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    Soil Nailing

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    10 views13 pages

    1986 Soilnailing Applicationpractice

    Uploaded by

    Chaminda Kumara
    Soil Nailing

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    Soil Nailing: Application and Practice — part 1 by D.A. BRUCET, BSc, PhD, CEng, MICE, MIWES, MASCE, MHKIE, FGS and R.A. JEWELL, MA, PhD, MICE Preamble For wall over a decede now, engineers in France, Germany and W. America have been exploiting the special advantages of the ecru of Si rang Thin geoecricl ile rong (of appications for stabilizing “excavations ‘and slopes, has been researched with forge budgets since 1375 by collaborations of Contractors, universities snd goverment forganisations. t hae been the subject of International Conferences, Symposia ond Seminar since 1979, andhas givenise to rapidly expanding iterture ‘of technical pers and atcles, ‘There ave abundant incase histories to cite na wide of ground. conditions ond ‘sppliations ‘And vel, 85 far asthe outhors are aware, fengingars in’ ritain seem to have ether ignored these developments or have remained unaware of the pedigree’ the technique has now established over the vests. Tis review, compiled with the co- ‘operation of researcors and practitioners Eorope and the United States Is intended (0 reveal both the potential bensfits which the {system can provide, andthe means to realise ther. I summorsses the major features, and Historical evolution of “soi naling. it ilstrates the popular ppliations by brief Accounts of the mare eignficant projects fxecuted, and it describes the eonstvction ‘methods now being applied In 9 companion “Paper, the results obtained from measurements on full-scale ‘als and mode tests are introdiced, andthe fcurent understanding of naling a7 betwen a grvity wall and ‘nated si structure (Stocker #81 1979), behaviour and existing design methods ere described, 1. General introduction ‘Sol naling is practical’ and proven technique used in constructing excavations and ig slopes Photograph t and 2) by img the ground insitu with relatively. smal, fully bonded inclusions Usually stool bars. These are intraduced into the soit mass, the foce of wich hes been locally stabilised by sprayed conerete, and {acl to produce a zone of reinforced ground, This zane then performs as.4 homegencous and resistant unt to suppor theunreiniorced {round behind, n'a manner similar to: 8 Conventional grey retaining wal (Fig. 1) 19 and insitu reinforcement 2 wide and growing use of metal inclusions installed in sol, anit nportont between them. The two basic to-ditingu roupings are piling and insitu reinforcement, And the main distinction is 9 Follows Piling rters to inclusions ph to suppor external loads ep placed in the sol 10 maintain equi Fig, 2. The fami of insta so enforcement techniques (o) 201 ailing fatter Schosser, 1982) 0) reticulated micra ping lfter Boley {and Crayne, 1985} ond so dowelingffter Gudehus and Sehware, 1984) Photo. 2, Detail ofthe oi! nailing and rig at Boulevs by the Hurpinase system. fed eth 1989) Photo. 7. Excovation for the underground car park. Boulevard Victor, Paris 1978. ed ets. 71983) Under the soil sel-weight loading, and Surcharge fading on the 20, ‘The ater grouping inclodes the subject of this Paper 1.2 Insitu reinforcement techniqu “Thore are three main categories of sity ‘einforcement techniques ured to stabilise Soil slopes and excavations, Thece are ating. reteuisted micro ping, and oweling "soi nailing the enforcement installed horizontally or subhorzontaly so that it improves the shearing resistance of the soll Dy acting in tension, (Fa. 2a), "Reiculsted micopiles ore steepy inclined inthe. soll” at” "variout angies both Derpendicular and paral to the face, (Fig. 2b). The overall si is similar to soi mang, famelytoprovidea stable block of enforced oil which supports the unresntorced sol by bcting ikea grovty retaining structure. inthis technique the sol st held together by the Multiply "of teinforcement members Sctng to resist banding and shearing orees Fondedi’s Pair Radice system i the best known form