TNG CC MI TRNG

TRUNG TM QUAN TRC MI TRNG

Kim sot cht lng hot ng

quan trc mi trng
ng Nguyn Nh Tng
Trung tm Quan trc mi trng

Hi tho ph bin v thc hin cc vn bn trong quan trc mi trng

H Ni, thng 10 nm 2015

NI DUNG
I.

Mt s khi nim chung

II. Kt qu th nghim v mt s yu t nh hng n

kt qu th nghim
III. Quy nh vic bo m cht lng v kim sot cht
lng trong quan trc mi trng
IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b
V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

I. Mt s khi nim chung

QA (Quality assurance): trong quan trc mi trng l mt h
thng tch hp cc hot ng qun l trong mt t chc nhm bo
m cho hot ng quan trc mi trng t c cc tiu chun
cht lng quy nh nhm ngn nga nhng trc trc v cht
lng bng cc hat ng c k hoch v c h thng. Nhng hat
ng bao gm vic thit lp mt h thng qun l cht lng tt v
nh gi tnh hnh thch hp, tnh thm tra v hat ng v kim
im r sot li bn thn h thng . QA cp n h thng qun
l tng th trong bao gm t chc, lp k hoch, k hoch kim
sot cht lng, nh gi, bo co v ci tin cht lng. QA cung
cp cc thng tin cn thit xc nh cht lng ca d liu v xem
xt vic p ng cc yu cu v cht lng c thit lp. QA
m bo rng d liu ca bn s p ng tiu chun quy nh v cht
lng vi mc n nh v tin cy.

I. Mt s khi nim chung

QC (Quality control): trong quan trc mi trng l nhng
hat ng v k thut c s dng nhm t c v duy
tr cht lng mt sn phm, mt quy trnh hay mt dch v.
N bao gm theo di v lai tr cc nguyn nhn xy ra
nhng trc trc v cht lng cc hat ng ca khch
hng c th lin tc c p ng. QC cp n cc hot
ng k thut vi mc ch c bn l kim sot li. Cc
li c th xy ra trong c hin trng, phng th nghim
hoc trong vn phng v vy QC phi din ra trong tt c
cc qu trnh c lin quan. QC nn bao gm cc bin php
c ni b v bn ngoi.

I. Mt s khi nim chung

Qun l cht lng ni b l mt tp hp cc bin php m
chng trnh quan trc cam kt trong ly mu v trong phng th
nghim xc nh v phn tch chnh xc li nu c. V d: nh o
to cn b phn tch trong phng th nghim v chng ch o to,
hiu chun thit b v phng php th, phn tch trong phng th
nghim ca cc mu c nng bit hoc phn tch lp i lp li
ca cng mt mu,

Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi l mt tp hp cc bin

php c lin quan n phng th nghim v nhng ngi bn ngoi.
V d: tham gia chng trnh PT, nh gi nng lc ca ca nhn
vin t bn ngoi, s dng cn b ly mu bi nhng ngi bn
ngoi ca chng trnh cng mt vi v tr cng mt thi im,
chia mt s cc mu phn tch ti phng th nghim khc nhau,.

I. Mt s khi nim chung

Kt qu th nghim (test result): Gi tr tm c ca c
tnh thng qua vic thc hin mt phng php th nghim
nht nh.
Ch thch: Phng php th nghim phi ch r cn thc hin
mt hay mt s quan trc ring r, v thng bo kt qu th
nghim nh l gi tr trung bnh hoc mt hm thch hp khc
ca cc quan trc (nh trung v hoc lch chun). Cng c
th yu cu p dng nhng s hiu chnh tiu chun, nh s
hiu chnh th tch kh v nhit v p sut tiu chun. Nh
vy mt kt qu th nghim c th l mt kt qu tnh ton t
mt vi gi tr quan trc. Trong trng hp n gin, kt qu
th nghim chnh l gi tr quan trc.
[TCVN 6910 1 : 2001]

