by nar permanent any deagoned bythe portion “The comprare duis i agreed upon ty the partes a sat ot: {steempesition th) juraditian 6) ee ef procedure be applied. States emt be required lo sitet to arbeatin UNLESS thore breviog egeemert. Different fom judicial settlement since pavis havea greater sayin deciding he laWappled.corpentienal trkunal, process ete {Ehypesef arbitral apremnent 3. arblasten claseincarparsiedin a weary Treaties solely to esblah rathods of asbilraion (ie. Hague CComeniin for Pci Setlementer Oxputes) (© Actor evra agrecments fie tartans) ‘titral decisions opine inisnaticral Law UNLESS partes sci hel some ater tow thie. ‘arbitral decsiors may be challenged if 3 ewbitral boey exons its powers BB eewes cortuptionan the pert a ere of the body © felee a sate resco for Une acs ls erin departure fem ‘ncerveaal le ef pronecure i thecnderikinginetvate OR thecorpromis mip Domestic courts may refuse to ge reaogition to arbitral awards Cindar Convention en te facoqeiicn ane Enlrsement af erst ‘ebitrlAa 2 igre laatbilele was rat vad under applica ow BB sdveru party ch not raceive proper notice OR wax not forded Sppamteniy te present cae Svard ioutude eters afasrenment arbitra SL the conaitution of the kanal OR te abit procedure wat contrary tothe agreement er ne low ef the state whore ‘ration tok pace fe sward hes nel yet become binding, hs boon sat aside oe ‘ipencedby 9 cmnpetert curt where Hwa mae 4 uncey the Law of the acarie pots, te aubject matter mot Gapsleeofsetterent ty svatraton 9% uncer the Law af the adherse party, recognition of enforcement (woud becentrary topos policy uct ra) ‘A meters af he Ut ae uo fae partes to the Siatut af IC, but Ghibe pot wean acceptance of thecouitsyuredetion: 2 Only meare thatthe Sate ay accept is jursciction (Oniy states maybe pris inthe cout. (Goneral princi 8 Sates cowiet be compeled to submit ther Invereatand sdjaicatonaelins they consent. 1 Suey my li wir acceptance to certs types of Caputes an ‘ithe vdoucerdtion nde ecrretios diopues to Congestion ofthe ICs he Composed af a bady of (4) independent jutoes, regarsins of atnalty, fo) with high. oval Patacter, (e) nha poness (Gualiestons requved by ther countries for appomtrant to the Bigpest jus! offies OR are Jutscaruslsof recagazed corpeience finer atonal a a ‘Grerbers,ra of whem from these Sitenamcoe ~ M dualekicenhip: nationality bed an where cl and pli ‘phic are ecinaiy exercied. atte “The Cou can form eharrbers, composed of 3 or more judges, fo bie manifested er given by the other party, he fach that US has nat ‘lade sich caren does mt create a prema farejuruccton slowing he Caurtts inet any pcviconalvesnarss ‘Thereiea furiarentat distinction between the question of acceptance bys Slate of the Courts juecition and the. compaliblly oF articular cts ith ernational ew Min States sccept jrsciction, Urey temsin reiponsile for acts stubutslie to them at nD, moniarion Lowe Disputes rating to the legality of sich acts MUST be reolved By pescell maa chaser the pa, Irservetion ‘ae Af Ste ha a incre of 2 legal nature which may be affected by the decision # the cue, may subrit g request w the Court to be Derenstadte Pterwrene, whichis Court aha derideat ts elecretien, an 6 [Regi shall incom all ptics to coment egering canes which feletetoitsconsruction. Every slots oottied bee the right to interven, atthe construction ‘gen by Une Jucgien shall be Bincing onthe nextena 1 Sotvader 2 Honea (earaguen Intervention, ICL 19928 Uraces ‘Nicaragua finan epplicationtotervane basen At, 22 taprotect the ean rights of the