n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12

CC CNG THC TNH TON

PHN I . CU TRC ADN
I . Tnh s nucltit ca ADN hoc ca gen
1. i vi mi mch ca gen :
- Trong ADN , 2 mch b sung nhau , nn s nu v chiu di ca 2 mch bng nhau .
N
A1 + T1 + G1 + X1 = T2 + A2 + X2 + G2 =
2
- Trong cng mt mch , A v T cng nh G v X , khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit phi bng
nhau . S b sung ch c gia 2 mch : A ca mch ny b sung vi T ca mch kia , G ca mch ny b
sung vi X ca mch kia . V vy , s nu mi loi mch 1 bng s nu loi b sung mch 2 .
A1 = T2 ; T1 = A2 ; G1 = X2 ; X1 = G2
2. i vi c 2 mch :
- S nu mi loi ca ADN l s nu loi c 2 mch :
A =T = A1 + A2 = T1 + T2 = A1 + T1 = A2 + T2
G =X = G1 + G2 = X1 + X2 = G1 + X1 = G2 + X2
Ch :khi tnh t l %
% A1 + % A2 %T 1 + %T 2
=
%A = % T =
= ..
2
2
%G1 + %G 2 % X 1 + % X 2
=
%G = % X =
=.
2
2
Ghi nh : Tng 2 loi nu khc nhm b sung lun lun bng na s nu ca ADN hoc bng 50% s nu
ca ADN : Ngc li nu bit :
+ Tng 2 loi nu = N / 2 hoc bng 50% th 2 loi nu phi khc nhm b sung
+ Tng 2 loi nu khc N/ 2 hoc khc 50% th 2 loi nu phi cng nhm b sung
3. Tng s nu ca ADN (N)
Tng s nu ca ADN l tng s ca 4 loi nu A + T + G+ X . Nhng theo nguyn tc b sung (NTBS) A= T ,
G=X . V vy , tng s nu ca ADN c tnh l :
N = 2A + 2G = 2T + 2X hay N = 2( A+ G)
N
Do A + G =
hoc %A + %G = 50%
2
4. Tnh s chu k xon ( C )
Mt chu k xon gm 10 cp nu = 20 nu . khi bit tng s nu ( N) ca ADN :
N
l
N = C x 20
=> C =
;
C=
20
34
5. Tnh khi lng phn t ADN (M ) :
Mt nu c khi lng trung bnh l 300 vc . khi bit tng s nu suy ra
M = N x 300 vc
6. Tnh chiu di ca phn t ADN ( L ) :Phn t ADN l 1 chui gm 2 mch n chy song song v xon
u n quanh 1 trc . v vy chiu di ca ADN l chiu di ca 1 mch v bng chiu di trc ca n .
N
Mi mch c
nucltit, di ca 1 nu l 3,4 A0
2
lx 2
N
l=
. 3,4A0 => N=
3,4
2
n v thng dng :
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1 micrmet = 10 4 angstron ( A0 )

1 micrmet = 103 nanmet ( nm)

1 mm = 103 micrmet = 106 nm = 107 A0

II. Tnh s lin kt Hir v lin kt Ha Tr P
1. S lin kt Hir ( H )
+ A ca mch ny ni vi T mch kia bng 2 lin kt hir
+ G ca mch ny ni vi X mch kia bng 3 lin kt hir
Vy s lin kt hir ca gen l :
H = 2A + 3 G hoc H = 2T + 3X
2. S lin kt ho tr ( HT )
a) S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trn 1 mch gen :

N
-1
2

Trong mi mch n ca gen , 2 nu ni vi nhau bng 1 lk ho tr , 3 nu ni nhau bng 2 lk ho tr

nu ni nhau bng

N
2

N
-1
2

b) S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trn 2 mch gen : 2(

Do s lin kt ho tr ni gia cc nu trn 2 mch ca ADN : 2(

N
-1)
2

N
-1)
2

c) S lin kt ho tr ng photpht trong gen ( HT-P)

Ngoi cc lin kt ho tr ni gia cc nu trong gen th trong mi nu c 1 lk ho tr gn thnh phn ca
H3PO4 vo thnh phn ng . Do s lin kt ho tr P trong c ADN l :
HT-P = 2(

PHN II.