otis construction (ies) 1982) ‘whist more recently Nicholson Coastruetion has opoied the technique in the USA under the mame Insert wal (Nicholson & Boley 1985). ‘Soil dowelling is applied to reduce or halt downslope movements onweldefined shear Surfaces, (Fg. 20) The slopes treated by owing are typically much tater than those in sol naling or reticulated micro-ple spplications. Gudehs has (1983) shown that the most efficient way to. improve ‘mechanically the shearing resistance on weakened shear surface tough the olisto ‘se ‘elatvely large diameter piles which fombine 9 lorge surface. area” with high Bencingstitnese. Thus the diameter of 2 soi dow genealy far grester than that of @ soitnail or mirople 1.3 Selecting insitu reinforcement ‘Aunough there ore fundamental sitforences inthe mechanical action ofthese three insity reinforcement techiques, there arecircumstances where more than onemay beapplied toslope stabilization as ilustrated in Figure 3. The following pointe ment Consideration when choosing the “propriate insta reinforcement technique, Laboratory experiments have shown the Influence ofthe nciation and properties of Itinforcing members on the shearing resist- ‘nce of reinforced sol for exomple Jewel {1980}. These indieate thatthe reinforce ‘ment gives the Dest increase in strength ‘ehenitsangled serossthe potential rupture Surface ino #9 thatthe reinforcement fs loaded intension Atother onentatonsin the soil the reinforcement provides less bene 8nd can even reduce the shearing resistance Of the sol! massif acts im compression, ‘The ‘conclusion. therefore, fe that in soplicetions where 9 steep slope is t0 be ‘xeavated in a homogeneous granular si ‘most efficient ta place the finforcement through the face ina ctection cloge tothe horizonal, a in Figure 3b. To stabilise the Sol with reinforcement plocod in substan: tally vertiel directions (Fig, 2c] witrequire much higher density of reinforcement. For this type! application sol nating a tkely to bbemorecostefectve than reticulated mic ing. In: marginally stable granulor or scr slopes when staiity must be improved, but ‘wht excavation i nt foreseen, then either Soil naling or reticulated miero-piing would Fig. 3. Overlap of isla v0 renforcoment “plications (and fin excavation, fe) and 1) for general slope stabitzotion 9nd (9 12 ‘obi resi eis in clay, bbe appropriate. Where ding equioment ‘cannot be placed on the slope, reticulated ‘micro-piling would be best (ig, So} Where ‘cess isnot problemstieal either technique ould be applied (Figs. 3d and Se), with ‘economic considerations being decisive. In later cay slopes where stability i ‘governed by a welldeined shor zone, larger Slometer soi dowels would be. mest ‘propriate (Fg. 3 ‘Reticulated micro pling and sil doweling are not deserved tarher in ths Paper The Tormor ate described n pbications by isi (1970, 1882), Dash and Jovino (1980), Berardi and La Magna (1884), end Boley and Crayne (1985). Sol doweling Is described by ‘Baker end Yoder (1958), Verdier and Merlete (1981), Winter et a/ (1983), ond Gudehus 11983} Rensonceo ean wat Fig. Contrast ofthe construction sequence) "ap down in sol naling and) “batom up” ‘enforced to es ES a 1.4 Fundamental design consider. Just asin the design of a gravity retaining wall the stoiity of nated sveture mat boa chckod agaist both ‘extra ond intemal forces Regarding externa forces ihe reinforced tone must be abet resist the outward thust from the uneintoreed Inter without sing, — the combined loading fom the reinforced oneself weight onde atera sl thrust is resisting must not cause 9 foundation Dearing fature, and the stabityof the retaining structure must ‘bo checked against the. deoper seated vera faire mechanisms, With respect to interna! stability, the infrcing elements must be installed ina pattern dense enoughto ensue an effective Interaction wih the sol to rented zone. The einforcemem elements must sso ieee sullen iongtn and capacity to ensures ‘stable reinforced zone. in partir “each individual reinforcement should be ‘2pable of holding the soil immediately $Suitounding iin equtionur. This local Stbity aspect dcttes the spacing ofthe ‘ermoreement nd —verl sip aloe in the reinforced zone ‘mut also be considered to ensure against {eiture by insufficient band, or breaking of the reinforcement. These criteria govern the required length of the reinforcement Ench of these aspect of design detaied Sand iasratd in the companion Paper. 