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De Tai Nghien C..
De Tai Nghien C..
MUC LUC
MUC LUC
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Nghien cum ling dung phan vung anh trong xir ly anh
Tir nhung ly do tren, toi da chon de tai nghien cum ung dung phan vung anh
trong xir ly anh cho bai nghien cuu cua minh.
anh muc xam trong viec bieu dien va liru tru thong tin do cac ira the vuot troi hon
han so voi anh muc xam. Do do, cac ky thuat, thuat giai mdi thirc hien viec phan
vung anh tren cac loai anh mau lien tuc dugc phat trien de dap ung cac nhu cau
mdi. Cac thuat giai, ky thuat nay thudng dugc phat trien dua tren nen tang cac
thuat giai phan vung anh muc xam da co san.
1.1. xir ly anh, cac van de ctf ban trong xir ly anh
1.1.1. xir ly anh la gi?
Xu ly anh la mot lmh vuc mang tinh khoa hoc va cong nghe. No la mot nganh
khoa hoc mbi me so vbi nhieu nganh khoa hoc khac nhimg toe do phat trien cua
no rat nhanh, klch thlch cac trung tarn nghien curu, ung dung, dac biet la may tinh
chuyen dung rieng cho no.
Qua trinh xu ly anh dugc xem nhu la qua trinh thao tac anh dau vao nham cho
ra ket qua mong muon. Ket qua dau ra cua mot qua trinh xu ly anh co the la mot
anh tot hem hoac mot ket luan.
Anh
Xu ly anh
Luu
tru
Hinh 1 .2. Cac bude co ban trong mot he thong xu ly anh
Anh tren may tinh la ket qua thu nhan theo cac phuong phap so hoa duoc
nhung trong cac thiet bi ky thuat khac nhau. Qua trinh luu tru anh nham 2 muc
dich:
Tidt kiembo nhd
Giam thdi gian xu ly
Viec luu tru thong tin trong bo nhd co anh hudng rat lbn den viec hien thi, in
an va xu ly anh duoc xem nhu la 1 tap hop cac diem vbi cung kich thudc neu srr
dung cang nhieu diem anh thi buc anh cang dep, cang min va cang the hien ro hon
chi tiet cua anh ngudi ta goi dac diem nay la do phan giai.
Viec lira chon do phan giai thich hop tuy thuoc vao nhu cau su dung va dac
trrrng cua moi anh cu the, tren co so do cac anh thudng duoc bieu dien theo 2 mo
hinh co ban: mo hinh Raster va mo hinh vector.
I.2.2.I. Mo hinh Raster
Day la each bieu dien anh thong dung nhat hien nay, anh duoc bieu dien dudi
dang ma tran cac diem (diem anh). Thudng thu nhan qua cac thiet bi nhu camera,
scanner. Tuy theo yeu cau thirc the ma moi diem anh duoc bieu dien qua 1 hay
nhidu bit.
Mo hinh Raster thuan loi cho hien thi va in an. Ngay nay cong nghe phan cung
cung cap nhung thiet bi thu nhan anh Raster phu hop voi toe do nhanh va chat
luong cao cho ca dau vao va dau ra. Mot thuan loi cho viec hien thi trong moi
trudng Windows la Microsoft dua ra khuon dang anh DIB (Device Independent
Bitmap) lam trung gian.
Mot trong nhung hudng nghien cuu co ban tren mo hinh bieu dien nay la ky
thuat nen anh cac ky thuat nen anh lai chia ra theo 2 khuynh hudng la nen bao toan
va khong bao toan thong tin nen bao toan co kha nang phuc hoi hoan toan du lieu
ban dau con neu khong bao toan chi co kha nang phuc hoi do sai so cho phep nao
do. Theo each tiep can nay ngudi ta da de ra nhieu quy each khac nhau nhu BMP,
TIF, GIF, PCX...
