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Government of Telangana, Hyderabad
New Edition
First Published 2015
All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means without the prior permission in
writing of the publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in
any form of binding or cover other than that in which
it is published and without a similar condition including
this condition being imposed on the subsequent
purchaser.
The copy right holder of this book is the Director of
School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.
This Book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. Maplitho

Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card
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Printed in India
at the Telangana Govt.Text Book Press,
Mint Compound, Hyderabad,
Telangana.
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= $j\qT d+ +> dT+ B <. <X+ \yT q | k+ d+s*
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36
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sh n~su c d+| n< \T> |#dq =* eTV. +< kV
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H e sTT+fH? y |T &dH ?
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f |T, yTT+&|
T, >|T, < & k<? M& & q &Ts? HsTTH! n+ |jT qyT +&
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k k> \e&$ . b+f q eT<T\ sys p&T! m+ mT m~qy? ={] =eT\\
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n<! d&T! e\\H eTq] b*yTs sHe#. m<TsT H&T yTT>|+& dT{\ eTs<\TCjT
>T+| >{q T >TTsZ y]q ysTT\T b<\T p&T! n! u | \ b+{ eTTd* eq >\+>
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38
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> f\ qT yT+~ C\, # \ m>y C+{ H\ T |P+
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q bq |{q q Lq qeTT\ $T+> pdT+ &~. | H q&T#T+ bs? bjT|&T
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ds #T r> dTTq~. q~ nsT> |P&TyeTT MT }] b*yTs | m{
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#| Tq|+~.
nsTTq >q> eT, + sT >q+, +&> &<T . |s> m\TTsT <&> { q T |# s+
s>&<T . j< yT#+& eT] n+f eT], s=eTTq meTT\T u&q +f m? s=+&T +&T <]
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39
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k k\T eTq e\d+~, eTq+ p&e\d+<, >&T q MT< qT \e&& ? <? nH~.
}s #sT e <{q+, eT& <{q+, y] s T \ |dT \ ={\T >He{q $, ={\ >&y eTT\
#<s +& <TsT> eTd+ > +&$. +{yT T+ {q m&T \>dT+ &$. e }] m\eT >T& y=+~.
yT |dT | +&s { # #<s +& +&~. |PC] we #s \T <{q+.
+& e&<! >bjT ue + +>T\. & +& C]+~ n+f d| >& >{q f. +<
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~<T = =+>T +&T> de]#Tq, nk+{ <|]| |qT\T j$ sT>< T . n+=d & |s\T q
>& +&| & < T . H bD => }|] |\Tq|+~.
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H +{ m<TsT+>H s# . +<sT > eTDTdT e s# s #T s=+&T <& +>{
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40
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b H& nT=q$. neqT >, nqTeT+sjTT&T? sTT H, H* d+>+? M eT]? nqT+Tq
eqT |d> { q T H eTT&T.
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e<T\ T n+{sT.
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n+f...
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T edT+ ~.
ii) n s z, W \T |sy
T W edT+ ~.
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d+ : ns (n, \) @, \T |sy T s+, z, W \T |sy T W s+ @<X+ >
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n$ u>T|&\+f qTe u>T|&*.
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46
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q>s+ Xsy > + > q s|+ esT+Tq~. keqT& n+<q+ <s+> ~*bTq~
q>s+. eT<s> n+T b++> e]bsTT+~ q>s+. eTw j+ d
e]bTH&T. qH |ssTsD
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\+>D |u T +# |+|D
47
bs u> $es\T
bs+ $T $ nH |jT #+~q~. @<H n+X
=dyT sT|, e+>+>, #Ts\ e |+ #| &yT $T $.
n*X{ |u sY $ nH >+<+ d{ | t nH $T $\
={ q>s^ +> Ls&yT q ~.
$ |]#jT +
+q>sY \ qd\ +. yTT< sT&T> J$+ bs+_+#&T.
bs+u+ |+&T>\, | <X\, dqT\ ueT\T |\ yX&T. sT y
\ kVr$TB| d+d |]#jT + $s+>+ |y +#&T. 1974
+<d ys| eq |]cs+ n#sTTq yTT<{ $. \
d& j
|P]eT (1976), +q>sY d& j
* (1979) V <su<
12`01`1954 d& j
K (1983) @sT #dT = J$d+ b{>|s >Y , J$
12`01`1993 bs+ $> m~>&T. @H& d+b<q d+ s|& < T . q |\
dyT n e]es qe&T. ms bes\T (1978) yTT<{ $ d+\q+.
eT+\ C+&\T, #Ts\ T (1979), ss K (1985), m\ m+&e$ (1989),
d+u^ + (1990), d{ | t (1992) n#sTTq $ d+\H\T. +<C
~q| sbT d]jT> d{ | t |sT V <su<T q>s+ | sdq
$T $\ |Ub+<&T. q $+ bs #H<<, ke
# H |+b+~+q $ n*X{ |u s.Y
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bs+ #<T e+&. ns+ |<\ +< ^ ^jT+&.
48
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
|y
<w { dw >#]dT+~.
=+<] = dyX\T $Xw+ > ]ksTT.
dV <jT T&T | <* qT+N |sD b+<T&T.
n uw jTT<y T , ue+ $s|+
d+]+#T+T+~.
q>s+ eT\\qT, eT\q z $
V<jT + m{ <]++< ` n*X{ $T $(\T)
eTq >&T T+~. eTqdT { ] #d ns \
yqT nq+ <X\T |ksTT...
I
q>s y+<
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49
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dT ]
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+#+&`#|+&
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q>s+ | eTw |s jT >+<y T nH y+ >T]+ MT @eTsy T + ~?
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II
d{ n+f n
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me] ys @!
q>s+ ns+ skjTqX\!
q>s+ M& |< ePV+!!
+#+&`#|+&
50
d{ n+f n { _*+>\T e!
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s +&T , eT&T , H\T>T
n $ nq&+ <X + @$T{?
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q>s skjTqX\ n, |<ePV+
n $ nq&+ <X + @yT +T+~?
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s+
nH yVH\ Xu\T, eTqTw\ e\T, sTybsT\ nsT|\ q>s+ H\T>T s&
L&* $|+# sD>=D < qT\T >T+&\~]bjT ydTq &+ H<+, < yT q y>+ <
qj>s \b+ sT n|ksTT. C$ nsD++{ q>s+ #dTq <, q>sJ$
Tbs++ eq iTeTT+{ X+ HjT $ e]dT H &T.
neT &+{ |{q }sTqT e~* b~d+ q>s+ s* eq y] + |<|
+
\<#Te& d+ d\ + L& <=s< T . |<s T \T q|f +{ sTsT eTT] |<X +
}|s& d nqTu$ d TT+{sT.
q>s+ |eTw #<e e\dq |d + +{y&T. nsTT mes n T |d +
|J\qT #~yys +&sT . q>s+ eTw yq nH d s y T q q+<, $c<><\ T+{sTT.
s H n u>>T\T |{+ #THys +&sH #<T C #| TH&T $.
q>s+ <j H $sdq |e+{ d|\ \ T d{ dT, {, |yyT +| d+<&
#dT + {sT. y] e+ #<T e\ks+ |b& s\TT+T+~.
q>s+ +& ny| n+<yT q mq ue H\T +{jTqTe<T. y| K<q ue +T\ | H
q q |P]b\ +{sTT. & Xs+, <]<+ | | H de+s s K\T> |ksTT. q>s+
y$ < yTq deTd\, $_qeTqd \ \dbsTT \\+ +& +T+~. m+ s+sjT+>
|#dH q>s+ eTw $X+ rdTe& nqTyq deTjT+ <=s< T . d+b~+q <q +
]qT rsTH r] <=s< T . eTyTq y\T>T+{ ndV | qe\, ds + V&e&
q&\ y y, {] ]>y, s |j D+# <q e+T\ +{sT.
q>s+ s+s+ n|eT+ > +&*. n& ny| |e<\T b+ +{sTT, H\T>T~
s& eTTe b+ +T+< $ V#]dTH &T.
e\MT< +& | \T |sd s+ *dbsTT *$&> +{sTT. q>se TH eTVe+ MT< ed+#
eTqTw\T k{eTw mTe+{ rjTyTq |\]+|\T +& sT>bsT>H ueq L&
+& me] ys @> TT+{sT. j+ eqdd sdd T H &T $.
|j >X\ @yy skjTq <y\T, e\T +{sTT. y{ #s \T n+<] ns+ e. q>s+
n++ f ns+ skjTqX\ +T+~. q>s+ T<eT eqy, b~ <=s b sTTH
@< sE <=sTT+< X> y#dT+ {sT. & ks\T, $k\T, $H<\T | | yTsT>T\T
\+> ]ksTT. eTsy| sT<>+, JeqejT+ uj
T |&TTH q>s+ $& y T~<T. \Tw+
\es|{H , {| CyT J$+ sTbsTTH q>s+ $& |X++> |\ ]bjT,
eTT& $&BjT |< ePV+ +{~ q>s+ .
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
51
$ #jT +&
I.
ne>Vq ` |d+<q
1. +~ n+X\ < >T]+ #]+#+&.