N
- 1 ) + N = 2 (N 1)
2

C CH T NHN I CADN

I . TNH S NUCLTIT T DO CN DNG

1.Qua 1 ln t nhn i ( t sao , ti sinh , ti bn )
+ Khi ADN t nhn i hon ton 2 mch u lin kt cc nu t do theo NTBS : AADN ni vi TT do v
ngc li ; GADN ni vi X T do v ngc li . V vy s nu t do mi loi cn dng bng s nu m loi n
b sung
Atd =Ttd = A = T ;
Gtd = Xtd = G = X
+ S nu t do cn dng bng s nu ca ADN
Ntd = N
2. Qua nhiu t t nhn i ( x t )
+ Tnh s ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua 1 t t nhn i to 2 = 21 ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua 2 t t nhn i to 4 = 22 ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua3 t t nhn i to 8 = 23 ADN con
- 1 ADN m qua x t t nhn i to 2x ADN con
Vy :
Tng s ADN con = 2x
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- D t t nhn i no , trong s ADN con to ra t 1 ADN ban u , vn c 2 ADN con m
mi ADN con ny c cha 1 mch c ca ADN m . V vy s ADN con cn li l c c 2 mch cu
thnh hon ton t nu mi ca mi trng ni bo .
S ADN con c 2 mch u mi = 2x 2
+ Tnh s nu t do cn dng :
- S nu t do cn dng th ADN tri qua x t t nhn i bng tng s nu sau cng coup trong cc
ADN con tr s nu ban u ca ADN m
Tng s nu sau cng trong trong cc ADN con : N.2x
S nu ban u ca ADN m :N
V vy tng s nu t do cn dng cho 1 ADN qua x t t nhn i :
N td = N .2x N = N( 2X -1)
- S nu t do mi loi cn dng l:
A td = T td = A( 2X -1)

= X td = G( 2X -1)
+ Nu tnh s nu t do ca ADN con m c 2 mch hon tan mi :
N td hon ton mi = N( 2X - 2)

A
G

td

td hon ton mi

T
X

td

= A( 2X -2)

X
=
td = G( 2 2)
II .TNH S LIN KT HIR ; HO TR - P C HNH THNH HOC B PH V
1. Qua 1 t t nhn i
a. Tnh s lin kt hirb ph v v s lin kt hir c hnh thnh
Khi ADN t nhn i hon ton :
- 2 mch ADN tch ra , cc lin kt hir gia 2 mch u b ph v nn s lin kt hir b ph v
bng s lin kt hir ca ADN
H b t = H ADN
- Mi mch ADN u ni cc nu t do theo NTBS bng cc lin kt hir nn s lin kt hir c
hnh thnh l tng s lin kt hir ca 2 ADN con
H hnh thnh = 2 . HADN
b. S lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh :
Trong qu trnh t nhn i ca ADN , lin kt ho tr P ni cc nu trong mi mch ca ADN khng b
ph v . Nhng cc nu t do n b sung th dc ni vi nhau bng lin kt ho tr hnh thnh 2 mch
mi
V vy s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh bng s lin kt ho tr ni cc nu vi nhau trong 2 mch
ca ADN
N
HT c hnh thnh = 2 (
- 1 ) = N- 2
2
2 .Qua nhiu t t nhn i ( x t )
a. Tnh tng s lin kt hidr b ph v v tng s lin kt hidr hnh thnh :
-Tng s lin kt hidr b ph v :
H b ph v = H (2x 1)
- Tng s lin kt hidr c hnh thnh :
H hnh thnh = H 2x
b. Tng s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh :
Lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh l nhng lin kt ho tr ni cc nu t do li thnh chui mch
polinucltit mi

