PGS.TS. PHAM LE DZAN TS. NGUYEN CONG HAN CONG NGHE VA NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUATTRUONG DAI HOC BACH KHOA HA NOI PGS. TS PHAM LE DZAN TS. NGUYEN CONG HAN CONG NGHE LO HOI VA MANG NHIET (In lan thit 3 c6 bé sung va sita chita) a a, NHA XUAT BAN KHOA HOC VA KY THUAT HA NOI - 2005LOI NOI DAU Nhu edu vé nang Jeong trong sin sual cing mhur doi sdng 1h rat lon va clng tang, Wong d6 ahigt nang chiéin ty Ie chu yeu. ‘Thi dy, nam 1989, nang Luong san xuat tren Lolln thé gidi Khong 358 x 10° kJ (339 x 10° Bru), trong do 39.2% Lir dau mo va khi hoa long: 27.4% tir than dé, 19,89 tir kh? thin nhién, 5.6% tiendng lugng nguyén 1, oh vay 14 92% nang lugng tren, tra cé mot ian thé hign duéi d nhict ming. ‘Trong qué winh san xuat va sit dung nang lugng dudi dang nhiét nang thi viec sinh hoi va dua dén hd tie ding c6 mot vai trd quan tong. san xuat va sit dung hoi da c6 tir rat lau. Néu khong ké dén chiée chong chong hot - aclopile - do nha todn hoe Hero agi Hy lap ché tgo ra ttt abimg nam 200 trude cong nguyen, chiée banh xe quay bang hoi nude cia mot ngUoL Yten la Branca ch€ Wo lirném 1600 thi nam 1680 Dr. Denis Papin ché tao 18 hai c6 4p suat duu g rong ché bign thyc phim, nam 1698, Thomas Savery duye cap bang sing ché vé he thong bom nude bang hoi, Nam 1690 méy hoi aude dau tien duec che tg0 theo ¥ tung cia Papin va duge hoan thign bai ‘Thomas Newcomen ya John Cowly vho nam 1711. Lic d6 ld hoi va may hoi di fién voi nhau. DEn 1769, mot cong nhan cokhi neuii Anh James Watt mdi ché tao 10 hoi Kiéu toa xe tach Khoi dong co; ur 1804, Trevithick df thie ké foal 10 hoi dang nhw hign nay: than hink tru day tron chiu ap suat cao. Citing dang chi ¥ 18 tirném 1730 Dr, John Allen di lan daw Gen tinh toan hiéu sual cla Ld hoi lam co sé dé khong ngtmg cai ign, hodn thigh. Den nay, da c6 han: irieu chiée 16 hoi ra déi vai hing tram kiéu ding va quy mo khde nhau. C6 nhim, Wo hai nhd, méi giv chi sin xudt duce may chye lit nude nong hoac hoi bio hoa 6 dp suat binh thudmg nlumg cing di ¢6 nhiing 1 hoi dé so. indi gids sin xual den ba bon n tan hei mde dp suat dén urén dudi 300 bar, mhi¢t dé ten dud 600°C eap hoi cho 16 may phat dign dé 1200 + 1300 MW. atv RO rang viee sin x sit dung nhiet cia hoi nude di gop phéin quan trong trong cude cach mang khoa hoe kY thudt, phat tin cda x4 hi vA nang cao 3di song nhung cling, can hua ¥ 1 hoi nuée Gap sud va nicl do hai, Khong chi eho 121 sin mc dén tinh me sich vé “Toi nuiée” xuat ban nam 1898 che bi 2 con nguii, Khong phai ¢ ma da tirrat lau; trong cud 1880 chi riéng nue Mf da 6 170 vy nd 18 hoi lam chét 250 ngudi va bi thyong 555 ngud Jin phai tim cach tiép tue phat huy tac dung tich cye eta vide sam xuat hoi, dong thdi han ché nguy hiém dén mic t6i thiéu. Cuén sich “Cong nghé 16 hoi va mang nhigt” mudn gigi thiéu vdi ban doc nhimng noi dung yé co ban vé qua trinh va thiét bi san xuat va van chuyén hoi nude, nude néng chi yéu tir nhién ligu hitu cd. Cusn séch duge chia thanh hai phan, gém 7 chong, 6 chuong dau git thiéu vyé cong nghé 1d hoi do PGS. TS Pham Le Dain bién soan v2 chuong 7 gidi thieu vé mang nhiét do TS Pham Cong Ian bién soan. Do pham vi han ché vé khdi lugng cudn sch, thdi gian bién soan, kin thite va pham vi kink nghi¢m cha tée gia chic 1a chua thod man duge yeu cdu cila ban doc va kho tranh kbdi sai s6t, nha Lin. Ching toi rat vui mimg néu duge ban doc quan tam sir dung va dong g6p ¥ ign. Xin chan thanh cam on. cAc TAC GIAChuong 1 KHAI NIEM CHUNG 1.1 NHIEM VU CUA THIET B] SINH HOI Thiét bi sinh hoi (TBSH) co hai nhi¢m vu chinh, d6 1a: 1. Chuyén hod cée dang nang lugng khdc thanh nhigt nang; trong cdc budng dot nhién ligu hiu co, chuyén hod nang cia nhién ligu httu co nhu than dé, déu md, khi dét, v.v.. thanh nhi¢t nang cia san phim chéy; trong céc 10 phan ting nguyén tir tién hAnh cdc phan tmg phan huy hoac téng hyp hat nhan nguyén tir phat ra nhiét; trong 1d hoi mat ui, cde bd thu hap thu nang lugng bie xa cla mat trol r6i chuyén hod thanh nhiét nang; trong 1 hoi dia nhiét chat tai nhiét hoae mdi chat hdp thu nhiét nang trong {ong qua dat; trong 18 dién chuyén dign nang thanh nhidt nang vv. 2. Truyén nhiét nang sinh ra cho chat tai nhiét hoa mdi chat dé dua ching tir thé lang c6 nhiét d6 théng thudng 1én nhiét 46 cao hode nhiét 46 sdi, bién thanh hoi bio hoa hode hot qué nhiét. 4.2 SO QUA VE CAU TAO VA NGUYEN LY HOAT BONG CUA CAC LOAl TBSH DUNG NHIEN LIEU HUU CO G day gidi thigu ba loai TBSH (Ld hoi) dién finh: 10 hoi dot thi cong, 1d hoi ghi xich va 10 hoi dot phun, 1.2.4 Cdu tao a. Lo hoi dét thit cong (inh 1-1a). Day 18 loai 19 hoi don gidn nhét, lau dei nhat, dot nhién Jigu rin. Thong thudng loai 10 hoi nay gém céc bO phan chinh nhu sau: balong (bao hai) (1) chifa nude, hoi va ciing 1A bé mat truyén nhiét; van hoi chinh (2) dé ding més va diéu chinh lugng hoi cung edip ra; van nude ep (3) dé 5gong mé va digu chinh Iugng nude dua vo 18 hos zhi 10 4) due lip ed dinh, co mi vu di nbien Tigu khong cho rai lol, cho gi céip mot di qua dé dot chay nhiéo gu Va Uni mo xi; bung lita (S)ID khong giun dé chay ede chat khi va cde hai nh ligu nhé bay thee kh6i; hGp tro xi (6) cting 14 budng ep gid; ctta gid (7) cfing | lay tro xi; cla edp nhidn ligu (8) e6 thé dong mé clip nhién ligu vit Ong khoi (Y) tao thanh sie hut dé thai ra ngoai sin phim chdy cling mot fl tro xi bay theo. t FAERIE Hinh 4-1a. Lo hoi dét thii cong, b. Lo hot yhi xfch (hinh 1-1b). Day 1 loai 18 hoi thug ¢6 cong suit nih hoge rung binh, gém 06 cae b phan chi yéu sau: balOng (1) chita hoi, mot phiin nude va khong cda Ham nhigm vu bé mal sinh hoi chinh n@fa; van hoi chinh (2): dudng nude cap (3); ghi J (4) 06 dang mot edi xich Tam nim vu edip nhicn higu rin,cho aid cap mot di qua dé d6t chay nhien Tigu va thai iro xi ra ngodis buGng lia (5); bop tro xi (6) dé chtta nhign ligu va to xi Lot £6i thai ra ngoaiz hop gio C) dé cung cap gi6 cp Ol qua ghi cho 1dp nhien Jigu wen ghi; phéu than (8) dé de = vA rot nbién. Tigu xudng mot div eta ghi xich; ting khéi (9) dé Und sin phani «is y Fc ngoais bo sly khong khi (10) dé dot néng Khong khi trude Khi dua vao budrg Tita; quat ei6 (1D dé day gid vao; quat khdi (12) tgo thanh side huit dé undi sda pl dim chay ra; bd ham nude (13) dé dét néng nude trude khi duge bom nue (13a) dua yao 10; dan Ging nude xudng (14), Sng gop dud (15), dan ng muse ten (46), day pheston (17) cing. Voi baldng (ao thinh vong tudn hon we nhién cia nude va hoi; vib qué nhict (18) d8 dita hoi bio hoa chuyén thanh hoi qué nhigt cung ep cho ho Ueu dang. «Lhe dét phan (hinb Lie). Day 12 loai 1d boi duye sit dung voi cong sua wrung Binh vi Kin, ¢6 thé dOt nbién ligu rin aghién thanh bot, nhién ligu tong phun thinh hat hoe nhién ligu khi. LO hai dé phun thug gém eée bo phan chinh sau: baldng (1); van hoi chinh (2); dudmg nude eéip-); ¥8i phun nbién ligu (4); bud lita (5) 18 Khong gian dé dot chay tat cd nin Tigu phun vao 10; phéu tro lanh (6)ro xi tude khi than ra ngodi Wong trudmg hop thai xi kho, giéng, xi (7) de hime Ut ef xf Udi ra gods born nude ciip (8); Ong khdi (9); bd sily khong Khe (10); qual eid (11); quat khot (12)5 BO fam mide (13); dan Sng nude xudng (44); din ding nude Wen (15): day pheston (17) vi bd qua nbigt (18). lam ngudi cée hat t Hinh 4-1¢. Ld dét than phun.‘Tém Iai, edu tgo ca 18 hoi 14 nhim thyc hign hai ahigm vy chinb: mot sa chuyén hod ning cila nhién ligu thanh nhigt nang ota sin phdm chay, nghid J dot crea Wea thanh sin phim chy c6 nbigt dO cao; hai 1a dua nucie cap vio 18, tee han nhi¢t tu sin phim chdy, bién thinh nue nong, nude s6i, hui bio hoa hodic hoi ud nhist ¢6 ap sus va nhigt a thod man yeu edu eita NO sit dung: do vay cau tao Ip hoi gém ede he théng, chinh sau: 1. Hé thdng cung cap va dét chuiy mbién lieu: trong 1D hui thi cong, g6m eo cita cp nhien ligu (8), ghi 10 (4), budng lita (5); trong 1B ghi xich 6m e6 phéu than (8), phi xich (4), budng, Kia (5); trong 18 hoi d6t than phen gGm c6 vo} phun nihi¢n iieu va budng Wa (5), néu d6t than, trude 46 phil o6 he thong nghién than thanh bot. 2. 16 thétng cy khong Khi va thai sdn phdim chéy, bao g6m ct B10, Guat aid (14), ng khdi (9), quar khéi (12), nhiéu trudng hop cdn c6 bO say khong khf (10), hop tro xi, doi Khi oda 66 BO khit bui 4 gid mai min cdnh quat khot. 3. Hé théng cap nude, gm bom nute cap dé cap dis lu Lugng va dip sudt nude cho 1d hoi, nhiéu Khi cin c6 bo ham nude (13) dé gia nhigt mute true khi dua vio. 4. Hé thong san xudi nude ndng, née 861, hoi bdo hod hode hoi qud nities da 4p sudt va nhidt do, thod man yeu odu cia ho str dung, thuting, bao gdm cdc loa bé mat trayén ahiel nhu dan 6ng nude Jén (16), dan phest6n (1D, dan dng nude xudng, (14), dng gop dursi (15), balong (1) va nhiéu khi chr 6 ca bo qué nhiet (18). ‘Tren day 1 nhimg bo phan chi yu, ngodi ra cbn nhiéu trang bi phy nh hé thong do long, didu khién, hé th6ng an toaa, khung 15, tuding 10, c&ch nhict, v.v.