SVTH: Tran Thanh Vu
Nghien cum ung dung phan vung anh trong xir ly anh
Hien nay tren the gioi co tren 50 khuon dang anh thong dung bao gom ca trong
do cac ky thuat nen co kha nang phuc hoi du lieu 1 00% va nen co kha nang phuc
hoi voi do sai so nhan duoc.
BMP
PCC
panit
Cira so
DIB
thay doi
Hinh 1.4. Qua trinh hien thi va chinh sira, luru tru anh thong qua DIB
I.2.2.2. Mo hinh Vector
Bieu dien anh ngoai muc dich tiet kiem khong gian luu tru de dang cho hien
thi va in an con dam bao de dang trong lua chon sao chep di chuyen tim
kiem. . .Theo nhung yeu cau nay ky thuat bieu dien vector to ra uu viet hon.
Trong mo hinh vector ngubi ta su dung huong giua cac vector cua diem anh
lan can de ma hoa va tai tao hinh anh ban dau anh vector duoc thu nhan true tiep
tir cac thiet bi so hoa nhu Digital hoac duoc chuyen doi tir anh Raster thong qua
cac chuong trinh so hoa Cong nghe phan cung cung cap nhung thiet bi xu ly voi
toe do nhanh va chat luong cho ca dau vao va ra nhumg lai chi ho trq cho anh
Raster.
Do vay, nhung nghien cum ve bieu dien vecto deu tap trung tir chuyen doi tir
anh Raster.
RASTER
Vecter
VECTOR
hoa
raster
RASTER
hoa
Hinh 1.5. Sir chuyen doi giua cac mo hinh bieu dien anh
Tong ket chirong I
Hieu duoc khai quat ve xir ly anh, cac each bieu dien anh va cac mo hinh trong
quan he xir ly anh.
Chirong II: Khai quat ve phan vung anh
Nghien cum ung dung phan vimg anh trong xir ly anh
Phan vung anh la mot biroc then chot trong xu ly anh. Giai doan nay nham
phan tlch anh thanh nhung thanh phan co cimg tlnh chat dira theo bien hay cac
vung lien thong. Tieu chuan de xac dinh cac vung lien thong co the la mire xam,
cung mau hay do nham. . .
Vung anh (Region): la tap hop cac diem anh co chung cac thuoc tinh
thuoc ve mot doi tuong nao do.
Phan vung anh (Image Segmentation): la qua trinh phan hoach tap cac
diem anh cua X thanh cac tap con Ri (hay mot vung anh) thoa man cac dieu kien
sau:
+ R,0
+ Ri Rj = 0 (ifcj, Vij)
+ u Ri = X, V i
Ri : bao gom cac pixel co chung cac thuoc tinh nao do.
Phan vung anh la chia anh thanh cac vung khong trimg lap. Moi vung gom mot
nhom pixel lien thong va dong nhat theo mot tieu chi nao do. Tieu chi nay phu
thuoc vao muc tieu cua qua trinh phan doan. Vi du nhu dong nhat ve mau sac, muc
xam, ket cau, do sau cua cac layer. .. Sau khi phan doan moi pixel chi thuoc ve
mot vung duy nhat. Be danh gia chat luong cua qua trinh phan doan la rat kho. Vi
vay trade khi phan doan anh can xac dinh ro muc tieu cua qua trinh phan doan la
gi. Xet mot each tong quat, ta co the chia cac hudng tiep can phan doan anh thanh
cac nhom chinh nhu sau:
- Dira tren tinh dong deu ( do tuong trr cua tnuc xam va cac thuoc tinh chung cua
cac diem anh trong moi vung.
- Phan vung anh dira tren sir bien thien cua ham do xam hoac muc xam ( phan
vung dua tren tach bien).
2.3. Cac cong doan chinh cua phan vung anh
- Gom 3 cong doan sau:
+ Tien xu ly anh ( neu co )
+ Qua trinh phan vung anh ( thirc hien dira tren cac thuat toan )
+ Banh nhan cho cac vimg anh duoc phan tach va dieu chinh neu can
- Ngoai ra viec phan vung anh con dua tren cac phuong phap phan vung chinh la:
+ Phan vimg theo nguong bien do.