Nguyn c Hu -

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N
-1
2
- Trong tng s mch n ca cc ADN con cn c 2 mch c ca ADN m c gi li
- Do s mch mi trong cc ADN con l 2.2x - 2 , v vy tng s lin kt ho tr c hnh thnh
l :
N
HT hnh thnh = ( 2 - 1) (2.2x 2) = (N-2) (2x 1)
III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M
C th quan nim s lin kt cc nu t do vo 2 mch ca ADN l ng thi , khi mch ny tip nhn
v ng gp dc bao nhiu nu th mch kia cng lin kt c bay nhiu nu
Tc t sao : S nu dc tip nhn v lin kt trong 1 giy
1. Tnh thi gian t nhn i (t sao )
Thi gian 2 mch ca ADN tip nhn v kin kt nu t do
- Khi bit thi gian tip nhn v l in kt trong 1 nu l dt , thi gian t sao dc tnh l :
N
TG t sao = dt .
2
- Khi bit tc t sao (mi giy lin kt c bao nhiu nu )th thi gian t nhn i ca ADN
l :
TG t sao = N : tc t sao
-

S lin kt ho tr ni cc nu trong mi mch n :

PHN III . CU TRC ARN

I.TNH S RIBNUCLTIT CA ARN :
- ARN thng gm 4 loi ribnu : A ,U , G , X v c tng hp t 1 mch ADN theo NTBS . V v
s ribnu ca ARN bng s nu 1 mch ca ADN
N
rN = rA + rU + rG + rX =
2
- Trong ARN A v U cng nh G v X khng lin kt b sung nn khng nht thit phi bng nhau . S b
sung ch c gia A, U , G, X ca ARN ln lt vi T, A , X , G ca mch gc ADN . V vy s ribnu
mi loi ca ARN bng s nu b sung mch gc ADN .
rA = T gc ; rU = A gc
rG = X gc
; rX = Ggc
* Ch : Ngc li , s lng v t l % tng loi nu ca ADN c tnh nh sau :
+ S lng :
A = T = rA + rU
G = X = rR + rX
+ T l % :
%rA + %rU
% A = %T =
2
%rG + %rX
%G = % X =
2
II. TNH KHI LNG PHN T ARN (MARN)
Mt ribnu c khi lng trung bnh l 300 vc , nn:
N
MARN = rN . 300vc =
. 300 vc
2
III. TNH CHIU DI V S LIN KT HO TR P CA ARN
1 Tnh chiu di :
- ARN gm c mch rN ribnu vi di 1 nu l 3,4 A0 . V vy chiu di ARN bng chiu di
ADN tng hp nn ARN
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- V vy LADN = LARN = rN . 3,4A0 =

N
. 3,4 A0
2

2 . Tnh s lin kt ho tr P:
+ Trong chui mch ARN : 2 ribnu ni nhau bng 1 lin kt ho tr , 3 ribnu ni nhau bng 2 lin kt
ho tr Do s lin kt ho tr ni cc ribnu trong mch ARN l rN 1
+ Trong mi ribnu c 1 lin kt ho tr gn thnh phn axit H3PO4 vo thnh phn ng . Do s lin
kt ha tr loi ny c trong rN ribnu l rN
Vy s lin kt ho tr P ca ARN :
HT ARN = rN 1 + rN = 2 .rN -1
PHN IV . C CH TNG HP ARN
I . TNH S RIBNUCLOTIT T DO CN DNG
1 . Qua 1 ln sao m :
Khi tng hp ARN , ch mch gc ca ADN lm khun mu lin cc ribnu t do theo NTBS :
AADN ni U ARN ;
TADN ni A ARN
GADN ni X ARN
;
XADN ni G ARN
V vy :
+ S ribnu t do mi loi cn dng bng s nu loi m n b sung trn mch gc ca ADN
rAtd = Tgc ;
rUtd = Agc
rGtd = Xgc ;
rXtd = Ggc
+ S ribnu t do cc loi cn dng bng s nu ca 1 mch ADN
N
rNtd =
2
2. Qua nhiu ln sao m ( k ln )
Mi ln sao m to nn 1 phn t ARN nn s phn t ARN sinh ra t 1 gen bng s ln sao m
ca gen .
S phn t ARN = S ln sao m = K
+ S ribnu t do cn dng l s ribnu cu thnh cc phn t ARN . V vy qua K ln sao m to
thnh cc phn t ARN th tng s ribnu t do cn dng l:
rNtd = K . rN
+ Suy lun tng t , s ribnu t do mi loi cn dng l :
rAtd = K. rA = K . Tgc ;
rUtd = K. rU = K . Agc

