Orthography

Orthography refers to a system of writing which includes conventions of

punctuation, capitalization, hyphenation and word breaks as well as the symbols
(graphemes) and diacritics used in a particular language. Phonemic
orthography is a writing system in which each sound (phoneme) has a distinct
letter used to represent it and which it does not share with another sound
(such as the International Phonetic Alphabet). Morphophonemic orthography
considers both sound and word structure. For example, in English, the voiced
/z/ sound at the end of birds and shoes is spelt with the same orthographic
character as the voiceless /s/ counterpart in rats and lips.
Defective orthography refers to a system where there is no correspondence
between the sound (phoneme) and the character used to represent the sound.
In English the vowel sound /i:/ is represented by different characters in the
words amoeba, succeed, replete, beat, believe, receive and machine. Finally,
a complex orthography, such as writing systems used to represent Chinese,
combines a number of symbols and punctuation rules.
In CONVERSATION ANALYSIS, orthographic TRANSCRIPTION generally refers to
conventions that are used in order to represent spoken recordings (such as
conversations) in written form. Such conventions often reassign punctuation
marks or formatting styles to indicate different aspects of speech. For
example, [square brackets] to mark sections of overlapping conversation,
a number in round brackets (1.0) to indicate the length of a pause, CAPITAL
LETTERS to show raised volume or colons to show a draw:::n-out sound.