1.5 Comparison with prestressed Ground anchorages ‘Superficial, there mould appear to be 2 rumor of sinilaties between nails and prestressed ground anchorages when used {er slope or excavation stbiity,Indood its Xempting to regard nals merely 2s “passive” small scale snchorages, However, there are ‘olor funetiona distinctions tobe made, ‘ohich wl favour the choice of the one ove the other. The following comparisons and contrasts may be dave “Ground anchorages are. stecsed ator Installation 20 that in sevice they Kall prevent any structural movement Dceurting In contrast. sll nals are not restrssed" and require © finite (tbeit ‘ory sma soi deformation to cause ther als ae in contact with the ground over ‘most of their length {typically 3-10, ‘wheres ground anchorages tranate food ‘nly along the distal, fixed anchorage length. A direct consequence ofthis that the distribution of stresses in the retained ‘mass is different for each type. Since nails are installed at 2 far higher ensity (ypically 1 per 0.5 to Sm’) the consequences of a one unit fllure are not necessarily 0 severe. In. addition, the Consiructonal tolerances” of instalation need not be so high, given their overal, interactive mode of operation, As high loads. have to be. applied to ‘anchorages, appropriate bearing facilities ‘must be provided atthe head to eliminate the possiblity of “punching” through the facing of "the retained. siucture Substantial bearing arrangements are not ecessary with nals whose low individ hhead loadings are easy accommodate ‘on smal steel bearing plates placed onthe Shotereted surface Individual anchoroges tend to be longer (soy 15-45m) and so may necessitate larger sale instalation equipment. Also an lnehorage system is often provided to Stabiise 8 substantial eetaining structure, such as a diaphragm wall or bored pile wal, which will Heel! necessitate large Scala construction equipment In general if the. overall stability calculations show the problem to be dee Seated, thon ground anchorages wil most probably be requied, Conversely, for verial excavations, soll naiing haa’ frequently proved preferable toothermethods of ateral ‘suppor incorporating prestressed ground ‘anchorages (such ¢ Borin or ciaphragm wal, 41.6 Comparison with reinforced earth walle ‘Although soit nating shares certain features with the older and more widely known technique of reinforced earth for fetaining. wall codstevction (Vidal 1966) there are also some fundamental ferences which are important to" note (Schlosser 7902) The main similarities are: The reinforcement is placed in the soil unstressed the reinforcement forees are ‘mobilised by subsequent efocmation of the sol Phote. 3. Genera! iow ofthe eaument and the Sequence in 9 soi! hotingexcevotion Tho reinforcement forces are sustained by Irctional bord between ths soil ond thy ‘einforcing element Thereinforeed zones Stable and resists the thrust form the lunreinforced soi it support, hike» gravity Fetaining structure The facing of the retained structure is thin prefabricated elements in the ease of reinforced earth and, usualy choterete in sol naling — and doesnot play a major ‘ole in the overll structural stabi, The main dissimilarities sre: Although at the end of construction the ‘wo. structures may look sila, the onstruction sequence ie. radically diferent. Soil naling # constructed by Staged excavations from “top down” while Feinforced earth constructed “bottom Up", (Fig. ). This hes an. important infdence on the distribution ofthe frees which “develop inthe reinforcement, Particularly during the construction period Soi nang is an insty reinforcement technique exploiting naturel ground the properties of which cannot be preselected ‘nd contolled 98 they are oF reinforced ‘crt file ~ Grouting techniques are usually employed to "bond. the. teinorcement 10. the Surrounding ground: lod i transfered ‘long