rGtd = K. rG = K . Xgc
;
rXtd = K. rX = K . Ggc
* Ch : Khi bit s ribnu t do cn dng ca 1 loi :
+ Mun xc nh mch khun mu v s ln sao m th chia s ribnu cho s nu loi b sung
mch 1 v mch 2 ca ADN => S ln sao m phi l c s gia s ribbnu v s nu loi b sung
mch khun mu .
+ Trong trng hp cn c vo 1 loi ribnu t do cn dng m cha xc nh mch gc , cn
c s ribnu t do loi khc th s ln sao m phi l c s chung gia s ribnu t do mi loi cn dng
vi s nu loi b sung ca mch gc
II. TNH S LIN KT HIR V LIN KT HO TR P :
1 . Qua 1 ln sao m :
a. S lin kt hidro :
H t = H ADN
H hnh thnh = H ADN
=> H t = H hnh thnh = H ADN
b. S lin kt ho tr :
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HT hnh thnh = rN 1
2. Qua nhiu ln sao m ( K ln ) :
a. Tng s lin kt hidr b ph v
H ph v = K . H
b. Tng s lin kt ho tr hnh thnh :
HT hnh thnh = K ( rN 1)
III. TNH THI GIAN SAO M :
* Tc sao m : S ribnu c tip nhn v lin kt nhau trong 1 giy .
*Thi gian sao m :
- i vi mi ln sao m : l thi gian mch gc ca gen tip nhn v lin kt cc ribnu t do
thnh cc phn t ARN
+ Khi bit thi gian tip nhn 1 ribnu l dt th thi gian sao m l :
TG sao m = dt . rN
+ Khi bit tc sao m ( mi giy lin kt c bao nhiu ribnu ) th thi gian sao m l :
TG sao m = r N : tc sao m
-

i vi nhiu ln sao m ( K ln ) :
+ Nu thi gian chuyn tip gia 2 ln sao m m khng ng k thi thi gian sao m nhiu ln

l :
TG sao m nhiu ln = K TG sao m 1 ln
+ Nu TG chuyn tip gia 2 ln sao m lin tip ng k l t thi gian sao m nhiu ln l :
TG sao m nhiu ln = K TG sao m 1 ln + (K-1) t
PHN IV . CU TRC PRTIN
I . TNH S B BA MT M - S AXIT AMIN
+ C 3 nu k tip nhau trn mch gc ca gen hp thnh 1 b ba m gc , 3 ribnu k tip ca
mch ARN thng tin ( mARN) hp thnh 1 b ba m sao . V s ribnu ca mARN bng vi s nu ca
mch gc , nn s b ba m gc trong gen bng s b ba m sao trong mARN .
N
rN
S b ba mt m =
=
2.3
3
+ Trong mch gc ca gen cng nh trong s m sao ca mARN th c 1 b ba m kt
thc khng m ho a amin . Cc b ba cn li co m ho a.amin
N
rN
S b ba c m ho a amin (a.amin chui polipeptit)=
-1 =
-1
2.3
3
+ Ngoi m kt thc khng m ha a amin , m m u tuy c m ha a amin , nhng
a amin ny b ct b khng tham gia vo cu trc prtin
N
rN
S a amin ca phn t prtin (a.amin pr hon chnh )=
-2 =
-2
2.3
3
II. TNH S LIN KT PEPTIT
- S lin kt peptit hnh thnh = s phn t H2O to ra
- Hai a amin ni nhau bng 1 lin kt pptit , 3 a amin c 2 lin kt peptit ..chui polipeptit c m
l a amin th s lin kt peptit l :
S lin kt peptit = m -1
III. TNH S CCH M HA CA ARN V S CCH SP T A AMIN TRONG CHUI
POLIPEPTIT
Cc loi a amin v cc b ba m ho: C 20 loi a amin thng gp trong cc phn t prtin nh sau :
1) Glixrin : Gly
2) Alanin : Ala
3) Valin : Val
4 ) Lxin : Leu
5) Izolxin : Ile
6 ) Xerin : Ser
7 ) Treonin : Thr
8 ) Xistein : Cys
9) Metionin : Met
10) A. aspartic : Asp 11)Asparagin : Asn
12) A glutamic : Glu
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14) Arginin : Arg
15) Lizin : Lys
18) Histidin : His
19) Triptofan : Trp