n) MTsT |{es @@ q>s\qT #XsT? MTsT #dq q>s MT qq, q# n+X\T
\T|+&.
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#dT H sT?
2. bs+ <s+> +~ $ |+ <q n+ss >T]+ sjT+&.
n) q>s+ | eTw |s jT>+<y T .
) q>s+ eTVe+ MT< me] ys @.
) eTVq>s\ s& eTsD+ H\T>T y| \T.
3. +~ e#q $qT #<e +&.
H C| >&T T=q eTeT\ eTT
eT*q yTsT> eT{ eTqTw\ m<eT H |!
#T u+<y \ b >]> H |
nqT+<\ |sT>T >T] H |!
qTe+ +> &T |P\T |sT=q TeT
|sjT ^ uHq || & ueT
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njYT jYT\ <ds |+&T>
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.
52
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q>s J$+ |L\ n+X\qT + ]q +> e]+#&+ $ +s + @$T{?
q>s+ eTw Jeq $<H bs+ <s+> $e]+#+&.
2. +~ |X |~ y yT sjT+&.
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3. +~ n+X\ >T]+ dH+> / |X+ dd sjT+&.
n) q>s Jeq+ nqTL\ n+X\| $ sjT+&.
) eTq |]ds\ |]Xu d+ n+<s w#j
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III.
uc+X\T
|<C\+
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n) q>s R
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53
2. +~ |<\ |sjT|<\T sd y{ y\T sjT+&.

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q&q"<qT eT>T& qT&T>"& q& jTT&T>TH
y&y & &eTT& &" &
q&T&T q&T&<T &eT q&T&T H&\ H
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T+ > eT'|+ > |]ws + > <j +s+ > d
+> <s C V<jT ksd u +> X#s e
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s|\+seTT
+~ y\qT |]o*+#+&.
(i) b<jTT&T CqCT\qT |+|Ck &T .
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(iii) yqCD qT|P\qT #*+ ~.
(iv) qe\He T |jT dTH +.
| y\qT >eT+#sT <! @+ nse TsTT+~.
54
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
yTT<{ y+ CqeTT ` C ysT ysT <T. CqyT C. Cq+ |yT jT+. C

|eq+. s +&+{ u< + <T . { nu< + #| &H s|\+s+ n+{sT.
\D + : |yT j, |eH u< + (&) H, qT #| n~ s|\+s+.
< q>ssD sT qsT& Jeq|T w.
deTqjT+ : +<T q>s+ |yT jT+. nsD+ |eq+. & |yT jTyTq q>s,
|eqyTq nsD u< + H, qf #| &+~. { ~ s|\+s+.
(ii) (iii) (iv) y\ L& deTqjT+ sjT+&.
+{$ bs+ y sjT+&. deTqjT+ #jT +&.
bC |
|\ T / |{\ Jeq $<H >\ &\T |{ > sd |<] +#+&.
MT \Tk?
|D M<T $<TT y&+ e> +&& jH Bb\qT y&TsT. nsTT jH
Bb\ y\T>T s> V*dTq < +swq d { |t ddq T nH d+d
|{ + +~. eTT+sTT q>s+ jH Bb\ y& w~+#\ eTT+sTT q>sb \ d+d
MT< sT dTyd+ ~. eTT+sTT sT $T{ @ss+~. $T{ y~ |s+ jH
Bb\ y\T>T # me> +f eTss >+ e# neX+ +T+~. , yT<&T V
*dT+ ~. n~s | & q +, qs\D , n\sT e+{ s>\ sDeTeT+~. n+<Te\q s
|< =+&T >+\qT+& jH Bb\qT y&s< V sT rsT+~.
dV yTq |sesD |]ds\e\
JeHq+<+ |qsT + b+<TT+~.

J$+#\H |q s+s+
|qseeTeT+~.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
55
u><jT+
` wk $T eTT~sC
#<T e+& ` + #| +&.

qeus sC+> s, #]sT&T, CrjTy~, Xgy, <[ HjT&T
&_.sY.n+u< sY. <X+ nd XqT y]+#&, <[T\ nuT q m+>H
w #X&T. eT esZ\ n+<]> eTqeT n #jT >\+ nq $Xk
|+b+~+#&+ n \ +. <X |\+<] deq V\T *+#\H <X +
wy T q sC+> sb+~+#&T. <X $<X\ $<qT nu d+ ||+ #+H
eTVyT<$> >T]+| b+<&T.
|X\T:
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2. jTq me] >T]+ w #X&T? m+<T?
3. eTq sh+ <[T\T, eTCT\ y]d+ w #dq e\ T mesT?
y >T]+ #| +&.
bs+ <X +
djT+w, $Xd+ +f | s @yTH k~+#>\ sT. n esZ\ y ke
u>keT+, # q + neds+ . ks+ |]bTq |dT de+ sT \ >T]+ +,
y |> && e\ T nsT<T. nTe+{ e + qT+& d] b+<&y T bs+ <X + .
56
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
bs u> $es\T
bs+X+ J$ #] |jT #+~q~. $_q
s+>\ |#d de+MT< |u e+ #|q e\
$w \ qT \T| sd >+<y T J$ #]. u>s &e s
esT&q m+._.>yT s+q u>s &e s J$#]
>+<+ wk $T eTT~sC sdq yd+~
bsu>+.
s#s TT |]#jT +
V <su< ke sjT <e\ H+B ^+ |*q # q o* =]
wk$T eTT~sC. jTq k+ deTsj<T&>, s#sTT>, s*dt>,
$<d+d\ k| &>, $<y> , V <su< yTjTsY>, +<e TVdu sV&>,
VQq de d+ds> |\ eTqq\+<Tq VQeTTK |CX*. 1957
V < s u< q> s y T j T sY > m q> s _ e ~ d + suj T eTT| @ +&
neds\qT>TD+> edsYbH jsT#dq <s&T. <HksY nH
+>y s| qT k|+ d+b< &> $\Tyq d+b<j
\T, yk\qT s+#&T.
25`08`1893 V<su< #]qT \TdTe& jTq s#q\T beD <s\T>
15`12`1967 \&TsTT. n+<T V <su< q>s #j ysTT|J +~+
|]jT V<su< nH n<TyTq >+< #] <Xs|+> eTq
n+~+#&T.
q $TT&T u>s &e s *d <[T\ nuT q d+ w#X &T. 1948
s V<su<` rdt k djd <T V< |sT V<su<
sj <e\| >+< sX&T. us |uT +# us k+<eT #]
sd d+|T + bq duT &> jT$TT&j &T.
$<sT\ d#q\T
bs+ bs+u+ |y #<T e+&. bs+ $wj }V+#+&.
bs+ #<T e+&. ns+ |<\ +< ^ ^jT+&.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
57
|y
jTq nH Vs+> du\ T sV+#&T.
ke d# >T]+ #| , q C qT\qT
@{| q&T|>*>&T. jTq #|{q
|qT\ eTs|s~ <e<d, eTT,
yXd+|<j\qT n&T e&+. &, eT> |\\ qT
<e e~*yjT& re+> sd+#&T.
>T&TqT e|+#&T ` $<+ > ke
u< qT Hsy s & q J$q+ <sbd
eTq e\ T =+<s +{sT. =+<]q
eTT+<T esTd +& u>s&es >T]+
\TdTe&+ m+ neds+ <!
I
q C qT\ u>Td+ q|{ qT+&

n+e TsTTq u>s & es 1888 |{H &T.
jTq q|&T #<T eq #<T y jTq J$
>eTH s ++~. n+s esZ\T n|{
nqTu$ dTq ned\ qT+ >f +#& jTq
n+ ue+ | #X&T. qT #~$q #<T e
e\ \eed n+f @$T{ < ds|+
mTe+{ < ne> e TsTT+~. +< T
<s Xk\qT, #]qT u> #~$H&T. y{
e\ n+s esZ\ &> + &q T ns+ #dT e&
y{ s*+ y] ke $d+
*+#& jTq <] <=]qsTT+~.
n+ eTTKeTsTTq | d++~+
# s D , # q j T q | P ] d# q T
nqTu $ +#& T . d + + > | # X & T .
|uT |+ qT+ d + jTq n+& <=]+~.
58
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
nD>]q \ HjT\ L& eT+ |]#jT + |]+~. eT eT+> y] qT+ dV s+,