Rute of cari inthe Gut Gf Fonsece apd the adjacent rari areas by al Legal reams sealable 1B. a inform the Court ofits egal hts which ve in sue inthe ite “Te Cout poms cat tat there muat be lepal intrest that may Be ffecied. Further, Roles of Court roche a statement of the Mprecioe {Sbjectaf intervention” Gout figs that the subject af intervention reper EM Elbador contend thot for interention to be proper, Wicaragan ‘ust ai show 8 "waid Ue of juriction” between Meseagua and thePartes iearagus however bases jurisdiction nly upon the IC3 Statute end test fat] dies ni requve a separate tla ural “Te Courts deen ending power rests upon the sereamant of beth ils to the cae to confer jaracetion apa the four Norally Aerefore, ea oter State ay vale Iselin the proceedings whack Aheconscod he orginal prin. Hower rors ag dsc newer are roe nt. faethe Coats Satu ‘The Court’ comowtence in the ‘ratios t nat derived for the concent af the partes the ee, but {he the concent giver by ther, in Decora patties to the Cour: slstute: Ths, tar Court hon eo taper intervention {abject only Lathe regalrerent af eject and purpose) even Beth ras oppaee [Anta allawes to ervens dors aot becom «party to the cae. tie ‘Sota to tack on omen cane nr have clams used By the Cours 1 does net aoqute the rigs ar become abject t the ebgatons, ‘abi tse ts the satis a party hae erat to be hear by hetChamber, Betlimited tthe scope af Ha legal nero+ Qlligtian carp with decane acs Ne bincng fare except az teteen te partis andi rapect te that partealareme an t0: Final witout speak the event of dinpite 2 a fa) mening (Hp ‘scape ofthe jadgrert, the Caurt sal corso it pon request a af pany ante ation er Revision of x judgment may be mad any when ed fen Ulcred Yous aitnes as ajnceces face eat ‘Ge eve grec was gi, eas unknown toe Court apd tb the parys() ech lgorence ns rat dus to nesligenee ‘The Court runt het cide wheter the ft fea sch character tt lay the caov open la revnan, ard ectring he sppliction adnate The Court may require previout cargiince with the teers of jidgmnent before itachi proceedings ron. Apalcstion must be nade within 6 mot rom ccevery ar witha ‘yours fem dae dgmert Art $400 UN Charter: {any party fais to perteen any obligation rer IC jcawant, the ther party mmey. Pave Tecnica. te tie SCy whi aay ake ‘ecomurendations OF cecide upon messes tobe len to get he P Sich enfercerent measures are subject to veto powers of the permanent remers Wvening sate my rake ues of alternative methods of enforcement. sich mseconemie we Splemnatic pressures Ladviery ori fan aeeptaree depends on internal ew ofthe etitetion + Art 96UN Charter SE and Gh ay make requests fr advinery option. GA may slo ‘utherizather Ui agencies to seek advinry option lel ution Siengrithinthe ope! thew sete + at 65 ‘isny jurtadiction in scocdanee wih the UN Chater Gn ory legal mater at the rast of any body sutharized toda 2. Through written requests contaming (2) the exact statement of the quetien and fall doauent ely to thaw light pen the question det evista shal: gis notes of the request to alata ented te appear before recat 1 visspecal and direct caremuniction, otfy an state entitled to ppcbrce wlertiona! wgorizabon ively to tensa intaraaton the queen, within» tire lint fard by the Presider at {Hee Cout wil be prepared to receive write stserneats OF Peat sta public atling eal satement relating tothe maton anemttied tate fails receive naifzatin, ity exprensa deste Ap edit wen statement or ta be hesid, and the court wll eee. Prtties which prevented shall be permite to erent on