I. Mt s khi nim chung

Gi tr quy chiu c chp nhn (accepted reference
value): Gi tr c chp nhn lm mc so snh nhn
c t:
a) gi tr l thuyt hoc gi tr c thit lp trn c s cc
nguyn l khoa hc;
b) gi tr c n nh hoc chng nhn trn c s th nghim
ca mt s t chc quc gia hoc quc t.
c) gi tr tha thun hoc c chng nhn trn c s th
nghim phi hp di s bo tr ca mt nhm cc nh khoa
hc hoc k thut.
d) k vng ca i lng (o c), ngha l trung bnh ca
mt tp hp nht nh cc php o khi cha c a), b) v c).
[TCVN 6910 1 : 2001]

I. Mt s khi nim chung

chnh xc (accuracy): Mc gn nhau gia kt qu
th nghim v gi tr quy chiu c chp nhn.
Ch thch: Khi dng cho mt tp hp cc kt qu th nghim,
chnh xc bao gm t hp cc thnh phn ngu nhin v sai s h
thng hoc thnh phn chch chung.

[TCVN 6910 1 : 2001]

chnh xc c xc nh qua vic so snh kt qu th nghim ca
mu bit trc nng . Mu s dng c th l: mu chun thm
tra, mu thm chun, RMs, CRMs,Ngy nay, trong nh gi thng
k vic s dng khi nim chnh xc nhm ch ra c chch v
chm ca phng php.

I. Mt s khi nim chung

chch (bias): Mc sai khc gia k vng ca cc kt qu
th nghim v gi tr quy chiu c chp nhn.
Ch thch: chch l sai s h thng tng hp khc vi sai s
ngu nhin. C th c mt hay nhiu thnh phn sai s h thng
ng gp vo chch. S sai khc h thng so vi gi tr quy chiu
c chp nhn cng ln th chch cng ln.
ng (trueness): Mc gn nhau gia gi tr trung bnh
ca mt dy ln cc kt qu th nghim v gi tr quy chiu c
chp nhn.
Ch thch:
-Thc o ng thng c th hin bng chch.
- ng tng c nhc n nh l " chnh xc ca gi tr
trung bnh".

[TCVN 6910 1 : 2001]

I. Mt s khi nim chung

chch phng th nghim (laboratory bias): Mc sai khc
gia k vng ca cc kt qu th nghim ti mt phng th nghim
c th v gi tr quy chiu c chp nhn.
chch phng php o (bias of the measurement menthod):
Mc sai khc gia k vng ca cc kt qu th nghim nhn c
t tt c cc phng th nghim s dng phng php v gi tr
quy chiu c chp nhn.
Ch thch: Mt v d thc t l phng php o hm lng lu
hunh ca mt hp cht khng chit xut ht c ton b sunfua s
cho mt chch m v phng php o. chch ca phng
php o c o bng bng s dch chuyn ca trung bnh cc kt
qu t mt s ln cc phng th nghim khc nhau s dng cng mt
phng php. chch ca phng php o c th khc nhau
nhng mc khc nhau.

[TCVN 6910 1 : 2001]

I. Mt s khi nim chung

chm (precision): Mc gn nhau gia cc kt qu
th nghim c lp nhn c trong iu kin quy nh.
Ch thch
- chm ch ph thuc vo phn b ca sai s ngu nhin v
khng lin quan ti gi tr thc hoc gi tr xc nh.
- Thc o chm thng c th hin bng phn tn v c
tnh ton nh l lch chun ca cc kt qu th nghim. chm
cng thp th lch chun cng ln.
-"Cc kt qu th nghim c lp" c ngha l nhng kt qu nhn
c theo cch khng b nh hng bi bt c kt qu no trc
trn i tng th nh nhau hoc tng t nh nhau. Thc o nh
lng ca chm ph thuc ch yu vo cc iu kin quy nh.
iu kin lp li v iu kin ti lp l nhng tp hp c th ca cc
iu kin bt buc.