the” grout to soll interface. In feinforced earth, trction is. generated irectly along the stip to so itertace 1.7 Benofits ond limitations of soil nailing, ‘Several factors have contributed to the growing popuirity of sol naling as 2 onstruction technique, and these include: = Economic advanigge— based on fiscustions with specie in Europe, ft ‘would. seem that the cost saving for ‘excavations of the order of Tom deep fs 10% to" 30% ‘lative to an anchored Fig. 5. Field performance of open excavation ‘systems (Peck, 1969) Fig. 6 Schematic comparison of the New Austen Tunneling ttethod ‘ond conventional method of support diophragm or Bern wallalternative. This is “Supported by eaimed saving of S054 ona Sollnailed excavation in Portland, Oregon (enn. 1976), = Consiruction equipment diting rigs for reinforcement instalation and ‘guns for shoterete application are relatively small le mobile end quiet (Photograph 3). This is highly advantageous in ‘uban environments were note, vibration oF fccess may pose problems Equally in emote rural areasitmey prove impossible to deploy large scale equipment for ping ‘oF diaphragm waling, Construction silty 20H aling can proceed rapidly and the excavation can be Shaped easily I is 2 lee technique, Feadhly accommodating variations in tol conditions and. work programmes “as ‘excavation progresses. Performance ~tield measurements indicate “that the overall movements Fequired to mobilise. tho reinforcement forces are ‘Surprisingly Sma These generally correspond to the movements to be" expected for, wall broced. systems (Category in Pecks (1989) eassifeation (Fig. 5). Furthermore, naling s applied ot the earliest possible time ater excavation, ‘and in intimate contact with the eut sot Surface. This minimises the disturbance to the ‘ground and so the possiblity of damage being ceused to" adjacent Stctures Natu the technique has. certain fooded Fig. 7. Subway underground sation formed Using the ATMS. Marsborg, W. Germany (Bouernteind et 31 1977) practic! limitations to its aplication, These bre principally “SoH nail" construction requires the formation of cute generat: 2m high the" sol These must then stand. up ‘unsupported Tora leat a few hours: riot 1 shotereting ond naling The soll must therefore have some natural ‘degree of “cohesion” or cementing. Otherwise 8 pretreatment sucha grouting moy be Fecessoryto sabe the face et th wll {8d both complication and cost =A dewatered face in the excavation is ‘desirable Tor soll” nailing. tthe ‘groundwater percolates though the fece the unrenforeed. sol wil slump locally ‘om intial excavation, making impossible ish 9 saistactoryshoterete skin ons in sft cleysrealso unsutedto stabilisation by "sol! naling. The low frictional resistance of soft cay would require very high density of nei feinforcement of considerable length to ‘ensure adequate levels of stably Bored bile or dephragm walls wth anchorages ‘re more suited to these conditions. 2, History and evolution “The principles "and. techoiques of stabilising. excavations in rock By in-sity feinforcement have tong tcen spplied by ‘mining engineors. Beveredge (1973) noted that the use of mechanical rock bolts grow immediately aftr Werld Wor Il, whilst by 1359 the fst fly bonded reinforcements {by eesn) were being instal in Geemany ‘TheNew Austrian Tunneling method, (iq 6) ‘evolved in the early 1960°s primarily 26.8 hardrock. tunnaling system using. combination of shoteete and Tully bonded Steel inclusions to provide early efficent Fig. 10 (Belowh Cut slope stabiteaton construction sequence, Verso, ance (overt and Ramm 1978) Fig. 11 (ight, Retaining wall for an underground car park ot ks Classe, Fronee (After Giloux et, 1980) ig. 8. Stabilisation of rock slopes ot Notre- ‘Dame de Commier Dam, Frnce (anh and Colomber, 1984) excavation stability Following observations ond experiences with the system in many hard rock appeations, it ies deptd successful st competent Formations comprising graphitic shales in theMassenberg Tunnel Rebeewiee 196475) and’ Keuper Mell oz in the Schwaikiem Tunnel (Sati, 1968). This latter projet confirmed the viability of the technique in less competent