sbtements made by oer. cuore 14 THEUSE OF FORCE SHORT OF WAR ‘General incipentertinal aw recopnires the eo stnanny of incu tetas BL Ther ht to freedom free coercion and to he intagity of the ierstery " te dpat eth Bare: 1 Sie rua say or pte tre ya, 07a | The shove led crs nt wae the word "wa" Because tw ledincal evn ‘hich doesnot clade sre ures free we lance, the probibten ie broater than the prabibition of war nating {hat applies ta “any ether atierinconatent wilh he Purpases of the United tetare™ canon ~~ | (ie son warn as oe st by ne, an sect acest wares 0 | ‘Scythe Sa rey tae ws feaiaeke ag eure me mes or patie tox Oey os ad ey Sdtedwarst ae, | ‘Finan care accce esa tect eto 2 yn eee ot | incon escent Toe eh cen Bods es “Recaro aus cee men tet naporiemaunienn sor ee | BESS UA aa ae1 The prhibter af theuse cf force i customary interataal aw comers erent hele ee sina wa | ee ee ee tee eee sa a ae ee ae a ae ee Shanna’ etrowaecimstas Sure ThesstafFoeee {+ ChalterprahBissnet jeatusef force but aka the testa farce 1 Typical format thet of fren oT State sven an ultimatum, a ine-tini, within which to zcreat the Gerante ade upon and fold that, # ie rejects the demande, wa ‘wile cevtared an ar sertin eoorcve measures il taba + Goanplenal comcivemansies Neral ochade 5 tanberirent © Gemupationf a given territory iin ree Thecaar tea andr Wagan ‘a Curarrcetes te aren eo Hava calc al een a Hredataccacurs The chiionert tof tase clear abject ae erate since bossa ‘eran tease Sar | ‘as spl sy etfs, ges me sewn (niin Coat Sat Denar Exception ithe prohibition ofthe wea force cates cen by emaar te suercee af ef sl tee stat be Apia tate Suny Cone alot anya ie eau indie rent fie ary Eel tos atay neah tn Se naa toe | ne gl le ty nti! ny sh | ESS eee ree tee er em ‘Te Pae reo teldry fst wheter heron ta aca elnino | | Ei gaara are tet ot say and ie sary ements | | Ielcuk hart somichs te eric of eave fens the suancoat requst bythe bare whan ain of he aloe sac hte adalat | Is snticignonycotf-doferse slowed” vB "East nok iver he right enue hey re afi ht i igh be aed asuiret then too 2. ae nurched a preemptive strike agsinst its trab neighbors ut the UN de aet concen abe + te the caer of the GLI War agsint rag, the lied forees came en Invitation of Maw wich was near rates + The right to an force to Gefen claimed territory wae rejected in the Flr ar “entitionally Allowable Cocreive Meseusce 7 Severance of plant elation Rowman: here fare ciation to mss iplmatic relations Listas not be tevorted unlews uly necessary Because ah culargerpeere © Shoonsion inate withdawal of eiplamatic representation But al of cannlartopesentation 2 Retorsion ny fmm of counter massutesinrespaie tan nirienay xt S Ireudse 2 shutting of portta vere of ervuntricnty Stske Aveeationf traf concetsansat guaranteed Ey reety Dap of rave eves ner the waters of amunfreny ate 2. Reprisal 0 any kind of fociseorcomcive mmuunes where by one Stake wks fe ciertve 9 eterrent effect or obtain reares ar satisfaction, rectly oe meres for the comequenees of egal act of ‘Steer Sate which has refused to rae armada for sch linge Themuthepeacedstbyan untied demand for eparation4. Embarge. eke este Congest aire of vec renin the igh cae 1h State hep ne onm vests fr fae thet it might Fi the cc Seluze otetpart ofcrigs at en > colectneemberga toc eee Rforonof reprint which canis of supnsion af tate or busiest tetatians wih the natiomalca sn effnding Sate 6. Nomintercourse tapers llconeercil intercourse witha State 7. Pacific Blockade Meal operation carried out in time af peece whercby 2 State