H eT< T L&>
T H&T. >=| eTqTw\, d+ds\ +& X ~ n\esT jTq n+s
esZ\ q d+ d+dsD yTT<\T |{&T .
y V+<eT+, V+<Te\T eT #]qT * <+
#j \qT+f d+ds> u>s &e s |sT yTT<{k q+ +T+~.
nD>]qesZ\ $k jTq q deTk n]+#&T. q
*$\qT n+<TdyT y+#&T. @MT +# +&, eTd+
m|{ |#d jTqqT #d n+s esZ\ jTqqT
sT>T HjT> |HsTT. X ~, CsTTr, |T<\
|#d es ns\+H y] qeT #s>=q>*>&T. eT
<Td sD+ eT nCq+, <dqqq msTqT q
nqT#sT \ *> T #jT >*>&T.
+#+&`#|+&
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sT>TTq~?
X ~, CsTTr n+f MT @$T
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#]+#+&.
II
eTqTw\+ |T deqeT, mes me, mes e <q d \TdTHT #X&T.

nsTT |\ J]+#TbsTTq eT&q eT\T nCH =\+#&+ n+> dT\Te<q~ *d+<.
nsTT =~ =~>H nsTTq|{ jTq s+s X< e\ n+s esZ\T #<T e| #| |&+ k< yT+ ~.
+<Te\ = k+|T <Ts#s\T eTTejT+ e&+ ]+~.
jTq nH Vs+> du\ T sV+#&T. ke d# >T]+ #| q C qT\qT @{|
q&T|>* >&T. jTq #|{ q |qT\ eTsT|s~ <e<d, eTT, yX d+|<j\qT n&T e&+.
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60
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124
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126
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138
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140
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Hs e+~? H seTTD $& HqT D
yTH q T. #T \T C&dT H . b<\T |T=+{...
seTTD e+ H <s+ #jT e< e&T. (]q \ { sT >TT+<?) sTT es< T .
lseTTD &= se\d+~> sTT dTeT+TD C|+ +~. sC y\H&T dTeT+T&T. lseTTD
#&\ +~ y+H rdTseTH&T <Xs < T &T. sCqT b{+#&T dTeT+T&T. lseTT&T e, <Xs < T &,
sTT b<_e+<H\T #X&T. <Xs < T e se&+ <T | . +& u< sDyT$T{ *jT
de TeTeTH&T <Xs~ . sTT n&>&T. >+ Hq s +&T es\qT n&>qT. qT <w +#T=
y{ \+|T +#+<T #dTH sT. y{ qTe b{kq |eD+#d #| qT nq~ sTT.
seTT&T D
+ L& +#< T H +& H >TsTe, b\&T, VT&T. jTq <+# $c
>&H , deTT<+ <&H d<y T . +& >] ] @$T{ #| | b{kqT. seTT&T &qe
| & |*&T. (lseTT | u , dqTs n+{~.)
sTT s +&T es\qT >T]+ #| +~. seTT eTTK+ m+{ esT<T . d+c\ b+>b e&+,
u<\ +>b e&+ d |E \D
+. ne! e #| qf #k. us T &+f H bD+. n |{_ w
>] Hq>sT H #| <+{H? jTq e\qT b{+# +& +&>\ H? H s+ <T .
+& de#jT &+, jTq \qT b{+#&+ H $T+q <s #sD
+ eqe\ +={ H < T . Hq>sT
qqT djT+> <+# H MTsT #bsT <! n~ #\T. H|& <+&sD jT\T<sT qH&T lseTT&T.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
141
lseTT e\T $q <Xs < T &T Xu s+ d Vj&T. lseTT&T +& b<\ |D$T&T .
sTT b<\ qeTd]+#&T. n+'|s+ qT+& jT e#&T. \DT \d deqT <]+#TH&T.
q nsDyd $wjT + #b&T. e\T $+H d\ >+&>=&* # q]q eT~# T H\ MT< |&b sTT+~.
n+T y<q H+ ~. eqyk y e< d \DT\T |]|]$<\ lseTT q#C| pXsT.
lseTT&T +& e >Z&T . y | <H&T. sTT| q @e+ nH<su e+ <H &T. q
|{_ w+ be& sTT sD+ <, $~ |sD# yT n{ e{&+ < deT]+#&T. q syTH
eqydyT H deqyTq |{ + #&T.
| yyV+ d\ lseTT y+ eqyk d<| & + ~. us q T e<*se&+ <s +<H&T
lseTT&T. m> eTqdTqT d$ T|s # T = d\ lseTTD B$++~. se! dT sTw\ u q&Te.
<s yT s. qTe #dq *< + &T\ de, d \+ s> +{sTT. m+{ u<\ T \T> +&T>
n XuodT\+~++~.
n& qT+& deT+~s y&T lseTT&T. q eqyd $wjT + #b&T. nj< m eTd\Ty
d *b&T. d seTTy+f eqyk y & XsTT+#T+~. ef lseTT #| +~. MTsT
+& dsdZ T U\T \_+H w| & q T. | nqTd]+#&y T d <s +, dTK|<+ , Xu |< eT *|+~.
lseTT&T n+^]+# | <T . qqT L& y+ rdT eT \DT&T lseTTD b<j
T |&&T . lseTT
dyu>+ eTT+<T ~| + L& q<q, d |#s\T #d neX+ qeT nu ]+#&T. ds qH&T
lseTT&T. * nsTTq dT$T , rjTT\ $wjT + *| y] y< b+<eTH&T.
dseT\DT\T <Xs<T <]+#& jT\T<ssT. *q&q edTq lseTTD #d |\T
uesTeTHsT. \DT> eT+<s seTT y+ y\qT=HsT. seTT&T +f #\T n~ n&$jT H eT
b*{ nj< qqTHsT. dseT\DT\T <Xs < T eT+~s #sT HsT. <Xs < T &T sDT\+<] s| +#&T.
n+<s $\|dT H sT sTT | . <Xs < T eT+~s+ {X\ nsTT+~.
sTT djT+>
q Hs Ns \ qT
dseT\DT\T <] +#sT.
*<+&T\ qeTd]+#sT.
dT$T \DT HjTH,
lseTTD +& nsTTq
< X s < T \y]>, d q T
qqT> u $+# T . n& $
nj< nqT. dTK+> y[
seT B$++~. dTeT+T&T
s <
d < + # X & T .
d seT\ DT\T s <
msT. s<+ y>+ > eTT+<T
142
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
k>TTq~. lseTTD $&e =+<sT bsT\T s< s +&Ty| , yqT u>+ y&sT. eT+> y<|T w
es>e\dq nj< <T'Kd+<yT + ~. <Xs < T &T reyTq u< deT+~s e#&T. d<$ XeT]
+~. dT$T<$ yTqT z<]+~.
lseTT s< & nqTd]dTH sT |\T. nj< eT[b+& y lseTT&T m+>H #| TH&T.
MTs nj< s+& < yTeTT MT y+ se& nqTeT+#+& n y&T +THsT |\T. s<+ eTkqB
rs #]+~. s n+<s n& $&~ #XsT. \y sTTq~. n\d# bsT\+<s >& < HsT.
+ yqT XeT|&+ lseTT w+ <T . n+<T y <# | n& qT+& y\ \DT
nH&T. dTeT+T ks<+ dseT\DT\T n&qT+ jT\T<ssT. <q bsT\T lseTT&T
q&b e&+ eT|& sT . eT yTT<T <qT yT +~+#THsT. #d~ nj< sT>TeTTK+
|{sT .
s<+ y< X, >eTr, dq+~ q<T\qT <{+~. d\ <X| b*yTs\ #sT +~. n& qT+& nj< y| >
] lseTT&T qeTd]+#&T. eTT+<T k>T >+>rs #sT HsT. rs+ X+us| seTTq~.
>TVQ&T |<X sE. n&T lseTu & T . lseTT&T e#&q ys $ qy] lseTT <>sZ
jTs &T. >TVQD #d seTT&T \DT&bT m<TsTy[ \TdTH&T. s >TVQ& < + rdTH&T.