+ Phan vimg anh theo mien dong nhat.
+ Phan vimg anh theo ket cdu be mat.
rxlR
Pi= XlG
LxlB
E(Rk) =
1
S A(P;)
card(Ru)x piSRt
- Ham vi tir cua Rk ( Pred (K1:) ) : de do dp dong deu cua muc xam, dupe dinh
nghla nhu sau:
1,neuE(Rk)<=0c
Pred(Rk) =
0,neuE(Rk)>9c
Trong do: 0C la nguong tu chon
: neu Pred(Rk) = 1 thi vung Rk la vung dong deu
Pred(Rk) = 0 thi vung Rk la khong dong deu
Thuoc tinh tan so, thuoc tinh thong ke, thuoc tinh cau true
Tong ket chuOng II
Lam ro van de phan vung anh va cac thuoc tinh cua no trong xu ly anh.
mi la gia tri trung binh dupe tinh bdng cong: m; =
Aro
Cac dac tinh dan gian, can thiet nhat cua anh la bien do va cac tlnh chat vat ly
nhir: do tuong phan, do trayen sang, mau sac hoac dap ling pho. Nhu vay, co the
dung nguong bien do de phan vung khi bien do du Ion dac trung cho anh. Thi du,
bien do trong bo cam bien anh hong ngoai co the phan anh vung co nhiet do thap
hay vung co nhiet do cao. Ky thuat phan nguong theo bien do rat co loi doi vdi
anh nhi phan nhu van ban in, do hoa, anh mau hay anh X-quang. Viec chon
nguong rdt quan tron|. No bao gom cac bubc :
Xem xet luge do xam cua anh de xac dinh cac dinh va cac khe. Neu anh co
dang rdn luon (nhidu dinh va khe), cac khe co the dimg de chon nguong.
Chon nguong t sao cho mot phan xac dinh trude r| cua toan bo so mau la thap
hon t.
Bieu chinh nguong dua tren luge do xam cua cac diem lan can.
Chgn nguong theo luge do xam cua nhung diem thoa man tieu chuan chgn.
Thi du, vdi anh co do tuong phan thap, luge do cua nhung diem co bien do
Laplace g(m,n) ldn hon gia tri t dinh trade (sao cho tu' 5% den 10% so diem
anh vdi Gradient ldn nhat se coi nhu bien) se cho phep xac dinh cac dac tinh anh
ludng cue tot hon anh gdc.
Khi co mo hinh phan ldp xac suat, viec xac dinh nguong dua vao tieu chuan
xac suat nham cue tieu xac suat sai so hoac dua vao mot so tinh chat khac cua luat
Bayes.
Thuat toan tren gia dinh rang chung ta dang quan tarn den cac doi tugng sang
(object) hay nen anh (background) bang cac gia tri 1 hoac 0.
3.1.1.1. Nguong co dinh
Phuong phap dau tien la chgn mot nguong doc lap vdi du lieu anh. Neu chung
ta biet trade la chuong trinh ung dung se lam viec vdi nhung anh co do tuong
phan rat cao, trong do cac doi tugng quan tarn rat toi con nen gan nhu dong nhat
va rat sang, thi gia tri nguong khong doi 128 tren thang do sang tu 0 den 255 se la
mot gia tri chgn kha chinh xac. Chinh xac d day nen dugc hieu theo nghla la so
lugng cac diem anh bi phan ldp sai la cue tieu.
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Trong hau het cac truong hap, nguong dugc chon tu luge do do sang cua vung
hay anh can dirge phan doan.
Co rat nhieu ky thuat chon nguong tu dong xuat phat tir luge do xam. Nhung
ky thuat pho bien nhat trong so do se dugc trinh bay dudi day. Nhung ky thuat nay
co the tan dung lgi the do su lam tron du lieu luge do ban dau mang lai, nham loai
bo nhung dao dong nho ve do sang. Tuy nhien cac thuat toan lam tron can phai
can trgng khong dugc lam dich chuyen cac vi tri dinh cua luge do.
