a(an)

Neymimasis artikelis (Indefinite article)

a(an) - kils is odio one reikia - bet koks, kakoks, bet kuris.
Naudojamas:
1) tik su skaiiuotiniais daiktavardiais.
a (one) table, a (one) boy, a (one) cat.
2) tik vienaskaitoje.
Nenaudojamas:
1) su abstrakiais, mediaginias nusakaniais daiktavardiais.
love, water
2) daugiskaitoje
We are students
Rayba:
a - prie priebalses.
(a cat, a nice cat, a very nice cat).
an - prie balses a, e, i, o, u.
(an apple, a orange, an egg, an ice-cream, an uncle, an old man,
an interesting book).
Iimtis: kai artikelis an naudojamas prie priebals h arba artikelis a naudojamas prie bals u!
a unit [ju:nit]
a university [ju:niversity], dl to, kad pradedame tarti priebalse
an hour [aue]
an honest man [onest] (nes pradedame tarti balse).
Artikelio a(an) vartojimas:
1. Bet kuris (nekonkretus) daiktas i visumos:
(A small boy played in the yard.(kakoks)).
2. Kai panaudojame kakok nekonkret daikt ar asmen, pirm karta naudojame
a(an), bet, kada kalbame apie t pat daikt ar asmen toliau, naudojame the, nes
jau inome apie k kalbame:
(A small boy (kakoks) came into the classroom. The boy (jau inomas, dl to
konkretus) put his bag ant set on the chair.
3. Su konstrukcijomis:
There is a pen on the table.
There was an interesting film.
There will be a nice day tomorrow.
4. Su profesijomis (po bti to be- am, is) form:
He is a teacher.
She is an engineer.
I am a student.
5. Prie bdvard + skaiiuot. daiktavardis
An old man
A small boy
A very interesting book
6. Su priedliu:
(Justas, a boy in our class, is the most handsome boy.
Laura, a pupil from 6b, is the most clever girl.)
7. Su kiekybiniais odeliais:
(a little (truput), a few (keletas)).
8. Kai kuriuose pastoviuose posakiuose:
1

(to take a shower, to have a party, to have a good time, to have a headache, to go
for a walk, to give a hand (pagelbti), it is a pity (gaila), to be in a hurry (skubti),
its a shame (gda)).
the
ymimasis artikelis (Definite article)
Turimas galvoje konkretus asmuo, daiktas, reikinys.
Kils i parodomj vardi this-these (itas-itie), that-those (anas-anie).
Naudojamas:
1) Prie kelintin skaitvard.
(the first, the third, the twenty-sixth)
2) Prie aukiausiojo laipsnio bdvard.
(the best, the most interesting)
3) Po vardi.
(all (visi), both (abu), pvz: All the puils are present today).
4) Su daiktavardiais, reikianius daiktus, kurie yra vieninteliai:
(the King, the Queen, the sun, the moon, the earth, the sky, the ground, the
universe, the world, the capital, the centre, the weather, the country).
5) Kada sakinys yra konkretus ir visi inome apie kok daikt (viet) mes nekame.
(pvz.: Go to the blackboard, please (visi inome prie kurios lentos. Tos, kuri yra
klasje).
6) Visa tauta, tauta + daiktavardis:
(the English (visa tauta), the English language, the Roman Gods, The Lithuanian
History).
Iimtis: jeigu yra tauta + mogus - naudojame artikel a(an)
(pvz: an English policeman, a Lithuanian writer, a Brazilian footbaler).
Jeigu yra tik tautyb, artikelio nereikia
(pvz: I study English, He is American).
7) Po ir prie savybinio daiktavardi linksnio prielinksnio of:
(the page of the book, the window of the room).
8) Po prielinksni, kurie naudojami konstrukcijoje there is, there are arba kitoki
vietos prielinksni:
(in the room, on the table, under the table, next to the door).
9) Su bdvardiais:
(the following (sekantis) Read the following word.
the same (toks pat) Look at the same page.
the only (vienintelis) She is the only child in the family.
the next (sekantis) Open the next page.
the last (paskutinis) During the last meeting.
Pastaba: nenaudojame artikelio su bdvardiais next ir last, kada jie naudojami su
laik nusakaniais daiktavardiais:
Next week, next month, next year, next summer.
Last week, next month, next year, next Monday, next winter.
10) Visa grup moni, kurie priklauso tam tikrai paslaug sferai:
the police (policija)
the fire brigade (gaisrininkai)
the army (armija)
11) Kai pastatas skirtas tiems
monms pagal paskirt (be artikelio)

