PROGRAMMING THROUGH C LANGUAGE

CONTENTS
Sl. No.

Subjects

Page No.

1.

Conceptual

2.

Control Statements

3.

Triangles

23

4.

Arrays

26

5.

Matrix

30

6.

String or Array of Characters

32

7.

Number System

37

8.

Function

40

9.

Recursion

45

10.

Sorting

48

11.

Searching

50

12.

Pointers

52

13.

Structure

59

14.

Link List

60

15.

File

74

16.

DOEACC Examination Questions & Answers

76

Quick Reference
Sl. No.

Programs

Page No.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

Area Of Circle.
6
Checking For Leap Year.
11
Printing The Odd & Even Numbers.
16
Sum Of Digits.
15
Reversing A Number.
15, 46
Evaluating xn.
18, 42, 47, 81
Calculating Factorial.
19, 45, 77
Generating Fibonacci Series.
19, 45
Generating ASCII Chart.
18
Prime Numbers.
20, 21, 43
Armstrong Numbers.
23
Palindrome Numbers.
22, 57
Printing The Floyds Triangles.
26
Computing Mean, Variance & Standard Deviation.
29
Search For The Highest & Lowest Number In An Array.
27
Converting A String To Lower Case.
36
Converting A String To Upper Case.
36
Converting A String To First Case.
37
Reversing A String.
33, 57
Checking For String Palindrome.
34
Counting Number Of Vowels In A String.
35
Counting Number Of Words In A String.
34, 35
Conversion Of Decimal To Binary Number.
37
Conversion Of Binary To Decimal Number.
39
Conversion Of Decimal To Octal Number.
38
Conversion Of Decimal To Hexadecimal Number.
38
Generating Number System.
89
The Tower Of Hanoi.
47
Sorting An Array Using Bubble Sort Algorithm.
48, 84
Sorting An Array Using Quick Sort Algorithm.
49
Searching A Key Value In An Array Using Sequential Search.
50
Searching A Key Value In An Array Using Dictionary Search.
51
Concatenating Two Strings.
55
Processing A Link List.
60, 71, 73
Inserting A New Node In A Link List.
62, 63, 64
Deleting A Node From A Link List.
67, 68, 70
Counting The Nodes Of A Link List.
61
Generating A Book Structure.
59
Reading The Contents Of A File.
74
Writing To A File.
74

Conceptual
1) Write a program to print HELLO WORLD.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\nHELLO WORLD");
getch();
}
2) Write a program to compute the addition, subtraction, product, quotient and
remainder of two given numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n1,n2,add,sub,prod,quot,remain;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER NUMBER-1: " );
scanf("%d",&n1);
printf("\nENTER NUMBER-2: " );
scanf("%d",&n2);
add=n1+n2;
sub=n1-n2;
prod=n1*n2;
quot=n1/n2;
remain=n1%n2;
printf("\nADDITION OF THE NUMBERS: %d",add);
printf("\nSUBSTRACTION OF THE NUMBERS: %d",sub);
printf("\nPRODUCTION OF THE NUMBERS: %d",prod);
printf("\nQUOTIENT OF THE NUMBERS: %d",quot);
printf("\nREMAINDER OF THE NUMBERS: %d",remain);
getch();
}
3) Write a program to compute the average of three given numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n1,n2,n3;

float avg;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THREE NUMBERS: " );
scanf("%d %d %d",&n1,&n2,&n3);
avg=(n1+n2+n3)/3;
printf("\nAVERAGE: %0.2f",avg);
getch();
}
4) Write a program to compute the seconds from a given age.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
long unsigned age,sec;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER YOUR AGE: ");
scanf("%lu",&age);
sec=age*365*24*60*60;
printf("\nAGE IN SECONDS: %lu",sec);
getch();
}
5) Write a program to compute simple interest and compound interest from the
given principal, time period and interest rate.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int p,t;
float si,ci,r,i;
clrscr( );
printf("\nENTER PRINCIPAL: ");
scanf("%d",&p);
printf("\nENTER TIME PERIOD: ");
scanf("%d",&t);
printf("\nENTER RATE OF INTEREST: ");
scanf("%f",&r);
si=(p*t*r)/100;
i=r/100;
ci=p*pow((1+i),t);
printf("\nSIMPLE INTEREST: %0.2f",si);
printf("\n\nCOMPOUND INTEREST: %0.2f",ci);

getch();
}
Note: - To use the pow() function <math.h> header file must be included.
6) Write a program to compute the area of a circle from the given radius.
Hint: - Area of the circle= x (radius)2.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
float pi=3.14,rad,area;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE RADIUS OF THE CIRCLE: ");
scanf("%f",&rad);
area=pi*rad*rad;
printf("\nTHE AREA OF THE CIRCLE IS: %0.2f",area);
getch();
}
7) Write a program to swap the values of two variables.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER TWO NUMBERS FOR a AND b:\n");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
printf("\nBEFORE SWAPING THE VALUE OF a=%d AND b=%d",a,b);
c=a;
a=b;
b=c;
printf("\nAFTER SWAPING THE VALUE OF a=%d AND b=%d",a,b);
getch();
}
8) Write a program to swap the values of two variables without using a third
variable.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{

int a,b;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER TWO NUMBERS FOR a AND b:\n");
scanf("%d %d",&a,&b);
printf("\nBEFORE SWAPING THE VALUE OF a=%d AND b=%d",a,b);
a=a+b;
b=a-b;
a=a-b;
printf("\nAFTER SWAPING THE VALUE OF a=%d AND b=%d",a,b);
getch();
}

Control Statements
A) Conditional Control Statements
1) If Conditions
1) Write a program to compute net amount from the given quantity purchased
and rate per quantity. Discount @10% is allowed if quantity purchased exceeds
100.
Net Amount = (Quantity Purchased x Rate Per Quantity) Discount.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int qty,rate;
float disc=0.0,net;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER QUANTITY: ");
scanf("%d",&qty);
printf("\nENTER RATE: ");
scanf("%d",&rate);
if (qty>100)
disc=qty*rate*10/100;
net=(qty*rate)-disc;
printf("\nNET AMOUNT: %0.2f",net);
getch();
}
2) Find out the highest number from three given numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

void main()
{
int a,b,c,h;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THREE NUMBERS:\n");
scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
h=a;
if(b>h)
h=b;
if(c>h)
h=c;
printf("\nHIGHEST NUMBER IS %d",h);
getch();
}
Alternative Method
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THREE NUMBERS:\n");
scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
if(a>b && a>c)
printf("\nHIGHEST NUMBER IS %d",a);
if(b>c && b>a)
printf("\nHIGHEST NUMBER IS %d",b);
if(c>a && c>b)
printf("\nHIGHEST NUMBER IS %d",c);
getch();
}
3) Find out the lowest number from three given numbers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,l;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THREE NUMBERS:\n");
scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
l=a;
if(b<l)

l=b;
if(c<l)
l=c;
printf("\nLOWEST NUMBER IS %d",l);
getch();
}
Alternative Method
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THREE NUMBERS:\n");
scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
if(a<b && a<c)
printf("\nLOWEST NUMBER IS %d",a);
if(b<c && b<a)
printf("\nLOWEST NUMBER IS %d",b);
if(c<a && c<b)
printf("\nLOWEST NUMBER IS %d",c);
getch();
}
4) Write a program to check a given number is odd or even.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a%2==0)
printf("\nTHE NUMBER IS AN EVEN NUMBER");
else
printf("\nTHE NUMBER IS AN ODD NUMBER");
getch();
}
5) Write a program to find out a person is insured or not. The person is insured if
following conditions are satisfied: -

i)
ii)
iii)

If the person is married.

If the person is unmarried, male & above 30 years of age.
If the person is unmarried, female & above 25 years of age.