prevent eesn ocr et from pair ports er peti Pf east et amther Sine Purposes compel s State to yield ts demares by the Klarkating State Protection of Ustionts abroad ‘igh ta defend alinals sree i an sapect of the right to zelt-eferae ‘iheepapulaton fe aneteentialalemant af Stabs [antes of forcible recue of national 2 eof Eruabee in Upanda (US rureton inte stenbeyille kerezcur American studeris ‘Mumaritarian intervention weaa co “The petibilien InAs. 21 fanaw considered jos cogens reveling opinion: martian without the autherestion of the Searity ‘Couned rolses internat tonal ATO, Te UNnseha ac cea a Apacs | ceceagugneatenettn + TER Sanbiy coccine a wheat te he soiee, ad bap eae fer oe | Spt coat Suny oouneteae 8 erat sae | fap fa Remar pl con ant Pesce ta er Haar | OEE ad ent ony fe mtn | x Seagate ba os nro of wns crs of rac | | 2 Stamos ach dgbearee rena cron seed a eo ea om | Er eris LaaieiamacnemaeemS| Under certain strict conctions, resort 19 ane tere may s1acualy becote pied, even alten ny authorization the Seearty Counc snepies | ge xual ran st ee rr et ee > Sheaa one cemarene seca ee | Seinen ve oan eat | Soviroesceceamns ateenaseees ERA TESo Carostncy wane omar EEF cxnun ewe oe a coc stn tao bean | Suara ae hn eons a | STEN SEGT Sc eenensurs smmmaananesne oztets | SjeieB Sanr oct fay toh the mec, wn te ape oat | {Eire en ccomtog ete try atten se ti Sad oes saat nd ft ee bona af sacs | Sash attigtilas tenant | 7, Gaaecamat tecnrorsse proto wtenan | Smeaton ne fang,‘querer 1s ‘THE LAW OF WAR INTERNATIONAL NUMADETARAN LAY realy nus Laws of War a fravides for neances when theuse of armed force & uate» jur od fclue b_Regulstesthe cncictof smd confit «jain belo + ly international La di not craic as lego a war eriteaty wage {er thaptepausel sine pail or cher advantage ver srather State 208 24h fee UN Chara: ‘Al. embers sh erin the intemtieraleahon fam the resto we Tiere oui the terearl sngrty or alten rexpenaenes ef ay Sate, rin anyother manner necenetnt ath the Purser othe Untied ae0s The alone prove mllana war 1 The parse ic at site ty sie with the prion of amd cori ic “the proliferation of Laws af ar facts wich explain the prac: ca Thene be retort to the tae ef err do oot iv op til ey have chimed rictory 1h. imantarion omiderations dictate the need for rues which cura lence bejond nf isnecesary to achiewe a State's goat c= There sll romans in the bears of the soery an secepiance of chivalyaca valve + on the astenption that wars ean slenys accu, thee arse the need a ‘orate ave that can humaniee he enue ef wr HaGucLaw HO, 26 Countries mat ot The Hague are promulgsed Conventions en (Declarstion wich adopted the prinepler erttuting the Lew of red ‘pols Lathe Hepa, goreming onc ane naval werfare ‘Sowa Cowes oF 1949 ‘Gaence: persons not actively engsged in warfare should be treated Rarely Game "Ree Cros” Conventions “ened an ck nthe Ftd B Womnced, sckand Shipwrecked a Sea = Preanersal er Ciiare waa coe (USTOWARY and CORWEITIONAL LAW Yt is ebodeinepue ard Geneva Convertions are custray Lew o Thar now parierarestll catered the tities hal be pected by #eelaraton af war er 9h tatsn with fre tin 1 Wl the Constitution gives a the logture the pomer to declare the fxblercr of este of er end to ent all reaircs to supper the wr lest power to male war elateein the ener: +The commencement of hostities realt in the seversnee of ll nee ‘ations neu Weatic, excptireatiovel shuramtartn character + Waionals oa corbstan State residing in enemy terior becormesbject {orestrieCore which the enemy might pene subject to Ginations