eTsTH&T lseTT <X+ yTs >TVQ&T HeqT d<+ #X&T. lseTT&T eT]b\qT | +#&T. y{
q \DTq &\qT d<| s # &T. seT\DT\T {<sT\jsT. dseT\DT\T |&e msT. ne*
rs rdTy\ H$\ d+#&T >TVQ&T. lseTT&T dTeT+T, >TVQ y & nqTeT#&T.
HeqT eTT+<T k+#e\d+~> H$\qT <+#&T.
q~ eT< He k>TTq~. d >+>qT b]++~. He <D
rs #]+~. He~q lseTT&T d
\D dyT T& eH\ jT\T<s&T. lseTT <X+ yTs eTT+<T \DT&T yq d, yT yq lseTT&T
q&TdTH sT. kjT+ us < CXe #ssT. ~ >+> jTeTTq d+>eT |<X + +~. eTT y
n~d s\T #X&T. eqyd b++H >&| e T s&T. seTT&T dTyT> sd ]+#&T.
qT\ n+<TuT +&, XeTyk nqTyq |<X y T <H d+#eT lseTT&T s&T. |~
dT\ <s+ L + nH |$yT q |s |<X + +<, eTVsT\ ydkqyTq n< q #
us < E&H&T. eTV] d#qqqTd]+ jTeTTHq~ <{ L + #sT HsT dseT\DT\T. nq
<X+ |s+ n& Hs &T s\ {s ]+#&T \DT&T. dXdj
T +> n+<T |y +#sT.
$wj q+ >&# sT\ <s >TVQ&T \TdTH&T. >TVQ <s dTeT+T&T >V +#&T. dTeT+T&T
>TVQ& <>sZ d\e rdT= nj< y&T. <Xs < T &T dTeT+T& <s seTT $wj \qT \TdTH&T.
d<Xs < T \ y<q n+T<T . <Xs < T &T >+ qT eTTu\D bsuT> #+|q d+|T qqT,
n *< + &T*q Xb >TsT# d T H&T. n< |$j> sDeTH&T. lseTT m&uT eTqdT
$\yT+ ~, <Xs < T . <T'U T >T+& #\ &+~. nss sT y <Xs < T &T bD\T $&#&T.
n+<s uesTeTHsT.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
143
<Xs < T <V \ <D u <|s # sT. edw & yT s <\T us XT|T T\qT rdTse&
ysT. @&TsE\T |j D+ #d m$T<eH&T nj< #sT HsT us XT|T T\T. +& eTsD
\& &T us T &T. +& n+jT \qT us T &T s]+#&T.
lseT eqyd $wjT + * | {&T us T &T. eT+<s q T #+|& <T& q XT|T T&T us T
e $ $s$T+#TH&T. eT+T\T us T D sC~s+ #| e THsT. us T &T n+^]+#< T . |<y &q
lseTT& sE y*. jTq <T\T HqT |<T H\T>T d+es\T eqyd+ #kqT. #T s+> \qT
d<| s # + &. HqT y[ lseTTD nj< rdTekqT n *b&T.
us T &T nj<ydT\ L& jT\T<s&T. X+us| s+ #s&T. >TVQ&T us T +s + *jT
jTT<d q <T& j
&T. rs $wjT + *X m<TsTy[ us T D V+#&T. >TVQ dV s+ us < CXeT+
#sT H&T us T &T. eTV] ds\q+~ L + y| |j D+#s+<sT .
n&$ eT>\ n\& yTT<+ ~. sDyT$T{ #&eTH&T \DT lseTT&T. y+H \DT&T
|< eT~ #f &T. $wjT + nsy T + ~. #T ~ lseTT e< e#&T. us T &T <TsT~ ddq +> edTH &T.
eTq <q TsD\qT d<+ #dT +<eTH&T \DT&T. lseTT&T \DT #q bsbT +< #b&T.
usT&+{y&T <H&T. \D! y s+ +f #| usT #| sC
|kqqH&T. + us T &T |sX \ #sT H&T. lseTTD #&>H <T'U |b j&T. XT|T T&T
lseTT b<\ MT< &&T. lseTT qT+
nX<s\T ]XsTT. =+d|{ sT H&T. us T D
X\ |X\T yX&T. |d+>eXT s <s\qT
u~+#&T. lseTT&T +& eTsDys $ $\|+#&T.
lseTTD nj< seT, sEeeT d$qjT+>
b]+#&T us T &T. +&ef s<seT lseTT&T
n+^]+#< T . lseTT Hd y <+ |+|p#&T
Cu*. &T <Xs < T |sVT&T. Cu* y<
lseTT&T K+&+#&T.
usT nusq yTs lseTT&T b<T\qT
nqT>V +#&T. n|&T us T &T nH! b<T\MT<H
sb\Hus +#TqT. |<T H\T>T d+es\T
HqTL& \qT <]+, HsNs\T {, eqyd
jTe\, q>s+ y\T|\ +{qT. |<T H\Ze d+es+
>H <sq+ +f n|yX+ #kqH&T.
ds qH&T lseTT&T. <s k<su eeT+f ~. us T &T
q+~>eT+ #sT =, b<T\ |{_ w+ #X&T.
lseTT&T d \D dyT +> neTV] Xe
y&T. n nqdjT\T M] deTT eTs<\T #XsT. eTV|e nsTTq nqdj<$ d
~eekus D
\+~. eTTXsT\ odT\T rdT= d seT \DT\T <+&sD+ |y +#sT.
144
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
nsD +&+
<+&sD+ |$ |<X + . |X+ |<X + . n& eTTqT\ Xe\T mH HsTT. | \T, eT>\T `
d\ bDT\ dTs y T q b++ n~. n& e T+ d+ jTj >\T sT>TTHsTT. XeT deTT<j
#&>H n &TqT <q TdTqT+& ysT #X&T lseTT&T. (n& $qj | Ms neX+ <T . m&
m{ |e]+# \TdTe&yT . ~ lseTT d+|Ps+ > +~.)
d seT \DT\ eTVsT\T k<s k>+ |*sT. deTT<jT+ |sX \ $&~ @sT#XsT.
eTsTH&T <jT+ s\qT eTT+#T= eTVsT\ M&\T |* dseT\DT\T |jD
=qk+#sT.
eq+ eT< #sT HsT. + $s+ q $s<T &H sd T &T ne++> dseT\DT\
| $sT#T|&&T . seT\DT\qT q uT C\| ydT = rdTbk>&T. d >>Z\T |&TTq~. seT\DT\T
$s<T s+&T uTC\qT q]yXsT. H\| |L&T $s<T&T. eTTw|\, y <&#XsT
seT\DT\T. m+L #e $s<T D > b|& d+d<T \ jsT. y+H $s<T &T q |Ps<q T
$e]+#&T. T+TsT&H >+<s T &q qT usT X|+# sd T &> e]q $wjT + *b&T. lseTT e\
X|$eTT \T>TT+<q usT e\qT C| + #dT H&T. <>sZ H q Xsu + > eTV] <]+#T=eT,
Xu+ sT>TT+< lseTT #b&T. qqT > |P&eTH&T. n> #XsT seT\DT\T.
$s<T e |s+ Xsu + > eTV] <s H jTs sT. Xsu + >T&T eTV|d . <e ks+ b+~qy&T.
lseTT #d lseT <s q+ dyT qT yeHqH&T. q |' | q+ lseTT <syk&T. (u$ wT
lseTT&T #jTe\dq seDd+Vs ~ L& &&TT+~. eTVs k<q me]e+T ysT
dV seT+~+#*+<.) n& #sT eH q dTr eTV] <]+#eT lseTT d+#&T Xsu + >eTV].
dseT\DT\T #dT+ &>H q <V $& ndT V+ #s&T.
n& eTTqT\+<s lseTT e< e eT>&TqT y udTHsT. sd T \T eTTqT\| #d n\qT
@sT e|{sT . sd T \ # q eTTqT\ s\qT #|+#sT. sd T \ u] qT+& s+ #eT b]+#sT.
y] lseTT&T eTVTs! MTsT qqT b]+#&+ >< T . C|+ #*. MT \qT HqT skeVkqH&T.
(nV+]+# +& q u< qT >T]+#&+ H >=|<qeTT+~.)
dseT\DT\T dTr eTV] XeT+ #sT HsT. lseT <s q+ dyT dTr eTV] <V + $&Te+&
H&T. q |X q + lseTT <s<+ #X&T. eTsTH&T ysT eTV] nqTeT rdT= jT\T<ssT.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
145
<+&sD+ eTTqT\ Xe\qT d+<]dbTHsT dseT\DT\T. n&& =+\+