In all other cases the person is not insured.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char ms,sex;
int age;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter Marital Status [M/U],Sex [M/F],Age: ");
scanf("%c %c %d",&ms,&sex,&age);
if((ms=='M') || (ms=='U' && age>30 && sex=='M') || (ms=='U' && age>25
&& sex=='F'))
printf("\nTHE EMPLOYEE IS INSURED");
else
printf("\nTHE EMPLOYEE IS NOT INSURED");
getch();
}
6) Write a program to find out the gross amount from the given basic pay.
Gross = Basic + DA + HRA
DA & HRA can be calculated as follows: If Basic Pay is greater than or equal to 8000 DA is 20% of Basic Pay & HRA is
25% of Basic Pay, otherwise DA is 15% of Basic Pay & HRA is 20% of Basic Pay.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
float basic,da,hra,gross;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER BASIC PAY: ");
scanf("%f",&basic);
if(basic>=8000)
{
da=basic*20/100;
hra=basic*25/100;
}
else

10

{
da=basic*15/100;
hra=basic*20/100;
}
gross=basic+da+hra;
printf("\nGROSS AMOUNT: %0.2f",gross);
getch();
}
7) Write a program to compute the division from the given marks of 5 subjects.
The division can be calculated as follows: Average Mark
>=60
>=50
>=40
<40

Division
First
Second
Third
Fail

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int m1,m2,m3,m4,m5,per;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE MARKS OF THE SUBJECTS:\n");
scanf("%d %d %d %d %d",&m1,&m2,&m3,&m4,&m5);
per=(m1+m2+m3+m4+m5)/5;
if(per>=60)
printf("\nFIRST DIVISION");
else
{
if(per>=50)
printf("\nSECOND DIVISION");
else
{
if(per>=40)
printf("\nTHIRD DIVISION");
else
printf("\nFAIL");
}
}
getch();
}
8) Write a program to check whether a given year is leap year or not.

11

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int year,n;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A YEAR: ");
scanf("%d",&year);
if(year%4==0 && year%100 !=0 || year%400==0)
printf("\n%d IS A LEAP YEAR",year);
else
printf("\n%d IS NOT A LEAP YEAR",year);
getch();
}
2) Switch Case
1) Write a program to ask the user to enter a number. If the number is 1 print
One, if the number is 2 print Two, if the number is 3 print Three, otherwise
print Other than One, Two or Three.
#include <conio.h>
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&i);
switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("\nNUMBER IS ONE");
break;
case 2:
printf("\nNUMBER IS TWO");
break;
case 3:
printf("\nNUMBER IS THREE");
break;
default:
printf("\nNUMBER IS OTHER THAN ONE, TWO OR
THREE");
}
getch();
}

12

2) Write a program to ask the user to enter a character. If the user enter a or A
print The Character is a or A, if the user enter b or B print The Character is b
or B, if the user enter c or C print The Character is c or C, otherwise print
Other than a, b, c, A, B, C.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char ch;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter A Character: ");
scanf("%c",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 'a':
case 'A':
printf("\nCharacter Is a Or A");
break;
case 'b':
case 'B':
printf("\nCharacter Is b Or B");
break;
case 'c':
case 'C':
printf("\nCharacter Is c or C");
break;
default:
printf("\nCharacter Is Other Than a,b,c,A,B,C");
}
getch();
}
B) Loop Control Statements
1) While Loop
1) Write a program to print natural numbers up to a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1,n;
clrscr();

13

printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");

scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nNATURAL NUMBERS UPTO %d ARE:\n",n);
while(i<=n)
{
printf("%d ",i);
i=i+1;
}
getch();
}
2) Write a program to ask the user to enter a series of marks of a student. If the
user enters 1, come out of the loop and print the average mark.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int mark,num=0;
float sum,avg=0.0;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter Mark Or -1 To Quit: \n");
scanf("%d",&mark);
while(mark!=-1)
{
sum+=mark;
num+=1;
scanf("%d",&mark);
}
avg=sum/num;
printf("\nAverage Mark: %0.2f",avg);
getch();
}
3) Write a program to ask the user for a number. Print the square of the number
and ask a confirmation from the user whether the user want to continue or not.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char ch='y';
int num;
clrscr();
while (ch=='y'|| ch=='Y')
{

14

printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");

scanf("%d",&num);
printf("\nITS SQUARE IS: %d\n",num*num);
printf("\nDO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE [Y/N]: ");
ch=getche();
}
getch();
}
2) Do While Loop
1) Write a program to print the sum of digit of a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int digit;
unsigned long num,sum=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%lu",&num);
do
{
digit=num%10;
num=num/10;
sum=sum+digit;
}
while(num!=0);
printf("\nSUM OF THE DIGITS IS %lu",sum);
getch();
}
2) Write a program to print the reverse of a given number.
Example: - Reverse of 2565 is 5652.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
unsigned long num,rev;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%lu",&num);
printf("\nTHE REVERSE OF THE NUMBER %lu IS ",num);

15

do
{
rev=num%10;
num=num/10;
printf("%lu",rev);
}
while(num!=0);
getch();
}
3) For Loop
1) Write a program to print the odd numbers within a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nODD NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND %d ARE: \n",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i+=2)
{
printf("%d ",i);
}
getch();
}
2) Write a program to print the even numbers within a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEVEN NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 AND %d ARE: \n",n);
for(i=2;i<=n;i+=2)
{
printf("%d ",i);
}
getch();

16

}
3) Write a program to add the odd numbers within a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n;
unsigned long sum=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i+=2)
{
sum=sum+i;
}
printf("\nSUM OF THE ODD NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 TO %d IS
%lu",n,sum);
getch();
}
4) Write a program to add the even numbers within a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,n;
unsigned long sum=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=2;i<=n;i+=2)
{
sum=sum+i;
}
printf("\nSUM OF THE EVEN NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 TO %d IS
%lu",n,sum);
getch();
}
5) Write a program to print the multiplication table of a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

17

void main()
{
int n,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nMULTIPLICATION TABLE OF %d\n",n);
for(i=1;i<=10;i++)
{
printf("\n%2d x %2d = %3d",n,i,n*i);
}
getch();
}
6) Write a program to print the ASCII chart within a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
printf("%d=%c ",i,i);
getch();
}
7) Write a program to evaluate xn.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,temp,power,i;
unsigned long res=1;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
printf("\nENTER THE POWER: ");
scanf("%d",&power);
temp=num;
for(i=1;i<=power;i++)
{
res=res*num;

18

}
printf("\nTHE %d POWER OF %d IS %lu",power,temp,res);
getch();
}
8) Write a program to evaluate 1/3 + 2/5 + 3/7 . + n/((n*2) + 1).
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
float n,i,sum=0.0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%f",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
sum=sum+(i/((i*2)+1));
printf("\nTHE SUMMATION IS: %0.2f",sum);
getch();
}
9) Write a program to compute the factorial of a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=1,n;
unsigned long fact=1;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i+=1)
{
fact=fact*i;
}
printf("\nFACTORIAL OF %d IS %lu",n,fact);
getch();
}
10) Write program to print the fibonacci series up to a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{

19

int num,i;
unsigned long n1=0,n2=1,s;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
printf("\nFIBONACCI SERIES UPTO %d NUMBERS IS: \n",num);
printf("%lu %lu",n1,n2);
for(i=1;i<=num-2;i++)
{
s=n1+n2;
printf(" %lu",s);
n1=n2;
n2=s;
}
getch();
}
11) Write a program to evaluate 1/1 Factorial + 2/2 Factorial + n/n Factorial.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
float n,i,j,sum=0.0,fact=1.0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%f",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact=1.0;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
fact=fact*j;
}
sum=sum+(i/fact);
}
printf("\nTHE SUMMATION IS: %0.2f",sum);
getch();
}
C) Combination of Loop & Conditional Statements
1) Write a program to print the prime numbers within a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>

20

main()
{
int n,i,j,c;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nPRIME NUMBERS WITHIN %d\ ARE:\n",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
c=0;
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
if(i%j==0)
c++;
}
if(c==2)
printf("%d ",i);
}
getch();
}
2) Write a program to check a given number is prime or not.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,c=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
if(n%i==0)
c++;
}
if(c==2)
printf("\n%d IS A PRIME NUMBER",n);
else
printf("\n%d IS NOT A PRIME NUMBER",n);
getch();
}
Alternative Method
#include <stdio.h>

21

#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,flag=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=2;i<n;i++)
{
if(n%i!=0)
flag=1;
}
if(flag==0)
printf("\n%d IS A PRIME NUMBER",n);
else
printf("\n%d IS NOT A PRIME NUMBER",n);
getch();
}
3) Write a program to check a given number is Palindrome or not. A number is
said to be Palindrome if the reverse of the number is equal to the number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
unsigned long num,temp,pal,sum=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%lu",&num);
temp=num;
do
{
pal=num%10;
num=num/10;
sum=(sum*10)+pal;
}
while(num!=0);
if(temp==sum)
printf("\n%lu IS A PALINDROM NUMBER",temp);
else
printf("\n%lu IS NOT A PALINDROM NUMBER",temp);
getch();
}