aud imcanterary treaty lew + Nevchant sctacs Found enemy tenitry are given a period of grace to cast + rat armed cot remain in effec: until the confletftermnated, by mene ots a. pence weaty 1. the abverce threo, ty cetaration nce by the eorbatant ste ‘hat henilities Bove eer tn ere + demstice an agreement to suepand hntitiee, whether Lost or gener, os not en the anflict bt nly putzam end the active Fighting Penton Tnteretinel armed conflict nce sed concn which peoples are Fibting eis ‘olatial denominetion 8. Asenocsapation _Recstreginee 1 Tie engaged f such confit seceive combilant sala and ate entitled tocar vighss co tted being Weated se ordinary criminals whem captured, they == luested as prsnerset war ACTRONS OF WARFARE WuSW net Derleration oft. Peter: co The only legitimate byt which States shail! encenor to ancamplsh uring war et weshan the riitary forces ofthis enemy co WOTElyed would Ee exceed Uy the crploynent of arm which Lutessy aggravate the alferingaf Csablegmen, or render thelr Gesth Seve+The Hague Convention grolibite the employment of “errs, prajecties or smaterintcaculsiedtoctise unnececarysiering™ + Thane a need te bolance rly mccsty and fernnitrian coneieretion Assos cabs Theos tor of tushear Neaaira OL 1226) (Cree Priveipeseoel ting tha bro Hrmanaranbw TonSiates must never wake ein the abject of itack and ont Consequenily never ine weepors tha are weapeble of EIEN tect clan andenilry tgs 2, he prohibited ta eauie umeceeary uferng to combstan Esse fules Governing mes Cones: 2 Fhe nly any combats and attack only military thyedice b, Pricrers of war must be treated humanely and are bound to Sheen eration skout bee lent c._Eetuing pected: Respect ather'= reper. 2. Fandarenal ler af International Humantarian Law anglicable to ‘Arwen tits 3. Pree have de combat and tha who do mat take cect est hosiltins are elle lo sspect for thew lives snd fara andi! ites b. [ri ferbicden te kilo jure an enery who surrenders. os ore de combat 3. Nanntemnetinal Arm Conficss 3. Ghigation ts ingen Between cust: an vane Profi of attscraysinat the clan ppalation se auchor uae relia aloes Citomary rule prohibiting the use of chemical weapers, tales which expand or fatten eal in ihe human body, panes mane af warfare, and beaky-trape euraansry Te adopt am attack of iretaty toner the begets Sich tae must be copied by belies at eaten both righ Stduitesiette aeanatoaiee | * Mewzale masa ratergage inacivtice which interfere with te acts of thetic (NOWLINTERNATIONAL CONTLETS irl was or rebel not inate international a * Inlernat onal ew on sme conflict dons nok apply tinker confit wanton (tac hep far gaverments experiencing rebellion Lestimate proves Fees thepavererent + Riltovebet contrary te ternatian awe Secumsascile) in eme af armed conflict not fan internatinalcharster, pears should Mil be seconded rehirarn Puranas poten + Prohibittacte: Mince Ube murder of all kinds, tiation, erual reskrent and be, Takeg of eatapes Gating a heres city Passing of ventences and carrying at of executions without previous [jatgmen proncinced ky sreplor curt + netnational Commies ofthe Red Crm - an impartial arantarian body Exot Tithe frat and coly intematinal agreement excaivly repslting the ondctof parties #1 anan-aernaticnal sroedcanfict + plernstiandl med conflict = ath takes ples inthe Leriby of 2 CCoaracing Pay beaneen te aud forces and dusdemanned Taree a ther argarised trmad rau which + Nate Fite of Apa ation: fr domed disidents runt be under reponsitlecommana 2, hep mat Serene sch coral over e porto he terry a5 to ‘crab them