materia, and soon wals were conducted in sot such 2s sills, gravels and sands. The eorest pplications were’ in smal crovs Section ‘metro tunnels in Frankfurt In 1370. Soon ter, the technique again proved successful in the construction of a double tobe of subway station vath cose parsages adjacent to “deleate. and histone buidings. in Nuremberg (Fi. 7) By this ime the Useof dowels and bolts to stabilse rock slopes wes also” well established. For example Bonazzi and Colombet (1984) “hove described the Fig. 9. Retaining wall constuction, AQ Autoroute, France (Bonsss! and Colombet, 1984) stabilisation of rock slope in schists (Fig. the Note Dame de Commier Dam, 9 Fronce in 1961 by “ancrages passte” 93 being one of the frst major fock slopes Stabilized in that way. They alco reviewed in other chil” engineering Drojects such as the 5m slope on the AS Sutoroute (Fig 9) ‘The French contractor Bouygues gained ‘experience in France with the New Austisn Tunneling Method. They sow that similor techniques "could be applied “for the emporsry support of soft rock and sail slopes, andin 1872, in Joint Venturewith he Specislist contractor “Soletanche, started => cw Photo 4. Large scale Feld test in Germany of s0i! naling on 2 protruding edge in an excavation, (Stocker ta, 1979) Fountainblew Sand for railway widening Scheme near Versales (Fg, 10) A total of 12000m" of face was stabiisod by ever 26000 ste! bars grouted into predeiled holes up toemiong. Theis the ist recorded ‘pplication o sol naling and the case story 15 Jeseribod in det later in the Poper, Thereafter, col nailing as technique to stablise slopes and deep excavations gresvin Popularity n France. Wark n West Germany {and North America hed alea started by the mid 1970's. However, engineers In these. three areas appear to have proceeded Independently unt the Pars conference on soil reinforcement in. 1979. provided. an international forum ‘or the exchange of information. From that time the number of contacts executed with soll naling hos incressed rapidly, pariculatly ia France and W. Germany. Based on our interpretation of published Papers and discussions wth Epeciasts in Europe. andthe USA the ‘development in each of th thee main areas Appears to have cozurted bs folows: France Following the outstanding ond well published success of the Versatles contract, Bouygues executed several other projects ‘oth permanent andtemporay.imeural areas for slope stability, and in urban sreos for foundation excavations (Medio eto (1983). For the excavation at Les Invalides Met Stationin 1974, Bouygues choseto drive the Feinforcement directly into the soi, rather {hon grout it inte. predeiled holes. This feature of construction has become cental tothe Bouygues system of soil naling called “Hurpinoise” after M. Hurpin, a prime figure In ite development Al the same time, other French specialists including Bachy. Inralor Cofor, SEFI and Soletanche bogan to execute projects and to develop. proprietary vatistions, These companies” use conventional dling and [routing techniques to instal and bond the Feinforeament into the soit host recently 9 ‘em instalation method using simattnecus thriving and high pressure grouting hes been ‘developed by Dr” Lou n conjunction with the compnny Soirenfor (Lous (1984) The application ‘of nating in. remedial works, Such as the repair of aed slopes, Feinforced earth wall, or snchored Structures, has azo gram in France These applications of 20 naling hove led to fundamental research programmes being ated out in France =CERMES the research group at the Ecole National des Ponts et Chaussbes under the direction of Prot Sehlozser has erred out ‘model tests and finite element snslyis of soil naling, supervised by Dr. Juran, The Centre giudes et de Recherches du ‘atiment et des Tenoux Public (CESTP) buit'and tested 2 7m high experimental Pelled wll during 1984-88, under tho ‘ection of Mk Plumale. The work was 7546 financed by the Federation National es TravauxPublies FNTP) and 25% by the Direction des “Alfaves Economiques. ot International WOAEH.» section “of the French Ministry of Transport Plumes (1986), Research in France an sol nailing is being Continued