3.2. Phirong phap phan vung anh theo mien dong nhat
Ky thuat phan vung anh thanh cac mien dong nhat dua vao cac tinh chat quan
trgng nao do cua mien anh. Viec lua chgn cac tinh chat cua mien se xac dinh tieu
chuan phan vung. Tinh dong nhat cua mot mien anh la diem chu yeu xac dinh tinh
hieu qua cua viec phan vung. Cac tieu chuan hay dugc dung la su thuan nhat ve
muc xam, mau sac doi vdi anh mau, ket cau sgi va chuyen dong.
Cac phuong phap phan vung anh theo mien dong nhat thubng ap dung la :
Phuong phap tach cay tu phan
Phuong phap cue bo
Phuong phap tong hgp
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thu dugc cho den khi khong the noi them dirge nua. So mien con lai cho ta ket qua
phan doan. Nhu vay, mien nho nhat cua bude xuat phat la diem anh.
Phuong phap nay hoan toan ngugc vdi phirong phap tach. Song dieu quan
trgng d day la nguyen ly noi 2 vung. Viec noi 2 vung dugc thuc hien theo nguyen
tac sau :
- Hai vung phai dap ung tieu chuan, thi du nhu cung mau hay cung muc xam.
- Hai vung phai ke can nhau.
Dua theo nguyen ly cua phuong phap noi, ta co 2 thuat toan :
Thuat
toan to mau (Blob Coloring) : su dung khai niem 4 lien thong, dung mot
cua so di chuyen tren anh de so sanh vdi tieu chuan noi.
- Thuat toan de quy cue bo: su dung phuong phap tim kiem trong mot cay de lam
tang kich thude vung.
3.2.3. Phirong phap tong hop
Hai phuong phap noi (hgp) va tach deu co nhugc diem. Phuong phap tach se
tao nen mot cau true phan cap va thiet lap moi quan he giua cac vung. Tuy nhien,
no thuc hien viec chia qua chi tiet. Phuong phap hgp cho phep lam giam so mien
lien thong xuong toi thieu, nhung cau true hang ngang dan trai, khong cho ta thay
ro moi lien he giua cac mien. Vi nhugc diem nay, ngudi ta nghT den phoi hgp ca
hai phuong phap. Trudc tien, dung phuong phap tach de tao nen cay tu phan, phan
doan theo hudng tu goc den la. Tiep theo, tien hanh duyet cay theo chieu ngugc lai
va hgp cac vung co cung tieu chuan. Vdi phuong phap nay ta thu dugc mot cau
true anh vdi cac mien lien thong co kich thude toi da. Giai thuat tach hgp gom mot
so bude chinh sau:
Budcl : Kiem tra tieu chuan dong nhat.
Neu khong thoa man tieu chuan dong nhat va so diem trong mot vung nhieu
hon 1, tach vung anh lam 4 mien (tren, dudi, phai, trai) bang each de quy. Neu ket
qua tach xong va khong tach dugc nua chuyen sang bude 2.
Neu tieu chuan dong nhat thoa man thi tien hanh hgp vung va cap nhat lai gia tri
trung binh cua vung cho vung nay.
Bude 2:Hgp vung.
Kiem tra 4 lan can nhu da neu tren. Co the co nhi6u vung thoa man. Khi do,
chgn vung toi uu nhat roi tien hanh hgp.
3.3. Phan vung anh theo ket cau be mat
Ket cau thudng dugc nhan biet tren be mat cua cac doi tugng nhu go, cat, vai
voc...Ket cau la thuat ngu phan anh su lap lai cua cac phan tu sgi (texel) co ban.
Su lap lai nay co the ngau nhien hay co tinh chu ki hoac gan chu ki. Mot texel
chua rat nhieu diem anh. Trong phan tich anh, ket cau dugc chia lam hai loai chinh
la: loai thong ke va loai cau true.