tocary oa auvained ene concer! military cpetations, Sdtaiinplement tiaPretocsh INTERAATIONAL TERRORISN 1 There rp ie teraz i Phipines atu books soe acts ae dd evecare doped pet by Oe HPC + Teroram Act (ith La) vilere mores agunstpozon or BIEpEy oF [Sait pute health ane snfety ube hive fr thee purpose to iivence Ug goverment ort intiste a ection af ne plo tw savance Poitco, relgiasor wenlopeat case el + Brftef an inenatnnlComenson fr the Supprsion of the inning of Tenera oy penn commits an affense of tearm fhe eran set intense to 3 Deethor amicus bediy guy to arypeon B, SeeetS Senge tra Stic of Govern Fait withthe intent ta Smacenurifecistcion + attack on WTC on 9-1 wer cherscteraed as Gime agsinst Homesiy Uirsugh the trai charecis coed by Siw ack! hr mapas, seri, targetngar elon.9 The ipertance of thischaraceriation ithe ited to what seers to be developer theinternatanl lo ell defers 1 Seleetente legitimate vespane to an arm attack by x Sate ‘oupren 18 INTERNATIONAL EXVIRGHMENTAL LAW PWvIRONMENTAL CONCERNS “ee. 16, Ant 2 of the Constitution, The State shall protect enc advance the vght ofthe poaple toa balanced and heal ecelogy by accord with therhythi anderen of ture, 1 The protection ofthe environment i now see x concern of inlermationst BL Preserationat the cutura hertageof enkind +The protection ofthe erviermant et vital pot of contemporary human ales cosine, for tina sing qu ro for numerous eran ghee as therighttobeslh, and therigh toleel! WHO.HAVE ERVROHWENTAL RIGHTS? 1 Personseapable of having rigs 1 Minors leading or Hlergenerstians protertion (actoran case SUSTAINAMLE DCYELOPMGNT TEA concept atopied by the World Commision on Eavircrent. and Devlaprent + This encauragescevelopeent ina manner and seceding ta wethods which cle eemprerive Whe SBA af future Senarabiom ane einer Stale 15 feet ther nes BuepsnGeRnceLes ‘Th swine sr oly dclsations they ls nat have the erew of ae 1.” stockteim Oc aration Man es Fendamental ight to freedom, equality and adeqante conditions Of We, in-an evionrent of a euiy at pets be of cgnty ed treltbcing, and he bears solemn seep to pect and ioprore {he eewierent or presen and futue generations + Naural revere ef the eat, including the ar, eter, Lang, Nara ant ‘une ae especially raeesenstive saps ef mitral Seats ter ast be sefegarced 1 an frat a special responsibility to safeguard and winly menage the heage ef wife wad habit renee +The stragls of the pooplas of Hil ecuntsies guint. plltion should be supported + Eitlensall take all pox festa prevent pallaino thes % mcurcer stuuld be made avilable to preserve and improve the 1 Rational planning conttates an assent tao fer reeeneiting any onic betwren the necds of development and the ned to prise and apron themnmanment * Internatianal matters cancesming the protection and imgreverent f the irene shoud be hard im steepest sprit al emul on sn ual fats 1 Rn and his environment mut be spared the effects of nuclear neon tncalather mearn of rss desrucions 2 Rio Declaration + Maan being a the cater of concerns for sina develvent ‘States have thesveretgnright exploit their emmressurses + In-rder ta achieve untenable development, enrronmental protection ‘Raeoruitatan iegral part of the evelpnent proves sndcanet be tensiered action framit + The special situation and need of veloping countries shall be given spacintprocay + Greweormmial fates are best harled vith the concernedcitizere, st Ue evant Level Sates sill develop national fay regecingiblty end compensation for thewtine of plate sn other enorevrental Sse + Hates Sal mecinely nally