Lankytojams (naudojame artikel)

2

(mokiniams) school
(studentams) university
(ligoniams) hospital
(kaliniams) prison
(tikintiemsiams) church

the school
the university
the hospital
the prison
the church

He goes to school. (Jis yra mokinys).

Alisons mother has gone to the school to see her daughter. (Ji yra lankytoja)
He is in prison for robbery. (Jis yra kalinys).
Ken went to the prison to visit his brother. (Jis yra lankytojas).
He was taken to hospital. (Jis yra pacientas).
Jack has gone to the hospital to visit his brother. (Jis yra lankytojas).
12) Kai i bdvardi padaryti daiktavardiai ir reikia grup moni:
Old (senas)
the old (senimas).
Young (jaunas)
the young (jaunimas).
Rich (turtingas)
the rich (turtuoliai).
Poor (vargas)
the poor (vargai).
13) Su muzikos instrumentais
Can you play the guitar?
The piano is my favourite instrument.
Iimtis: Id like to have a guitar.
Artikeli nebuvimas prie skaiiuotinius daiktavardius:
1) Kai daiktavardis eina kreipiniu:
Children, be quiet!
2) Prie odius father, mother, uncle, aunt kai kalbama apie eimos narius.
Father is watching TV now.
3) Prie savaits dien, mnesi ir met laik pavadinimus.
Spring has come at last!
Ill return in May.
Ill see you on Monday.
Pastaba: mnesi ir met pavadinimai vartojami su artikeliu the, kai jie yra apibrti
payminiu arba situacijos.
The winter of 1941 was very cold.
The summer was very rainy and cool.
4) Prie daiktavardius breakfast, dinner, lunch, supper.
Breakfast is ready.
What shall we have for supper?
Iimtis: konkreioje situacijoje bdvardis + dinner, supper, lunch, breakfast:
Pvz.: It was a very good dinner.
5) Bed
to go to bed (eiti miegoti)

Work
to go to work (eit darb)

Home
to go home (eiti namo)

Iimtis: kada kalbame apie lov, kaip apie bald, naudojame the.
I sat on the bed (ant baldo).
Artikeli vartojimas su neskaiiuotiniais daiktavardiais
3

1) Neskaiiuotiniai daiktavardiai (abstraktieji ir mediaginiai) paprastai naudojami be