[TCVN 6910 1 : 2001]

I. Mt s khi nim chung

chm (precision): Mc gn nhau gia cc kt qu
th nghim c lp nhn c trong iu kin quy nh.
chm cho bit mc ti lp ca phng php ti hin trng
hoc phng th nghim.
Thng thng chm c xc nh qua vic s mu lp hoc
o lp.
Khi s dng nhiu mu lp th chm c xc nh bng
cch tnh ton lch chun (s) kt qu ca cc mu. lch
chun tng i (RSD) hay h s bin thin l cch din t
lch chun di dng %.

I. Mt s khi nim chung

chm (precision): Mc gn nhau gia cc kt qu
th nghim c lp nhn c trong iu kin quy nh.
Thng thng chm c xc nh qua vic s mu lp hoc
o lp.
Khi s dng mu lp 2 th chm c xc nh qua phn
trm sai khc tng i (RPD)

I. Mt s khi nim chung

lp li (repeatability): chm trong cc iu kin lp
li.
iu kin lp li (repeatability conditions): iu kin m
ti cc kt qu th nghim c lp nhn c vi cng
mt phng php, trn nhng mu th ging ht nhau, trong
cng mt phng th nghim, bi cng ngi thao tc, s
dng cng mt thit b, trong khong thi gian ngn.
lch chun lp li (repeatability standard deviation):
lch chun ca cc kt qu th nghim nhn c trong
iu kin lp li.
[TCVN 6910 1 : 2001]

I. Mt s khi nim chung

lp li (repeatability): chm trong cc iu kin lp
li.
iu kin lp li (repeatability conditions): iu kin m
ti cc kt qu th nghim c lp nhn c vi cng
mt phng php, trn nhng mu th ging ht nhau, trong
cng mt phng th nghim, bi cng ngi thao tc, s
dng cng mt thit b, trong khong thi gian ngn.
lch chun lp li (repeatability standard deviation):
lch chun ca cc kt qu th nghim nhn c trong
iu kin lp li.
[TCVN 6910 1 : 2001]

I. Mt s khi nim chung

II. Kt qu th nghim v mt s yu t nh hng

n kt qu th nghim
1. C th xc nh chnh xc gi tr thc ca mt mu
th hay khng???
2. Cc php th nghim thc hin trn nhng mu th
v trong iu kin c xem l ging nhau c cho
khng cho cc kt qu ging nhau???
3. Mt s yu t chnh nh hng n kt qu th
nghim???

II. Kt qu th nghim v mt s yu t nh hng

n kt qu th nghim
1. i vi mt s phng php th nghim, gi tr thc ca
mt mu th thng khng th bit mt cch chnh xc, n c
th c mt gi tr quy chiu c chp nhn cho mu ang
th nghim, v d, c th s dng cc mu chun thch hp
hoc c th thit lp gi tr quy chiu bng cch quy v mt
phng php th khc hoc bng s chun b mt mu
bit. ng ca mt phng php th c th c xc nh
bng vic so snh gi tr quy chiu c chp nhn vi mc
ca cc kt qu c cho bi phng php th. ng
thng c din t bng chch.
2. Cc php th nghim thc hin trn nhng mu th v
trong iu kin c xem l ging nhau thng khng cho
cc kt qu ging nhau. iu ny do cc sai s ngu nhin
khng th trnh c vn c trong mi quy trnh th nghim
gy ra; khng th kim sot c hon ton tt c cc yu t
nh hng n u ra ca mt php th nghim.

II. Kt qu th nghim v mt s yu t nh hng

n kt qu th nghim
3. Nhiu yu t khc nhau (khng k s thay i gia cc mu
th c xem l ging nhau) c th ng gp vo s thay i
cc kt qu ca mt phng php th nghim,c bn bao
gm:
a) ngi thao tc;
b) thit b c s dng;
c) vic hiu chun thit b;
d) mi trng (nhit , m, s nhim ca khng kh);
e) khong thi gian gia cc php o.
S thay i kt qu gia cc php th do c thc hin bi
nhng ngi thao tc khc nhau v/hoc vi cc thit b khc
nhau s thng ln hn s thay i gia cc php o do
cng mt ngi thc hin vi cc thit b nh nhau trong
khong thi gian ngn.