22

4) Write a program to check a given number is Armstrong or not. A number is

said to be Armstrong if sum of the cube of the individual digit is equal to the
number.
Example: - 153 = (1)3 + (5)3 + (3)3.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,num1,digit,arm=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
num1=num;
do
{
digit=num%10;
num=num/10;
arm=arm+(digit*digit*digit);
}
while(num!=0);
if(arm==num1)
printf("\n%d IS AN AMSTORNG NUMBER",num1);
else
printf("\n%d IS NOT AN AMSTRONG NUMBER",num1);
getch();
}

Triangles
1) Write a program to print a triangle like the following: 1
11
111
1111
11111
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE NUMBER OF LINES: ");

23

scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("1 ");
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
2) Write a program to print a triangle like the following: 1
12
123
1234
12345
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE NUMBER OF LINES: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("%d ",j);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
3) Write a program to print a triangle like the following: 1
23
456
7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14

24

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,i,j,k=1;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE NUMBER OF LINES: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("%d ",k);
k++;
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
4) Write a program to print a triangle like the following: 1
111
11111
1111111
111111111
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,i,j,k,s=40;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE NUMBER OF LINES: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=s;j++)
printf(" ");
for(k=1;k<=i;k++)
printf("1");
for(k=i-1;k>0;k--)
printf("1");
printf("\n");

25

s--;
}
getch();
}
5) Write a program to print a triangle (Floyds Triangle) like the following: 1
121
12321
1234321
123454321
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,i,j,k,s=40;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE NUMBER OF LINES: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=1;i<=num;i++)
{
for(j=1;j<=s;j++)
printf(" ");
for(k=1;k<=i;k++)
printf("%d",k);
for(k=i-1;k>0;k--)
printf("%d",k);
printf("\n");
s--;
}
getch();
}

Arrays
1) Write a program to create an array. Print the values and addresses of each
elements of the array.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5];
int i,n=5;

26

clrscr();
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER THE NUMBER-%d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("ARRAY ELEMENT-%d: VALUE=%d, ADDRESS=
%u\n",i+1,a[i],&a[i]);
getch();
}
2) Write a program to create an array of students ages. Print the average age.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int age[10],i ;
float avg,sum=0.0;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER AGE-%d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&age[i]);
sum=sum+age[i];
}
printf("\nINPUT AGES ARE: ");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
printf("%d ",age[i]);
avg=sum/10;
printf("\nTHE AVERAGE AGE IS: %0.2f",avg);
getch();
}
3) Write a program to create an array. Print the highest and lowest number in the
array.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int val[5],h,l,i;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{

27

printf("\nENTER VALUE-%d: ",i+1);

scanf("%d",&val[i]);
}
l=val[0];
h=val[0];
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
if(val[i]>h)
h=val[i];
else
{
if(val[i]<l)
l=val[i];
}
}
printf("\nHIGHEST VALUE IS %d",h);
printf("\nLOWEST VALUE IS %d",l);
getch();
}
4) Write a program to insert a given number in the array in a given position.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[5],i,j=5,k,val,pos;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER NUMBER-%d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("\nENTER VALUE TO INSERT: ");
scanf("%d",&val);
printf("\nENTER POSITION TO INSERT: ");
scanf("%d",&pos);
j++;
for(k=j;k>=pos;k--)
{
a[k]=a[k-1];
}
a[--pos]=val;
printf("\nTHE ARRAY IS: ");
for(i=0;i<j;i++)
{

28

printf("\n%d",a[i]);
}
getch();
}
5) Write a program to create an array. Compute the Mean, Variance & Standard
Deviation of the array.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],i,n=5;
float mean,temp,var,sd,sum=0.0;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER NUMBER-%d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
sum=sum+a[i];
}
mean=sum/n;
sum=0.0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
temp=a[i]-mean;
sum=sum+(temp*temp);
}
var=sum/n;
sd=sqrt(var);
printf("\nMEAN = %0.2f",mean);
printf("\nVARIANCE = %0.2f",var);
printf("\nSTANDARD DAVIATION = %0.2f",sd);
getch();
}
Note: - To use the sqrt() function <math.h> header file must be included.
6) There are 5 groups of employees in an organization. Write a program to draw
a histogram showing given number of employees in each group.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define n 5
void main()

29

{
int g[n],i,j;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER HOW MANY EMPLOYEES ARE IN GROUP-%d:
",i+1);
scanf("%d",&g[i]);
}
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("GROUP-%d",i+1);
printf("%c",221);
for(j=0;j<=g[i];j++)
{
printf("%c",220);
}
printf(" %d",g[i]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}

Matrix
1) Write a program to create a matrix and display a matrix.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[2][3],i,j;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER VALUES FOR THE MATRIX:\n");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF THE MATRIX ARE:\n");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();

30

}
2) Write a program to create two matrixes. Add the values of the two matrixes
and store it in another matrix. Display the new matrix.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[2][3],b[2][3],c[2][3],i,j;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER VALUES FOR MATRIX A:\n");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
printf("\nENTER VALUES FOR MATRIX B:\n");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF MATRIX C ARE:\n");
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
printf("%5d",c[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
3) Write a program to create two matrixes. Multiply the values of the two matrixes
and store it in another matrix. Display the new matrix.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define max 3
void main()
{
int a[max][max],b[max][max],c[max][max],i,j,k;
printf("\nENTER VALUES FOR MATRIX-A\n");
for(i=0;i<max;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<max;j++)
{

31

printf("ENTER VALUE FOR A(%d,%d): ",i+1,j+1);

scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
}
printf("\nENTER VALUES FOR MATRIX-B\n");
for(i=0;i<max;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<max;j++)
{
printf("ENTER VALUE FOR B(%d,%d): ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<max;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<max;j++)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<max;k++)
{
c[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
}
}
printf("\nVALUES OF MATRIX-A\n");
for(i=0;i<max;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<max;j++)
{
printf("%d ",a[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nVALUES OF MATRIX-B\n");
for(i=0;i<max;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<max;j++)
{
printf("%d ",b[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
printf("\nVALUES OF MATRIX-C\n");
for(i=0;i<max;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<max;j++)

32

{
printf("%d ",c[i][j]);
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
4) Write a program to create a matrix. Add the diagonal elements of the matrix.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3][3],trace=0,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER VALUES OF THE MATRIX:\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF THE MATRIX ARE:\n");
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
trace+=a[i][i];
printf("THE SUMMATION OF THE DIAGONAL ELEMENTS OF THE
MATRIX IS %d",trace);
getch();
}

String or Array of Characters

1) Write a program which will accept Name, Age, Sex and Qualification and
display the same.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
void main()
{
int i,j;
char label[5][20]={"NAME","AGE","SEX","QUALIFICATION"},a[5][10];

33

clrscr();
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER YOUR %s: ",label[i]);
gets(a[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<4;i++)
printf("\n%s IS YOUR %s\n",a[i],label[i]);
getch();
}
2) Write a program to find out the length of a given string without using the library
function strlen().
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char str[50];
int len;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A STRING: ");
gets(str);
for(len=0;str[len]!=NULL;len++);
printf("\nTHE LENGTH OF THE STRING IS %d",len);
getch();
}
3) Write a program to print the reverse of a given string.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char ch[100];
int i,len;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A STRING: ");
gets(ch);
len=strlen(ch);
printf("\nTHE STRING IN THE REVERSE ORDER: ");
for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
printf("%c",ch[i]);
getch();
}

34

4) Write a program to check if a given string is palindrome or not. A string is said

to be palindrome if the reverse of the string is equal to the string.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char a[100];
int i,len,flag=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A STRING: ");
gets(a);
len=strlen(a);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(a[i]==a[len-i-1])
flag=flag+1;
}
if(flag==len)
printf("\nTHE STRING IS PALINDROM");
else
printf("\nTHE STRING IS NOT PALINDROM");
getch();
}
5) Write a program to count the number of words including spaces and excluding
spaces in a given string. Two words are separated by single space.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char a[100];
int len,i,sp=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A STRING: ");
gets(a);
for(len=0;len<=a[len];len++);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(a[i]==' ')
sp=sp+1;
}
printf("\nNUMBER OF WORDS INCLUDING SPACES: %d",len);
printf("\nNUMBER OF WORDS EXCLUDING SPACES: %d",len-sp);
getch();