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Nghien cum ling dung phan vung anh trong xir ly anh
Tinh ket cau ngau nhien rat phu hop vdi cac dac trung thong ke. Vi vay, ngu'di
ta co the dung cac dac trung ngau nhien de do no nhu: Ham tir tuong
quan(AutoCorrelation Function-ACF), cac bien doi mat do gd, ma tran tuong
tranh, v.v.
Theo each tiep can bang ham tu tuong quan, do tho cua ket cau soi ti le vdi
do rpng cua ACF, duoc bieu dien bdi khoang each x0 , y0 : sao cho ( x0 , 0) = r(0,
yo) = i.
Ngudi ta cung dung each do nhanh cua ACF nhd ham khdi tao moment:
M(k,l) = S (m-n,)k(n-H2)r(m,n)
Z mi-(m,n)
Pi= Z
m n
Vdi :
p2=
va
2 E nr(m,n)
m n
Cac dac trung cua kh cdu soi nhu do tho, do min hay hudng co the ude luqng
nhd cac bien doi anh bang ky thuat loc tuyen tinh . Mot mo hinh don gian trong
trudng ngau nhien cho viec phan tich tinh ket cau dupe mo ta trong hinh 2.1.
p(m,n)
Trong mo hinh nay, trudng ket cau soi trade tien duoc giai chap bdi bo loc lay
tir dau ra cua ACF. Nhu vay, neu r(m, n) la ACF thi:
U(m, n) a(m, n) = s (m, n)
la mot trudng ngau nhien khong tuong quan.
Ngoai cac dac trmig tren, co the dua them mot so khai niem va dinh nghTa cac
dai luong dua tren do nhu: luge do hieu muc xam(Histogram grey level
difference). Ma tran xuat hien mire xam (gi'ey level occurence matrices).
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Luge do hieu muc xam dung de mo ta cac thong tin mang tinh khong gian va
dugc dinh nghTa nhu sau:
Cho d = (dl, d2) la vecto dich chuyen giua 2 diem anh va g(d) la hieu muc
Vdi f(k, 1) ham cho gia tri muc xam tai toa do (k, 1). Ggi h(g, d) la luge dd cua
hieu muc xam vdi khoang each d. Nhu vay, vdi moi khoang each d ta co 1 luge do
rieng.
Vdi moi diem anh co ket cau tho luge do h(g, d) co khuynh hudng tap trung
xung quanh g= 0 vdi khoang each d nho. Trai lai, vdi mot mien anh co ket cau
min, h(g, d) se phan nhanh du vdi vecto dich chuyen d la kha nho. Dua tren luge
do nay, ngudi ta dinh nghTa lai mot so dai lugng:
i=N
Trung binh:
pd=
gk
hk (gk , d)
=N
ad2 =
Phuang sai:
Z ( gk - pd)2 hg ( gk , d)
i=N
Do tuong phan:
cd= Z
gk2 hg (gk , d)
Phuang sai do do tan mat cua hieu muc xam tai mot khoang each d nao
day.Ket cau tat dinh thudng co khuynh hudng co phuang sai ad tuang doi nho. Do
tuang phan cd chinh la momen cua luge dd hg(g, d) xung quanh g=0 va do do
tuang phan cua hieu muc xam.
Ngudi ta cung su dung entropy de do do dong nhat cua luge do hg:
k=N
Uu diem ca ban cua luge do hieu muc xam la tinh toan dan gian. Ngoai ra con
cd kha nang cho ta to chrrc ket cau khong gian.
Ma tran xuat hien lien hiep muc xam: ggi P(k, 1 , d) la xac suat lien hiep cua
hai diem anh fk va fl vdi cac muc xam k, 1 tuang ung each nhau mot khoang d.