under a nationally organised project "Programme Clouterr- Independent assassments of the current level of actinty in France suggest 9 total of around 60 sol naling projects per year, bout 10% of which are in permanent applications. Contracts of up to"24 000m? hove been exeoutedsitiough the sverage Contract size considerably lower 1 O60 to 2000m®— with a typical client cost of £50 t0 £100 per m? (pices at June, 1986), = West Germany Developments in W. Germany hove been Jed by the specialist contactor Ke Gaver ik (BF, of the University of Karisrue, with tania “support bythe Federal Mistry of Research land Technology, Stocker (1976). In 9 four Yyear programme commencing in 1975, eight Carefully instrumented large scale field tals (Photograph 4) were conducted and Analysed, Stocker e af (1979) “Model iestingandtheoretca research into soll naling has also been ‘conducted. in parallel ot IBF, University of Kareruhe, under the direction of Prot Gedehus ‘There isa relative shortage of published Information on soil ning projects in West Germany. but according to Gassler and GGudehus (1981) ever 20 projects hod been successully completed by 1981, confining that "thetechnique has agoinand goin beck found to be safeand economic” The current estimated level of activity is about 2596 that of France = North America The excavation forthe foundetion of the extension tothe Good Samaritan Hospital in Portland Oregon (Photograph 5} executed in 41976 bya consortium including Kulehin wos the frst pubished application af sol nating in the United States (ENR, 1976) However ‘Shen et 9 (1981) refer tothe execution of ‘several hundred thousand squere feet of ‘excavation to depths of upto 60H, by soi Fig, 12. Stabilization Sdacent cut slopes (tous 1981) Fig. 12. Cut slope stabilisation ot Versailles, France. (Atte Hovart and Romi. 1975) § ae pas Prot. & Genera vewofthe excavation atthe ood Samanian Hospi, Portlnd, Oregon, (Shon el, 1987) Fig, 14 Repair of reinforced earth wal Fru ‘France (After Long otal 1984)» naling. prior to 1976, ina varoty of ground conditions in Western Canada, No other published reference to these projects ha been found by the erent authors, Po. Shen's team of researchers at the University of Californie t Davis monitored the Portland contract but remained con cerned about design methods andthe shor. ‘age of information ‘on performance. and design. They theretore corred out © pro frame of reseerch including centrtoge esting, on instrumented fll sete tal hd finite ‘element analyses. The research was funded principally by the National Science Foundation and the final report published in 1981 (Shen e af ‘The nest signcant published develop: nas the excavation forthe foundations fof the PPG Industries “headquarters, in Piusburgh, exeevted ‘by. Nicholson Constretion, Nicholson (1986). This was ‘completed in 1982 andi Femartable orth ‘combination of soi! nsiing with both pre Lweatment by grouting of tho soil near the by micropies of ‘Although the volume of work curently boeing conducted in the USA is extnated to be similar to that in West Germany. the potential is tar greater, and the level of Betiviy” may. be expected. 10" increase ‘SUbstantilyn the net few yrs. Elsewhere inthe world, evelopment has bbeen much slower, for reasons which range from ack of appteatons, or unsuitable sis, te ack of knowledge, or even protection ‘of alternative techniques. One may compare ‘eperience in Hungary where several Contracts arereported by Baryai(1 984) wath thatin Britain where the authors sre avereot only three smal so naling contract to date 3. Applications ‘Sol rating hes been used sucess in temporary and permanent ppliestions, in new ord tema concoto ann Fred and urban stings: The folowing categories at appcations’ canbe Wentiied ond Fig. 15 tent. Repair of masonry granty ‘retaining wallet bradford, UK Fig. 17 (Righa. Fepsr of an ‘nehored wall at ‘reas, France (After Corte and Garnier, 1984) Fig. 16. Repair of failed 20 shape ot Herbowvile, Lyons, France (After Gaus 1985), selected references are given foreach, A. New construction 1. Retaining wails: fr excavations essocated with foundations of buildings, underground ‘carparks and cut and cover constructions for {tansportation systems (Fig. 11) (Coulesco Medio {1981}. Stocker ot of (1979) and Shen et af (1981), 2. Slope stabilization: for cuts requited for ‘new or widened railway lines orroade (Fg. 12) (Hovart and Rami (1975), Gasser and Gudehus (1981), and Nicholeon (1986), & Stobising tunnel ports: to provide ‘excavation stability to tunnel portale and adjacent slopes (Fig. 13). (Louis (1981). B. Remedial works 1. Repair of reinforced earth wall: to replace the “effect ‘of the. reinforeng. strips or fasteners damaged “by overoading oF corrosion (Fig. 14). (Govtla and. Guitton (1979), Long et a/ 1984). 2. Repair of masonry gravity etining wall: ator or just before ‘alure caused by tong Term decay of wal, oF movements Behind, (Fig, 15) (See “Case histories” section). 3 ‘Stobiisaton of failed soi! slopes: after Collapse of slope dueto failure or inadequacy of preexisting support methods, of Eatactrophie movements due to hydrogeo- logical reasons (ig. 16). (Gausset, 1985) 4.Repsirofanchored walsaterflvrool the Drestressed rock anchorages by structural ‘overloading or by corrosion of tendon (Fi. V7) (Cone end Garner, 1964), {fo be continued) Soil Nailing: Application and Practice — part 2 by D.A. BRUCE", BSc, PhD, CEng, MICE, MIWES, MASCE, MHKIE, FGS. and R.A. JEWELL', MA, PhD, CEng, MICE THE INSITU GROUND REIVFORCEMENT TECHNIQUE of sil naling was introduced in Pent 1 ofthe Paper and contrasted with other ‘method stabi of ground reinforcerment and jon Thenistory and evlution ofthe ue were reviewed. and the main applications desenbed, “The aim af the second half ofthe Paper is to describe current good prectice Yor sol case histories Fistor sienticanee, naling, Firstly, seven cose histories ove reviewed the "range “of are trom France, wih two f pplication: ing ond. giving Stats. This emphasises both the pioneering onstruction details. Tables summarising Getais from published ease histories ‘worldwide are presented. Then, regrttbiy the basis Fig. 18. Cross-section of the highest cut at the Versails Chenin excavation (Aer Toudi 1975) "ig. 20. Cross-section ofthe Nogent-sur Marne ABE excavation (After (Coulesco and ated 198) ‘of current experience, each aspect of sot falling constructions examined ta estabish ‘guidelines for good practice. 4. Review of illustrative ‘The seven case histories have been Selected Tor review on tho basis of scale ad cf ailinsiaationsinnew construction three role engingersinthese two counties, nd, ‘shortage of published data histories trom West Germany. The ‘work in West Germany on Held seribed in the companion Paper ‘One. of the two case histories of applications inremeial works rom France, Band the British example has importance given the domestic trends for structural Fepair and. maintenance engineesing os ‘opposed to now construction ‘Summary data” for al the folowing ‘examples ae included in Tales ¥ to. ‘new consraucrion 4.1. Retaining wall for the French Ofthetivesummaries railways, (SNCF). at ‘Versa Chantiers, France (1972) (Rabeine and Toudic 1974, Tousle 1978, Hover and Rar 1075, Medio et of 1983) In order to improve the railway services to the Versailles Chanters Staton, the SNCE decided to construct two newlines pallet the existing Paris Brest Line, at the west Side ofthe station. Fora distance of 805m, ‘utshad to becrentedinto the ensting slope ig Peterman and Ong Or Jewet the United ig 19. Cross-section of the Boulevard Victor, Pars excavation (Alter ‘Meoio eta, 1983) Phot. 6. View showing the nailed excavation ond the reinforced Concrete wall for permanent support at Vrsales Chonter eta 1983) a a [a “f= : Smo. eee cece length construction was executed using diaphiage ‘walls in "the ighly. varie the proximity f alive raiwayline tothe west ‘and’ existing structures ncloding s cemetery onthe east Fig. 20) demanded the ‘se of alternative methods to form the et, Here. the contracto,, consortium “of Bouygues “and Chante Moderne proposed the use ofan anchored Bevin w onstruction for 1 9000" (near the talwoy Band where the cemetery prevented naling being executee), but nating forthe 900m bolence where it was possible 10 drive the