- 4.2.2 $6 luge qua trinh van hanh 18 hoi: «at. Qui trih van hank 16 hoi tini cong: Logi 1 hoi nay chi dot duge nhien higu én, Nhien lieu duce dua vio qua cita cdp, x¢p thinh [6p lén ghi 12, han ohiet tir 6p nhien lieu dang chdy bing din nhiet, tr wong bung ha va nage 4 bing bit xa va trkehong khf néng va sin phdm chy tir }6p nhién Ley di 16n bang doi su. Sow khi nhan nhiét, nhign tigu duve sty néng, sy khO, tach chit bée va tao thanh ode, Mit Khéc, khong khf duge dng Kh6i, quat ei6, quat khoi dura va, c6 khi dn duge dua qua bd séy khong khi dé sdy nong inude, di qua ghi, ti¢p xtic vai 1p nhién lit va chy nbing thanh phan chay duge, to thanh sin phim chdy va tro xi. Tro xi duoc thai ra ngo’i qua ghi xudng hép tro xi hode qua cla cdp nhién héu; ca sén phdm chéy & thé khf tht hp thy nhigt cia phan tng chay, duge d6t néng dén nhigi dO khé cao, c6 thé dat dén khodng 800 + S00°C, di qua cdc bé mat truyén mhiét, trayén nhigt cho moi chat, ahiét dd cita san phim chéy gidm dan, cudi cing 6 thé gidm dén khoang 12C 350°C tude khi thai ra ngoai., Con moi chat 18 nude, duge born nude dom vao, 6 trudng hop con di qua bo ham nuse, qua cde bé matiruyén nhiét, nhan nbiét tit san phdm chdy c6 nhict dO cao, nhict do tang din thanh nude ndng, nude sOi hodc hoi bio hoa khé cung 4p cho hd sit dung. Loai |S hoi thi cong thudng sin xuat nde ndng, nude soi hode hei bao hoa kho & dp suat thap, khong qua [5 bur va cong suat cing nhd, thaong khong qué 2 17h. b. Qué wink vgn hénh ld hoi ghi xich: Nhién liu duge dua dén tap trung & phéu r6i rét lén phén iu cla ghi xfch, ghi xich quay v6i t6e 49 khé chim, Khoing lir 2 dén 30 wih, Ur tir dua nhién ligu vito trong buéng Jira. Nhién li i ur buéng Lita va sin phim chéy duge néng, sdy kho, thot gap khong khi cp mot dua tit dudi ghi lén thi chay, tao thanh san phdm chay va tro xi. Tro xi cOn Jai due cdi gat xi gat xudng phéu tro r6i thai ra ngodi. San phim chay di van budng lite, mang theo mot ft chat ht va hat nhien Lieu nihé chia chy 1000'C den TSO, khi di qua cde bé mat truyén nhiét, triyén bot nhiét cho mdi chit, nhiét dé giim xu6ng d&n khodng 120 dén 250°C trude khi thai ra ngoai. Mat khde, nude duge bom qua bé ham nuée, dua vio balong, trong khi chuyén dong tuan hodn qua din dng xudng, cng gdp dudi, din Gng ién ts ve baléng nhan nhiét bign dn thinh nuée néng nude si, hoi bao hod di cd thé di qua bo q nhiét rd thanh hoi qud nhiet. Ld hoi ghi xfch thudmg ding wong pham vi thong sé vA cong sual hip hoac trung binh, khodng tir4 dén 35 77h. ¢. Qué trink via hin ctia 16 hoi dét pinur: Day VA loai 1 hoi ding phd bién hién nay trong cde nha méy nhiét dién & nude ta, c6 thé dot nhien lieu kbi, nhien ligu Long phun thanh hat hoae nhicn ligu ran nghién think bot min cd dudng kfah khodng 40 i. BOL nbisn ligu duge gid cap mot th6i qua vdi phun dua vao buéng lita, nhan nhict tir buéng Ia va san phdin chdy, duge say néng, sily kho, tach chat bdc, lao ode va bat ddu chdy; mat khée, dudi t4c dung cla quat gid, quat khdi, khong kif duge dua vio diy diy, chay kigt cae chal boc va cdc, tao thanh, sin phém nhu khéng lim ngudi, ciing cé thé Yam ngudi trong phéu tro lanh, dong dic lai thai ra ngoai dudi dang xi kho; nhing hat tro xi nhé bi dong sin phdm chay cudn theo, ngudi dan do truyén nhiét cho moi chal qua cfc din Sng, déng dac lai trude khi ra khoi bung lira, r6i theo sn phdm chay di qua 66 khit bui bi tach ra hoac thai Ta ngoai qua Ong khdi, tuy ohién cing cd mot b@ phan bam lai tren cde bé mat truyén nhiet hoae ten cde dudng Ong din khéi. Sin phim chdy khi & trong budng Ita cling c6 mhigt do khé cao, Khowing 1200 den 1600°C, qua cic bé mat truyén nhigt truyén cho moi chat, nhi¢t do giaim xudng dén khoang 120 dén 180°C truce khi thai ra ngoai. Nude duc bom qua b6 ham nude, duoc d6t néng dén xdp x} nhiet dO bao hoa rai dua vao balong, st di xuéng theo dan Ong xudng, tite 14 nhting dan Sng nhan nhigt {t hoje Khong nhan nhigi, qua dng g6p dui ri di ién theo din Gng lén, tfc 1A nhimg dan éng duge nhan nhiét nhiéu, vi wong cdc dan Gng nay nude bée hoi nhiéu tao thanh hén hop nude va hoi c6 Khoi lung riéng nhd, réi lai trod ve 9balong. 6 day, hoi due tich ra, due dia ra ngodi sur dung hoiie dua qua bo qua nhigt dé tiép luc dot adng. con phan nude lai tip tuc tré vé Sng xudng cling VoL nurce jo (hanh vong tudn hoin w ahicn. Lo hoi dét than phun thudng cung cap hoi oud chay ete tua bin ed thong sO trung binh hode cao, 66. thé lon dan ap sua hai ba trim bur, nist dO xdip xi OUO"C, cdg suit Wung bink hoae Jem, eG the ten den tren duc S000 TAL 4.3 CAC DAC TINH CO BAN VA PHAN LOAI LO HOt 41.3.1 Cac dac tinh co ban cia ld hoi Thang thudng diing ede dae tinh sau: 1. Sdn krong hoi D: 1A lucng noi san xudi ra trong mot don vi thai gian, do bing 1/h, ke/fi hoae ky/s, Thudng chi ¥ ba logi san lugng: - Sdu lidmg hoi dink mee D, 1 sin lvong iin nat ma 1 hoi 6 thé 1am vice Jau dai wei thong sO hoi qui din, thudng ghi trén nhin higu eta thict bi 1d hot. « Sin trong hoi kink t' Dy, 1 sin hugng ma 1d hoi lim vide véi higu sual nhigt cau nhii, thudng bing khosing 75% dén 90%, san lugng dinh mie. - Sdn trong hoi cyte dai Dyyxy 1a san lugng hoi {én nhat cho pl {6 hoi Jam vide (uni thdi trong mot thei gian ngdn, vugt san luyng dinh mite khoang 10 dén 20%. 2. Thong so’ hat: Oi vi JD hot stn xual hoi qué nhict th bicu thi hing ép suit va nhiét do hoi sau bg qué nhidl. Voi id hoi sin xual hei bie he’, chi can biéu thi hoac Jp suit hoge nhiét do cla hci trong baldng. 3. HMigu sudt cia 10 hoi: Thuimg ding higu svat nbigt, n6 18 wy sO gitta phiin nhigt Lwyng ma moi chai hap thu duge voi tng nhiet ling cung cap vio. Ngudi ta con ding higu sudt execgi 18 Ly so gitta lugng exccgi cba hoi sin xudt ra voi Luong exeegi ca nhien Liéu edip vio. Neodi ba chi tiéu chinh noi tren, thutng cdn ding them mot sb chi tiéu khac nhu sau: 4. Nang sudt béc hoi ea bé mét truyén nhigt d, kyinth, xUAL ra trong mOt don vi thoi gian tng voi mot don vj dign tich be wr V6i cae loai IO hoi ct chi Khodng 12 kg/n?.A, vGi cde loai IS hoi moi 6 thé én tdi khodng 22 dén 45 kgfar, “hie 5. Sudt tiéu hao kim loai g, kg/h, tie khOi hong kim loai dong dé cht tag ting vai sin luymg hoi a1 T/A. : lugng hoi san 10.6. Nhiét thé thé tich ctia buéng hia qy la lugng nhi¢t tod ra trong mot dun vi thd! gian ve voi mot don vi thé veh cba budng Wea, don vi Win’. 7. Nhiét thé dién tich cua ghi 16 dp La nhict Juyng tod ca trong, mot don vi thei gian dng vol mgt dun vj dign tich mat ghi 1, don vf Vinr. 41.3.2 Phan loai 1 hoi Cé nhidu céch phan Joai khée nhau, dua theo nhing dac tinh khac nhau. 1. Dua vao sdn tong hoi, thiting chia thanh ba loa i - 16 hot cong sudt nho, sin lung thutmy quy ude dudi 2075 - Lo hoi cong sudi trang binh, thong qui ude sin lump boi ti¢20 don 75 17h. = Lo hoi cong snd 16n, thug, qui w6e sin lugng hoi tron 75 TH. 2. Dita vao thong s6 cha hoi, thuimg chia thinh bon loai: _ 16 hoi thong s6 thd, Thudng qui w6e dp sud p < 15 bar, nhigt dot < 350°C, thudmg ding 1a hut bio hoa. © LA hoi thong s6 tring bin, thing, qui wée ap sust tie 15 don 60 bar, ahigt > ir 350 den 450°C. - Le hot thang sé cao, tautsng qui use dp suit tren 60 bar, nhigt dQ tir 450 dea 540°C. _ 16 hoi thang x6 siéu cue, (hudng qui ude ap suat én 140 bar, trong loai nay 66 khi con ebia thinh 1} hoi duéi hodc trén thong sé Gi han 3, Dua theo ché dé chuyén dong cilia nude trong 16 hoi, c6 thé chia think bon loai: - Lo hoi doi har ut nhién: G day moi chat chi chuyén dong doi luu ty nhicn do su chénh léch vé mat do trong noi bo moi chat ma khong tao thank duge vong tudn hon tue nhidn, thong gp trong cdc loi 1d hol eng suat ahd. < 16 bot tudn hoan ue nhién: day 1 loai 1 hoi thudng gap, mat 1 trong phan vi cOng sual trung binh va Téa. Khi van hinh, mdi chat chuyén dong theo vong twin hon, nebia 1d theo mor qui dgo khép kin 1 rng, nhiy sue chenk lech mat dG trong noi bO moi chai. Cling chi co 15 hoi dudi vi han mat c6 thé c6 tudo hoan ty nhién. Ld hot tudn hoan cudng bite: ducti tac dung cia bom, moi ¢ chuyén dong then qui dgo khép kin, gap trong Id hui 66 thong s6 cao. Voi 10 hot thong sO sidu Wi han chi cd thé tudn hoan cudng bic. 16 hei doi lien cutding bite: day 1a Jogi 1d hoi tye Luu hoiie den lu; trong Joai ly hoi nay, duedi tée dung cds bom, mai chat chi di thing mot chiéu, nbn Abiet, Mbbién dan thin hoi dua ra sir dung ma khong c6 tudn hodn di lai. Nhiéy ngubi xp loai nay vao Logi tudn hoan cudng bette. 4. Dura theo cdch dét nhién lieu, cling 66 thd chia thanh may loai: - Lé hei dét theo tép: nhitn an (than, cili, bi mfa v.v..) duge xép thinh lap trén ghi dé dét. C6 loai ghi 6 dink, c6 loai ghi chuyén dong thuéng goi 1a ghi xich, 06 loai ghi xfch thudn chiéu, 06 Logi ehi xfeh nguge chiga. © Lo ho! dét phves: nbién liga khi, nbign Ligu I6ng phun thank byi,nbién Tigu rin nghién thanh bot duoc phun v8o busing lita, hén hop vi khong khf va tién hinh cée gia) doan cia qué tinh chdy trong khong gian budng Ira. _ 16 hoi dét dae biét, thudmg gap hai loai: budng Ita xody va buGng lira ting Budng Ita xody ¢6 thé dot duge than c4m nguyon Khai hoac nghién scr bd. Nhién ligu va khong khf duoc dua vao budng lita hinh tru theo chicu tigp tuy€n voi We do cao. Didi tac dung ciia Ive ly am, xi Jéng va cde hat nhien ligu 66 kich thade Jon bém sét thanh Idp vio tudng 1, 141 dén cdc 1ép c6 kich thutic nh hen, nhime Idp ny chéy hoin toan theo Jép, con ning hat Oran nhd cling voi chat béc chuyén dong 6 ving tung tim va chdy trong khong pian. Nhe vay c6 thé xem trong budng lita xody vita dét theo 16p vita dot trong khong gian. Con trong ld hoi budng lita ting soi (ang Ing), nhien Lig rin nguyen khal hoac nghién so 66 sau khi duge dua vo, dudi tée dng cila gid 06 te do dit cao, dao dGng lén xuGng trong mgt khofing khong gian nbét dioh cia budng lita va tén hanh tt ca eae giai doan cia qué winh chéy. C6 loai budng lita ting soi chdy & nhiét 46 cao, tro chdy thanh xi, két lai rot xu6ng ghi xich 16i thai ra ngodi nh 15 hoi O nha may gidy Bai bang; cd loai chéy & nhiét 6 thap, khoang 800°C, khong dé tro néng chay ma dé tro co xat_vdi nhau va co xét vdi eat tra vao bién thanh bui min, bay theo sin phim chay réi duge thu Adi & esic bo Khir bui, eda sin pham chdy va mot phn to bul rat min duge quat khéi dia qua Ong khdi thai ra ngodi, nhut truting hop 1d hoi & nha may det Nam din. 5. Cée edch phan Logi khée. Ngodi cfc céch tren edn 66 MOL s6 cach phan Toai khde nhu: Dua theo trang théi x1 thai ra, chia thinh logi 10 hoi thai xi kho va foal 19 hoi thai xi Iéng. - Dya theo dp suat cha khong khf va sin phdm chay Gong budng lita, 6 loai budng lita dp suat am, c6 loai budng lira dp sudt duong; trong loai dp suat duong cb Joai dot cao Sp, v6 loai dot dui ép sunt binh thudng. - Duta theo eéch ldp dat, 06 loai 10 hui di dong, 66 Logi 16 he tinh tai. - Dua theo cong dung, 6 loai {0 hoi cap ahigt, c6 Jogi 18 hoi dong lye. 12~ Dya theo dae didm bé mat truyén Ahict, 66 loai 18 hoi ng 18, 66 loai [3 hoi Ong Ya, o6 Loui 10 hol Gng nude; c6 loai 10 hoi nam, c6 loai 8 hoi ding, 1.4 NHIEN LIEU VA SAN PHAM CHAY CUA NHIEN LIEU Nhién ligu 1a nhiing vat c6 thé chéy duye (xy hod), khi chy tod ca nhidu nhi¢t va anh sing. Hign nay trén thé gidi, ngudn nhien lidu chi yeu 1 nhi¢n Ligu hiw co, ching o6 thé & thé rin nhy cui, 26, than bi, than adu, than dé v.v..., 66 thé & thé long nhir dau mé, dau xang, déu madiit v.v..., hode thé khi nhu khi thién nhien, khf 1 cao, khf 10 e6e vv. 1.4.1 Thanh phn ctia nhién ligu Thuemg phan tich nhién ligu theo thanh phdn ho hoe (thinh phin nguyén t6), thanh phan c6ng nghé, d0i khi cdn theo thanh phan vat Ly, A. Thanh phan hod hoc (nguyen 16) cla nhién liéu. C6 thé phan tich thanh nhing thanh phan chy ditgc nhur cachon (C), hydrd (H), mot phiin liu hugh (S), nity (N) va qui use ca Oxy (O) va nhing thinh phin khong chdy duge nh tro (A) va dm (W). 