+THsT. |~ d+es\T >&+~. eT dTr eTV] e< e#sT. n n>d eTV]
<]+#Ty\q eT +q T y*T#sT. dTr eTV] esZ #b&T. q Xe <D +> H\TZj H\
<s+ n>d k<sT XeT+, n& jq<s+ n>k XeT+ +< *b&T. eTV]e< d\e
rdT= jT\T<ssT dseT\DT\T.
kjT+ n>d k<sT Xe #sT HsT. (& $wjT + #| y*. n>d k<sT |s y
#| &< T . m& d+<s + eH n>d u (k<sT &T) nH #bsT. n+<T |sT *jT y] n>d u
n+T+{sT. |< +<+ CrjT+> ds | & + ~.) n>d k<sT < + s >&b sT dseT\DT\T.
<j H n>k XeT+ y| > n&T>T\T yXsT.
n>dT &T |X d+|qT&T. X q $+< |s >s nDqy&T. n>yT d+ uj
T r n>d '
|s d+ _+|Cd q y&T qT n>dT &j &T.
lseTT sqT >eT+ n>dT &T wdyT +> m<TsTy&T. n~ >s$+# d+|<jTeT~. lseTT&T
d\D dyT T& eTV] b<_e+<q+ #X&T. n>dT &T lseTT ~e<q TdT, nj
T Ds\T, ny|T yTq
K&Z VA]+#&T. jT+ \T>TT+< os~+#&T. c\ L&q eqyk d ]se&+ kVdeT
n_q+~+#&T. yT>\ us |eTqT yT#TH&T.
lseTT&T eTT ed+#& nqTyq b+ d+#eT n>dT D nu]+#&T. D+
<qeT>T&H &T eTV]. sT y lseTT & s +&T jH\ <s+ |+#e{ nH |<X + +~.
n& | \, =<Te<T ><eqB rs+ q b++ qd+#s+ +&<T . |X++>
+T+< *b&T. n>dT & <>sZ d\e rdT= |+#e{ |j DeTjsT dseT\DT\T.
<] *wy T q |< ><q T #XsT. |s |+ +& sd T &y qqTHsT. qTye]e n&>sT.
q|sT {jTTe n <Xs < T & $TT&q #| =H&T. q e+X#] q Xk eTs\qT $e]+#&T {jTTe.
q +& rjTT&q {jTTeq ds D
u< qT n|+#&T lseTT&T. lseTT yT s |+#e{
|sX \ sD+ #X&T \DT&T.
|+#e{ Jeq+ |X++> >&T dTq ~. H&T lseTT&T |sD< |d+ >+ H&T. +
XSsDK nH sd n& e+~. yT seDdTsT& #\ T. lseTT k+<s eTT>Ts + ~. qqT
#|
e Tq~. eT eT< n&T> q d\DT\qT #+|+{qq~. lseTT&T |]Vd+> \DT e<
y eTH&T. \DT&T qT nq <dT&q q +f XSsDK L& <d+ #j *edT+ <, n+<T
lseTTD #s& y T d de<q$T#&T. lseTTy| ]+~ XSsDK. d +&&+ e qqT s]dTH &
nT& b sTT+~. d<$ n&T =\+#Ty\ yT| <& ~+~.
LsTq <Tw\ |]Vd+ |s<T. n~ m+ |e<s+. \d+ #jT+& XSsDKqT
$s|#jT eTH&T lseTT&T. nq C \d+ ` XSsDK eTT #e\T |&sTT \DT < .
\u~ueT yTTT =+ k<sT &q KsT& <>]Z y[+~ XSsDK. KsT&T |<\T>TeT+~ j<T \qT |+b&T.
y+ lseTT # eT{> s # sT. ~ #dq XSsDK KsT e< y[ #| +~. Ks< wDT\T |<\T>Ty\
eT+~ sd T \ seTTMT< <+&sT . eT&T >&j
T y+<] jTeT|] |+|+#&T lseTT&T.
146
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
ys n+|qT& <s y>+ > \+ #]+~. n+|qT&T seDdTsT& >&# sT &T . $wj
dV +#T seDT&T lseTTD VesTkq yX| & &T . n+|qT&T, ndV jTXSsT&q lseTTD e~+#&+
<ydTsT\ L& k< +< X&T. n+<T q bj #b&T. lseTT us d
n+<\ s. lseTT bD+. m>H yTqT n|V ]d #\T ` m&uTqT T seTT&T J$
#*k&T n. ~ seDT m+>H q+~.
eTsTH&T<jT yT s<+ MT< X+ |j Dd e#T& Xe #sT H&T. d n|V sD $wjT +
*b&T. | q dV jT|&e TH&T. e#T&T eT+&|& &T . z s d+<! #q e&T #b&T?
+> n&T $TT& s|+ q XTe. lseTT&T d+V+e+{y&T. d+V+<>]Z y &+ m+
|e<+? |> sT \ V #j \H #q +& |X++> q seTTD $+#&+ =]$ \
>e&yT . X++, #q $s$T+ dT+#eT d<T |<X + #X&T. seDT yX+ sT>T eTTK+
|{+ ~. seDT& sT>TeTTK+ |{&T \+ .
Ks< wD XsT \T, |<\T>T y\eT+~ sd M sT\T seTT<{ \Te jTeTT& +{ be&
u] +# b sTT+~ XSsDK. \+ |sT >TBd+~. eT+T\ =\TeB]q seDT du y[+~. $s |+
eq #* BHedq T #dL & #*+#< T seDT&T. XSsDK yX+ \ T +#T+~. seDT& eTs
{b d+~. lseTTe\ \+ eTT|y{\> \ < V#]++~. k+<s e nsTTq d q us e yq
seDT& = X\qT s ++~.
y| e#T& e\T, eTs=y| XSsDK |\T\T \+X eTqdTqT ~|dTH sTT. njeTjT+
|&&T . d|V sD+ eT+#&T \qT +#&T. lseTT \+ q b\TH&T. es dq T
n|V ]+#& XsTT+#TH&T.
seDT&T eT e#Te< y&T. d|V sD
+>sT&> e] dV]+#eTH&T. #qqT
$s$T+#TeT \+X |]|]$<\ q#C|pX&T
e#T&T. $X$TT j> d+sD
d+<s + seTuD+
sT @$T{ qT \TdTHqH&T. e#T& e\qT
|&#$ q |{&T seDT&T. (eTsT\ Vu<\ T #$ e.)
HqT #| qT #jT +f H # #e | <
V#]+#&T seDT&T. Xe y lseTT&T #+|&T.
y +f seDT&T #+|&T. eTT+<T qTsTT yq >=sTT
+~ e#T d . es= Xj e#&T. seDT
# #e&+ H lseTT # #e&yT qjT+. H
q ]dT+ < *#b&T.
e#T&T +>sT&> e] lseTT XeT b++
sT>TTH&T. |P\T jT& eq d<$ +qT
#d Xs|&+ ~. seT\DT\qT |*+~. ysT eT>
#XsT. \DT&T n~ ejeT>yTq d+XjT+>
|*&T. e#T& s|+ e +{&H&T. y
e# sE\qT ejeT>s |+ #+|&+ e#T& =< M T
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
147
q<H&T. +{ & ||+#+ +&< nqTeH y*T#&T. d e+ |T e<\<T. q