35

}
6) Write a program to count the number of vowels in a given string.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char a[100];
int len,i,vow=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A STRING: ");
gets(a);
len=strlen(a);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(a[i]=='a' || a[i]=='A' || a[i]=='e' || a[i]=='E' || a[i]=='i' || a[i]=='I' ||
a[i]=='o' || a[i]=='O' || a[i]=='u' || a[i]=='U')
vow=vow+1;
}
printf("\nTHERE ARE %d VOWELS IN THE STRING",vow);
getch();
}
7) Write a program to count the number of words in a given string. Two words are
separated by one or more blank spaces.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char a[100];
int len,i,word=1;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A STRING: ");
gets(a);
len=strlen(a);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(a[i]!=' ' && a[i+1]==' ')
word=word+1;
}
printf("\nTHERE ARE %d WORDS IN THE STRING",word);
getch();
}

36

8) Write a program to print a given string in lower case.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char s[100];
int len,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A SENTENSE: ");
gets(s);
len=strlen(s);
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(s[i]>=65 && s[i]<=90)
printf("%c",s[i]+32);
else
printf("%c",s[i]);
}
getch();
}
9) Write a program to print a given string in upper case.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char s[100];
int len,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A SENTENSE: ");
gets(s);
len=strlen(s);
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(s[i]>=97 && s[i]<=122)
printf("%c",s[i]-32);
else
printf("%c",s[i]);
}
getch();
}

37

10) Write a program to print the string in first case.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char s[100];
int len,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A SENTENSE: ");
gets(s);
len=strlen(s);
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if((i==0 && s[i]>=97 && s[i]<=122) || (s[i-1]==32 && s[i]>=97 &&
s[i]<=122))
printf("%c",s[i]-32);
else
{
if(i!=0 && s[i-1]!=32 && s[i]>=65 && s[i]<=90)
printf("%c",s[i]+32);
else
printf("%c",s[i]);
}
}
getch();
}

Number System
1) Write a program to convert a decimal number to its equivalent binary number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
unsigned long dec;
int a[25],c=0,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A DECIMAL NUMBER: ");
scanf("%lu",&dec);
printf("\n%lu IN BINARY FORMAT: ",dec);
while(dec>0)
{
a[c]=dec%2;

38

dec=dec/2;
c++;
}
for(i=c-1;i>=0;i--)
printf("%d",a[i]);
getch();
}
2) Write a program to convert a decimal number to its equivalent octal number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
unsigned long dec;
int a[25],c=0,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%lu",&dec);
printf("\n%lu IN OCTAL FORMAT: ",dec);
while(dec>0)
{
a[c]=dec%8;
dec=dec/8;
c++;
}
for(i=c-1;i>=0;i--)
printf("%d",a[i]);
getch();
}
3) Write a program to convert a decimal number to its equivalent hexadecimal
number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
unsigned long dec;
int a[25],c=0,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A DECIMAL NUMBER: ");
scanf("%lu",&dec);
printf("\n%lu IN HEXADECIMAL FORMAT: ",dec);
while(dec>0)
{

39

a[c]=dec%16;
dec=dec/16;
c++;
}
for(i=c-1;i>=0;i--)
{
if(a[i]>=10)
printf("%c",a[i]+55);
else
printf("%d",a[i]);
}
getch();
}
4) Write a program to convert a binary number to its equivalent decimal number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
unsigned long num;
int digit,i,pos=0,pow=1,dec=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A BINARY NUMBER: ");
scanf("%lu",&num);
printf("\nDECIMAL EQUIVALANT OF %lu IS ",num);
while(num!=0)
{
pow=1;
digit=num%10;
num=num/10;
for(i=1;i<=pos;i++)
pow=pow*2;
pos++;
dec=dec+(pow*digit);
}
printf("%d",dec);
getch();
}

Function
1) Write a program to print Hello World in the main function and Welcome To
C in another function.
#include <stdio.h>

40

#include <conio.h>
void message(void);
main()
{
clrscr();
printf("\nHELLO WORLD");
message();
getch();
}
void message()
{
printf("\nWELCOME TO C");
}
2) Write a program to add three given numbers using function.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
sum(int,int,int);
void main()
{
int a,b,c,d;
clrscr();
printf("\nACCEPT VALUE FOR a,b,c:\n");
scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c);
d=sum(a,b,c);
printf("\nSUM OF %d,%d and %d IS %d",a,b,c,d);
getch();
}
sum(int x,int y,int z)
{
int temp;
temp=x+y+z;
return(temp);
}
3) Write a program to calculate the tax of n given number of employees. Use a
separate function to calculate the tax. Tax is 20% of basic if basic is less than
9000 otherwise tax is 25% of basic.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void cal(void);
void main()
{
int i,n;

41

clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE NUMBER OF THE EMPLOYEES: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
cal();
getch();
}
void cal()
{
int basic;
float tax;
printf("\nENTER THE AMOUNT OF BASIC: ");
scanf("%d",&basic);
if(basic<9000)
tax=basic*20/100;
else
tax=basic*25/100;
printf("\nTHE AMOUNT OF TAX IS %0.2f\n",tax);
}
4) Write a program to compute the root of a number using function.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
unsigned long root(int);
void main()
{
int x;
unsigned long res;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&x);
res=root(x);
printf("\nROOT OF %d IS %lu",x,res);
getch();
}
unsigned long root(int a)
{
unsigned long b;
b=a*a;
return(b);
}
5) Write a program to evaluate ab using function.
#include <stdio.h>

42

#include <conio.h>
unsigned long power(int,int);
void main()
{
int num,pow;
unsigned long res;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
printf("\nENTER THE POWER: ");
scanf("%d",&pow);
res=power(num,pow);
printf("\n%d TO THE POWER %d IS %lu",num,pow,res);
getch();
}
unsigned long power(int a,int b)
{
int i;
unsigned long prod=1;
for(i=1;i<=b;i++)
prod=prod*a;
return(prod);
}
6) Write a program to print the following series using function.
9 25 57 121 249 505 1017 2041
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num=9,i;
clrscr();
printf("%d ",num);
for(i=4;i<=10;i++)
{
num=num+pow(2,i);
printf("%d ",num);
}
getch();
}
pow(int a,int b)
{
int prod=1,j;
for(j=1;j<=b;j++)

43

prod=prod*a;
return(prod);
}
7) Write a program to check a number is prime or not using function.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,res=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
res=prime(num);
if(res==0)
printf("\n%d IS A PRIME NUMBER",num);
else
printf("\n%d IS NOT A PRIME NUMBER",num);
getch();
}
int prime(int n)
{
int i;
for(i=2;i<=n/2;i++)
{
if(n%i!=0)
continue;
else
return 1;
}
return 0;
}
8) Write a program to find out the maximum number in an array using function.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
max(int [],int);
void main()
{
int a[]={10,5,45,12,19};
int n=5,m;
clrscr();
m=max(a,n);
printf("\nMAXIMUM NUMBER IS %d",m);

44

getch();
}
max(int x[],int k)
{
int t,i;
t=x[0];
for(i=1;i<k;i++)
{
if(x[i]>t)
t=x[i];
}
return(t);
}
9) Write a program to evaluate 1/Factorial of 1 + 2/Factorial of 2 + n/Factorial
of n using function.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
fact(float);
void main()
{
float i,sum=0.0,n;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%f",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
sum=sum+(i/fact(i));
printf("\nTHE SUMMATION IS: %0.2f",sum);
getch();
}
fact(float x)
{
if(x==1)
return(1);
else
return(x*fact(x-1));
}

Recursion
1) Write a recursive function to print the factorial of a number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
unsigned long fact(int);

45

void main()
{
unsigned long f;
int n;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
f=fact(n);
printf("\nFACTORIAL OF %d IS %ld",n,f);
getch();
}
unsigned long fact(int a)
{
unsigned long fac;
if(a==1)
return(1);
else
fac=a*fact(a-1);
return(fac);
}
2) Write a recursive function to print the fibonacci series up to a given number.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
unsigned long fib(int);
void main()
{
int n,i;
unsigned long f;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nTHE FIBONNACI SERIES UPTO %d NUMBERS IS:\n",n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
f=fib(i);
printf("%lu ",f);
}
getch();
}
unsigned long fib(int x)
{
unsigned long res;
if(x==0)
return(0);

46

else
if(x==1)
return(1);
else
{
res=fib(x-1)+fib(x-2);
return(res);
}
}
3) Write a recursive function to print a given number in reverse order.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int reverse(unsigned long);
void main()
{
unsigned long num;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%lu",&num);
printf("\nREVERSE OF %lu IS ",num);
reverse(num);
getch();
}
int reverse(unsigned long n)
{
int dig;
if(n==0)
return 1;
else
{
dig=n%10;
n=n/10;
printf("%d",dig);
reverse(n);
}
}
4) Write a recursive function to evaluate xy.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
pow(int,int);
void main()
{