ther States of any nat easter of ‘her emergencies hat tre tkey loprodher sudan barf effects the trwioerert of tase States + Warfare is nberenly doutructiveof atsinabte devcepinent rkipatian of all SomeTinaties TL Wie Convention forthe Protection ofthe Ozane Laer =the layer a the smoepheriscuone shove the planets beurary layer b. UN Conference cn Crnrannent and Development riabization of [Sesrfina ge corwenteatian tothe stoner ato level thet rad Prevent dargeteusartbvepereric interference with he climate setem yrtaProtocol- protection ofthe atmsapher © anton ifertiona Trace mEningored Species af Wi fauna nc Mora Centontfenen logical Divesty B fe Treaty af Rone E. Nosth uresiewe Agrenmenten Emerita Cooperation (© ProtocalenEavircmentalPratection tothe Antarctic Treaty 4 AmerenDedarationGoueren x? INTERNATIONAL ECONDMICLANY What i memational Ceenomic Lan? Tin iy broadest sense micfodes all inlernationat lw and isternational sgreceneis goteming cconemic erasers that aaa stats boundatics ot {hat eternioe have plications or mare tan saat = Thoweinweving the woven as ff Tectnalogy Fins. Boe © Pence 8 aie Songs + charaeteritcs 1. Wet of pic inermaional te ‘o Treatieralane make this ite ntertvined whup ve repuives mat cacpnerytinkng [Enrica reearch very impr tan Tor ueerstanding its operation| ‘bjectivns of th Better Woods Confrence of 144: 1. "Toadvance the reduction of tariffs and ater rage boris 2. Tocimalea gebel menos designed latinas seanoric comics + ternational Monetary Fund or Runcttns [a paves shoa-term Financing to crisis in balance of panes ities 1+ mentation Banko eesntrutionand Develapenere [est Bark] prove longterm expec! topper gen ed development + lmternstionsLTrite Orssnzatian TO} 2 romate a ira acing sytem by pracibng certain pretetionat ‘encores de {GATT} > World Trade (2 Oversces the aperition of GATT and a new General Agreement on ‘Wack and Services Tr Agreed Tar Levels O° GaTTeantare specified tart eves foreach Stave S Momever therean bere-negatisted 2 est Favored Notion Principle cited te prep a nor-dicréinalion ‘Sty Speen reeuent given ta 3 prodat fem ane ring parnet must be salable fer ike presets orgrating fem er destined fot (Sher catracing partners ¢ Tanfteancesiere 1 Principle af National Trestment (Prhibts dacrimnation between derestic producers ane! fren reducers © One feign pducers have pid he proper Better crass, no ‘sitions burns may be irae or fore Prete 1 Principte af Tarifeation ete the ue of muss on ampere er axperts. and the use af Uintem enirpertatin sr exportation (© Purpose to preven the ipesition of neta barriers S Eeeepttns GATT provides for a qusntizative and temporary bass fer Eelince of payments infant tealy seucne favor of seeping sais General esrepiens Sr bulae moele Bub heath © Garreneypictection ets fps bat 2 Natinal testes often, ats or archansleies wale 1. Secuttyenceptions EL Reon rece cnsepsins Exception for developing nation (Tanada . Anger] a Tatablted by the WTO agreement Cons of General Caunc ofthe WTO, Upeates uns the Uprsanding on les and Procedizes Governing the Stelemant of Dipaase 94 Each Sate har nsigh to eetabish» Panel EL iopronch fer plrmanent appellate Eady consnting of persons wth recognised expertise inLow Tneguny Faved of Tt erpandd the scape of the madtlaterl tad aire Itadese 2. Intellectual preperty BSc 5 Seiteny and ppsiceritary mesures © investment f. Stengthening ofthe sues on sudvidiee, countervailing cutie and ate suring International Ceonomic Law affects dhe sovereignty af Staten and their tapucty to give fore to mational policy cect