1. Ciie théinh phn chiy duoc: + Cacbon 1a thanh phdn vhdy chil yéu cia nhign ligu hitu cu, khi chdy cacbon lod ra khoding 34150 k//kg. Tuy theo tuéi hinh thinh cba nhién lige, cacbon 6 thé chiém tir 50% dén 95%; tudi hinh thanh cng cao thi think phin cachon ving nhidu, khi ch4y tod nhigu nhiét nhung hoi khé bat lira. + Hydro 1a thanh phin chéy quan trong, khi ch4y tod 1a nhiéu nhict hon, khodng 144500 iv/ke, nghia Ja giip hon 4 lin so véi cacbon va dé bat lita. Trong thanh phdn nbign ligu hiu co, hydro chiém khoting tir 2% dén 10%, trong dau ty Ie hydro nhiéu hon trong than. - Lau huynh thutmg tén tai dudi ba dang: dang hitu co, dan. khodng chit 1 hai dang chay duge va dang thit ba khong chdy duge JA dang sulfat nhur CaSO,, MgSO,, FeSO, v. tgo thanh tro xi, Luu huynb trong nhicn ligu khong nhiéu, nhiéu nhat cd thé dén 7 + 8% trong mot vai loai than nau; trong dau cé thé ed dén 3 4%, tong khi thiGn nhién héu nh khong c6. Luu huynh bi xép vio loai thanh phiin c6 hai, tuy ring khi chay 66 tod ra mot it hist, bang khodng 1/3 dén 1/3,5 cia cacbon, nhung tée hai chu yu khi dét nhién liéu ed nhidu $ 1a kyeh thich hign tugng dn mon dién hod cdc be mat Guyén nhigt c6 nhiét do thap nhir bo sdy khong 13khitbo him nude v.v..., hon nifa edn ¢6 tée hal AS vt mot truimg. Khi chay $ sinh fa 90, vA mot phan SO, chiing Lam tang mhigt dy dong suong ctia kha theo kinh ngbiér thing ké, Khi dt du voi he 86 khong khi tho 1,25 néu diiu khang 6 hu hugh shi nhigt dO dgng song Khong quai SO°C, neu 66 1% lun hunk thi Ling vot len deh Khixing 130°C. sau d6 cd ting 1% $ thi ahigt db dang sung tang khoang WC. Rhi he mat tnuyen nhidt 1i¢p xc wii Khéi 66 nigh do esp hen Mbict dong sucmg thi hoi nue (rong khéi ngutng ty Iai, KEL hyp YUH SOs 20 thanh acid sulturic, an mon kim loai rat ohanh. ~ Nite. Khi dot & ap sudt khi guyén va nhiét do khong that cao thi nite khong chay ma lan vio trong sin phd chéy dudi dang ty dos num, Gi nhiet do va dp suat quo, nite chay duge, to thanh oxyt nitré anh hu@ng xdu dn mdi trudng. Trong hide [igu hit cor nites chigim khoang 0,5% Aen 2.5%, - Oay cling qui use 1B thinh phin chiy duye, ohumy tye 7a khong nhimg KhOna chay mi con (Gn tai disdi dang Két hop vst hydro va cachon {chéiy ngam) lam eidm bit ohict lugng twa ra khi chdy- 2. Nhitny chat khong chdy diage: 6m two va dm. m In thtinh phda cé hai, khong nhiing khong chéy vo toa nhigt ma cdn teu Sa nhist dé lam bée hoi, Lam vang nbiét do dong stung cua Khel nhat 1 khi dot nhién jigu co nbiéu tau huynhs tay ohién 66 mot ft nude @ nhiet do cao cling c6 tie dung lam ting, We dd chéy do tac dung Khy hod bé mat than va tyo thém tung tam hoat tinh kéch thich qué lrinh chéy.Trong abién liga im 1dn tai duéi ba dang: do am im mao dan va dé 4m tinh thé. Thong thong qui dinh do am jam vi choi Iuang gidim di khi sdy & 105°C mau nbien figu can bang voi khong Am tucng di GO% va nhi¢t dé 20°C. khi ct Tro B ng, hyp nhiing think phiin Khong chdy duge o th rin, ihutng qui dinh 12 Wy 1¢ phn cdn lai Khi dot nhien figu rin & 8OU'C hose nhién ligu ling & 500°C. ‘Tro cing gdm ¢6 tro ngoai Va tte trong. Tro ngodé [A nig chit rin khong ehdy duge Vin vdo nhién figu trong qua tinh khai the, van chuyén va blo quan, an tro tiona 1 phan chat rin khong chiy duce 66 ngay trong qué tinh hinh thinh nhtan ficu. D® tro phu thage vao ching logi hign Tea, dieu kien Khai thac, van chuyén VA bdo quin, DO (to ela day madut_khodne 0.2 gen 0.4%, cilia cai 6 khoang 0,5 dén 2.5%, cla than dd khoang 15 dén 30% hoa hon ntra. Tro e6 te dung xu: Him gidim nbigt Ivong phat ra eika nhien Lieu, gay hign tuung bam ban, mai mon cde bé mat uuyén nhigt, cdc dutmg Sng din, quat khéi vv. Trong cong nghé déi, ta thutmg quan tam den ahigt dd bicn dang, nhigt dd mém va nhiét do néng chay cila so. 3. Cach bid thi rieink phan cia nhion Neu:Thanh phan cua mot cl nao dé trong uhién liu [a ty sO gitiu Khoi hegng cit riéng chat dé va (ng khOi Itong cua nhién liga khao sit; thudng ding think phan lam viée, thinh phan kho, thanh phiin chy, thanb phan hitw co, vv. Thi du ta [iy G ke whién lieu & digu kign Lam vie binh thutng dem phan tich duge Ge Ay cacbon, Gy ke hydro, Gy kg tou hgiah, G, ky 00, Gy durin viv... 166 dinh nghia: Thanh phan lam viée cita cacbon 1a: CY =(Gy G).L00%; ctia hydro 1k HY = (G,/G). 100% - (1-la) Thanh phan kho clta cacbon fi: Ch = [Ge G- Gy}. 100% (1-Ib} Thinh phan chay cita cacbon 1a: C= (Go(G - Gy - G3] 100% Cele} Khi cdin thidt, cd thé tin chuyé che hé sO cho Gi bing I-l. déi gidia cde thinh phin bing cfich aban then Bung 1-1. He x6 tinh cli vn 64 cde lout dhtialt plidu: whicn fin Thinih phim cau nia ‘Think phiin i bict - Thanh phan lami viee | Theuih phiin hk _Thhanby phan cinsy “rwinh phin Lim vige | 1 | to0jc1u9- wy JOU; WAM ‘Thiinh phin kho | cro —wy-t09 1 J oa wie a5 Thanh phan chiy j foo- we arylog | G00 Abrio0 i! Thi da 1-1. Lay 2 &y miu than dang Yam viée, phiia tieh Jue 90 gC. 60 gH TO, 20 GU g Strang dé ¢6 20 g $ sunfat, S80 g A, com bai TA Hay xe dinh than phan Him vite eta cic fe low! think phn cia eacbon tam Grai: Thanh phi cita ee na yon 16 Fin Lange Ya Ch = (GAG). LOD = (YOL/2000). 100% = 45%, HY = (GyfG), 100% = (G0/200U). 100% = 3% O* = (GIG). 10% = L2A/20KN. 1005 = OF se GYG).1U0% = {60 - 200/20001, 100% AS 3 (G,/G).1 DUS = [S80 + 207/200] LOE = 30% N° = (GIG).1QUS = (20/2000). 10% = Hees G0 {Ch 4+ HP 4 04 She NOE AN LOU TAS © 84642 +4430) = 13% Cae Jogi thinks phan ctis cacbom: thdub phidi ko Gis eachon ed the Linh theo: F [CicliG- Gail 100% = 52%,howe: [tna 100 - W')) = 52%. Thanh pli dy cla C06 thé tinh theo: CE RGM Gy - Gad] = 80.20%: hoae tinh Wee: C= CP LOC sO ~ wh - AN = SD3%, Neodi ra, doi khi dé tiga vide dainh eid téc hai cla mOt s6 thank phin nhién lidu dO voi IS hoi, ngudi ta cdn ding thaoh phan qui din nhu d6 tro qui din, d am qui din v.v.. D9 tro qui dan 1a do ro img wii 1000 AY nhigt ti cua nhién heu, Unk they cong thife: A® = 1000(A'Q."), ke HOYRE hoac %/1000 kiky (1-2a) Tuong ty, t2. e6 do dm qui din cia nhisn ligu diye tinh theo cong thite: W*! = 1000 0QW"/Q."), kg LOVEL hod %/1000 KK (1-2b) Trong cde cong thie trén Q)* 18 nhigt tri thép efia nhién Ligu lam vie. B. Thank phan cong aghé cita nhién lieu: Ditng vé gsc do sit dyng nbién ligu thtng ding them thanh phan cong aghe, trong dé thinh phan chéy duge gdm c6 chit bie vB 06 ec. 1. Chat boe Via hoi Lugng mat di Khi nung ndng nbign ligu wong digu kign hong co khong khi & ahigt dg 800"C uong 7 pad, phiin con [gi 1a edt: vA Uo. Niue vay chal bée Li abimg chat khi thodt ra khi nbién liga bi phan huy nbigt trong moi trutmg khong c6 oxy, think phéin chit yeu cha nd 18 hydro, cacbua hydro (Cyl), COV. Nhign $596, bat day thoat ra & mhigt dO Khodng 160°C; tong than bin chiém khodng 70%, iit ddu thodt ra khodng 100 dén 110°C: trong than nau chiém Kho’ng 40 dé wthodt ra & khoang 130 dén 170°C; trong than dé chic khodng 10 dé 4556, bit dau thoat ra $ khofing 170 dén 300'C; trong antraxit chiém khodng 2 dén 9% va bat diu thoat ra & khodng 400°C. cing non chét b6e cing nhigu: trong g6 cht boe chigm khong Nhin chung, nhién ligu o6 cing nhiéu chat be, cing d& bit lita, chéy 6a dinh va ngon lita dai. Nhicn ligu e6 chdt bée Gn 25% rit dé chéy, dash 17% Kho chy. & nude ta, phiin ion nhien liu 1a antraxit, nia antraxit va than gily, chat bée rt théip _ do vay dét chéy c6 higu qua than & nuGe ta la van dé rat dang quan tam nghién ctu. 162. Coe 1h phn chy durye cbn gi sau Khi cho thoat het chat bde. CBr c6 thé & dang thidu kot ctmg va x6p; d6 1 ede two ra tit ede lout than chita chit hoe Khong gua it ¢khong dud! 17%) cling Khong qué nbicu (khong (ren 42 dén 45%). Néu than chita chit bow qui ft hode qua nhiéu thi oe cha ehting khGng thiew ket ma co dang pot, mém, khong ding duge cho eae 1 Tuygn kim, Pda 16n (han nutte ta thude Logi nay. C. Ghi cht: + Gita thanls phain hod hee vi thinh phiin cOng nehg ¢6 thé toh di Ln nhau theo cae cong thie kink nghig¢m: C= 93,94, 55), damn vGi [V/ACV+C)] = 8% Aen 30% (1-3) HE = (V6.7) + 3.2, ding voi [VQV+O)] = 8% An 40% (1-3b) OF = (V8) + 2,2, dling vii [VV4O)) = 8% den 30% (1-36) Sf = (V/60), diing voi [VAV+C)] = 8% don 50% (1-3d) No = ¢V/50) + IL (i-3e) 2, Voi mot sé nbien lieu $ thé ding thinh phén vat ly (cia tao) dé bide thi, thi du nby voi ba mia cot an thinh: xo (X) chidm khoding 46 dén 53%, trung binh 66 thé ly bling 50%; chit hoa tan (D) chiém khoing 2 dén 4%, trong D con o6 thé chia thinh dutmg (d) va cdu bin (b), do Am (W) chidm kholing 45 dén 50%, lay trung binh 18 489. Nhu vay ta 6 thé viel: Wrath dhe bY s Wi 4 f" + Dh = 100% a4) 4. Véi nhién ligu khi eng o6 thé ding thinh phan edu tao (vat 1y) Ue la cde chat kht thinh phan nr CO, H,, CH, (metan), CH, @tan), CAs (propan), CHao (Butan), C.F, (etylen), CsAy (propylen) vv. Ja nhiing chat khi chay duge va nhimg chat khf khong chay duge nhu CO, Oy, Ny, SO. wv... Cling c6 thé tinh déi voi ihanh phan hod hoe theo ede cong thite sau: Ch =0,54[CO + CH, + CO,+ {C,H} / eat + a/1000}, % (1-5a) B= [0,09H, + 0,18CH, + 0,045 (C,H)! / Hac # (d+ 2/4000), % (1-Sb) Of = (07 1SCO + 1,44C0,+ 14280.) / Hy + (d+ 29/1000), % (Se) No = L2SING/ byw + (d+ a/J000), % (1-34) W'=0,1d / fy t Cd +a 1000), % (1-Se) A™2O,lal [ta t 6d +4 1000 |, % (Sg) G day: CO, CHy, COs, CoH, ¥-¥- 1a thanh phan thé tich ca cae chal Kf thanh phan, tinh theo %; 17d- d6 chita hoi ela ce chat khi, g/arte kkho; a- ndng dg bui trong cdc chat khi, gfi’tc Rend; ¥a- khdi Lugng riéng cla khi khé chay duge, tinh theo bidu thie: Yon = [(1,25C0 + 0,09H, + 0,716CH, + 1,342C,H;+ 1,967C,H, + 2,593C,H,,+ 1,251C,H,Y100] + (C,877C,Hs + 2,503C,H, + 1,52H,S + 1,4280, + 1,251N i+ 1,964CO, + 2,858S0,)/100], kg/ar'te (1-6a) Néu e6 ké den do dm va tro byi,khoi hrong rieng cia khi dot phai tinh theo: Pe = Yer + (d +2 /1000, kyle (1b) 1.4.2 Nhiét tri Nhict ti (nang suét tod nhiét) cia nhién ligu 18 nhiét luong tod ra khi dot chay hoin ton 1 kg hole | arte nhién ligu,don vi thudng ding 1a k/fke hoac Aflprte. Nhiét tri cla nhién ligu c6 thé xée dinh true tiép bing thuc nghiém trén mhiét lugng ké hode ding cdc cdng thtte kinh nghiém theo cdc thinh phan cia nhién ligu. C6 nhiéu loai nhiét tri: tuy thude vio cach dot chy nhién ligu, thudmg ding ba Joai: nhiét tri bom nhiét lwong ké, nhigt (ri cao va nhiét tri thiip; tuy theo mdu nhién Jigu chon lam thi nghiém, ta thudng ding ba loai: nhiét tri lam viée, nhiét tri kho va nhiét i ch4y. Trong c4c bai tinh thong thutmg ding nhiét wi thap Jam viee Q.”, ute Ja nhigt Lugng toa ra Khi dot chay hoan toan 1 kg hoge 1 are mu nhien liu & diéu kign lam vige binh thudng ma H,O rong sin phdm ch4y & dang boi; néu H,O & dang nude ngung ta duge nhiét tri cae 1am viec Q.”