47

int x,y,pow;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER FOR x: ");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER FOR y: ");
scanf("%d",&y);
pow=power(x,y);
printf("\nx TO THE POWER y IS: %d",pow);
getch();
}
power(int a,int b)
{
int prod;
if(b==0)
return(1);
else
{
prod=a*power(a,b-1);
return(prod);
}
}
5) Write a program to implement Tower Of Hanoi.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void hanoi(char,char,char,int);
void main()
{
int num;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER NUMBER OF DISKS: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
printf("\nTOWER OF HANOI FOR %d NUMBER OF DISKS:\n", num);
hanoi('A','B','C',num);
getch();
}
void hanoi(char from,char to,char other,int n)
{
if(n<=0)
printf("\nILLEGAL NUMBER OF DISKS");
if(n==1)
printf("\nMOVE DISK FROM %c TO %c",from,other);
if(n>1)
{
hanoi(from,other,to,n-1);

48

hanoi(from,to,other,1);
hanoi(to,from,other,n-1);
}
}

Sorting
1) Write a program to sort an array using Bubble Sort Algorithm.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[15],i,j,n=10,temp;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER VALUES FOR THE ARRAY:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if(a[i]>a[j])
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("\nTHE SORTED ARRAY IS:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d ",a[i]);
getch();
}
2) Write a program to sort an array using Quick Sort Algorithm.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void qsort();
int n;
void main()
{
int a[100],i,l,r;
clrscr();

49

printf("\nENTER THE SIZE OF THE ARRAY: ");

scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER NUMBER-%d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("\nTHE ARRAY ELEMENTS BEFORE SORTING: \n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("%5d",a[i]);
}
l=0;
r=n-1;
qsort(a,l,r);
printf("\nTHE ARRAY ELEMENTS AFTER SORTING: \n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%5d",a[i]);
getch();
}
void qsort(int b[],int left,int right)
{
int i,j,p,tmp,finished,k;
if(right>left)
{
i=left;
j=right;
p=b[left];
finished=0;
while (!finished)
{
do
{
++i;
}
while ((b[i]<=p) && (i<=right));
while ((b[j]>=p) && (j>left))
{
--j;
}
if(j<i)
finished=1;
else
{
tmp=b[i];
b[i]=b[j];

50

b[j]=tmp;
}
}
tmp=b[left];
b[left]=b[j];
b[j]=tmp;
qsort(b,left,j-1);
qsort(b,i,right);
}
return;
}

Searching
1) Write a program to search a key number in an array using Sequential Search
Method.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
int arr[]={12,23,78,98,67,56,45,19,65,9},key,i,flag=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&key);
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(key==arr[i])
flag=1;
}
if(flag==1)
printf("\nTHE NUMBER %d EXISTS IN THE ARRAY",key);
else
printf("\nTHE NUMBER %d DOES NOT EXIST IN THE
ARRAY",key);
getch();
}
2) Write a program to search a key number in an array using Binary Search
Method or Dictionary Search Method.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void sort(int *);
int search(int *,int);
void main()

51

{
int a[10],i,j,temp,key,flag;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER NUMBER-%d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
}
sort(a);
printf("\nTHE SORTED ARRAY IS: ");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
printf("%d ",a[i]);
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER TO SEARCH: ");
scanf("%d",&key);
flag=search(a,key);
if(flag==1)
printf("\nTHE NUMBER %d EXISTS",key);
else
printf("\nTHE NUMBER %d DOES NOT EXIST ARRAY",key);
getch();
}
void sort(int *x)
{
int i,j,temp;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<10;j++)
{
if(x[i]>x[j])
{
temp=x[i];
x[i]=x[j];
x[j]=temp;
}
}
}
}
int search(int *x,int k)
{
int low=0,high=10,mid,res=0;
while(high>=low)
{
mid=(high+low)/2;
if(k==x[mid])
{
res=1;

52

break;
}
else
{
if(k>x[mid])
low=mid+1;
else
high=mid-1;
}
}
return res;
}

Pointers
1) Write a program to give examples & (Address Of) and * (Value At Address)
operator.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i=3,*j;
clrscr();
j=&i;
printf("\nVALUE OF i IS [i]: %d",i);
printf("\nVALUE OF i IS [*(&i)]: %d",*(&i));
printf("\nADDRESS OF i IS [&i]: %u",&i);
printf("\nVALUE OF j IS [*(&j)]: %u",*(&j));
printf("\nADDRESS OF j IS [&j]: %u",&j);
printf("\nADDRESS OF i IS [j]: %u",j);
getch();
}
2) Write a program to swap the address of two variables.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void swap(int *,int *);
void main()
{
int a=10,b=20;
clrscr();
printf("\nVALUES OF a AND b BEFORE SWAPING ARE %d %d",a,b);
swap(&a,&b);
printf("\nVALUES OF a AND b AFTER SWAPING ARE %d %d",a,b);

53

getch();
}
void swap(x,y)
int *x,*y;
{
int t;
t=*x;
*x=*y;
*y=t;
}
3) Write a program to compute the average of n given numbers using pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,*p,sum=0,i;
float avg;
clrscr();
printf("\nHOW MANY NUMBERS: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
p=(int *) malloc(n*2);
if(p==NULL)
{
printf("\nMEMORY ALLOCATION UNSUCCCESSFUL");
exit();
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER NUMBER %d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",(p+i));
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
sum=sum+*(p+i);
avg=(float)sum/n;
printf("\nTHE AVERAGE OF THE NUMBERS IS %0.2f",avg);
getch();
}
4) Write a program to sort n given numbers using pointers.
Hint: - Use Bubble Sort Algorithm.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>

54

void main()
{
int n,*p,i,j,temp;
clrscr();
printf("\nHOW MANY NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
p=(int *) malloc(n*2);
if(p==NULL)
{
printf("\nMEMORY ALLOCATION UNSUCCESSFUL");
exit();
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER NUMBER %d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",p+i);
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if(*(p+i)<*(p+j))
{
temp=*(p+i);
*(p+i)=*(p+j);
*(p+j)=temp;
}
}
}
printf("\nTHE SORTED NUMBERS ARE:\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d ",*(p+i));
getch();
}
5) Write a program to concatenate two given string without using the library
function strcat().
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void strconc(char *,char *);
char *s3;
void main()
{
char *str1,*str2;
clrscr();

55

printf("\nENTER THE FIRST STRING: ");

gets(str1);
printf("\nENTER THE SECOND STRING: ");
gets(str2);
strconc(str1,str2);
printf("\nTHE NEW STRING IS: %s",s3);
getch();
}
void strconc(char *s1,char *s2)
{
int ls1,ls2,i;
ls1=strlen(s1);
ls2=strlen(s2);
s3=s1;
for(i=0;i<ls2;i++)
{
s3[ls1++]=s2[i];
}
s3[ls1++]=NULL;
}
6) Write a program to find the maximum number within n given numbers using
pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,*p,i,h=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nHOW MANY NUMBERS: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
p=(int *) malloc(n*2);
if(p==NULL)
{
printf("\nMEMORY ALLOCATION UNSUCCCESSFUL");
exit();
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER NUMBER %d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",(p+i));
}
h=*p;
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{

56

if(*(p+i)>h)
h=*(p+i);
}
printf("\nTHE HIGHEST NUMBER IS %d",h);
getch();
}
7) Write a program to search a given key number within n given numbers using
pointers. If the key number exists print found otherwise print not found.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
void main()
{
int n,*p,i,num,flag=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nHOW MANY NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
p=(int *) malloc(n*2);
if(p==NULL)
{
printf("\nMEMORY ALLOCATION UNSUCCESSFUL");
exit();
}
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER NUMBER %d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",p+i);
}
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER TO SEARCH: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(num==*(p+i))
flag=1;
}
if(flag==1)
printf("\nTHE NUMBER %d IS FOUND",num);
else
printf("\nTHE NUMBER %d DOES NOT EXIST",num);
getch();
}
8) Write a program to reverse a string using pointers.