III. Quy nh vic bo m cht lng v

kim sot cht lng trong quan trc mi
trng

Thng t s 21/2012/TT-BTNMT ngy 19/12/2012 ca

B Ti nguyn v Mi trng Quy nh vic bo m
cht lng v kim sot cht lng trong quan trc
mi trng. Thng t gm:
- 3 chng
- 15 iu
==>Quy nh vic bo m cht lng v kim sot cht
lng trong hot ng quan trc mi trng. Hot ng quan
trc mi trng bng cc thit b quan trc t ng, lin tc
khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca Thng t ny

III. Quy nh vic bo m cht lng v

kim sot cht lng trong quan trc mi
trng

1. Kim sot cht lng trong quan trc ti hin trng

III. Quy nh vic bo m cht lng v

kim sot cht lng trong quan trc mi
trng

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

III. Quy nh vic bo m cht lng v

kim sot cht lng trong quan trc mi
trng

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

1. Kim sot cht lng trong quan trc ti hin trng

Mu trng hin trng (field blank sample):

thng l mt mu nc tinh khit khng b nhim

cc cht phn tch. Mu ny c chun b t khu vc
chun b cho quan trc hin trng v c a n
ni ly mu, m ra v cho tip xc vi mi trng ly
mu trong khi thc hin ly mu, bo qun khi nu
thit sau ng li v mang tr v phng th nghim
phn tch. y l mu QC xc nh s nhim bn
t hin trng v/hoc t ni chun b mu bi cc
cht d bay hi c trong mi trng khng kh lin
quan hoc kh quyn hay nhim t dng c cha
mu.

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

1. Kim sot cht lng trong quan trc ti hin trng

Mu trng vn chuyn (trip blank

sample) thng l mt mu nc tinh khit

khng b nhim cc cht phn tch. Mu ny c

chun b t khu vc chun b cho quan trc hin
trng v c a n ni ly mu, khng m
ra trong khi thc hin ly mu v mang tr v
phng th nghim phn tch. y l mu QC
xc nh s nhim bn t dng c cha mu, ha
cht bo qun, iu kin vn chuyn v lu gi mu.
Mu ny thng c s dng khi phn tch kim loi,
VOCs,

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

1. Kim sot cht lng trong quan trc ti hin trng

Mu lp hin trng (field replicate/

duplicate sample): l hai mu hoc nhiu mu

c ly ti cng mt v tr, cng mt thi gian,

s dng cng mt phng php, c x l, bo
qun, vn chuyn v phn tch c lp trong
phng th nghim theo cng mt phng php.
Mu lp hin trng c s dng kim
sot tp trung ca vic ly mu ti hin trng.

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

M mu
10 - 20 mu hoc c th t hn
Cng nn
Cng chun b v phn tch

Phi c mu QC

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

Mu trng phng php (method

blank sample) l mu vt liu sch,
thng l nc ct hai ln, c s
dng kim tra s nhim bn dng
c v ha cht, cht chun trong qu
trnh phn tch mu. Mu trng
phng php c tri qua cc bc
x l, phn tch nh mu thc.

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

Mu chun thm tra (hoc chun

kim tra)(control standard sample)
l dung dch chun ca cht cn
phn tch c nng nm trong
khong o ca thit b hay khong
lm vic ca ng chun c
s dng kim tra qu trnh hiu
chun thit b, theo di qu trnh
o mu sau mt khong thi gian
o mu nht nh.

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

Mu lp phng th nghim (lab

replicate/ duplicate sample) gm
hai hoc nhiu hn cc phn ca
cng mt mu c chun b, phn
tch c lp vi cng mt phng
php. Mu lp phng th nghim l
mu c s dng nh gi
chm ca kt qu phn tch.

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

Mu thm chun (spike sample/

matrix spike) l mu c b sung thm
mt lng cht cn phn tch bit
trc nng trn nn mu thc. Mu
thm chun c chun b v phn tch
nh i vi cc mu thc xem xt qu
trnh thc hin ca mt phng php
phn tch.