. Khi lam thf nghi¢m, o6 thé do true tiép nhiét tri cad’ bom nhiét Luong ké Q.", te Ja nhigt lugng thu duge khi d6. ch4y hoan toan 1 kg nhién ligu trong bom nhiée lugng ké. & day phan ting chéy tign hinh dudi digu kign giau Oxy, Ap sudt va nhigt 0 cao trong bom nhiet luong ké dé wong nude nén ca Oxy va nito cing chéy thanh SO,va NO, réi két hop véi H,O ngumg ty, tao thanh acid sulfuric va acid nitric 18 nhiny phan Ging toa nhiét, TH nhiét tri cao bom nhiét lugng ké 66 thé tinh ra céc nhitt tri khée nhu sau: QE = QP. 94S + aQ.”, ike (17a) QS = QS - 225K? , Ki/kg (1-7b) QM= Q1C100 - AY - W100), Kikg (1-7e) Irong dé: 94 S* la nhiét Luong tod ra khi chéy S$ va tao ra acid sulfuric;aQ." 1a nhiet lugmg to ra khi N, chéy va tao thinh acid nitric, trong 86 ala he SO ihe nehigm, bang 0,001 v6 antraxit v2. than géy, Bang 0,001 vi than dé va dé dau. Nhigt tri cding ¢6 thé tinh theo ede cong thie thye nghiém khée nhau, thudng ging cong thie cila Mendéleep khi Diet duye cAe thanh phan hod hoe: Qh = Qe - 25H" + W"), Wikg (1-8) QL” = LQ (100 - AY = WP 100), Ki/ky (1-86) Qs =240C + 1250HS + 11008 - O'), Ay (1-8e} Déi voi ba mia c6 thé tinh theo cong thie thye nghigm won co sé biét thanh phan edu tao: | QP = 46E- 39,550 + 1b - 25W —-350, keallkeg (1-9a) hoac gan ding: Qh = 4226 - 48,50W", keallkg (1-9b) D6i voi ddu madut cé thé ding cOng thue thyc nghiém sau: Q, = Q.- 50,45H, kealiky (1-10a) Q. = 12400 - 21000, Aealikg (1-10b) trong a6; H = 26 - 15d, 18 shanh phén hydro trong dau, %, d JA ty trong cla dau & GO'F (xilp xi 15,5°C), bing Kholing 0,8152 dén 1,0285. Oi voi nhign Jigu khi, 06 thé tinh theo nhigt (ri ella ede chat khf thanh phan. Whiot tr) kho cla nhién figu khi cd thé tinh theo cong thite: QF =0,01(0,..CO + Qe H+ Qs AS + QevtinCatla)s Mint d-tD trong do: CO, Ha, HS, CH, 18 thinh phn thé tfeh ode chat kht , %; : Qeor Qier Que enna A ABIEL tH kho cita céc chat khf thanh phan, cd thé lay theo sO Héu thyc nghiém sauz Qu: = 10800 + Qco= 12150; Quas# 23400; Qeur= sg 2 63800; Qesyee = 914005 Qeaino= 1188005 Qeans = 59300; Qraie= ung = 116000 Ki/mi'te- 1.4.3 Phan loai nhién ligu C6 nhigu céch phan foai tuy theo tiéu chudn Iya chon. Dua theo trang théi tén tai, cd thé chia thinh nhién ligu ran, nhién ligu long va nhién ligu khi. Dua theo c4ch hinh thinh, ¢6 nhién ligu thién nhién nhu than dé, ddu mé, khi thién nhien 19vv... Va nhien | st khao sat mot s u eh bign nbu than coe, than hoa, diu madut, khi 18 ga vv... Ta G nhién tigu thuding gap: 1, Cai, ¢ va phy pham nong lam san: day 18 loai nbi¢n licu bitu co tré nba, C&i 26 kho e6 ihanh phin khd Gn dinh, dai thé bang: C* bang khoding 50%, H® bang khuxing 6%, O° biing khoding 43%, N° bang khodng 0,5 dén 1%, A* bang khoing 0,5 din 2%, ebsit bow V" bing khoJng 85%. Cha do dm thay di kha nhidu, efi kho 6 W" khoding 20 dén 30%, chi woi khoding 50%, c6 khi len tdi 80 den 70%. Che loai nhign ligu nay c6 nhiéu chat boc men dé chy nhumg nhigr uj khong cac, thudng hay ding dé nhdim 1, nbigt i Kho Q& khong 19000 ANky, nhigt tri hip Q) khong qua 12000 kl/Kg, trie mot vai loai dic bigt hw filao cb do am hip hon khong 5 dén 10% so véi 26 thong thudmg, nén nhigt tri cling cao hon, Q' 6 thé dal dén 13608 K/kg. mia thutng ding Lun nbier ligu cho chinh bin than nha may dudng, khong chi dit dé cung cap nting Iveng cho ton nba may ma nhidu khi cdn’c6 thir. Thanh phan cita ba mia cfing khé on dinh, C® khoang 44 don 49%, lay trung binh bing 47%: HY khoiny 6 dén 7.4%, lay trang binh hive 6,5%; OF khoang 41,8 dén 48%, lay trung binh bing 44%; A‘ kholing | dé 2,7%, ly ung binh bing 2,5%5 4 dm W" khadng 45 dén 50%, ldy teung binh bing 139 Ba mia cfing dd chdy, f ro, hung vi kAGi lugng riéng nhd, nén chat bang Khoting 240 kyin7', chat ddng kholing 200 kgln', dé ri khoaing 120 kefm* nen rat dé bay theo khoi, bm bin ede bé mat tuyén nhigt va kbd téch ra bing ede bo khir bui co khi thong thutmg, gay 0 nhiém moi truémg. BE mfa kh6 c6 nhict tr Q* khodng 4250 kealiky, voi ba mia tuoi thi ty huge vao do am, o6 thé inh theo cong thite: Qi" = 4226 - 48,50W" , keallky (1-12) 2. Than biin: 1 dang ban dau eda thye vat chuyén hoé think than dé, 66 do am rat Im, W" dao dong Long khoiing 30 dén 90%, chit bGe cao, VE bing khoang 70%, tr khOng nhiéu, khoing 7 dén 15%, dé chay nung nhiét tri cling khong cao, Q.” khoing 8500 dén 12000 kffke. Than bin duye xép vio loai nhion ligu dia phuong, 6 nui edn diing lium phtin bon. 3. Than nau: 18 dang ti¢p theo ciia than bin, cdc dic tinh dao dong trong pham vi rong: dQ fim =W" Khoang tir 18 dén 60%, do tro A® khoiing tir 10 dén 50%, chat tc VW khoung 30 dén 55%, Than niu dé chéy nhung thanh phd cacbon ft nén tq] van chua cao, Q.” bing khodng 12000 dén 16000 Ad/kg, thudmg vin duye x€p vio loai nhién ligu dia phuong. 4. Than di: 18 loai than 6 tuéi hink think wong déi cao, ede dae tinh cling dao dong wong pham vi khd rong, chat bdc thay doi tir 2 dén 55%, cd the chia thinh may loai sau: ~ Taan 6 ngon Itta dai véi chal bée V‘ én 42%, dé chdy, cho ngon lita dai vA xanh; 20- Than khi (gas) cd chat boie V6 tir 35 dt 42%; ~ Than mé (luyén eS) at bde V' ir 18 dén 26%, ehdiy o6 ngon lita sing va ngdin, thurang dimg dé laygn c@ cho ngaah luyén kim; - Than gay, c6 chit boc VE dudi 174, khd chdy, ngon lita ngdn va ving, eGe khong thicu ket. - Than antraxit (nhiéu tac gid xép thinh mot loai 2 ngoai than dA), c6 tudi hinh thanh cao nha, chit bde rit it, Vo chi khoing 2 dén 9%, thanh phan cacbon rit cau, © od thé i 95 dén 98%, khi chéy cho ngon lua xanh nhat, khong 66 khoi nén con goi 1a than khong khoi. Tuy thank phén C cao nhung H ft nén nhiét tri khong cao bang than mé mA nhigt do bat Tita lai cao nén rat khG dét chy. Day 1a loai than 66 rat nhidu & nuéy ta. 5. Dit madut: 18 sin phim chiém khong 40% khoi lung khi ché bién déu mé, thanh phin C” tir 80 din 85%, H” tir 8 dén 10%, nhist tri Q” Khoang tér 39000 dén 40000 Addy. Trong cong nghé dot, 1a thudng cho ¥ ba loai nhiét do cle diu: nhiét do chdp lira, nhigt do bit Ita va mhigt do lr chdy. Nhist dd chép lira cha dau madut thong thutng bing khodng 60 dén 110°C, day 1a nhiet do 161 thigu ma hoi dau Uren bé mat cd thé bat chay rdi Lit ngay nhu tia chdp, khi gia nhigt dau phi chon thafp hon nhiet dO chép Ita khong ft bon 4°C; nhung loai déu c6 nhigt do chép lita cao lai kh chdy, thirdng fl ding loai dau e6 nhi¢t do chép lira tren 140°C. Nhiét do bat lita thudng én hon nhiét nhiét do (Gi thigu ma khi dé gain lira ddu o6 the chip lita khoang 10 dén 30°C, day 1a le chiy. ju madut bing Khoiing 530 dén $80°C, 12 nhict 43 (0i bée chéy ma khong céin 6 lita, Nhigt dd trong budng lira phai dim bio shone thap hon nhidt dO ndy, néu khong Lita dd bi tat. _, Tone ong | ngh¢ an chayen dau, cba phai chd ¥ dén nhiét do tw chay, tie 1a chay duge. Tuy theo loai déu nhist do te chay bing khong tir -30 den nse. Phai cach nhiét hoi gia nhiét dé dam bao nhiét dQ cua dau ludn Idn hon nhiét do nay. Khi dem pha chil § dn su co din vé nhigt cha dav, do vay thutmg th chain @& Nhat chon 15%C, & My chon 60, xfp xi = 7% + 0,00086( -1,) (1-13a) (1-136) hos rong dé: 0,00066 Lit hi hi¢u chinh vé Ly trong va k la thé lay theo cong thie kinh nghiém sau: 6 higu chinh vé thé tich co 21< 4 y= | = 0,996 6 k = 1,000 - 0,0006%¢ - 15) véi1 = 15 + 50°C k = 0,9779 - 0,0006(t - 50) vi t = 50 + 100°C VGi 7 = 0,965 + 0,851 6 k = 1,000 - 0000701 - 15) voit = 15 + 50°C va k = 0,9754 - 0,00067(t - 50) vii t= 50 + 100°C. 7 JA Ly yng utc 12 ty 1é gitta khoi Ivong riéng oa dau va cla nude nguyén chat 6 diéu kign chudn. G Nhat chan dau & 15°C va nuse 6 4°C, & MY chon dau va nude déu 6 60°F. Noi chung, déu 1a logi nhién ligu quy, dé bit Lira, dé chéy, nhiet 66 nggn tia dai va kha nang bite xa lin, it tro (khong qué 0.1%) nen sa phai chi y phdng chdy nd. 6. Khy dot: g6m 6 khi thién nhign va khi ché bién (nhan tao). Trong kbi thien nhién chi: ycu Ik métan (CH,), ¢6 thé chiém dén 95%, nhiét ti Q." khosing 35000 Ain't. Thanh phdn khf ché bién khée nhau nbiéu. Khf 18 cdc chita khodng 58% Hy, 22% CH,, nhigt wi Q”” Khodng 16000 k/nrte. Khi 18 cao cha you 1a CO, chiém Khoiing 28%, nhigt tr) Q.” kho3ng 4000 Aline. Khi 10 gaz. chifa khoang 27% CO, 13% H,, nhi¢t wi khoang $000 kfm'tc. Khi d6t 1a loai nhién ligu c6 nhiéu uu digm: dé van chuyén, dé dot, dé diéu chinh qué trinh chdy, rit it tro nén sach, khong mai mon, it bam ban v.v.. ‘ao, Chay , uy nhién 1.4.4 Cac phan ung chay, lugng khong khi can thiét va san pham chay Chay 1A qua trinh phan tng hod hge dign ra gitta ede thanh phéia ehdy duge ob trong nhién ligu vi Oxy, tod ra nhiéu nhict va 4nh s4ng. Trong phong thi nghiém cd. thé ding Oxy nguyén chat, nhung trong thyc t€ san xuat thudng ldy oxy trong khong khi. Musn ehay dye nhigt do cla nhién lieu con phdi dat dén mot pid tri t6i thigu nao do: cti, g6 khodng 300°C, than hoa 360°C, than bin 225°C, than nau 300°C, than a 300 dén 350°C, antraxit ti 650 dén 700°C, Jiu ind 580°C, H, khong 600°C, CO Khoiing 60°C, CH, khodng 650 dén 700°C v.v... Nhien ligu sau khi chdy sé tao thnh san phdm chay. Ta edn vict duge céc phin tmg chdy dé Iam co sé tinh ton Iuong khong khf edn thiét va lugng sin phdm chdy sinh ra di véi timg thanh phan ch4y cing nhu timg loai nhién liéu. A. Doi véi nhién liéu rdn va tong: 1, Cac phein ing chdy: Trong nhién litu rén va