57

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char *s;
int len,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A STRING: ");
gets(s);
len=strlen(s);
printf("\nTHE REVERSE OF THE STRING IS:");
for(i=len;i>=0;i--)
printf("%c",*(s+i));
getch();
}
9) Write a program to find out whether a given string is palindrome or not using
pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char *a;
int i,len,flag=0;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A STRING: ");
gets(a);
len=strlen(a);
for(i=0;i<len;i++)
{
if(a[i]==a[len-i-1])
flag=flag+1;
}
if(flag==len)
printf("\nTHE STRING IS PALINDROM");
else
printf("\nTHE STRING IS NOT PALINDROM");
getch();
}
10) Write a program to sort n given numbers of cities using pointers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#define items 5

58

void main()
{
char *str[items],*temp;
int i,j;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<items;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER CITY-%d: ",i+1);
gets(str[i]);
}
for(i=0;i<items;i++)
{
for(j=i+1;j<items;j++)
{
if(strcmp(str[i],str[j])>0)
{
strcpy(temp,str[i]);
strcpy(str[i],str[j]);
strcpy(str[j],temp);
}
}
}
printf("\nCITIES IN SORTED ORDER:\n");
for(i=0;i<items;i++)
printf("\n%s",str[i]);
getch();
}
11) Write a program to reverse the order of each word of the string using
pointers.
Example: - INPUT: Orissa Computer Application Centre
OUTPUT: Centre Application Computer Orissa
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char *s;
int len,i,j,sp=0,start,end;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A STRING: ");
gets(s);
printf("\nTHE STRING AFTER CHANGING THE ORDER OF EACH
WORD:\n");

59

len=strlen(s);
end=len-1;
for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
{
if(s[i]==32 || i==0)
{
if(i==0)
start=0;
else
start=i+1;
for(j=start;j<=end;j++)
printf("%c",s[j]);
end=i-1;
printf(" ");
}
}
getch();
}

Structure
1) Write a program to create a book structure having name, author, page and
price.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
struct book
{
char name[20];
char auth[20];
int page;
float price;
};
struct book b;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE NAME OF THE BOOK: ");
gets(b.name);
printf("\nENTER THE NAME OF THE AUTHOR: ");
gets(b.auth);
printf("\nENTER THE NUMBER OF PAGES: ");
scanf("%d",&b.page);
printf("\nENTER THE PRICE OF THE BOOK: ");
scanf("%f",&b.price);
printf("\nNAME OF THE BOOK: %s",b.name);

60

printf("\nNAME OF THE AUTHOR: %s",b.auth);

printf("\nNUMBER OF PAGES: %d",b.page);
printf("\nPRICE OF THE BOOK: %0.2f",b.price);
getch();
}

Link List
1) Write a program to create a singly link list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct linklist
{
int number;
struct linklist *next;
};
typedef struct linklist node;
void create(node *);
void display(node *);
node *head;
void main()
{
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
display(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)
{
char conf='y';
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->number);
printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");
conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=NULL;
else
{
list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}

61

void display(node *disp)

{
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF THE LINK LIST ARE:\n");
while(disp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",disp->number);
disp=disp->next;
}
}
2) Write a program to count the number of nodes in a link list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct linklist
{
int number;
struct linklist *next;
};
typedef struct linklist node;
void create(node *);
void count(node *);
node *head;
void main()
{
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
printf("\n");
count(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)
{
char conf='y';
int i;
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->number);
printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");
conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=NULL;
else
{

62

list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}
void count(node *first)
{
int i=0;
while(first!=NULL)
{
first=first->next;
i++;
}
printf("THERE ARE %d NODES IN THE LINK LIST",i);
}
3) Write a program to insert a node before the first node of a link list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct link
{
int num;
struct link *next;
};
typedef struct link node;
void create(node *);
void insert(node *);
void display(node *);
node *head;
void main()
{
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
display(head);
insert(head);
display(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)
{
char conf='y';
int i;
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->num);

63

printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");

conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=NULL;
else
{
list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}
void display(node *disp)
{
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF THE LINK LIST ARE:\n");
while(disp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",disp->num);
disp=disp->next;
}
}
void insert(node *ins)
{
node *newnode;
int newnum;
printf("\n\nENTER A NUMBER YOU WANT TO INSERT: ");
scanf("%d",&newnum);
newnode=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
newnode->num=newnum;
newnode->next=ins;
head=newnode;
}
4) Write a program to insert a node after the last node of a link list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct link
{
int num;
struct link *next;
};
typedef struct link node;
void create(node *);
void insert(node *);
void display(node *);

64

node *head;
void main()
{
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
display(head);
insert(head);
display(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)
{
char conf='y';
int i;
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->num);
printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");
conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=NULL;
else
{
list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}
void display(node *disp)
{
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF THE LINK LIST ARE:\n");
while(disp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",disp->num);
disp=disp->next;
}
}
void insert(node *ins)
{
node *newnode;
int newnum;
while(ins->next!=NULL)
{
ins=ins->next;
}
printf("\n\nENTER A NUMBER YOU WANT TO INSERT: ");

65

scanf("%d",&newnum);
newnode=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
newnode->num=newnum;
newnode->next=NULL;
ins->next=newnode;
}
5) Write a program to insert a node before a given key value of a link list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct link
{
int num;
struct link *next;
};
typedef struct link node;
void create(node *);
void insert(node *);
void display(node *);
node *find(node *,int);
node *head;
void main()
{
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
display(head);
insert(head);
display(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)
{
char conf='y';
int i;
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->num);
printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");
conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=NULL;
else
{

66

list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}
void display(node *disp)
{
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF THE LINK LIST ARE:\n");
while(disp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",disp->num);
disp=disp->next;
}
}
void insert(node *ins)
{
node *newnode,*n1;
int newnum,key;
printf("\n\nENTER A NUMBER YOU WANT TO INSERT: ");
scanf("%d",&newnum);
printf("\nENTER THE VALUE OF KEY NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&key);
if(ins->num==key)
{
newnode=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
newnode->num=newnum;
newnode->next=ins;
head=newnode;
}
else
{
n1=find(ins,key);
if(n1==NULL)
printf("\nKEY VALUE NOT FOUND IN THE LIST\n");
else
{
newnode=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
newnode->num=newnum;
newnode->next=n1->next;
n1->next=newnode;
}
}
}
node *find(node *list,int key)
{
if(list->next->num==key)
return(list);

67

else
if(list->next->next==NULL)
return(NULL);
else
find(list->next,key);
}
6) Write a program to delete the first node of a link list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct link
{
int num;
struct link *next;
};
typedef struct link node;
void create(node *);
void delet(node *);
void display(node *);
node *head;
void main()
{
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
display(head);
delet(head);
printf("\n");
display(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)
{
char conf='y';
int i;
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->num);
printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");
conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=NULL;
else
{

68

list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}
void display(node *disp)
{
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF THE LINK LIST ARE:\n");
while(disp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",disp->num);
disp=disp->next;
}
}
void delet(node *del)
{
head=del->next;
free(del);
}
7) Write a program to delete the last node of a link list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct link
{
int num;
struct link *next;
};
typedef struct link node;
void create(node *);
void delet(node *);
void display(node *);
node *head;
void main()
{
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
display(head);
delet(head);
printf("\n");
display(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)

69

{
char conf='y';
int i;
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->num);
printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");
conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=NULL;
else
{
list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}
void display(node *disp)
{
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF THE LINK LIST ARE:\n");
while(disp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",disp->num);
disp=disp->next;
}
}
void delet(node *del)
{
while(del!=NULL)
{
if(del->next->next==NULL)
{
del->next=NULL;
free(del->next->next);
}
del=del->next;
}
}
8) Write a program to delete a node having the given key value of a link list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct link
{
int num;

70

struct link *next;

};
typedef struct link node;
void create(node *);
void delet(node *);
void display(node *);
node *find(node *,int);
node *head;
void main()
{
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
display(head);
delet(head);
display(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)
{
char conf='y';
int i;
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->num);
printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");
conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=NULL;
else
{
list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}
void display(node *disp)
{
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF THE LINK LIST ARE:\n");
while(disp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",disp->num);
disp=disp->next;
}
}
void delet(node *del)
{

71

node *newnode,*n1;
int key;
printf("\n\nENTER THE VALUE OF KEY NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&key);
if(del->num==key)
{
head=del->next;
free(del);
}
else
{
n1=find(del,key);
if(n1==NULL)
printf("\nKEY VALUE NOT FOUND IN THE LIST\n");
else
{
newnode=n1->next->next;
free(n1->next);
n1->next=newnode;
}
}
}
node *find(node *list,int key)
{
if(list->next->num==key)
return(list);
else
if(list->next->next==NULL)
return(NULL);
else
find(list->next,key);
}
9) Write a program to create a doubly link list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct linklist
{
struct linklist *prev;
int num;
struct linklist *next;
};
typedef struct linklist node;
void create(node *);