13) Glutamin :Gln

17) Tirozin: Tyr
Bng b ba mt m

U
U

UUU
UUX
UUA
UUG
XUU
XUX
XUA
XUG

X
UXU
UXX
U X A Ser
Leu
UXG
XXU
Leu X X X
Pro
XXA
XXG

phe

AUA
AUX
He
AUA
A U G * Met
GUU
GUX
Val
GUA
G U G * Val

K hiu : * m m u

AXU
AXX
AXA
AXG
GXU
GXX
GXA
GXG

Thr

Ala

16) Phenilalanin :Phe

20) Prlin : pro

UAU
Tyr
UAX
U A A **
U A G **
XAU
His
XAX
XAA
XAG
Gln

UGU
UGX
Cys
U G A **
U G G Trp
XGU
XGX
XGA
Arg
XGG

U
X
A
G
U
X
A
G

AAU
AAX
AAA
AAG
GAU
GAX
GAA
GAG

AGU
AGX
AGA
AGG
GGU
GGX
GGA
GGG

U
X
A
G

Asn
Lys
Asp
Glu

Ser
Arg
Gli

U
X
A
G

; ** m kt thc

PHN V . C CH TNG HP PRTIN

I .TNH S AXIT AMIN T DO CN DNG :
Trong qu tnh gii m , tng hp prtein, ch b ba no ca mARN c m ho a amin th mi c ARN
mang a amin n gii m .
1 ) Gii m to thnh 1 phn t prtein:
Khi ribxm chuyn dch t u ny n u n ca mARN hnh thnh chui polipeptit th s a
amin t do cn dng c ARN vn chuyn mang n l gii m m u v cc m k tip ,
m cui cng khng c gii . V vy s a amin t do cn dngh cho mi ln tng hp chui
polipeptit l :
N
rN
S a amin t do cn dng : S aatd =
-1 =
-1
2.3
3
Khi ri khi ribxm , trong chui polipeptit khng cn a amin tng ng vi m m u .Do ,
s a amin t do cn dng cu thnh phn t prtin ( tham gia vo cu trc prtin thc hin
chc nng sinh hc ) l :
S a amin t do cn dng cu thnh prtin hon chnh :
N
rN
S aap =
-2 =
-2
2.3
3

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2 ) Gii m to thnh nhiu phn t prtin :
Trong qu trnh gii m , tng hp prtin , mi lt chuyn dch ca ribxm trn mARN s to
thnh 1 chui polipeptit .
-

C n riboxomchuyn dch qua mARN v khng tr li l c n lt trt ca ribxm . Do s

phn t prtin ( gm 1 chui polipeptit ) = s lt trt ca ribxm .

Mt gen sao m nhiu ln, to nhiu phn t mARN cng loi . Mi mARN u c n lt
ribxm trt qua th qu trnh gi m bi K phn t mARN s to ra s phn t prtin :

s P = tng s lt trt RB = K .n

Tng s axit amin t do thu c hay huy ng va tham gia vo cu trc cc phn t protein
va tham gia m m u. V vy :

-Tng s axit amin t do c dng cho qu trnh gii m l s axit amin tham gia vo cu trc phn t
protein v s axit amin thjam gia vo vic gii m m u (c dng 1 ln m m thi ).