Ing, nhtng thank phén chay duge g6ém 06 cacbon, hydrd va tu huynh. Phan img chy eda chiing nhu sau: a. Phdn ing chdy cita cachow. Cacbon chdy hoan to’n theo phin img: 22C+0, > CO, + Q. (1-14a) Khi chay khéng hoan toan: C+0,50, > CO + Q.; (1-14b) CO hinh thanh ¢6 thé chdy tiép theo phin Ung: CO +.0,50, > CO, + Qe (1-14c) Nhigt long tod ra ed quan he: Qo = Qu + Qes. b. Phan ting chav ctia hydrd: Hydro chéy theo phan Umg sau: H, + 0,50, > H,0 + Q,, (1-15) © Phan ing chay eda bine hasnt: Law huynh chéy theo phan ting sau: S+ 0; >S0,+Q, (1-16) 2. Luong khong kh edn shiét: Tir cde phan tmg chéy tren, ta o6 thé tinh duge Luong Oxy, ti d6 suy ra tinh duge khéng khf can thiet, DGi vai cacbon, khi viét phan tng chéy: C+0,>C0, 6 nghia La: ldsnol C+ 1 kmol O, > 1 kmol CO, hoae 12 kg C+ 32 kg O, + 44 kg CO, hoae 12 kg C 422.4 arte O, > 22,4 mic CO, h cacbon cling nhu cde chat khée & thé rn va Ing Ja rét nho so vGi thé khi, o6 thé bd qua khong can tinh deén, cOn d6i voi tat cd cdc chat kbf 8 didu Kien Uiéu chuan (p = 760 aundfg, t = 0°C) thi thé tich cia m6t Amol déu bing 22,4 nete, Te phan (mg trén ta thay, dé dot ke C ein 32: 12 = 2,67 kg hoac 22,4; 12 = 1,866 nr'ie Oxy. ‘Theo cAch suy luan tuong tu, ta thay: dé dot chay | kg H, cfn 16: 2 = 8 ky hole 11,2: 2 = 5,6 wi'tc Oxy va dé dot chdy 1 kg S cain Lke C hode 0,7 ar'tc Oxy Nhu vay, dé dot chay 1 kg nhién ligu cé thinh phin 1a Cc, HY, s¥ nghia 1a phai dot chay (C'/100) ke C, (H"/100) ke Ho, (S"/100) kg $ thi cfin [(C°100).1,866 + (A°/100).5,6 + (S°/100).0,7) mite Oxy ma trong | kz nhién ligu di cd san (07100) 23ky hoae (O"7100).(22,4/32) = 0,7(0'/ 100) msc, nen Iugng Oxy céin dua vao dé dé chéy | ky ohien ligu Bi: Woy 1,866(C*/100) + 5,6(H */100) + 0,7(S°/ 100) - 0,7C0"'/ 100), arte ‘Trong khong khi oxy chiém 21% theo thé tich, nén Igng khong khf vita dd dé 61 chy hotin ton | ky mien Lig Td: Vs Vn 00/21) = 0,0889(C" + 0,278S,") + 0,265H" - 003330", m’tefkgnt G-l7) 2 6 nhtnug cong thie kink nghi¢m dé (oh, nhu: V"Gs (Qh + WEY 1000, nrefkent (48a) trong dé a Ii hé s@ xde dinh theo kinh nghiém, véi than va dau bang 1,07 dén 1,10; v6i dé dau va nhién licu kat bang 1,15 dén 1,20. Doi vGi ddu,c6 thé ding cong thie kinh nghi¢m cua Rosin: Vin= 08(QY/1000 ) + 2, na'tclkgat (1-18b) V< gyi 14 luong khong khf ly thuyct, nghia Ih voi gia thict it cd Khong kf déu duge tham gia phan tg va vita di dé chéy hodn toan. Nhung trong thuc 1€, vi nhigu iy do khae nhau, lun c6 mét bd phan khéng khi khong tiép xtic dutge voi cée thinh phiin chéy nén lugng khong kaf thuc 1¢ V,. khée vGi luymg khong khi ly thuyét, they 1a nhicu hon nén ty 36 Vy/V'L, goi 1a hé sé khéng khi thita, thuemg ky higu bing o. Hé sO khong khf thira thudng due chon thea kinh nghiem: dot nhién ligu king va kh¢ ly khodng 1,05 dén 1,10; dot than phun ly tir 1,15 den 1,25: tren ghi xich, dot than don lay khodng 1,3; dét than cam ty Khoang 1,5; ren ghi thu céng ly khoang, 1,4 dén 1,5. Vi khong khi cé thé Igt vae hé thong nén hé $6 khong khi thira 6 thé thay d6i Wen dudng din khdi. 3. Thank phen, thé tick va entanpi ctia sin phe chy. a. Thanh phan cia sén phdin chéy: Khi nbitn ligu chdy hoin ton véi luyng khong khi vita di (ie Ja a = 1), trong sin phim ehdy bao gdm eae thinh phen sau: CO; do chay C, SO, do chay $ HO mot phin do chay hydro, do 4m ela nhien ligu boc hoi, mot phin do hoi nude'es trong khong khf, doi khi cn do ding hoi nude dé phun ohién ligu vao budng dét va N; mt phan do khong khi mang vao, mot phin do c6 san trong ahign liu. Khi chay hodn todn voi hé sé khong khf thita kon hon 1 thi cbn cé oxy do khong khi thita mang vio. Néu chay khong hodn toin cdn c6 CO va mot it chat khi khong chay het nhu Hy, CHy, Cab. v-v-. b. Thé tick eta sin pidnr chiy: 24bel, Khi chay hodn todn voi a = | eV aa Suy tir cde phin ting chay & én, ta thay khi dét hay hon toan | ky C cho 44 112 = 3,6 ky hots 22,4 12 = 1,860 n7'ee CO, va khi dot chay hod toan 1 kg abten ligu cd thinh phan C*, cho mot thé teh khi CO, bang: Vi gg = 1 860(C8/1 00), aitetkgut khi chdy thinh phan $* cho mot thé tich: Vson = O7S"/100), natcikgt Vi CO, vi SO, c6 nhitag die tinh vé whist giGing ahaul, Lal kh6 tdch ta hi phan lich Khoi nén crong tinh todn thudng ghép lam mot, dting ky higu 1a RO; do vay khi dot chay hodn todn | Ag nbién hgu te duge thé tich khi RO, bing: Van = Weng # V soa = 1866(C°/ 100) + 0,7(8°/ 100} = 0,01866(C™ + 0,375 SY), ar'teikgal (1-198) oN Thanh phan N. do khong khf mang vio bang 0,79V"4., do 66 sin trong nhi¢n figu bing (N°/100) ky howe (N */100).22.4/28) = 0.008" nate. Nit vay thé tech khi N; trong san pham chdy bing: Vg: = U,TOV'. + O008N™, aiitetkynt (1-19b) 2 Vaso Thé ich H.0, do chay (H°/100) kg Hy duge (H"/$00).(22,4/2) = 0,L12H" mircikgt, do a6 dm boc hoi due: (W"/100).22,4/18) = 0,0124W" neicikgal, do ho! nude ding dé phun nhign figu, ett 1 ky nbien Tigu can G, kg hoi nude thi duge G, QO2,A4/18) = 1,246, ar'te/kent, cdn do khong khi im voi dg chdu hot d Igy bing 10 gikg mang dues (Vy. pap ee 1000) = O,DIGIV, areclkyed. Tom tai thd tich hoi nude 6 trong san pham chay 1a: Vouag= O,L12H* + 0,0124W "+ 1,246, + O,OIOIV? yp eerkgal (1-19) Nha vay, khi chéy hodn toin | Ag mhiéa ligu voto. = 1, duge thé tich sin phdm chdy bing: = Vga t Wet Wine nticdkgat (1-20) Nou khéng tinh dén phin hoi nude, ta duge khdi kid voi the tich: V" yuo = Vxu + V'une nr'telkgnl (1-20b) b.2. Khi chay hoa toin vei a > 1. So v6i khi chdy hoiin toan a = 1, ta thay c6 su khac nhatt nh sau: iy a- Thé tich RO, khong thay déi, vi do thiinh phan C va S trong nhién Jigu quyét dinh, nén Vacs = Von - Cé thém thanh phan khi O, do khong khi thita mang vao ¢6 thé tich bing: Vo = 0,21( a - Vy. wtctkgal (i-2!a) -N, tang thém do kh6ng khf thita mang vio, bing: AV a3 = 0,79 Vc, a telkgnt (1-21b) - HO ciing tang thém do ¢6 khong khi thira mang vio: AVyaq = 0,016 Lat - DV, attreikgnt (1-22) Nhu vay, khi chay hoan toan vdi a>1, ta duge thé tich san phém chiy: Vi = Vexcn tt Vout AV ys t Vent Winot AVino Prtcikgnd — (1-23a) = Vang t -DV ct Vino mtelkgat (1-246) = Viana + Vino, nriteékgnd (J-23e) trong dO: Vio 18 thé tich khdi khO, Vyzo 1a thé tich hoi mude trong khéi va V, 1a thé tich khéi dm. b.3. Khi chy khong hoan toan. Chay khong hon toin c6 thé do khong c6 di khong khi (a < 1) hoac do khong khi khong cé diéu ki¢n ti¢p xtc duge véi nhi¢n ligu, ké ca khi @ > 1. Lie dé trong khéi con 6 cA nhig chat khi chéy duge, nhi¢u nhat 18 CO, v6 thé ¢6 cd H, CH. Thinh phan thé tich eda sin phdm chdy Lic d6 1a: RO, + O,+ N,+ H,0 + CO + H,+ CHat ... = 100%. &. Kae dink hé 86 khang khi tute que thauh phdn ctu sén phdm chdy: Khi van hinh 1d hai, can phan tich duge thanh phan cita sin phd chéy dé lam co sé dénh gid bigu qua cia qué uinh chdy va x4c dinh hé sti khdng khi thir. C6 thé ding cdc thiét bi phan tich khéi dya theo nhiing nguyén tc vat ly nh eo, dign hode (ir v.v..., hung trong sin xuat thuéng ding thiét bi phan tich khéi dura theo nguyén tic hod hoc, nghia 1a dua tren tinh h4p thy chon Igc cia mot sé hod e thanh phan cila sin phém ch4y. Khi di xéc dinh due thinh phén cha sin phim chay, ta e6 thé xée dinh he so khOng khi thita. Tir dinh nghia, ta c6: = Vad c= Vial (Vere AV) = ULE (AV/V)] (1-24a) trong d6, thé lich khOng khi thu t@ Vy, c6 thé tinh gin dung theo thé tich nito co trong sin phiim chy, tite 18 bd qua lugng nit 6 rat it trong nhién ligu: Vy. & Vygg( 100/79) = ViauaNy/79) (1-24b) 26Con thé tich khong khi thita AV c6 thé tinh theo thanh phdn thé tich cia Oxy. tacé: AV = Vo :(100/21) = Vis f21) (1-24c) trong cde cong thée tn, N, va ©, 18 thanh phan thé tich cha nig va Oxy Lrong khdi kho, tinh theo: (Ve ef ian) 100% (Vos! ans) 100%. Thay vao ta duge: va 1 1 =—— = 1-240) oO ome Va 21 Ne Khi chy hoan toan, ta c6: RO; + No + O, = 100% nén Ny = 100 - (RO, + 0:)%. Thay vao ta duge: 1 - __ 1-24 * nw Or ) 21° 100- (RO, +05) Khi chéy khong hoa toan: RO, +N, + 0,4 CO+ Hy + CH,+-. = 100% tacé: N,=100 - (RO, + QO, + CO + H, + CHs+ we} Chi gy Ja lugng Oxy thira thye su bang fugng xy c6 trong khdi trit bot phan. oxy dang ra phdi dot hét cde chat Khf ebn trong khoi nhu CO, H, CH, va thee phan mg chy suy ra luong oxy 46 bing 0.5CO + 0,5H, + 2CH,+ ... Do vay khi khong chay hoan toin, ta 66: TT 25 &=— Fay = (0,500 + 0.5, + 2CH, + (1-250) 31100 - (RO, +O, +H, #CH, +CO+ 3 Doi véi ohién ligu rin va long, thanh phan khi khong chdy hét cha yeu 18 CO, cde thanh phan khéc it khong déng ké, nén o6 thé viet gin ding: 1 - rrr 1-25b 2 0, - 0,500 (25h) “217100 (RO, +0, + CO) 27Tit edie cong thife tren, ed the tinh dues & khi phan tich due ede think phan trong Khoi, uhuag dé thudn tiga khi theo ddi vin hanh, ta cd thé tiép tue rit gon hen. Tir thanh phiin khoi Kho, qua mot sof bude high adi, tinh due: co -2ZIEROLU+P)—O, 21 - BRO, (RO, +04) - 0,605 +B - 0,605 +B 1% (1-26) G day B - he sO die vin nbign lige, chi phy thugs vio thanh phin, doi véi ahicn ligu rdn va long od: Hy- p=247--_3 _ (1-272) Ch 40,3758" DOi vi nhién lieu khit — 0,162(0" — 0,302N" p=2,37 Ha = 040200" 03028") 2m) C™ 40,3758" hode 3,01N p=02120N (1-27) Voi nhicn figu ran va long B 1a mot sé duong wong ddi nhd, vii nhign Lieu khi B thay doi tong d6i nbicu, voi Kh thign nhien B = 0,7 + 0,8; khi 18 gaz bing P= 0,04 + 0,06; Kai 1 cao B c6 thé 1a arn, Khi chay hon toan voi a > 1, trang sin phim chéy khong ed CO, non: 21-0, 1+B Khi chiy hon toln véi a. = | thi luyng oxy trong khong khf khong con nén ta duge RO, Hi lin nba, 1a e6: RO, = (1-282) 21 ROY" = —. 