72

void display(node *);

void main()
{
node *head;
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
head->prev=NULL;
create(head);
printf("\n");
display(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)
{
char conf='y';
int i;
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->num);
list->next->prev=list;
printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");
conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=NULL;
else
{
list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}
void display(node *disp)
{
printf("THE ADDRESS-PREVIOUS ADDRESS-VALUE-NEXT ADDRESS
OF THE LINK LIST ARE:\n");
while(disp!=NULL)
{
printf("%u-%u-%u-%u\n",disp,disp->prev,disp->num,disp->next);
disp=disp->next;
}
}
10) Write a program to create a circular link list.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>

73

struct linklist
{
int number;
struct linklist *next;
};
typedef struct linklist node;
void create(node *);
void display(node *);
node *head;
void main()
{
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
display(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)
{
char conf='y';
int i;
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->number);
printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");
conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=head;
else
{
list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}
void display(node *disp)
{
printf("\nTHE ADDRESS-VALUE-NEXT ADDRESS OF THE LINK LIST
ARE:\n");
while(disp->next!=head)
{
printf("%u-%u-%u\n",disp,disp->number,disp->next);
disp=disp->next;
}
printf("%u-%u-%u",disp,disp->number,disp->next);
}

74

File
1) Write a program to read a text file print it on the screen.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fp;
char s;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("text.txt","r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("\nCAN NOT OPEN FILE");
getch();
exit();
}
do
{
s=getc(fp);
printf("%c",s);
}
while(s!=EOF);
fclose(fp);
getch();
}
2) Write a program to enter a sentence from the keyboard and store it in a text
file.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
FILE *fp;
char ch[50];
clrscr();
fp=fopen("output.txt","w");
printf("\nENTER YOUR LINES: (PRESS ^Z TO EXIT)\n");
while(strlen(gets(ch))!=0)
{
fputs(ch,fp);
fputs("\n",fp);
}
fclose(fp);

75

getch();
}
3) Write a program to copy a file. Use command line arguments to specify the
source file and target file.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(int argc,char *args[])
{
FILE *fpr,*fpw;
char ch;
fpr=fopen(args[1],"r");
fpw=fopen(args[2],"w");
do
{
ch=getc(fpr);
putc(ch,fpw);
}
while(ch!=EOF);
fclose(fpr);
fclose(fpw);
printf("\nFILE COPIED\n");
}
4) Write a program to read a file and print the number of vowels and number of
words in the file. Assume that a word is a sequence of letters ending with a blank,
or a tab, or an end of line marker or end of file or punctuation symbols such as
,, ., ! and ?.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void count(char[]);
void main()
{
FILE *fp;
char str[100],s;
int word=0,vow=0;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("text.txt","r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("\nCAN NOT OPEN FILE");
getch();
exit();
}

76

do
{
s=getc(fp);
if(s==32 || s=='\t' || s=='\n' || s==EOF || s==',' || s=='.' || s=='!' ||
s=='?')
word++;
if(s=='a' || s=='e' || s=='i' || s=='o' || s=='u' || s=='A' || s=='E' || s=='I' ||
s=='O'|| s=='U')
vow++;
}
while(s!=EOF);
printf("\nNUMBER OF WORDS IN THE STRING ARE %d",word);
printf("\nNUMBER OS VOWELS IN THE STRING ARE %d",vow);
fclose(fp);
getch();
}

DOEACC Examination Questions & Answers

January 2003
5) The first few numbers of Lucas sequences which is a variation of Fibonacci
sequence are sequence are
1 3 4 7 11 18 29
a) Design a program in C to generate Lucas sequence.
b) Develop a function to calculate sum of first n odd integers.
a)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int num,i;
unsigned long n1=1,n2=3,s;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&num);
printf("\nLUCAS SEQUENCE UPTO %d NUMBERS IS: \n",num);
printf("%lu %lu",n1,n2);
for(i=1;i<=num-2;i++)
{
s=n1+n2;
printf(" %lu",s);
n1=n2;

77

n2=s;
}
getch();
}
b)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
unsigned long sumodd(int);
void main()
{
int i,n;
unsigned long sum;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
sum=sumodd(n);
printf("\nSUM OF THE ODD NUMBERS BETWEEN 1 TO %d IS
%lu",n,sum);
getch();
}
unsigned long sumodd(int x)
{
int i;
unsigned long res=0;
for(i=1;i<=x;i+=2)
{
res=res+i;
}
return res;
}
6) Write recursive and iterative functions for computation of factorial of a number.
a) /* Recursive function for computation of factorial */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
unsigned long fact(int);
void main()
{
unsigned long f;
int n;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);

78

f=fact(n);
printf("\nFACTORIAL OF %d IS %ld",n,f);
getch();
}
unsigned long fact(int a)
{
unsigned long fac;
if(a==1)
return(1);
else
fac=a*fact(a-1);
return(fac);
}
b) /* Iterative function for computation of factorial */
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
unsigned long factor(int);
void main()
{
int n;
unsigned long result;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
result=factor(n);
printf("\nFACTORIAL OF %d IS %lu",n,result);
getch();
}
unsigned long factor(int x)
{
int i;
unsigned long fact=1;
for(i=1;i<=x;i++)
{
fact=fact*i;
}
return(fact);
}
7) Each node of a singly linked list stores the salary of employees in one
company Write a C program for the following operations.
a) Create a list in order of employees salary.
b) Print the contents of created list.

79

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <alloc.h>
struct linklist
{
int salary;
struct linklist *next;
};
typedef struct linklist node;
void create(node *);
void display(node *);
void sort(node *);
node *head;
void main()
{
clrscr();
head=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(head);
sort(head);
display(head);
getch();
}
void create(node *list)
{
char conf='y';
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&list->salary);
printf("\nWANT TO CONTINUE[Y/N]: ");
conf=getche();
printf("\n");
if(conf=='n' || conf=='N')
list->next=NULL;
else
{
list->next=(node *) malloc(sizeof(node));
create(list->next);
}
}
void sort(node *list)
{
node *i,*j;
int temp;
for(i=list;i!=NULL;i=i->next)
{
for(j=i->next;j!=NULL;j=j->next)

80

{
if(i->salary>j->salary)
{
temp=i->salary;
i->salary=j->salary;
j->salary=temp;
}
}
}
}
void display(node *disp)
{
printf("\nTHE VALUES OF THE LINK LIST IN SORTED ORDER ARE:\n");
while(disp!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",disp->salary);
disp=disp->next;
}
}
8) Write a function that accepts an array and constant parameters and count how
many elements of array are less than the constant, equal to it and greater than it.
Return these three values either by way of pass by reference parameter or a
three-element array parameter.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int *gle(int *,int);
int *res;
void main()
{
int a[10]={12,51,42,72,32,58,65,95,62,21},key;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%d",&key);
res=gle(a,key);
printf("\n%d ELEMENTS ARE LESS THAN THE KEY VALUE",*res);
printf("\n%d ELEMENTS ARE EQUAL TO THE KEY VALUE",*(res+1));
printf("\n%d ELEMENTS ARE GREATER THAN THE KEY
VALUE",*(res+2));
getch();
}
int *gle(int *x,int k)
{
int i;

81

*(res)=*(res+1)=*(res+2)=0;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
if(k>x[i])
(*res)++;
if(k==x[i])
(*(res+1))++;
if(k<x[i])
(*(res+2))++;
}
return res;
}
9)
a) Write a program in C to find the value of xn where x and n are positive
integers.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
unsigned int x,n;
unsigned long res=1;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A NUMBER: ");
scanf("%u",&x);
printf("\nENTER THE POWER: ");
scanf("%u",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
res=res*x;
}
printf("\n%u TO THE POWER %u IS %lu",x,n,res);
getch();
}
b) Write C function to find the largest difference between two numbers of an
integer array.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int lardif(int *);
void main()
{
int a[10]={12,51,56,72,10,58,65,92,62,12},result;