n<+ q+<, rdTsy\ ]+~. d XeT+ & eT>+> +T+<, nj< #s n+'|s
n\+seTT+< ++~.
d c dyj
T ejT& #+| nsTTH ds e& d+d<T & j
&T lseTT&T. d<$ sD
$wjT + {jTTe dV jT+ n|eT+ > +&eT \DTD <+#&T. ejT& |Te& jTs &T.
eT> bD+ |Ty\ X$ < |jT +#&T lseTT&T. n+~qf n+~ n+< +& |sT >TBdTq <
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#d n+T u>u >\ $\d\Te X #b&T. e\ d eT+&|& + ~. seDTD D] +
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seDT& qT\T |\T #sT >TTHsTT. dHd yc e~* |~\\ uj
T +sy T q ds|+ d
m<T *#&T. \e++> dq T q s<+ \+ s* dTH &T. d se! se! n+ sH <\qT
#dT q ~. yT y<q nsDs<qsTT+~.
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nD #d +<T eqT b>=T qT d +~++~.
seDT&T d<$ rdT= Xes+Z |{&T . BqTsq d VqT&q seDTD |] |] $<\ <w++~.
+ |s Ks+MT< <T>TsT yqseTTKT\qT d #d+~. jT| =+>T q us D
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148
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e#TD e~+ lseTT&T yqT~]>&T. \DT&T m<TsjT d] Xw& j
&T. dq T +]> e<*
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d<$ C& |+#< T . eqeT+ ysT. d C& |+#< T . d C& #| eT | b]+#&T
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#jT & lseTT&T d<| & &T . \DT&T z<sT y\ nqqT X+|] #&T.
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lseTT&T {jTTe <V q d+ks\T #X&T. n e T>T \T \>\ ><e] \s D\T #X&T.
seT\DT\T <+&sD+qT+ +#sD #sT HsT. n& eq+ uj
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|+brs+ <=] |+&q T k$T deT]++~. q q <q yTq T u$++~. lseTT nqTeTb+~ q
<V n VQ #d n+ }s \ y[+~.
n&qT+ TTweT |s |j DejsT seT\DT\T. <] |+bdses <]+#sT.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
149
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$|\ yTq |&T, d+|<\ qT b>=T q|&T n<s |& +& |jT +#d eT+ |* eTT+T+~. VyT
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s TT+~. <s T MsT\T
q nq nsTTq y* |+|> e#syq uj
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qTeT +CHjT TD <+#&T.
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150
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lseTdTê\T dV|Ps+> e{&T +TqdeTjT+H d<$, y*, seDdTsT m&eTqT
k]> n~]+~.
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#XeTH&T. yT se! \D! n _>Zs> nse&+ $HeTH&T. eTqT #d q>\ eTqT
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T T\ +{ $jkqH&T. <T'K+ nqs< jT+ qT
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e nq y* eTV\X*. |<y &T qT e +& sy w +< sCH &T. ej$ nH y& e
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+ qTsT>TL&q s+ >TV qT+ jT edTq ~. |\ sd T $, nq>] nsT|\T $|dT H sTT.
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m+ e*H $ T+#< T . d]< qqT suw D
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T $TyX&T. uD+ @&T eT~#
q T
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uj
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e b n eTs*bj&T.
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+&q \qT <] + dTê&T ] jTT< dq<e Tj&T.
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y]++~. se\qT |&#$ q |{&T y*. jTT<~ X> n&T>T\T yX&T.
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bj|yX d<| & q sqT VqTeT+T&T z<s&T. s, n+><T \ u< qT dTêq y* n|Cb&T.
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yT
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u< n++ L n~y T bD\qT e~&T. y* J$<jT+ eTTd+~.
152
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n+<T dT^y nH~ CrjT+> ds | & ~ .)
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+y | ><.
n+><T HjT + <D
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$s b+< +& <s V\ eTT+<T k $jT+ e]dT+ < |s |+#&T. n+<s s {+ q V+
eTT+<T ~sT.
VqTeT<<T\T |< >TV<>]Z #sT HsT. n~ TT_ \eTT. sd T nBq+ +~. u>
n\dbsTTq yqsT\qT *<| \T |{ |&d T H sTT. >TV ysT. n+ njeTjT+> +~. es
djT+|u nH j nqT>V + *<| \qT rsTHsT. yTqT b]+ yT |' |u e+ e\ D
\
|<d e TT<| &T #sT HsT. deTT< eT<~ n+{sT. yTq # n\\ n\& uj

*dTq~.
deTT<rs+ yqsT\+ deyXe TjsT. @+ #j re+> #]+#T+THsT. d C& | +&
dTê #ss <qTHsT.
M e {jTTe |keq e+~. n~ $H&T d+b. &T |s E, {jTTe nq. s \T
|& H&T. d+b q k<sT & eTsD m+ $\|+#&T. \+ d q |]d T \qT ~e<w #d
{qT $e]+#&T. \+ m y #b&T. + Xss+> d+b s\T yTT*#sTT.
(|s|s| D+ }]bT+<?) n+<s q+~+#sT. q s \ \TdTe& ]eq X+
ms&T d+b.
yqs MsT\T \|se\qT |<] +#&+ <sH dHwD d|\ eTT+<q Xj e#sT.
e+< jH\T y[ s>\yses ]+#T+THsT. Te+{ |]d T sV \> +& b&>\ y&T
VqTeT+T&=&q >T<Z &T C+e+T&T. deTjT+ VqTeT+T&T # @++> LsT H&T.
C+e+T&T VqTeT+TD #s&T. n Xj
T T + {y \T| |s |+#&T. B yqsT\ |X+ d\T
&HsTT. +eTT+~? VqTeT+T&T s{+q V+ |+EH&T. n<TyTq dT
y\T>TTH&T. yqsT\ HqT yTsT|s nHjd+> y\esT #T>* >qT u eT+& deTT<+
eTT+#>\ qT, >V q \qT n~>$ T+#>\ qT, |s \qT qT>TZ qT>TZ #jT >\qT. eTVdeTT<\qT ne\>
<>\q X |{ + #&T. (|y] @< X +T+~. ds q |sD <=] n~ y* edT+ ~.)
VqTeT+T e\ C+e+T&T q+~+#&T. HjTH! <s V\ qT e{&e.
e\T yqsT\ eTqdT >&TT q <T'U <s+ #XsTT. n+<s+ Xu sTTH+. TTw\T,
e<y qsT\T, >TsTe\ nqT>V + deTT< \+|T +#T. sd+ m<TsT#dT+ {+. eTq yqsT\
bD\ |H <s|&eHjT *b&T. qT \+|T+# deTjT+ q u$T u]+#<,
eTV+<|s Ks\T n+<T qe VqTeT+T&T |* eTV+<] #s&T.
154
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
dT+<s +&+
eTV\T&q esT dsT, eTV+<T, yjTTe, V, s< e \ qeTd]+#&T. q Xs

|+#&T. $]#&T. |j
T \ yT|T >sq eTVH<+#X&T. #T \qT q&TeTTMT< +#&T. b<\qT <{+ #&T.
#e\qT ]+#&T. qT $<&T. n+><~ eTVMsT\, yjTTy>+ kbjT seTuD+> \+
y qT. n& deqT #& +f n< y>+ dsZ y +. n& L& de <s q+ +f
seDT +~+ rdTek. @~ @yTH sd|\ ]ekq |*&T. <TTq n+]+
ms&T. lseTseTTq y Tq VqTeT+T dsT&T b *+#< T . yjTTe #\> |d] +#&T.
<e\T, >+<s T \T, eTVsT\T ]+ #sT.
deTT<eTT| kbTq VqTeT+TD #d k>sT &T dV jT|&< \ #&T. +y&T e&
|uT yq d>s T &sDeT k>sT n_bjT+. \\&q lseTT s+d+ y Tq VqTeT+T
XeT \>L &<q TH&T. deTT<+ q yTH D jT seTH&T. n +>sT ]Ks\MT< VqTeT+T&T
+d| $X+ rdT>\& u$+#&T. yTH &T ds qH&T. k]> deTT<+eT< qT+ | #&T.
nkT> | q yTH D q ++> \#&T esT. q m< H{y X &T. yTH &T nTs|& &T .
eqes|+ ]Ks+ MT< \#&T. deTT<T ]qT *b&T. VqTeT+T&T yTH <s| P syT q
e\ || & qT. < + n+<Tqf u$+#T. deTjT+<T . >& M\T<T n #| # nD
&T. < + >V +qT> *| eTT+<Tk>&T.
VqTeT+TD |+ #& eq dTsd nH H>e n dT~, deTjTd] #d q+~+
os~++~. d+V nH sd VqTeT+T $T+>\ #d+~. VqTeT+T& q y& nsTTq >
d+VqT NX&T.
L |s +MT<Tq \+ #s&T VqTeT+T&T. qsT jH\T |j D+H nDTeyT H n\db<T .
XT<Ts < yTq \+qT #X&T. n+<T |y +#& s deTjTyT nqTL\eTqTH&T. n+es y
H&T. s>H |* |eD+ q Xs ~+#T \+ |y+#&T. + \+~<e
(\+D) n #d+~. yesT? m+<T=#e \Bd+~. jT<s+ #| eT >~+ +~. qqT < \+
|y +#&+ k< +<q~. q # #e | < VqTeT+TD u~]++~. VqTeT+T&T \+q>s+ n+<+>
+T+< $HqT. k] #dby\ e#qT. #X eq <]H y q #b&T. \+D uj
T +s+ >
nsTd q ns# VqTeT+T \+> ={+~. VqTeT+T&T eTVH<+ #d m&eT# \+D|
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
155
<yX&T. d n >{> =< T . e+ < L\&bsTT+~ \+D. Ves+ C| + #dT +~.