artikeli
Pvz.: I like water.Give me a glass of water, please.
2) Jei abstraktieji ir mediaginiai daiktavardiai turi apibriamj paymini arba juos
patikslina situacija, jie vartojami su artikeliu the.
Pvz.: Pass me the sugar, please.
The Lithuania is ready to defend the freedom of their country.
3) Neymimasis artikelis an, a su neskaiiuotiniais daiktavardiais nevartojami.
Artikeliai su tikriniais (proper) daiktavardiais
Kas yra tikriniai daiktavardiai?
1) moni vardai ir pavards (Jack Simpson)
2) Geografiniai vardai: ali England
miest London
kaln The Alpes
sal The Cretan
upi The Thames.
3) Gatvi, aiki, laikrai pavadinimai: gatvi The Mall
aiki Trafalgar Square
laikrai The Lietuvos Rytas.
4) Savaits dien ir mnesi pavadinimai: savaits dien Sunday, Monday
Mnesi May, April).
5) Tautybi pavadinimai: English, French.
Tikriniai daiktavardiai be artikelio the:
1) Vardai ir pavards: Ann, Smith.
Iimtis: kada kalbama apie vis eim the Smith.
2) ali pavadinimai: England, Scotland.
Iimtis: t ali pavadinimais, kurie sudaryti su odeliais Respublic, Kingdom, States arba
susideda i keli jungtini valstij, turi artikel the ( the USA, the United Kingdom, the
Dominican Respublic, the Netherlands).
3) Miest pavadinimai: London, Paris, Kaunas.
Iimtis: The Hague.
4) Gatvi, aiki, park pavadinimai: Oxford Street, Trafalgar Square, Hyde Park.
Iimtis: The Strand, the Red Square.
5) Universitet pavadinimai: Cambridge University, Harward University, Vytautas Magnus
University, Vilnius State University.
Iimtis: The University of London.
6) Oro uost ir geleinkeli pavadinimai: London Airport, Kenedy Airport, Victoria Station.
7) Pastat, tilt, banyi pavadinimai: Westminster Abbey, Contebury Cathedral, St. Pauls
Church, Westmister Bridge.
8) Mnesiai, savaits dienos: January, February, Sunday, Monday.
Iimtis: jeigu jie apibrti konkreios situacijos, naudojame the.
Pvz.: The May of this spring was cold.
9) Kalb pavadinimai: He studied English.
Iimtis: The English language.
10) urnal pavadinimai: National Geografic, Life, Time.
11) Virukalns: Mount Everest, Mount Etna, Mount Elbrus.
12) Kai kurios salos: Cuba, Long Island, Cyprus, Staten Island.
4

13) Eerai: Lake Superior, Lake Victoria, Lake Constance.

14) Kompanijos, oro linij pavadinimai: Fiat, BMW, Sony, Kodak, British Airways.
Tikriniai daiktavardiai su artikeliu the:
1) Jr, vandenyn, upi, kanal, eeryn pavadinimai: the Atlantic Ocean, the Nile, the Suez
Canal, the Great lakes.
Iimtis: Lake Constance
They live near the lake.
2) Salynai: the Canary Islands, the Bahams, the Canaries.
Kalnynai: the Rocky Mountains/ the Rokies, the Andes, the Alps.
3) Dykumos: the Sahara.
4) Kai kuri ali pavadinimai: (daniausiai su odeliais: Respublic, Kingdom, States,
Union) the Netherlands, the Philipines, the United States, the West Indies, the United
Kingdom, the Dominican Respublic, the Soviet Union, the Ukraine, the Caucasus.
5) Pasaulio ali pavadinimai: the North, the South-East, the West, the East, the Middle East,
the Far East.
Pastaba: Nothern France, South-Eastern Spain, North America, West Africa.
6) Kada kalbama apie vis eim: the Taylors = the Taylor family.
7) Kada kalbama apie tautyb, bet turi galvoje vis grup tos tautos moni: the English, the
Spanish, the Swiss, the Italians, the Scots, the Lithuanians, the Turks.
Pastaba: jei kalbame apie vien tos tautos atstov, naudojame a(an): an English writer.
8) Muziejai The British Museum
Teatrai The Musician Theatre
Kinoteatrai The Empire Cinema
Bibliotekos The Congress Library
Galerijos The Gallery
9) Viebuiai The Station Hotel
Restoranai The Bombay Restaurant
10) Laikraiai The Times, The Kauno diena, The Wasington Post
Pastabos:
1) Artikeliai nevartojami, kai prie pavard eina titulas: professor Brown, doctor Smith,
Mr/Mrs Johnson, Captain Johnson, President Kennedy, Uncle Robert, Aunt Cherine,
Princess Diana.
2) Daugelis parduotuvi, restoran, viebui, bank, stoi ir t.t. pavadinimai, kurie prasideda
asmenvardiais, raomi be artikelio: Vilnius Bank, McDonalds, St.Johns Church, St.Pauls
Cathetdral.
3) Bendrai prie vardus ir pavardes artikelio neraome: Jack Smith, Justas Daugla.