82

clrscr();
result=lardif(a);
printf("\nTHE LARGEST DIFFERENCE IS %d",result);
getch();
}
int lardif(int *x)
{
int res,i,j;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<10;j++)
{
if(x[i]-x[j]>res)
{
res=x[i]-x[j];
}
}
}
return res;
}
July 2002
5) Write C function in each case that will work exactly as following without using
any built-in string manipulation function.
a) strcpy()
b) stccmp()
a)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void strcopy(char[],char[]);
void main()
{
char a[10]="Paritosh",b[10];
clrscr();
strcopy(a,b);
getch();
}
void strcopy(char x[],char y[])
{
int i,len;
for(len=0;x[len]!=0;len++);
for(i=0;i<=len;i++)
y[i]=x[i];

83

printf("\na=%s\nb=%s",x,y);
}
b)
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
strcmpr(char[],char[]);
void main()
{
char a[10]="Computer",b[10]="Compute";
int result,temp;
clrscr();
result=strcmpr(a,b);
printf("%d",result);
getch();
}
strcmpr(char x[],char y[])
{
int len,i,res=0;
for(len=0;x[len]!=0;len++);
for(i=0;i<len+1;i++)
{
if(x[i]==y[i])
continue;
else
{
res=x[i]-y[i];
break;
}
}
return(res);
}
January 2002
5) Write a C function to sort an array using bubble sort algorithm.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void sort(int *);
void main()
{
int a[10]={52,17,82,65,45,96,24,7,37,78},i;
clrscr();
printf("\nTHE NUMBERS IN THE ARRAY BEFORE SORTING:\n");

84

for(i=0;i<10;i++)
printf("%d ",a[i]);
sort(a);
printf("\n\nTHE NUMBERS IN THE ARRAY AFTER SORTING:\n");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
printf("%d ",a[i]);
getch();
}
void sort(int *x)
{
int i,j,temp;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<10;j++)
{
if(x[i]<x[j])
{
temp=x[i];
x[i]=x[j];
x[j]=temp;
}
}
}
}
6) Suppose that two arrays, a and b, contain two sets of integers. Neither of
these sets contains any duplication. Write C functions to find out the union of
these two sets. For example, if a is {2, 7, 1, 5} and b is {9, 2, 8, 5} then their
union is {2, 7, 1, 5, 9, 8}.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void *uni(int *,int *,int);
int c[50],k;
void main()
{
int a[25],b[25],size,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER THE SIZE OF THE ARRAY: ");
scanf("%d",&size);
for(i=0;i<size;i++)
{
printf("ENTER VALUE FOR a[%d]: ",i);
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("ENTER VALUE FOR b[%d]: ",i);
scanf("%d",&b[i]);

85

}
uni(a,b,size);
printf("\nTHE UNION OF THESE TWO ARRAYS IS:\n");
for(i=0;i<k;i++)
printf("%d ",c[i]);
getch();
}
void *uni(int *x,int *y,int n)
{
int i,j,flag=0;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
c[i]=x[i];
k=n;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
flag=0;
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
if(y[i]==x[j])
flag=1;
}
if(flag==0)
{
c[k]=y[i];
k++;
}
}
}
7) Define a structure for a student having name, roll number and marks obtained
in six subjects. Assume that allStudents is an array of students. Write C
functions to print the name and roll numbers of the students who have secured
highest marks in each subject.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void hmark(struct student *);
struct student
{
char name[20];
int roll;
int s1;
int s2;
int s3;
int s4;
int s5;

86

};
struct student std[5];
int n=5;
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
printf("\nENTER THE NAME OF THE STUDENT: ");
scanf("%s",std[i].name);
printf("\nENTER THE ROLL NO. OF THE STUDENT: ");
scanf("%d",&std[i].roll);
printf("\nENTER THE MARKS FOR 5 SUBJECTS:\n");
scanf("%d %d %d %d
%d",&std[i].s1,&std[i].s2,&std[i].s3,&std[i].s4,&std[i].s5);
}
hmark(std);
getch();
}
void hmark(struct student *x)
{
int i,hm1,hm2,hm3,hm4,hm5,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5;
h1=h2=h3=h4=h5=0;
hm1=x[0].s1;
hm2=x[0].s2;
hm3=x[0].s3;
hm4=x[0].s4;
hm5=x[0].s5;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(x[i].s1>hm1)
{
hm1=x[i].s1;
h1=i;
}
if(x[i].s2>hm2)
{
hm2=x[i].s2;
h2=i;
}
if(x[i].s3>hm3)
{
hm3=x[i].s3;
h3=i;
}

87

if(x[i].s4>hm4)
{
hm4=x[i].s4;
h4=i;
}
if(x[i].s5>hm5)
{
hm5=x[i].s5;
h5=i;
}
}
clrscr();
printf("\nHIGHEST MARK OBTAINED BY STUDENTS IN EACH
SUBJECTS\n");
printf("\nSUBJECT-1\nNAME: %s\nROLL NO.:
%d\n",x[h1].name,x[h1].roll);
printf("\nSUBJECT-2\nNAME: %s\nROLL NO.:
%d\n",x[h2].name,x[h2].roll);
printf("\nSUBJECT-3\nNAME: %s\nROLL NO.:
%d\n",x[h3].name,x[h3].roll);
printf("\nSUBJECT-4\nNAME: %s\nROLL NO.:
%d\n",x[h4].name,x[h4].roll);
printf("\nSUBJECT-5\nNAME: %s\nROLL NO.:
%d\n",x[h5].name,x[h5].roll);
}
8) Write C functions to count the number of words in a file; Assume that a word
is a sequence of letters ending with a blank, or a tab, or an end of line marker or
end of file or punctuation symbols such as ,, ., ! and ?.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int count(FILE *);
void main()
{
int w;
FILE *fp;
clrscr();
fp=fopen("text.txt","r");
if(fp==NULL)
{
printf("\nTHE FILE DOES NOT EXIST");
getch();
exit();
}
w=count(fp);

88

printf("\nTHERE ARE %d WORDS IN THE FILE",w);

getch();
}
int count(FILE *fo)
{
char ch;
int word=0;
do
{
ch=getc(fo);
if(ch==32 || ch=='\t' || ch=='\n' || ch==EOF || ch==',' || ch=='.' ||
ch=='!' || ch=='?')
{
word++;
}
}
while(ch!=EOF);
return word;
}
9) Define a self-referential structure for representing a simple linked list of
integers. Write a C function to split the list into two lists so that the first list
contains all even numbered elements and the second list contains only odd
numbered elements. For example, if the original list is {2, 8, 1, 14, 6, 18, 0, 17}
then the resultant first list would be {8, 14, 18, 17} and the second list would be
{2, 1, 6, 0}.
July 2001
6) Using command line argument concept write a C program for the following
task:
Read the content of a given input file. Assume that the input file contains only
upper case letters and/or special characters. Transfer each character from input
file to the specified output file according to the following transfer rules:
Rule-1: Alphabet character has to be replaced by its next lower alphabet
character in cyclic order. For example, A will be replaced by b, B will be replaced
by c, ., Z will be replaced by a.
Rule-2: Replace Space/Blank Character with B.
Rule-3: Other characters remain unchanged.
For example,

89

Input: THE PRICE OF THIS ITEM IS $100.

Output: uifBBqsjdfBBpgBBuijtBBjufnBBjtBB$100.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
int i;
char ch;
FILE *sfp,*tfp;
clrscr();
if(argc<3)
printf("\nPARAMETER MISSING");
if(argc>3)
printf("\nTOO MANY PARAMETERS");
sfp=fopen(argv[1],"r");
tfp=fopen(argv[2],"w");
while(ch!=EOF)
{
ch=getc(sfp);
if(ch>=65 && ch<=90)
putc(ch+33,tfp);
else
{
if(ch==32)
putc(66,tfp);
else
putc(ch,tfp);
}
}
}
7) Write a C function, which takes arguments as a base and a number in
decimal, then converts the number to its equivalent number in a new number
system with a given base.
For example,
Input: Base = 2, Number = 10 (in decimal)
Output: Output = 1010
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
unsigned long num;

90

int base,n[25],c=0,i;
clrscr();
printf("\nENTER A DECIMAL NUMBER: ");
scanf("%lu",&num);
printf("\nENTER THE BASE: ");
scanf("%d",&base);
printf("\n%lu TO THE BASE %d IS ",num,base);
while(num!=0)
{
n[c]=num%base;
num=num/base;
c++;
}
for(i=c-1;i>=0;i--)
{
if(n[i]<10)
printf("%d",n[i]);
else
printf("%c",n[i]+55);
}
getch();
}
9) Write a C function to reverse a sub-string within the main string. Pointers to
the main string and the sub-string are passed as arguments to this function.

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