1-28b) 2 es) ¢ Thay gid ur ela O, va RO; vao (1-25b) ta duge: 21 _ ROY gs (1-294) RO, (+B) ROYhode thay (1-28a) va (1-28b) duge: - 2 Oy geek. (1-29b) « 21-0, 0, =21 Voi ba mia, thanh phan Gn din, khong cd ku hugnh, 66 thé tinh thee bid thie: 9 as 1958 +0,0126 (1-29¢) co Thi dy voi CO, = 17%, tinh ra a =1,16; v6i CO, = 12%, tinh ra @ = 1,64. Nhut vay, khi do duge RO; $a ed thé tinh duge a theo vdng thife hoas dé thi (hinh 1-2a) vi RO," chi phu thude vao die tinh nhign ficu, 66 thé Uinh truce déi voi moi lout nhien Higu . ©On khi biét due O, thi cing thudn lui, v6 thé (fab ngay duye a theo cong thife hoae dé thi (hinh 1-26) d. Entanpi ctu sdu phim chdy va khong khé. C&c qué wink wuyén nhigt trong 1d hoi déu ticn hanh trong diéu kién gan nhie dang 4p nén luemg ahist trao ddi bing lugng thay déi entanpi cla chiing. Entanpi cita siin phim chéy do dot 1 kg choge 1 pit) ahién liga: lye EI, = yh + (a Dg, Role (1-30) trong dé: I, 2 entanpi cita Khoi khi dot chy hodn ton 1 ky nhién ligu voi a = 1: 1 =P Ma t Piso = VS co(CDaaz + Val Oes + V ncC Wins kyr 3) I, 1a entanpi cia khong khf khi det chay hodn ton vdi a = 1: Bs = CDas (1-32) 6 day Cross CinssCirser Cau - nhidt dung thé tich ding dp tung bink wong pham vi nhict do Os UC. Trung hyp dot nhien ligu nhidu tro (A% > 1,5) va tre hay cadéu, ein tinh thém entanpi cia tro: a® 100 Cot, Ailkaul trong dSA™lad Jinh phan lm viée ciia tro; a, 1a ty [é tro bay theo khoi; Gla nhigt dung rieng cia to cho trong bing. ROz 8 Zon [ 18 g Be 76 7 Ye 4 288 rz 2456 4 2 L fo 4f 42 43 S448 16 40 tf 42 43 44 45 16 HE 86 khang Ahi Tha HE S68 hing khi'thda x Hinh 1-22. Quan hé ciia RO, Véi a Hinh 1-2b. Quan hé cilia O, vdi a Nhicu khi ngudi ta tinh entanpi tuong tng vdi cdc nhitt dO tir 100°C dén khoding 2000°C ri lap thanh bing hoae d6 thi lign cho vie sir dung B. Déi vii nhién liéu khi. Phuong phdp tinh ton tong tu nhu v6i nhién Jigu rin nhung & day, thé tich nhiing chat chay duge & thé khi tinh theo nr'te, cu thé La: Phin img chdy H. H, + 1/20, > H,0 + Q, Ute la: 22,4 nttc Hy + 22,4/2 tc O, > 22,4 nic H,O nghia la dé dot chy 1 vr'te H, can 0,5 mre O, va sau phan img thu duge 1 nr'te H,O 6 thé hoi. 30Phan ting chdy CO: CO + 1/20, > CO, od nghia Ja dé dét chéy | nr'tc CO can 0,5 m7te O, va sau phan ung thu duge 1 nbte CO). Phin ting chdy S: $+0,—> SO, suy ra khi det chdy 1 wt'te § odin Vnr'te O, thu duge | mic $O,. Phan tng chy H,S: H,S + 3/20, — SO, + H,O suy ra khi dot chay 1 mic H,S edn 1,5 atc O,, thu duge | arte SO, va 1 néte HO. Phan ting chdy CH,: CH, + 20; + CO; + 2H,0 suy ra khi dot chy 1 pte CH, cdn 2 mite Os, thu duge 1 ate CO, va 2 nr'tc HO. Phan tmg chay cacbua hydré: CoH, + (m+ 7 > m0, + 5 #0 suy ta khi dé chéy 1 atc C,H, cn (m+ Sy ate 0, tha duge m mie CO, va $ mic HO Cling suy Juan tuong wr nhu phan tren, ta tim durge thé tich khng khi ly thuyct (chy hon todn véi a = 1) 48 dot chy 1 m’tc nhien ligu khi: V eq = 0,0476[0,5CO + 0,5H: + 2CH, + 1,5H8 +O(m+ JOGH, - O4) , atte/nrte (1-33) Thé tich cdc thanh phan cia san phdm chéy |Y thuyét: Vo veg = 0,01(CO, + CO + 2CH, + HS + EmC,H,}, nvtefar'te — (1-33a) Vouy =0,79V% xq + O,0IN” , nr tcintic (1-33b) Vovaq = Q.0M(Hy + 2CHy + HS + ES CoH) + 0,012d, + COLEIV xq, av tcint'te {(1-33c) 31troag do: CO,, CO, CH., Hy nhién ligu khi, %; CyH,, Hy N,- thanh phan thé tich ede chat khé dé wong d, - do chita hoi (rong nhién figu khi, glare. OV ig £06 the chon lit 1.05 - 6 them: Trong thue 18, long khong khi edin thigt Vex 1.15. va hrong sdin phéim chay thyc 1& so v6i khi d6t hodn toan voi a= AV: + Ver = > DV ax lung hai ude ¢6 thém: AV ing = (0016100 = DY cx con Vigy khong thay d6i Thi du 1-2 Cho mot loai than e6 think phn C = 45.834. HP = 3,139, N* = 085%, OF = S500, $= 050, We = 106%, AM = 34,106. Thur tint 1, Nhigt ti cua than Q" 2, Thé tich khong khi ein thidt dé dat chay | ke nbn ligu voice = Tes 14 3. Ted tich va entanpi eita sia phaim chdy 6 $)00°C khi dit 1 dy nhicn figu Gil 1. Nhigt ti ca nbign Tigu tinh theo cdng thite kink nghigm etia Mendeleep Qh, = ISH, + W), Liky 190 - AN - WW" 10 3400 + 1250 + 1S - OO} wrong ds 10s gs.y3 — sg log = AN = we 100 = 34.1 -10 Ho = 5.6%; S = 0.9%; O = 10% Qi, = UBT + 125U.5.6 + 110.10,9 - 101 = 33879 Like BYBX — 25.09.5139 + 1) = 17984 Ag Qt = 2. The tich khong khf can thiet dé d5t chay hoiia toan 1 ky mbign liga vol a = Weg = OURS” + 0.3758") +. 265H! - 0.03330" = OUSKYCESB + 0,375.0,5) + 0.265.3,13 -U,0333.5,59 = 4,73 mreikynl Voi 6 = 14, lugng Khong kif cin thidt Wg = 144,73 = 6.625 neteikgnt 3. Thé tich xin phim ehdy voi a =: Wk = Maas tN + MaoVpn = QOLRGO(C” + 0.3758") = 0.01 80845,8 + 0.37. Vp = O.79V% 4x + O,008N" = Vines = OL LTE + O,G124W" + 0.0161 V8 0.859 m'tcthgnt .7G.ATS + 0,008.08: 315 mttetkyat LU 23 + 0,0124.10 + O01 014.73 = 0.548 mlecikged Vora = |, thé tich khds Kho bang’ V8ccno & Wane + V qq = 0.8.59 + 3,75 = AGL aeltetkgnd va (ang the tich khGi bang: Vi = 4,61 + 054 S16 ar'terkgnh Voi = 1.4 wong Kh6i C6 them: AVyo + Ven 24 “1x =U a 1A,73 = 1,892 nrtetkgat va: Whoo = 0.0161 V8 xq = 0.030 mrlterkgae ‘Téng thé tich khdi luc dé bang: y, 5.16 + 1,892 + 0.030 = 7.082 aric/kgnt npr cia san phan ehdy & 1600: Kin w= 1 cé: Py Vacoo(CDaoe + Vt yya + WtC Dro. = 0,859.2203.5 + 3.75.1391,7 + 0,548,1722,90 = 8056 Aifkgal Khia =14 06 Be HOt Dg = Be 1 DVS GD: = 8056 + (14 - 1)4,735.1408,7 = 10721 Kiskgnt 4.5 CAN BANG NHIET VA HIEU SUAT CUA THIET BI SINH HOI 4.5.1 Phuong trinh cdn bang nbiét, nhiét lugng ¢6 ich va suat tiéu hao nhianiigu 4. Phuong trinh cdn bang nhigt. Khi doi chay 4 kg (ho’e | mete) nbién ligu, nhigt toa ra trong 18 hoi duge cin bing theo phuong tinh: Qay = Q + Qs $ Qs + QW + Qs + Q Klkgnt (1-34a) hod viet theo phan tram, bing cach chia cd 2 vé cho Qu100% = a + G2 + Gs + Qut qs +e (4-34) 6 day Qu, 1a nhiét lugng cp cho 1d hoi khi dot | kg nhienligu, c6 thé tinh theo: Qu = QM" + da + bas + Qp- Qe kent (1-35) trong d6: © Q" - nhigt tri thap cita nhien tigu lam vige, A//ke: * Ty nbiét vat 1¥ ciia nhién ligu tinh theo L=Cyt,, Kikg; trong 45 Cy Fa nhiet dung riéng trung binh cla nhién lige & nhiet do nhien lieu ty. Voi nhién ligu ran va lng ¢6: 100- Ww w* = CS, + 4,184 at Gu 59 100 8 CS, 1a nhigt dung rigng trung binh cia nhien ligu kho, v6i antraxit vA than ay 06 thé Idy bing 0,92; vdi than dé ly bing 1,08; vdi than nau idy bing 1,13 ke.d6. VGi madut: C81 £174 + 0,0025t, ki/ke.ds Vi nhién lieu khi cd thé tinh: Cu = 0,01(Cco0O + Cyyia-He + Crou-CHy +...) , Alinttent Thong thutng I, rt nhé, chi can tinh Khi nhién ligu duge sy ndng trude khi dua vio 1, # Ina - lugng nhiét do khong khi duge sy néng bing ngu6n nhiét ngoai: Ton = UV (CDan- (CDul ke (1-36) O's ~ hé 86 KhOng khf thita 6 dau vao bo sdy khong khi, bing hé s6 khéng khi thia trong budng Itta trir di h¢ si khong khf lot vao bo sly khong khi va buéng lira, *Q,- long nhigt do hoi ding dé phun nhién lsu vao, c6 thé tinh: Q = G,(i,- 2500), Akg (37) G, - kh6i luong hoi ding dé phun 1 kg nhién ligu hoae 1 fit du, o6 thé Idy theo kinh nghiem, thutmg cAn khodng 0,2 + 0,5 dghaillit dau; iy - entanpi cla hoi ding dé phun nhién li¢u; 2500 La cntanpi cia hoi nuée trong khdi. 34» Q, - nhi¢t long cda ding dé phan huy mudi cachonat khi dét dé du, o6 thé tinh theo céng thite: bv Q, = 4060k Atos pike 100” 8 trong dé: A® ops - ham hing mudi cacbonat trong 46 déu; k 1a hé s6 phan huy mudi cacbonat, khi dét tang Idy bang 0,7, khi dot phun lay bing 15 4060 1a nbigt Jugng cain thidt dé phan hu} 1 &g¢ mudi eacbonat. Trong phin 16n truémg hgp thuting gap, 06 thé ldy gin ding Qu, * Q", vi che thanh phiin hic, howe khdng 6, hodc tit nh6 so voi Q," nén c6 thé khong edn tinh dén. Q, - nhigt Iugng ¢6 feh, tc 18 phan niet di trayén cho moi chat. Q, + Q,- ede loai (én that nhiet, xae dinh bang thuc nghi¢m. 2. Nhiét Luong c6 ich, higu sudt nhiét va sudt tiéu hao nhien Hea: ~ Nhiér tugng cé ich Q, c6 thé tinh theo: Qs EEDA (4-38) Be suit tidu hao nbién lieu, tdc 18 lugng nbién liga da dot trong, 1 gid, Kgl D, - sin luong méi chit di sin xudt ra rong | gid, 06 thé 14 nue ndng, nude soi, hoi bio hod kho, hoi qué nhigt, hoi qu nhigt tung gian, edn ké cd lugng nude x8 10 (tinh khi ty 16 x4 10 vugt qué 2% san lwomg), kel, Ai, - byung tang entanpi clia moi chal khi nude cdp bién than moi chat: Ai= Gi, ~ ine) KS trong d6 i, 1a entanpi cha mOi chat VA ine 1a entanpi cia nude cap, 06 thé tra bing theo ap suat va nhiet 6. | Hig stadt nhige cud 15 hot 141 le gitta niet 06 ich voi niet dura vao: me Gr Om = ah (1-39) dy ¢6 thé tinh theo can bing thuan:(1-39a) BQn hoae can bang nguge: n= 100- Gt tai + ds +40), % (1-39b) Tinb theo cong thie trén duye hiéu sudt thé, néu utr bot phiin nang lugng ding cho bin than thiét bi sinh hoi ta duge bieu swat tinh. Tir c&c cOng thie Uren, 14 06 thé tinh duge sui tiéw hao nhién Hi = SO) kgth (1-40) Ta thay suit tieu hao nhien litu ty 1é nghjch voi higu sudt, nu vay Ming higu sual, hoae gid (én thal nhiét sé tiét kiém nhien Leu, Thi de 1-3. Trong mt gid 18 hoi sin xu sua 8 bar tir aus ra 400 £g hoi bio hoa khO va 100 fr nude: s6i 5 ap stip 20°C, dong bet 100 kg whidn Ligu c6 nlige tri 10248 kivkg a, Tinh tiéu suat nbigt cha 1d hoi, b. N@u cho bit gy = 13%, gy = 3%, qa =12% th gs bang bao nhieu? c, Néu dimg Jo hut dé dd sa wen? xudt 500 ky hai bdo koa kno thi cain bao nhiéu kg loai nhiéa liga Gidi: a) Higu sudt abiat cha lo hei: n= Biét 4p sudt cba aude va hei trong J hoi bling 8 bor, Ur bing hei nude ta c6: ig = 84,5 Mkge 20 Aik: , i" = 2769 Klikg: thay vao ta duge: _ 400(2769 ~ 84,5) + 100720 - RAS) ” 100.16248 LOS = 70% bh. Ta cd gg = W00- mes qy- Qg- 44 = LOD - 79-13 - 3 = 12 = 2% Duis ey1.5.2 Cac loai tn that nhiét 1. Fén that nhiét do chay khong hodn toan vé co hoe Qu. qs. Day 1a ton that do sau khi chdy con sat lai mot sé chat rin chay duge, duce biéu thi bing Q,, ki/kent! hoe qs = (Q/Q,.).100%, Dot nhién ligu khf, q. coi nhu bang 0, d6t nhién ligu léng vin 06 q, vi lie d6 06 cde cachua hydr niing phan hay thanh cacbon ty do dudi dang md hong, ahung, nho dudi 0,5% nén cing khong dang quan 1am; nhung khi dot nhién ligu rin thi q, khé én, cén Um bién phép gidm xudng abat lA khi dot wen ghi. Phiin chat ran chay duge con sét lai thutng do 3 nguyén nhan: bay then khdi, Jn vaio wong cro xi VA lot qua ghi; ¢6 thé tinh theo: Q=Q2+ 4+ OL. Akgul (41a) Trong 6 phan tén that do bay theo khdi: K, GA. Q= la > Oy. Mikgut (1-42a) phan dn vao tro xi: K,G *. —* QS, iKgnl 1-42b) Qu= 100 B —*Q gn ( ) va phan lot qua ghi: KG = klik 1-42¢ Qe 100 B ON Kslegi (1-42c) trong dé: G,, G,, G, - khOi Lugng chat rin gém ca phiin chéy duye va tro xi bay theo khoi, thai tro xi va lot qua ghi trong 1 gid, kelly B La lugng ohién ligu ding trong | gid, kgih; K,, Ky K, - ty 1¢ phin chay duge trong chit rn bay theo khii, thai tro xi va Jot qua ghi, % ; thudng xd¢ dink bang thue nghiem, dot kict, do luong tro xi cdn Lai di tinh theo cdc cong thtte: K,= 100- A, K,= 100 - A, K,= 