yqsT&T e \+D sTT+q|&T sd T \ &T eT&TT+< V #b&T. deTjT+ dqyT+ <
VqTeT+T |*+~. \+ y eT #| +~.
VqTeT+T&T eTTK<s+ >T+& \+ y <T . bs+| qT+& < y&T. n~ L& m&eT b<+
eTT+<Tu{. (XTe\ e< y d+|<jT+ ~.) \+ |y +q esT $q +&q T #X&T.
d+^ e<T s #$#X&T. y<| T wqT $H&T. ss \ yqT #X&T. ds+> dT+<sy T q seDT
ue H #X&T. m& d C& |+#< T . eTVbs , +u s , $;wD
, eT<s, $sb, $<TV <T\
ue H\ y&T.
seD+'|s+ y&T. m+<s d\ T # #<s T > |&T = <be&+ #X&T. | XjT | |e[+q
d #X&T. eTV k+<s + y*bTq yT seDT us eT+&<]. VqTeT+T&T d n
u$ T+#&T. dq T #XqqT= >+T\T yX&T. =~d|{ q #q | >V +#&T. lseTT m&ud
d +&>\ T>TT+<? n nqTH&T. yT d H< XsTT+#TH&T.
m& d C& *jTbjTd] d eTsD+<yq d+<V+#&T VqTeT+T&T. d C&qT
| b sTTq qT @ eTTK+ |T ]y\ u<| & &T . nsTTH sTV|&> &< ss TT+#TH&T.
+ es y b+\ y\ rs+#TH&T. m& y[H sX \T>TTq~. d q&<
#| lseTT&T J$+#&T . n&T \DT&T+&&T . M] eTsD ys $ us XT|T T\T+&sT . |T\ eTsD
T d dT$T sT qTe\T #*ksT . |jT $TTD M& dTê&T & T . < sTeT, s,
n+><T \T $T>\sT. ~ #d yqsC M&TT+~. +<] eTsD sD+ e&+H bj|yX +
bD\T e<\&yT eT+<|++~ esT. ]+ #d VH +&&yT mH $<\
eTeT|++~. # k~+#<$T{? dTU\qT, Xu\qT b+<e#T. qy mq&H
\TdTe#T. n+<T bD\qT \T|y\ ss TT+#TH&T.
n|{es y nXeq+ y\qTH&T VqTeT+T&T. dseT\DT\, sT<, +<, jTeT,
yjTT<e\ ds#+< eTsT<D
Z \ qeTd]+#&T. nXeq+ n&T>T|{&T . +<T q+<qeq+ >
+~ nXeq+.
nDTeDTeH y~&T VqTeT+T&T. mq +Xbe m&T. <+< eT*q ek\qT T= q
d #X&T. yT #T sd d\ THsT. yT + +~. BHed +~. yT d n|++~
VqTeT+T. yT <] +q us D
\qT #X&T. seTT&T #| q y{ d]bsTT. TTweT |s +MT<
|&q us D
\T yT Xs+| |+#&+ <T . M{ <w |T= yT d n < e|s# T H&T.
e+ |H +&bj&T.
d<$ #&>H VqTeT+T qT\ qT+& q+<X\T CssTT. lseTT d]+#T= qeTd]+#&T.
yeCeTsTT+~. y<|Tw\T $q&TTHsTT. <q seDT&T nXeq+y| n&T>T\T ydTH&T.
dT>+< \ &d q >&\qT <] +q d\ T eTT+<T q&TdTH sT. seDT dT #d Xs# T &j &T
VqTeT+T&T. d <>]Z e seDT&T qjH uj
q d eTqdTes |jT + #X&T. m+{
|u\ qT +>q d *#| +~. lseTT qT+ | +#Te&+ k< +< V#]++~. seDT
156
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
yX+ |\T_+~. s +&T H\\ >&T e $~+#&T. m>H dq T q <] eT sd d\ qT <+ q

ue H #sT H&T.
sd d\ T mH s\T> d q#C| |jT + #XsT. yT s]++~. es dq T #+|eT
uj
T |{sT . <T'd d m+ $\|++~. lseTT <syT & + H Xs $&e&yT yT\q~.
e\qT $ =+<sT sd d\ T seDT& $wjT + #| & ysT. +=+<sT D
yT dq T
+~+#>\ eTHsT. n+es <T]+q n|& yT+~. $;wD T LTsT. sd d\ qT n<*++~.
q eq \qT #| +~. ysTT V+d\ L&q |\ M T< \DT& lseTT&T LsTqT #XqT. deTT<+
eT< \ |s +MT< d Lse&+ #XqT. qH|P dq Xs+ seDT&T H\MT< |& +&&+ #XqT.
q\ d XseT+ Ts< |PdT= ms egeTT\T {, seDT yT& &T{ <D
+y| > &Ty &+
#XqT. esV+ MT< seDT&T, yTTd*MT< +<, +fMT< +u s T & T <D
~X> y &+ #XqT. \+
q_q+ e&+ #XqT nq~. d|+ $eq<s q+ e& { d ] d~d T + <, seDT $HX+
| <, lseTT jT+ \T>TT+< #| +~.
bD> d<| & d XuX H\T #sTT. #T|q q VqTeT+T&T d<$ m b&Ty
n eT<q |&&T . seT< >qyT ds q eseZ T m+#TH&T. d<$ $q|&
T seT<q T e]+#&T.
d<$ ny| #d+~. #TMT<Tq VqTeT+TD #d Xs H+ ~. VqTeT+T&T #T~ qeTd]+#&T.
ne yesT? y d<$y nsTT Xue T>T>. <jT $wj \T #| eT b]+#&T. qqT d
n+{s * | + < k~ ` q
e+eT+ $e]++~.
V qTeT+ T & T qT lseT
<q #| =H&T. <>sZ > edTq
es T # d seDT>
nqTe++~ d . +>
seT<y nsTT seTTD >T]+
$| + # e T+~. d ] | q
VqTeT+T&T lseTT s|>T D\qT
$e]+#& T . lseTT eTT~ q T
d e T]+#& T . < # d
| s e q+
\+ rdTe sd T \ #sq T+&
qqT $&|+ #eT #| eT esT #| +~. n+< m+<T? q M|MT< LsT+f D
yT lseTT
d~ #sT kqH&T VqTeT+T&T. + qy&$ m rdT >\e |++~ d. VqTeT+T&T q
$Xsb |<] +#&T. d+w++~ d. nsTTH VqTeT y & s]++~. |s| sTw qq~.
lseTT&T seDTD d+V]+ qqT rdTbe&yT jTq ksTT q<q~.
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
157
ne! H y+ se&+ n+^sj >+ +f lseTT&T >T]+#>\ @<H qy\T eT n&>&T