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

Xy dng biu kim sot:

kim sot cht lng kim tra tnh hiu lc ca php
th thc hin
nh gi xu hng din bin ca cc kt qu v nu c th cn
phi p dng k thut thng k xem xt kt qu. Xem xt
cht lng gn y c thay i hay khng

IV. Kim sot cht lng ni b

Xy dng biu kim sot:

Phn tch Cu trong nc

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tham gia chng trnh PTs:
Th nghim thnh tho (Proficiency testing -PT): l vic
xc nh hot ng th nghim ca phng th nghim bng
so snh lin phng;
So snh lin phng (Interlaboratory comparison): l vic
t chc, thc hin v nh gi cc th nghim trn cng mt
mu th nghim hoc cc mu th nghim tng t c
thc hin bi hai hay nhiu phng th nghim theo cc iu
kin xc nh trc.

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tham gia chng trnh PTs:
Mc ch th nghim thnh tho
nh gi vic thc hin php th hoc php o c th ca
PTN v theo di vic thc hin lin tc ca cc PTN;
Ch ra cc vn trong cc PTN: quy tnh th nghim, nhn
s, thit b, PTN c ngay nhng hnh ng khc phc
hoc ci tin ph hp;
Cung cp thm bng chng chng minh nng lc ca PTN
vi nh qun l, C quan cng nhn, khch hng hoc t chc
c lp th ba.

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tham gia chng trnh PTs:
Cc li ch mang li cho PTN tham gia khi tham gia PTs
Kt qu PT c th c s dng chng minh nng lc
trong lnh vc th nghim no i vi khch hng, nh
qun l v cc n v cng nhn.
Khch hng v c quan thc thi lut c th yu cu cc kt
qu PT la chn cc PTN c cht lng i vi cc
php th no .
Kt qu PT c th c s dng tm ra nhng li m
khng th tm thy trong kim sot cht lng ni b.
Kim tra cht lng s liu thng xuyn, t bn ngoi v
c lp

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tham gia chng trnh PTs:
Cc li ch mang li cho PTN tham gia khi tham gia PTs
H tr trong vic chng minh cht lng v cam kt cc
vn v cht lng
ng lc nng cao/ci tin nng lc thc hin th
nghim
H tr cho vic cng nhn/chng nhn cc tiu chun
cht lng
So snh nng lc thc hin th nghim vi cc PTN khc
H tr trong vic nhn din cc vn trong th nghim
Thng tin phn hi v t vn k thut t ban t chc (bo
co, bn tin, cc cuc hp m)

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tham gia chng trnh PTs:
Cc li ch mang li cho PTN tham gia khi tham gia PTs
H tr trong vic nh gi phng php v thit b.
Phng php kim sot cht lng c gi tr m cc ti
liu tham kho khng sn c.
H tr trong vic o to nhn vin.
H tr trong vic qung co cc dch v phn tch.
Bo v vic chng li mt danh ting do thc hin phn
tch km.
Tng kh nng cnh tranh

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tham gia chng trnh PTs:
Cc yu cu i PTN tham gia PT
Thnh vin tham gia phi s dng phng php phn tch thng
thng ang p dng ti PTN
Trong mt s trng hp, cc thnh vin tham gia c th c
ch dn s dng mt phng php c th c vn bn
ha. V d khi php lut yu cu
Cc phng php phi c s dng bi thnh vin cho cng
vic hng ngy trong lnh vc ph hp v khng c phin bn
no ca phng php c sa i c bit cho ph hp vi
PT
Thnh vin tham gia phi bo co kt qu theo phng php v
biu mu m chng trnh yu cu

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tham gia chng trnh PTs:
Cc yu cu i PTN tham gia PT
Thnh vin tham gia c th thng bo, truyn t kt qu
bao gm cc bo co thng xuyn
mt t chc cng nhn phng th nghim
hoc c quan nh gi khc khi c yu cu vi
mc ch nh gi
cho khch hng (bao gm c t chc qun l
phng th nghim, nu c) cho mc ch th
hin nng lc phn tch