aatd = S P . (

rN
rN
- 1) = Kn (
- 1)
3
3

- Tng s a amin tham gia cu trc prtin thc hin chc nng sinh hc ( khng k a amin m u ) :

aaP = S P . (

rN
-2)
3

II . TNH S PHN T NC V S LIN KT PEPTIT

Trong qu trnh gii mkhi chui polipeptit ang hnh thnh th c 2 axit amin k tip ni nhau bng
lin kt peptit th ng thi gii phng 1 phn t nc, 3 axit amin ni nhau bng 2 lin kt paptit,
ng thi gii phng 2 phn t nc V vy :
S phn t nc c gii phng trong qu trnh gii mto 1 chui polipeptit l
rN
S phn t H2O gii phng =
-2
3
Tng s phn t nc c gii phng trong qu trnh tng hp nhiu phn t protein (mi phn
t protein l 1 chui polipeptit ) .
rN
-2
H2O gii phng = s phn t prtin .
3
Khi chui polipeptit ri khi riboxom tham gia chc nng sinh hc th axit amin m u tch ra 1
rN
mi lin kt peptit vi axit amin khng cn s lin kt peptit thc s to lp c l
-3 =
3
s aaP -1 . v vy tng s lin kt peptit thc s hnh thnh trong cc phn t protein l :
rN
peptit = Tng s phn t protein . ( 3 - 3 ) = S P(s aaP - 1 )
III. TNH S ARN VN CHUYN ( tARN)
Trong qu trnh tng hp protein, tARN nang axit amin n gii m. Mi lt gii n, tARN cung cp 1
axit amin mt phn t ARN gii m bao nhiu lt th cung cp bay nhiu axit amin .
S gii m ca tARN c th khng ging nhau : c loi gii m 3 ln, c loi 2 ln, 1 ln .
- Nu c x phn t gii m 3 ln s aado chng cung cp l 3x.
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y phn t gii m 2 ln l 2 y .
z phn t gii m 1 ln l z
-Vy tng s axit amin cn dng l do cc phn t tARN vn chuyn 3 loi cung cp phng trnh.
3x + 2y + z =

aa t do cn dng

IV. S DCH CHUYN CA RIBOXOM TRN ARN THNG TIN

1.Vn tc trt ca riboxom trn mARN
- L di mARN m riboxom chuyn dch c tron 1 giy.
- C th tnh vn tc trt bng cch cia chiu di mARN cho thi gian riboxom trt t u n
n u kia. (trt ht Marn )
l
(A0/s )
t
* Tc gii m ca RB :
- L s axit amin ca chui polipeptit ko di trong 1 giy (s b ba c gii trong 1 giy ) = S
b ba m RB trt trong 1 giy .
- C th tnh bng cch chia s b ba ca mARN cho thi gian RB trt ht mARN.
v=

Tc gii m = s b ca mARN : t
2. Thi gian tng hp 1 phn t protein (phn t protein gm 1 chui polipeptit )
- Khi riboxom trt qua m kt thc, ri khi mARN th s tng hp phn t protein ca
riboxom c xem l hon tt. V vy thi gian hnh thnh 1 phn t protein cng l thi gian riboxom
trt ht chiu di mARN ( t u nn u kia ) .
l
t =
t
3. Thi gian mi riboxom trt qua ht mARN ( k t lc ribxm 1 bt u trt )
Gi t : khong thi gian ribxm sau trt chm hn ribxm trc
- i vi RB 1 : t
- i vi RB 2 : t + t
- i vi RB 3 : t + 2t
- Tng t i vi cc RB cn li
VI. TNH S A AMIN T DO CN DNG I VI CC RIBXM CN TIP XC VI
mARN
Tng s a amin t do cn dng i vi cc riboxom c tip xc vi 1 mARN l tng ca cc dy polipepti
m mi riboxom gii m c :
aatd = a1 + a2 + + ax
Trong : x = s ribxm ; a1 , a2 = s a amin ca chui polipeptit ca RB1 , RB2 .
* Nu trong cc riboxom cch u nhau th s a amin trong chui polipeptit ca mi riboxom ln lt
hn nhau l 1 hng s : s a amin ca tng riboxom hp thnh 1 dy cp s cng :
- S hng u a1 = s 1 a amin ca RB1
- Cng sai d = s a amin RB sau km hn s a amin trc .
- S hng ca dy x = s riboxom c tip xc mARN ( ang trt trn mARN )
Tng s a amin t do cn dng l tng ca dy cp s cng :
x
Sx =
[2a1 + (x 1 ) d ]
2
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THCS Th Trn Thnh An