100-A, vOi Ay, A,, A, 1a ty I¢ tro xi trong chat rin bay theo khéi, dn vao tro xi hode lot qua ghi, %; 37QS, Qe, Qf - ohiét tri chay cia chat chdy duge trong tro xi, ching xdp xi bing nhau, thutmg lay bing 32600 A//ke. Nhu vay: 32600 K = 22600 Ky gy Keg 4 1G), eathgnt R= FE G00 % * G00 Too 0 ARs (1-416) C6 thé tinh theo céch khdc: phén chéy kh6ng duoc trong chat rin thai ra chinh bing téng luong tro xi cha nhian lidu cp vio 16, tite 18: _ _ w 10-Ks 4, 1O-K. g , 0-Kig A 100 100 100 Chia ca hai vé cho sR duge: at a,t a= 1 trong d6 a,, a,, a 1a ty 1é tra bay, Jin vao tro xi hode Jot qua ghi: = (Ke GAR = B)]-100% 100 100-K An a =[C 100 0 80 9 BU 400% 100-K, = oy 0 100% a= (——— 100 Me ). Thay vao (1-42a, b, c) duac: K, A‘ P, =a, —— 2 2 _ OY , ki/kgnl es "100-K. 10 Oe g K i= 2 A Qe kifkegnl Oe TOA, ane e K, Aw 12a s kutkend Qe= 769, 00 Ch Cudi cing duge: “= R100 100 32600 ,100- A, G+ 100-A, G+ wo G), kslkgnt hoae: oP” keh (1-43a) (1-43b) (-44a) (1-44b) (1-44e) (1-45a) (1-45b) (1-48) (1-41e)Q= 22000 ie + ee + aa Ay Hae (41d) Tri s6a,, 4,, 4 phu thude vao loai nhien ligu va cch dot, theo kinh nghiém: d6t than phun thai xi KO: a,=0,95 a,=0,1 dot than phun thai xi long: a= 0,3 = 0,4; a, = 0,6 = 0, d0t ghi: a, =0,2; (a, + a) = 0,8. Q,, qa phy thuge vo rit nhidu yéu t6 nhu: tinh cht cba nhién ligu, phuong phép dot, cau tao cla budng Ira va cich van hanh v.v. Kich thude hat nhién ligu cé anh huéng rat 16n; dét phun cdn hat min dé chdy kigt vao trong; dét ghi ofin kich thuée urong déi Ién va déng déu dé gid bot lot va bay. Nhién ligu cé nhiéu chat b&c va céc thitu két dé chdy ma giam duoc qs néu nhiét do néng chay cila tro xi thap, c6c lai khong thiéu két, xi chay lang boc lay than e6 thé lim ting q,. Cach d6t cing c6 anh hung In: dét phun bay nhiéu, nhung néi chung q,nhd; d6t ghi lot nhiéu va cfing 06 1hé bay nhiéu, nhat 1 khi dot than cdm, q, dang ké, cdn duge nghién cit khée phuc. Ding ghi cé khe he nhé thi khéng di khéng khf, ding khe hé J6n thi dé bi lot. Buéng lita kich thue nho, nhiét do cao, dé chy kigt, nhung néu qué nhé, thoi gian hat than lw lai trong buéng liza qué ngan chwa kip chdy hét da bay ra ngo’i; budng lita kich thuGe lén qué, tuy tho: gian Lun lai dai nhung nhiét 46 khong di cao, vin c6 thé lam tang q,. He s6 khong khi thita ceding o6 anh hudng, « nhd khong dl oxy dé chéy kiet, nhung néu o lon qué, nhiet do budng lita thdp, t6c do hat than Idn, ¢6 thé Jam tang q,. Thi da 4-4. Trong mot ca van hanh dOt het 25400 Ag than dé c6 Q)”= 21352 Like, dd tro AY = 18.43%, can phan chat rn [ot qua ghi duge 237 kg, thai theo Uo xi due 4020 ke: phfn tich thank pha tro duoc A, = 67.1%, A, = 88,75%, A= 79.3%, Tinh ay Gidi Tacé: uz St x & s00%: Qe ON 22600 K, kK, K, uong dé Q” = 21352 kiike va Qy = (2 G, + SEG, + SEG), Likgat rong dS Q, kg va Q. B Ooo + To9 Too i). KSikga p= 25400 8 23175 keh. Ky= 100 - Ay= 100 - 67,15 32.9%: K,= 100 - A, = 100 - 88,75 - 11,25%; K,= 100 - Ay = 100 - 79,3 = 20,7% 39G, tinh theo can bing tro BAY -(G,A, +GiAy} = 7" 3175.18.45 — (502,5.38,8 + 29,625.79,3) = 175.1845 - ¢ 2 + 29,625.79, ) ios hgh 67, Thuy vio ta duge: 32600 32,9 WS s+ Qs 502, + 222 9.625) = 1235 Adtkgul = 5 (SU2,S + = 29,625) = 1235 Miku 3175 * 100 100) 100 $ va 235 ge St = 1285 00% = $,78% Qh © 21352 2. Tén thdt nhiét do chdy khong hoan toan vé hod hoc Qs. a3 Day 12 phin tdn thal do cdn sét lai trong khéi mot s6 chat kif chdy duge phu CO, H,, CH, vv... ; duge biéu thi bing Q,, A//kgul hoge qy = (Qy/Qu,)- 100%. gy khong Ion, d6t than phun khong qui 0,59: dét theo Iép In hon mot ft, bing Khoing | = 4% vi thigu Oxy & phfa Wren va ed phan ting holn nguyen sink ra co: dot nhién ligu long va khi khong 1 + 3%; trong d6 dot nbién ligu khi e6 In hon do (rong uhién ligu khi thudng c6 nhing chit khé chéy nhu CH, os nhiéu trong khi thién nhién va N2, COs trong khi nhan tgo. CS thé tinh duge Q, va q; tran co so xde dinh thinh phén va thé tich cla Khoi: Vane 126.CO + 108.H, + 358.CH, + +E Qevene Hall = FY kvnt 46a G diy: Vises Ja the tich khdi kho khi dot I Ag (hode | nr'te) ohién liga, CO, Hy, CH vv. - than phan thé tich ede chat khi trong Khoi, 12600; 10800; 35800. Qos VY ~ nbiét Ui cila cae thanh phan khi chay duge cé tong khoi. Khi dt nhien lieu rin va Ing, chit khi ehdy duge con sot lai trong khot cho a CO, nén c6 thé Unh gan ding Q, theo biéu thitc:Q4 = Visne( 126.60). - ae Alkan (1-465) Tay Vo. tort Yeo _ Cc +0,375S" ny See Oe CO 0540RO, + CO) vio, ta due 234(C"+ 0375S" CO 100 —q . 4 kikgnt (1-46¢° RO,+EO 100 6 ? COing ¢6 thé dang cong thie kinh nghi¢m sau: q=3,.2.0.CO,& (1-46) trong dd CO la thank phiin thé tich ctla oxyt cacbon, % va a 1a hé sé khang khi thira. Qs. 4) phy thude vio khé nhiéu yeu 1 nhu: hd s6 khong khi thita, ahién Ligu vi phuong thre hon hop nhiga liu, hinh dang, kich thude budng lita va nhigt do trong budng Itra. Hé s6 Khong kh( thita & dil bn, do oxy dé chdy i + qs gdm, nhung ndu a qué én lam gid nhiét do budng Ifa thi qs lai ting len Néu phuong phip dua khong khf vio budng lira e thé x40 tr6n e&e cht khi, tuo didu kidn tigp xite tt voi Oxy thi nhign figu dé ding chéy hoan toan va qs iim. Nhién liéu rin, dot phun, q; nhé vi CO sinh ra ft hon, lai dé usp xtic voi Oxy nen dé chy Kigr; cd khi dot theo ting khé trénh kho! phin tmp hoan nguyen wo thhak CO vi hien trang thi Oxy & ten lop ahién ligu nén Gn that q, kin hon. Nhiéi do trong budag lim hip [am tang qy, thi du khi van hanh & phy li thép, nhdt 1a doi vei budng Ida Ion, xung quanh c6 bé mat vicp xtic vei nude tht qs kén, luy nhién néu kich thie buéng Ita qué bé thi niet do budng tia 6G cao hon, nhimg thoi gian tu Lai trong budng lira qué ngén, chua kip chdy hét da phai thai ca thi fing lam ting qs. Thi du 1.5. Vhi nglvém ddi voi mol 18 bot duge think plein abién ligu: Co 3.12%; OM 10.28%, NY = O.9K%, S* 9%, AN = 18ARH, Wh = 1%, QP = 21353 S,78%; phan tich khici duge Unanh phin thé teh RO,= 11.4%, O,= 8.3%. SO, 1 Kithy: ay Ly sac dinh tén that do chay khéng hoan toan vé hod toc Qy. dy. Gata 23ACM4 O37SS" ICO 100 -qy RO, + CO 7100 «Kei trong dé: 4Co = ZIE PRO, = (RO, +05) 0,605 +f H™ ~ 01260" ma p=2375 . Ch 403758" Thay cic gid ti di cho vio ta duge. 3,72 - 0,126 .10,38 B= 2.372 Loy 55,5 + 0,375 .0,99 va CcO= 21 — 0102.11,4- (114 +83) = 0.184% 6.605 + 0102 233(85,5 + 0.375.0,99)0,184 100 ~ S87 oe 184826 ei a 114+ 0784 100 © Atk Con a= & 100% = 194.826 ye, 4.9% Q° 21353 3. Ton that nhiét do kh6i thdi mang ra ngodi Qa, qs. Day la phin ahiat Iueng do kh6i thai ra 06 nhigt dé cao mang ra ngodi, c6 thé tinh theo : = Cla Bad- B), ertngnd (1-474) va a= 2 100% (1-476) es 1, - entanpi cita khdi thai, tinh nhu phan trén, tte Bs T= Ta + (> DT Qt] Su, ~ hé sO khong khi thita trong khdi thai ra ngoai, cdn cdc entanpi ly, Pu log phai tinh theo nhiét do khéi thai. Tyr- entanpi clia khéng khi lanh dura vao 1d hoi, Asikgai. Phan tich, ta thay hai yéu t6 anh huéng dén Q,, qr 1A nhiét 6 va hé sé khong khi thita cua khdi thai. He so khong khi thita cang 16n thi Q., qs cdng kin, thé nhung & nhd qué, anh huéng den qué trinh chay, lam ting tén that qy va qy, nén ta phai chon @ sao cho tng tn that (q. + gy + qe) dat gid tri nho nhat. 42Theo kinh nghiem, khi 7% dot nhién ligu khi va long, 66 thé chon hé so khong khi thira cudi buéng lita a = 1,05 = 6 115: khi dt nhien lieu rén Soin trong buéng fia phun chon ce a 1,15 = 1.25, dot trong budng lita ghia = 1,34 1,5, 7% cing cin chi y khong dé khong khi lot vao doc theo 10 1 dutng khdi. wa } | Nhiét dQ khdi thai c6 anh G ! hutmg 16 ret dén Q,, q.- Kinh i | nghigm van hanh eding nhu ¢ tinh todn cho thdy, cif tang nhiét do khdi thai lén khodng 12 + 16°C thi q; ting khoang | 1%. Nhu vay dimg vé mat ' @) higu sudt, cing we 1a tet é Kigm nhien lieu, abide dé khéi thai cang thap cang wt, 2 nhumg digu dé kéo theo nhimg 77 wae ald 14 kho khan khéc niu t6n thera Hé sd'khiing Khi tinda nhiéu kim logi vi phai them Hinh 4-3. Chon « toi uu bé mat truyén nhist voi dQ . chénh nhiet do nhd, dic biet nguy hiém 1a dé gay nén hién tuong an mdn dién hoa & cde bé mat trayén nhigt phn cudi h¢ thong 16, nhét 1a xhi dot nhién figu cd nhiéu luu huynh vidi do im cao hoae thanh phn H, lén, Khi d6t nhién ligu khong c6 ls hugh thi nhi¢t d6 dong suong cila khéi khong qué 50°C, niumg néu nhién lieu ¢6 19% tua huynh thi niet 49 dong sung tang, ‘dén khoang 130°C, cit thém 1% lu hugmh thi tang thém khodag 10°C. RG rang TA khi d6t nhién ligu c6 lua huynh thi hoi nude trong khéi ngumg wy, lai gap SO, khi Tu huynh chéy, sé tao ra acid sulfuric, an mon cfc bé mat kim loai. Do vay, tren co s¥ phan tich so sénh vé kinh é va ky thudt, thug chon nhigt dQ khéi thai khoang 110 + 150°C cho 1 hoi ton va 1 200 + 300°C cho 1 hui nho, tuang img tn that ds bing khoing 4 + 8%; d6i khi voi moi so méu 1 hei cong sudt nhd phai chap nhan nhiét 49 khéi thai ten 400°C, tén that q, eS thé len din 15 + 20%. Cing cdn hum ¥ 18, qua thoi gian van banh, do bam wo xi va céu cin sé lam nhiet tre tang, niet 49 khoi thai tang va t6n that q, tang. 43ae dinh nhiét do Khi tinh todn so bé, oo thé ding cong thie kinh nghi¢m dé khoi thiti 1; nhue sau: = vi 1 hoi Gng lita: Da er tot 10.0858 ~54,5°C (48a) = voi 1d hoi ng nude dat nim: Dy ei b= 6658 +5°C (1-48b) = vGi 1d hoi Sng nude dit dime: ote 5st e = 45°C (1-48e) 6 day: Dy - sn lugng dinh mttc cita 1d hoi, ke/h; H - dién tich bé mat truyén nhiét, a7" 1, -nhict dO tinh todn cha moi chét, v6i 1d hui hing nhist do bio hod cha nude ba ya IN hot vit ae ne tla « > abiar ah nud 6 ap suat 16 hoi, vai 1 nude néng t, = 3 =4 trong dé t,, 18 nhiét do nude fanh cap vao va ty, La nhiét dO nude néng ly ra. Ta thay DJH cing én, thi t cing ln, q, cing 16n, nghia 18 ét kigém duye kim loai Eun bé mat truyén nhidt thi ting ta thot q,, gigm hiéu suat, wie 1a ton nhién figu. 4. Tn thal do tod nhiét ra méi truong xung quank Qs, ds Trong qud tinh van hanh, nhitt do bs mat ca hd thOng thict bi 1d hoi déu cao hon nhiét d6 cia moi trudng xung quanh, nén Juén lu6n cd nhiét tod ter cdc bé mat d&n moi trudng tao thinh tén that Q,, Af/Agal vi ys,%. qs khong lén, chi bing khoang 0,5 + 3,5% nhung gid tri tuyét ddi cia Q, nhiéu khi cling ding cha y. Tdn that qs phu thude vao cong sual, vao dign tich bé mat, do chenh nbist do aia bé mat chiéi bj voi moi trying, voi ho so rao Adi nice d6% Luu va bie xa gita bé mat véi moi wing xung quanh ma chd yu LA Wc dO gid xung quanh va miu side cla bé mat. C6 nhiéu cach dé xde dinh q;. CO thé theo phuong phap u6de tinh tren co sir phuong trinh truyén nhié g doi Luu Q = F.a.