feinforeing elements, ‘Although not particularly cemarkable for its scale, this “contract "was important because of the test walls and monitoring which were cared out ta convince ond Feassute the Engineer that soil naling was's sound technique. The testing wos cared out belore. during ond otter the construction of the main wal e sll was mainly sondy alluvial deposits, (o = 337, = 1OLN/me y= 2O%NITO) but with frequent pockets of lenses f cay sit 8nd fine sand. tn general the railed wall was constructed in ground regorded. as more siicult than that encountered by the Bertin Wal ‘A test wall was built 200m north of the ‘mein wall in predominantly comport sand {and gravels. The wall was 6.6m high ond 21.5m long, reinforced with 80 » 50% 5mm Steel angles, 5.5m long driven directly imo the soll at am inclination 20° down and ot tm centres. ‘Two vertical ineinometers Wwete installed, and eight hollow tube reinforcements’ (49mm in diameter) were instrumented with ‘strain gouges bore Ding installed in the wall Tests were conducted to monitor structural overnents, investigate reinforcement forces and force distributions and obtain pull-out test data The tests are deserved in detall in the companion Paper. The test results were so encouraging (eg. only 6mm of horizontal ‘movement was recorded after excavetion, ‘and acceptable, predictable stress Sistributions were measured) that the Engineer spproved the constuction of the ‘main wal Themain wall consisted of driven 50x50 ‘5mm anglesintheupper9 rows (5.5m long), and 60.60 x6mm angles inthe lower eight ‘ows (7m fong). Cuts were generally 1 Sm high with the nails spaced at two perm? The ‘angle steel enforcement was bonded tothe face mesh snd then 50-80mm of sprayed ‘concrete placed (Photogapin 7. The main ‘wall was instrumented and showed excellent Performance, including. ‘maximum vertical daplacement 14mm ot the crest, completely stabilised within onthe — pullout bond of 15 to 20kN/m length of Feinforcement, largely independent of Septn mobilisation of the maximum pullout force at cisplacements of few milimettes, Ineddtion, the wallwas subjectedto static and." dynamic surcharge loading. Th Confirmed iat si nalingeanect asl Berlin allo’ athertypeal anchored support 4.4 Foundation excavation for the extension to the Good ‘Samaritan Hospital, Portland, “Oregon (1976) (Shen er 21981 9,6) This cotract was executed in Proto. 7- General viow of the Nopent-surMame ABG excavation (Medo est, 7983) of, 1976 ond, cenresents 9. sigiticant pplication of soi nails in the USA. A jot venture of Kulchin ond Associates ne. ond ‘Albert k: Leung and Associetes contracted (0 Provide 2 140m of nailed wall round three Sides ofa foundation excavation of maxima depth 13.7m (Photograph 8). The longest Wall was 76.37 and up to 11:3 deep ‘The ground consisted of medium te dense silty finelacustrine sande with friction orgie bout 30"andcementinggivinga cohesion” tae PQbscn Fig, 21. Deals ofthe sll naling tthe Good ‘Sameriton Hospto! ste (Shen el al. 1930) net fo the Marshall treet Annexe at ‘the Good Samaritan Hospital, Portand (Shen ea. 198 19) fof 208M? No ground water was Excavation proceeded in 1.5m cuts, stan ‘average of 100m" per doy. Mesh was ploced Som of the face and sprayed woth dry mit shoterete (plus adltve) t0 set ins fone minutes and curein 24 hours. An auger was ‘sed toil the 603 holes 7-8.5rn long ond fat an inciation 15° down. Centralised bars 28 and 3éimm in dlameter (Fig. 21) were Seted and grouted to within 8.3mm of the face. before tows of four 1.2mm rebar were placed to form horizontal wales at each no level. Following stessing ofthe bors 0 50% 0 80% of hair designtoad (bearing on 150mm square plates) afurther Som ayer of shotcrete was applied For the lowermost ut, excevation by backhoe of by hond was Fimited to 6:12m rons, with Grn intervals {ercavated and treated afterwar cs) was noted thatthe work was conducted in 50 to 70% of the period required for conventions! suppor end at about 8586 of the ‘cost. Given the time saving. and the faciy to cast the final wall straight on, the ‘vera support and wall ystemn costs were

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