Xac suat nay de dang tinh dugc nhd viec tinh so lan xuat hien nk, 1 cua diem anh
(fk, fl) cd muc xam k va 1 vdi khoang each d. Ggi n la tong so cap lien hiep muc
xam cd dugc tinh nhu sau: cd = (ckd )
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Va
cu=P(k,l,d) =
Ma tran xuat hien lien hiep muc xam Cd la ma tran vuong N*N phan tu (N la
so muc xam cua anh). Ma tran nay chua dung cac thong tin rat hum ich ve to chuc
ket cau khong gian. N8u cdu tuong doi tho thi cac phdn tu cua ma tran tap trung
xung quanh dudng cheo chinh. Ngugc lai neu ket cau be mat min gia tri cac phan
tu cua cd se phan rai tuong d6i ro:
Dira tren khai niem nay ngudi ta dinh nghTa ve mot so do do:
Xac xuat cue dai: Pd = max(k i( Ckd
k = N 1= N
Entropy: Hd = - Z
Z Ck i ln(Ck i)
k = i 1= 1
De dang thay entropy cue dai khi xac suat lien hiep P(k, 1, d) co phan phdi ddu.
k = N 1= N
Z | k- 1 |m CkJ
k = 1 1=1
Id cue tieu khi cac phan tu cua ma tran C tap trung tren dubng cheo chinh vi
khoang each | k- ljm la rat nho. Id nhd co nghTa la ket cau kha tho. Ngudi ta cung
con dua vao mot so do do khac nhu ham tir tuong quan, pho nang luong.
Ket cau soi co cau true thuan nhat la nhung texels xac dinh, ma su xuat hien
lap di lap lai tuan theo mot luat tat dinh hay ngau nhien nao day. Mot texel ve thirc
te la mot nhdm cac pixel co cung mot so tinh chat bat bien lap tren anh. Mot texel
cung cd the dinh nghTa theo muc xam, theo be mat hay tinh dong nhat doi vdi mot
so cac tinh chat nhu kich thude, hudng, luge do bac hai (ma tran tuong tranh).
Vdi cac texel dugc phan bd ngau nhien, tinh kdt cdu sgi tuong ung cua no dugc
coi la yeu (weak) ngugc lai vdi quy luat phan bd tat dinh ggi la khoe (strong). Khi
tinh ket cau sgi la yeu, luat phan bd cd the do bdi:
- Mat do go.
- Cac loat dai cua cac texel lien thong toi da.
- Mat do cue tri tuong doi: so pixel tren mot don vi dien tich cd muc xam
cue tri cue bo dia phuong so vdi cac lan can.
Ngoai hai each tiep can tren, ngudi ta con dung each tiep can khac bang each
lay to hop 2 each tren va ggi la kT thuat mosaic. Mo hinh nay bieu dien cac qua
trinh hinh hgc ngau nhien, thi du nhu kham ngau nhien hay deu cua mot mat
phang vao cac dudng cong noi len tinh ket cau te bao.
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Khi doi tuong xuat hien tren mot nen co tinh ket cau cao, viec phan doan dira
vao tinh ket cau tro nen quan trong. Nguyen nhan la ket cau soi thudng chua mat
do cao cac go (edge) lam cho phan doan theo bien kem hieu qua, tru khi ta loai
tinh ket cau. Viec phan doan dira vao mien dong nhat cung co the ap dugnj cho cac
dat trung ket cau va co the dung de phan doan cac midn co tinh k6t cau.
Tong ket chirong III
Dira vao cac cong thuc, cac thuat toan de lam ro cac phucmg phap phan vung
anh, dong thbi khang dinh phan vung anh la mot yeu to khong the thieu trong xrr
ly anh.
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KET LUAN
Luan van da dua ra dugc cac ly thuyet tong quan ve xu ly anh va phan vung
anh, khang dinh dugc phan vung anh la mot buoc then chot trong xu ly anh. Vi
vay, viec nghien cuu phat trien ky thuat phan vung anh co y nghTa rat to ldn trong
xu ly anh. Ngoai ra, no con cho thay dugc cac phucmg phap phan vung anh ung
voi tung thuat toan nhat dinh, tu do chung ta co the van dung tot hon nhung ung
dung phan vung anh nay vao thuc tien doi song.
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STT
ThM gian
10/2012 01/2013
01/2013 04/2013
04/2013 06/2013
Nghien
cuu
cac
phuang phap chinh
trong phan vung anh.
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