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tham gia chng trnh PTs:
Cc yu cu i PTN tham gia PT
Thnh vin tham gia c th cng b thng tin v vic
thc hin phn tch ca h nhng khng c cng b
cc thng tin so snh vi cc thnh vin tham gia khc.
p dng nguyn tc qun l cht lng khi c kt qu
sai lch so vi gi tr n nh

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tham gia chng trnh PTs:
Cc nh cung cp PT trn th gii
FAPAS, UK
LGC Standards Proficiency Testing, UK
PT Australia
WEPAL, Wageningen University, NL
QUASIMEME, NL
ERA, USA (
NWRI, Canada
MAPEP, USA
PT-WFD, European network

www.fapas.uk
lgcpt.com
www.pta.asn.au
www.wepal.nl
quasimeme.org
www.eraqc.com
(www.nwri.ca/
www.inl.gov/rel/
www.pt-wfd.eu

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tham gia chng trnh PTs:
Cc nh cung cp PT trong nc
Vn phng cng nhn cht lng (
http://www.boa.gov.vn)
Hi cc phng th nghim vit nam
(http://www.vinalab.org.vn)
Trung tm K thut Tiu chun o lng Cht lng 3
(http://www.quatest3.com.vn)
Trung tm Quan trc mi trng - Tng cc Mi trng
(http://www.quantracmoitruong.gov.vn )

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Tiu chun/Ti liu hng dn lin quan n PT

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Cc nh cung cp PT trn th gii
FAPAS, UK
www.fapas.uk
LGC Standards Proficiency Testing, UK
lgcpt.com
PT Australia
www.pta.asn.au
WEPAL, Wageningen University, NL www.wepal.nl
QUASIMEME, NL
quasimeme.org
ERA, USA (
www.eraqc.com
NWRI, Canada
(www.nwri.ca/
MAPEP, USA
www.inl.gov/rel/
PT-WFD, European network
www.pt-wfd.eu

V. Kim sot cht lng t bn ngoi

Cc nh cung cp PT trong nc
Trung tm Quan trc mi trng - Tng cc Mi trng
(http://www.quantracmoitruong.gov.vn )
Vn phng cng nhn cht lng ( http://www.boa.gov.vn)
Hi cc phng th nghim vit nam
(http://www.vinalab.org.vn)
Trung tm K thut Tiu chun o lng Cht lng 3
(http://www.quatest3.com.vn)

VI. Mt s thng tin chia s

Xc nh mc tiu, nhu cu thng tin
Thit k Chng trnh quan trc
Ly mu

QA/QC

QT ti hin trng

Bo qun, vn chuyn mu
Phn tch trong PTN
Kim tra, x l v phn tch s liu
Bo co kt qu QT

VI. Mt s thng tin chia s

1. Kim sot cht lng trong quan trc ti hin trng

Cng tc chun b?
Thit b, dng c?
Bin bn ghi chp?
Kt qu kim tra nh gi thit b?
Tiu ch nh gi kim tra s liu QC?
Kt qu o, th nghim ti hin trng?
Mi tng quan qu cc thng s o ti
hin trng?

VI. Mt s thng tin chia s

1. Kim sot cht lng trong quan trc ti hin trng

VI. Mt s thng tin chia s

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

VI. Mt s thng tin chia s

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

- Tip nhn mu? Bin bn bn giao tip nhn, iu

kin bo qun v lu gi mu?
- Phng php th? Ph duyt phng php? SOP?
QA/QC?
- Thit b, dng c, ha cht?
- Bin bn ghi chp trong qu trnh x l mu? BB
th nghim? Kt qu kim th nghim?
- nh gi s liu phn tch mu QC? Tiu ch nh
gi kim tra s liu QC? Bo co kt qu???

VI. Mt s thng tin chia s

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

Adapted from Ratti and Garton (1994)

Mean Value

VI. Mt s thng tin chia s

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

Adapted from Ratti and Garton (1994)

Mean Value

VI. Mt s thng tin chia s

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

VI. Mt s thng tin chia s

2. Kim sot cht lng trong phng th nghim

TRN TRNG CM N!