n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12

PHN VI: DI TRUYN V BIN D
I / LAI MT CP TNH TRNG:
* Cc bc lm bi tp lai:
Xc nh tri, ln.
Quy c gen.
Xc nh kiu gen ca P
Vit s lai.
Tnh t l kiu gen, kiu hnh.
1. T kiu gen v kiu hnh P kiu gen v kiu hnh i con.
2. T kiu hnh i con Kiu gen v kiu hnh P
Con lai c kiu hnh khc so vi P th kiu hnh l tnh trng ln.
3. T t l kiu hnh i con kiu gen v kiu hnh P
F1 ng tnh P thun chng, tng phn ( AA x aa )
F1 ( 1 : 1) F y l kt qu ca php lai phn tch m c th mang tnh trng tri c kiu gen d
hp. ( Aa x aa )
T l (1:1) C 2 t hp. Vy = 2 gt x 1 gt ( Aa x aa )
F1 ( 3:1) F P u d hp ( Aa x Aa)
T l ( 3:1) c 4 t hp 2 gt x 2 gt ( Aa x Aa)
F1 ng tnh trung gian P thun chng tng phn v c th mang tnh trng tri l tri khng
hon ton.
F1 ( 1:2:1) F P u d hp v c th mang tnh trng tri l tri khng hon ton.
II/ LAI HAI CP TNH TRNG:
1. T kiu gen v kiu hnh P kiu gen v kiu hnh P.
2. T s lng kiu hnh i con kiu gen v kiu hnh P
Xt tng cp tnh trng:
Thng k s liu thu c v a v t l
Xc nh tri - ln.
Quy c gen.
Xc nh kiu gen ca tng cp.
Xc nh kiu gen ca P
Vit s lai.
3. T t l kiu hnh i con kiu gen v kiu hnh P
F1 ( 9:3:3:1) F 16 t hp 4gt x 4 gt . cho 4 loi giao t d hp 2 cp gen ( AaBb )
( AaBb x AaBb )
( ( 9:3:3:1) ( 3:1) x ( 3:1) ( Aa x Aa) x ( Bb x Bb) ( AaBb x AaBb )
F1 ( 3:3:1:1) F 8 t hp 4gt x 2gt. ( AaBb x Aabb ) hay ( AaBb x aaBb )
( 3:3:1:1) ( 3:1) x ( 1:1) ( Aa x Aa) x ( Bb x bb) ( AaBb x Aabb )
F1(1:1:1:1) F y l kt qu ca php lai phn tch m c th mang tnh trng tri c kiu
gen d hp 2 cp tnh trng. ( AaBb x aabb )
(1:1:1:1) ( 1:1) x ( 1:1) ( Aa x aa) x ( Bb x bb) ( AaBb x aabb )
(1:1:1:1) 4 t hp 2gt x 2gt Tu vo kiu hnh P
(1:1:1:1) 4 t hp 4gt x 1gt ( AaBb x aabb )
III/ DI TRUYN LIN KT:
T l phn ly kiu hnh i con mi tnh trng l 3:1 m c 2 tnh trng vn l 3:1 Chng t
mi tnh trng u c kiu gen d hp, 2 cp gen xc nh 2 cp tnh trng lin kt hon ton trn 1 NST.

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n tp sinh hc nng cao 9 + 12

BV
bv
x
)
BV
bv
Bv bV
T l 1:2:1 D hp cho P (
x
)
Bv bV
T l 3:1 D hp u P (

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11

THCS Th Trn Thnh An