Introduction

The Collection of water sample may seem a relatively simple task. However to obtain
representative water samples and to preserve their integrity until they are analysed in
the laboratory requires a series of steps, procedure and practices. A representative
sample can easily be obtained from rivers and lakes, which are relatively homogeneous,
where-as may water bodies have significatn spatial and temporal variations and the
collection of representative sample becomes much more complex.
The objective of the sampling is to collect a portion of material small enough in volume
to be conveniently transported to and handled in the laboratory while still accurately
representing the material being sampled. This implies first that the relative positions of
the concentrations of all pertinent components must be the same in the samples as in the
material being sampled and second that the sample must be handled in such a way that
no significant changes in composition occurs before the tests are performed. The
analysis is generally intended to reveal the composition of the waters at the time or over
the period of sampling. Consequently errors are introduced if changes take place
between taking of the sample and analysis being carried out. There is in-fect, a strong
likelihood that such changes will occur in most of the waters. The arrangement should
be such that these are prevented at lest minimised.
Planning of Sampling
The monitoring of water quality to give reliable and usable data requires that analytical
and other resources are employed to the best advantage. The first step in the planning of
water monitoring is to decide what data is needed and how it is useful. The type of
investigation, purpose of study and anticipated variations are other points to be
considered. The first stage of planning of the sampling programme is the selection of the
most suitable site to provide the required data.