VqTeT+T&T. eT nqT+< >TsT> dTsT < #| +~. =+>TeTT& $| n+<T ~e#&eTD
VqTeT+T+~.
d<$ <s q+ |< q s+ eTTd+~ VqTeT+T. seDT&T, n dq | Xk eTs\qT L&
\TdTy\|++~. n+<T nXeH < +d+ #jT &yT es+Z > u$+#&T. nqTq+ #X&T
|M sT&T. sd d\ T |sT >T|sT >Tq y[ \+X$wjT + #bsT. seDT&T mquy \ eT+~ sd T \qT |+b&T.
VqTeT+T&T yqT eTT|{&T . q| eq +Te*, eT+|T&T >T] seDT& dH|T < T >T],
n esTD n+yT T~+#&T. es +<T Vk |j + VqTeT+TD +~+#&T. Ves+#
n~ VqTeT+TMT< D\yT |#dT+~. nsTTH qT < T& qT q{+#&T VqTeT+T&T.
seDT eTT+<T |yX|{s. seDT&&T>> qT seT<q #b&T. lseTT |seTyT+{<
du eTTK+> #{&T. dV +# seDT&T VqTeT+TD #+|eT #&T. <qT #+|&+ ue+ <H&T
$;wD
T&T. s |< T <qT <+&+#e#TqH&T.
VqTeT+T |+{+ \++ \jT ~|eTH&T seDT&T. \ VqTeT+T qT #T{sT .
qH &b sT. ||{ }s+ }sdTH sT. VqTeT+T&T k]> X+ ms&T. $;wD
T
ue q+ | \++ ||{&T . (n+<T (dq T) #dse T+f (\+qT) *e#& kyT |{+ ~.
)\+ VVs\T $TqTeTT{sTT.
\+qT VqTeT+T&T deTT<+ qT #sT H&T. bT jTq |+L& #]+~.
qT | #XqqTH&T. |+ m+ nqs< jTeTqTH&T. \++ * de L& *bsTT
+T+< u<| & &T . eq | #C T b&T#dT =q+<T qqT qT +~+#TH&T. m& q
X. q H \ n<e&T |se T |PEsq dq T <V k&? n <s + #T H&T. + d
e T+> +< #sDT\ <s \TdT= # d+w+#&T. de T <>]Z #] b<_e+<q+ #X&T. yT
nqTeT sT>T |j DeTj&T.
n]w+ nH |s m&T. n& qT+ X+ ms&T. eT< rjT|Ps+> yTH &
y>+ > |j D+ =qk+#&T. eTV+<] #sT uT+&> eTVH<+ #X&T. C+e+T&T < $
b+bj&T. VqTeT+T&T $jTT& ]edTH & yqsT\ *b&T.
VqTeT+T&T eTV+<] Ks+MT< n&T>T|{&T . yqsT\+ #T#s sT. |<\ qeTd]+#&T
VqTeT+T&T. #XqT de TqT n |{ + #&T. n+<s q+~+#sT. \+ |j D $Xc\qT y]
$e]+#&T esT. n+><T &T z MsTs! d<$ C& *dq sy L& yT +& lseTT <>]Z
y &+ dT<T. \+ y[ seDT #+| dq T rdT= lseTT e< y< eT nH&T. C+e+T&T
n+><T& e\qT K+&+#&T. lseTdTê\T dqT #dseTHs rdTseTq<T. |> seDTD
d+V]kq lseTT&T | #d H&T. < u+ >+ \>jT>&<H &T. n+<s y[ ]q $wj \qT
y~<eTH&T.
<] n+<s eT<T eq+ ysT. H\ T >sT. eT<T eH < +d+#XsT. eT<T eq+ dTê sD

q~. n yTqeeT <~e TTKT&T < b&TTH&T. yqsT\ <{ <~e TTKT&T >j\ b\j&T.
y+H y[ dTê $wjT + #b&T. <+ Xud #+ > u$+#&T dTê&T.
n+>< VqTeT<<T\T lseTT&T dTê&Tq #T #ssT. VqTeT+T&T lseTT kc+> qeTks+
#X&T. #XqT de TqT n #b&T. seT\DT\ q+< n+T<T . d q #&eTD lseTT
deT]+#&T VqTeT+T&T. lseTT&T s> dHwD e+ #b&T.
158
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
jTT< +&+
lseTT&T VqTeT+T& kVk |X+d+#&T. >sT+T&, yjTT<e&, VqTeT+T& |

eTVdeTT< \+|T +#& sT \ k< + <H&T. q | k~+#&y T >, < u+ >+ \Z +&
<qT+<y T q s s\qT k~+#y&T e TT&q de&T. e\+ q |H Hsy s y&T eT< eTT&T.
q keTs+ H q | |P]#jTy&T n<eTT&T. d<$ X\ ys #| eT|s+ #dq
VqTeT+Tq @$TjT>\q+ <>Zs rdT= >{> >T+& VTH&T lseTT&T. < jT>\
ds deTH&T. (<s_eH\ $T+q d +&<T <!)
lseTT eTqdT eT <T'K+ b+b]+~. dTê&T }s&+ #&T. sTV+ |j H\qT HXq+
#dT + <H&T. <T'K+ Xs |se\qT ~>CsTdT+ <H&T. XTe $wjT + |&T <T'K+ <T, <+
#|e\dq deTjTeT d+#&T. eTVdeTT<+MT< dTeqT +& \+qT sTT+#&+ +<~ <e\
L& k< + | nH&T. lseTT&T n&qMT< VqTeT+T&T \+q>s+ sD
eedq T >T]+
$es+> #b&T.
eT<VyT+ ~. $jT eTTVAsy T \+ |j D q< lseTT&T dTê nH&T. lseTT&T
yqsT\, \T&T dH es+Z #| eTT+<Tq&y*. \ ~ yqsT\T nD nqTd]+#*. u\TsT
e<T\ T, \VqT\T w +< H +&*. dT^y! HqT VqTeT+T& uT +MT<, \DT&T n+><T & uT +MT<
Ls= eTT+<T k>T+. qTe |\ H ebT sy*. C+e+T&T, dTwDT&T, y>< ] dq + yqTu >+
+& sD
u< qT #&*. y es+Z q>s\T, >e\T +f y{ y >&<T . \, |\ , dV yT q
es+Z y+ eTq+ |j D+#* n seTT&T d+#&T. V+ s\ T ydT + f n+<s deTT<rs
#sT HsT.
\+ seDT&T eT+T\ deyXe Tj&T. yqsT\qT m<Ts= \+qT b&Te& @+ #j
ss TT+#eTH&T. du ysT seD, +<T\ |se b&sT. qsyqsT\qT #j *q neds+
< |<$ $]#sT. seTTD Ves>\e \+X ds *+#sT. |V dT& T yTT<q ysT XTdq\qT
yT T<eTT{+ #>\ eT &+u\T |*sT.
e $H&T seDT k<sT &T $;wD
T&T. sd T \ XTe\ Xk eTs\qT \TdT+& y]
#T\q> u$+#L &<T . lseTT&T eTq+ n|s+ #X&T? eTq sC dq T n|V ]+#T e#&T. Be\
b|+ edT+ ~. ] |w\ T eT+>\TksTT. jTTw >T Z T +~. d+|<\ qksTT. qT dq T lseTT
\+>D |u T +# |+|D
159
n|+#&y T n $< eT+~. nqeds+ > \V+ #T e&+ <? |> lseTT e+{ eTVMsT
jTT<+ >< T n+ seDTy| ]>&T. nH! nqeds+ > |+#&+ eT+~<T. n~ <s +eTT+~.
dTU\qT <s+#dT + < Ve |*&T. $;wD
T Vu< #${y eTT+<T X+KeT~qsTT+~. seDT
ueH eq +usT&T L& seDTD ||{&T. d|VsD deTjT+ qqT d+|~+ +f
u>T+&<H &T. |&T + |j q+ <H &T. <+ > \dT+<q yT (bsTTq sT y
n&T
y j
T &+)q +& <\ T={q T #b&T. qTe XTe | eeV]+q rsT ds q ~ <T, lseTT&T
qT + #+| +& +&&+ n<w+ nH&T. e m H lseTTD T<eTT{+ # us+ q<q
|{ + #TH&T +u s T & T .
seDT&T $;wD
T e\ <yX\ qj&T. reksTT +~+#&T. nq +& deqT&
n +<\qT dV +#&T $;wD
T&T. seDT n<s esZ e+ deT]+#< T . <s + M&q seDT
M&& $;wD
T&T ss TT+#TH&T. s +&T >&j
T seT\DT\Tq#{ q\T>TsT nqT#sT \ #s&T.
X+H * lseTTD XsD
Ts&T $;wD
T&T. nqT>V +#&T <Xs~ . $;wD
T&T lseTT b<\|
y&T. seDT $wj \ d+| + > #b&T. lseTT&T $;wD
T HqT seDT +<T $T dyT +>
Ve] qT sEqT #kq eTT\MT< fd #b&T. | qT jT<X dV jT|&> \ q $;wD
T&T
e #&T. seTT&T $;wD
TD *+>q+ #dT H&T. \DT& y+H deTT<\+ \+sE>
$;wD TD |{_w D #jT eTH&T. lseTT y+H #sD s|+ <*+~. n+<s q+< |{ + #sT.
deTT< <f bjTyT$T dTêD |+#&T lseTT&T. deTT<TD b]+#&+e\ ~
k< |&T T+<H&T $;wD
T&T. lseTT&T deTT<rs+ <sdq +MT< LsT deTT<TD bd+#&T. eT&T
sT\T >&# sTT. deTT<T&T m<T \Te<T . lseTT
q T\T ms u ssTT. d e TT< T & nV +s
nD> < =\qT H& T . { q + + b j T T
#j\qTH&T. Vk d]+#&T. |+
n\ \eTTq~. deTT<T&T uj
T |& b]bTH&T. |sT >
y| uD+ |j +#s< >&T lseTT&T. deTT<T&T
<] e#&T. \+ y & <]kqH&T. m|{q
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160
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n+<s ne* rs+ #ssT.
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174
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Government of Telangana, Hyderabad

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