(t,. - ) 66 thé dang phyong phi dong nhiét din qua tuimg hode 16p cdch nhigt chon trude, te da bid chidu day va nné sO din nhiét cia val Ligu r6i tinh theo bidu thi 442 q=~@-t) 1 trong d& t, vat; a niet do 3 bai diém do chon trude ed kholing céch 1a |; cfing cb thé ding phuong phiip can bing nhiet wong gian 1b hoi ki¢u Kin; cling od tae pid tinh qs= 100 - (qi + q: + Gat Qst ,)- Thudng x4 dinh theo sé ligu thuc nghiém va kinh nghi¢m xay dimg thinh hing so hode dé thi bidu dién quan hé pitta q, = £,(D,) hode gs= £(BQ,) (inh 1-4 d6 thi thudng cho cong sudt hoi dink méc, vdi cong sual dudi dinh mie ho trén dé thi hoi phdi tinh theo céng thite kinh nghiém: Do 4s = dus % (49a) Dd 5% ' PA oo TN phy 40}-+> i > ee _|_ 20 | \ 5036 «10~«5'0 200 ORK a/y ” L 200 300 409 600 600 1000/4 — bape epee nn te 4 l - 1 @ | j a3 4a I_ 45 67990 203040 =F fug/s) Z i 4 F678 0 20 30° -4G«50 T0e 450 CTSA} Hinh 1-4a, Quan hé giila q¢ vdi san lugng hai D, kg/s hode WA. 5. Tén that do nhiét vat ly ctta tre xi Qa.96 Diy lA ton that nhiét do xi that ra ngoai con G nhidt dd cao, 1 thé thé léng néng chily. Noi chung Q,, qq khéng 16n, thirong chi edn tinh d U6i YOGI loai nhién liéu nhiéu tro xi A® > 1,5% hoae khi thai xi long, theo cong thite sau Q A " Too Ct. Milky (1-50a} hoae: de= & 100% (1-50b) ev trong dé:mat ghi v.v. % t, = nhidt d6 cita tro xi thai ra, d6i vdi 1d ghi hode 18 than phun thai xi kh6, ¢6 thd Idy Khong 600 + 700°C, néu thai xd long od the Lay cao hon nhict dQ nong chay cia tro xi khoang 100°C do ké dén nhi¢t én ndng chiy cita tro xi, bing khodng 1400 + 1500°C; C Ja ob ASikg.do; ot dung riéng cha tro xi, cho trong cae bang, bing khodng 0,8 + 1,2 a, -1Y (2 tro tai theo x3. Doi khi trong qe cOn tinh dén cA tén that nhiét do Jam mat hop tro xi, dam 1am ding nudc howe khong khi bén ngoti. % aa—— 4b - ar i 6 ’ 2 3458 870 20 3050 700 200 300 600800 so00 108 Kealfh ro 2 3 aS Ee) re 200 300 500 7000 MW Hinh 1-4b. Quan h@ gidta q, vdi nang sudt nhiat BQ,, kca//n hoge MW. 1.5.3 Thi nghiém can bang nhiét 18 hoi. Khi Lip rap hoae sia chita In xong thudng phai ign hinh thi nghiém can bing nhict, x4c dinh higu suat va cdc loai ton that nhist cia 1d hei b ede diéu kién khac nhau vé phu tai va hé sé khong khi thira, lim co s-dé xéc dinh ché do van ha thich hgp, tim bién phdp gidm bét tén tht, nang cao higu sual, ti¢l ki¢m nhién 46 nhThudng ding hai c4ch thf nghiém: can bang thuan (phutong php tryc tiép) vA can bling nghich (phuong phép gidn tip) ‘rong thi nghigm can bing thuan, cdn x4e dinh nhiét long 6 fch va nhist ]wang dura vao ri tinh hi¢u sual: pai nz 2.100% ~ 2 100% = Epa Quy Q BQ Vii 1d hoi céng sudt nhé thudng ding phuong phap nay vi c6 thé do duge cde dai lugng nhut san Ivong hoi hode nude néng, do tang entanpi, lugng nhién ligu tiéu hao va nhiét tri cla nd. 100% (l-Sla} V6i 18 hoi cong sudt 1én, thudng ding phuong phdp can bang nghich va xéc dinh hiéu suat nhiét theo biéu thite: 1, = 100 - (q; +3 + Ga + ds + G6). % (1-S1b) Nhu vay, phai xée dinh céc loai tn that nhi¢t réi tinh higu sudt. Phai chi ¢ tinh sai sd cuc bd va toan bé thi nghiém. Khi xdc dinh theo can bing thu§n thi sai 86 titong déi cia hi¢u suat: > (asi fan)? fag") cee D Ai, B Q trong d6 AD, A.4i, AB, AQ." - sai sO tuyét ddi cla sain hegng hoi hoje nuGc, cha higu entanpi, via lugng tieu hao nhitn liu va nhigi ti. Vii sai 56 tuyét doi cia higu sudt: (1-52a) An= dyn, % (1-52b) Khi xc dinh theo can bing nghich thi sai sd wrong d6i bing: owe [ ta) (Sage) [tte ge) (ge) (Sess) (1-53a) trong d6: Bs, Mdas Adu Adsy Ady J8 sai sO miyét dO cita cfc loai tn that, Sai sO tuyét déi cha higu suat An = AZq = 8Eq.2q% (1-530) Sau khi cd két qua thi nghiém, xdy dumg dudng quan hé gitra cdc loai hiéu sudt vA t6n that q vai cng sudt D Jam co s@ chon phu tdi kinh t¢, ding thisi xay dumg 47quan hé gifta long tn that Xq voi hanh hop ly. 3 khong kh thita dé x4e dinh ché do van 1.5.4 So qua vé hiéu sual exergi Trong can bang nhidt, ta iy ahiét [vung dai dién cho nang lung dé so séinh, cdnn gid. Day I phuong phap tuyén thing, hidn nay vin dang sif dung rong ri, Tuy nhi¢n, phuong phdp nay cé nhuoe diém 1A wrong 16n that phai ké dén cA phin nang lugng ma tong mi mudng thue 1 xung quanh khong thé khaj théc sir dung duige, tite 1 phiin ning Iugng cé tong nhing vat cé nhiét dO bing hede thép hen nhidt do moi tim@ng xung quanh, do dé cl cd thé rit ra nhimg ket luan khong that hop ly vé mit k¥ thuat. Thf dy khi phin tich cin bang nhiét trong nha méy hidt dign th) FO hoi c6 thé coi 18 thict bi hodn thign nha, higu sudt cd thé dat dtn 92 93%, trong khi dé binh ngumg c6 Sn that 16n nhit, v6 thd dén 30 + 40%. Tir ket qué. dé dé dua dea ket luan 1a can hodn thign hinh ngung; nhimg thyc ra ahiét lung do nude fim mat ra khdi binh ngung rat _khé tan dung wi nhiét do cia nuvic db Khong cao hon ahigt do moi trutng bap nhicu. Nhitag nim gin day, dé cai ditn cho ning lugny neuéi ta con dling mot thong sO khde, d6 12 exergi, te 18 phan ning lugng t0i da 6 thé sir dyng duge trong diéu kien moi trudng xung quanh. Di voi moi chil, exergi bing: = - iy) - Ts - 80), Rlkg @ Vii niet lugng q truyén tir val c6 nhigt dQ T, thi exergi ciia lying ohigt noy bing: o=(- oy, Kiky (b) 6 day i, 8, T 1A entanpi, entropi va nhigt do & trang théi khdo sat, chn 8,, Ty 12 enlanpi, entropi va nhigt dg ctia val G trang thai can bang véi mdi trudng. Higu sua exergi duge tinh nhuy sau: c. Ne = 100% = (c) e uong dé: ¢, Ry exergi ly ra duye tir he thong, trong 1d hui dé 1 exergi eta hoi hoge nude nding ly ra, tinh bang: &= Gy = hy) = ToS, = 805 48cxergi dua vao, bing exergi cla nude cap va exergi cla nhiét long uruyén tir khoi dén moi chat: . Ty, C= Cue + lg = (ine * tg) - TES - 80) + GUL - —*), AAG Ty Thi du véi mét 1d hoi cd ché d6 lam vide: nhiét dd trong budng tira 18 2000°C, nhiét do khong khi ngoai tei 18 10°C, 4p sudt khi quyén 0,98 bar, nude edp 1a nude bao hoa Gp suat 18 4 kPa, hoi qué nhidt sin xual ra c6 thong s6 1a p, = 166,70 har, T,=550°C, ta tinh duge : €, = (3472 - 42) - (273 + 10).(6,5029 - 0,1511) = 1631 Ai/ke 3 ©, = (139 - 42) - (273 + 10).(0,4241 - 0.1511) + 3633¢) - LO# 273 2000 +273 = 3225 Kikg 1631 << -100% = 50,6% 3225 Ta thay t6n that exergi trong 1d hai len dén khodng 50% va ngudi ta tinh duge 16n that trong tuabin chi khoding 4%, Voi két qua nay thi chinh 18 hui 1a thié bi ching duye quan tam cai tién ma khOng nén (6n thi gié Gm bién phdp tan dung nhiét thai ra tir binh ngung. 1.6 so QUA VE QUA TRINH SINH HO! VA NGUNG TU TRONG. LO HOI VA HE THONG CAP NHIET Nuc cing ohu nhiéu don chat thang gap déu cd thé tén tai G pha hoi (khi), pha lng va pha rn tu} theo didu kién 4 4p sudt va nhig do. Dudi tac dung cia nhigi thay ddi trang thai va e6 thé thay déi pha. Trong hé thding cap nhi¢t thutmg tiGn hanh trao di nhiét trong diéu kin gdn nhe dang 4 4p. Thyc ra, ta cO qua trinh dang dp khi 1d hoi va hé théng cp nhiét lam viée Sn dinh, nghia 1a hoi san xual vita bang lugng hoi tiéu thu. Néu lyong hoi san xuat ra phiéu hon lugng tigu thu thi 4p suat hé thong sé tang vii nguye lai, néu hei sin xual ra it hon Luong hoi view thy thi 4p sudt sé gidm xuéng Khi nhan nhiét dang dp thi thé lich riéng thudng tang hoe trong hong riéng gidm, entanpi va entropi luén lu6n ting cdn nhiet do chi ting khi tn tai mot pha Va khong thay déi khi chuyén pha hoac hai ba pha cing tn tai. Neu duy tf 4p sudt trong pham vi trang thai ba pha va trang théi tdi han thi khi nhan nhiét, nhiet do, pha ran wing dan, dn nhiet dO néng chy (hoac dong dac) thi khong thay déi cho dén khi pha rén chuyén hodntoin thanh pha ISng, sau d6 nhiét do lai wing dan cho én nhigt db bao hoa (hode mhidt 6 soi), nhigt do khong thay d6i cho dén khi pha 49léng chuyén hoan toan thinh pha hoi, sau dé nhiét do tigp tuc tang. Khi thai nhict thi nguye lai. Du6i pham vi (rang thai 3 pha, khi nhan nhiét pha rin chuyén thanh pha hoi, Khong qua pha lang, ta goi 1A thing hoa. Trén pham vi 4p sudt t6i han, khong con ranh yi gitta pha long vi pha hoi. Con trong pham vi giita p; vA p, (xem hinh 1-5) thutmg gap cing c6 mot so dac diém nhut sau: ~ Khi dp sua ting thi nhiét do bao hod tang, thf dy 4p suat 2 bar thi nhigt 69 bio hoa 1a 120,23°C, & 8 bar 18 170,42°C, & 20 bar 18 212,37°C, nhimg cao nhat ciing chi dat 374°C 4p suit rit cao 1a 225,22 bur; cho nén mudn gia nhiér & nhiet 46 cao thi ding hoi & Ap sufit cao. - Khi Ap suat tang thi nhiét an hod heii hoac ngumg ty gitim. Thi du 6 Ap sudt khi quyén khodng 1 bar thi nhiét an 1a 2258 Mike, &8 bar con 2048 Kike, & 20 bar edn 189] As/kg, va & 225,22 bar chi cdn 27,4 Ki/kg; cho nén khi khéng cin gia nhiét & nhigi do cao thi khong nén ding hoi & ap sudt cao. - Khi dp suat cao thi sy chénh léch mat do gira pha long va pha hoi giim, anh hutmg khong tot den tudn hoan ty nhién. Thi du ahu & ap sudt khf quyén p’ : p” = 1,694 : 0,0010432 = 1624 lan, & 8 bar Ia: 0,2403 : 0,0011149 = 215,5 lan; & 100 bar, Ya: 0,01803: 0,001452] = 12,4 lin. Tit trang thai téi han td lén, su p bor chénh Iéch nay khong con nita nén khong thé c6 tudin hodn wf ahién ma phai ding tudn hoan cudng bite. - Khi 4p suat thay déi thi su phan bs nhiat luyng cho céc giai doan ciia qua tfinh ho hoi cing thay déi. Thi du dua ude tt 20°C hod thanh hoi qué nhiet & 500°C, durdi Sp suat 1 bar thi nhiét lueng edn cho qué tink dun soi bling qy= i” - i, = 417,4 - 83,7 = 337 Adikg, nhiét cin cho qué trinh hod hoi bing q.; = r = 2258 Aik, nhidt cin cho qué trinh qué nhiét bing: gai = i - i" = 3488 - 2675 = 813 klkg, \6ng nhiét lugng bing 3479,3 Adikg. Néu 4p suat 12 100 bar thi qy = : : 1407,7 - 93,2 = 1314,5 Ké/kg, guy = 1317 “100 t007 200 AVKG, Quy = 3372 — 2725 = 647 Kiiky va 1éng nhiat lugng bing 3278,8 kfkg. Hinh 4-5. 86 thi p-t cla HO 50Ta thdy 10 1 hoi dp suai cng cuo, 1 1¢ bé mat dan sinh hoi cing gidm so voi ba mat bo ham nifuc VA DO qué nhigt. Né&a cho L kg hoi qué nhigt 6 500°C ui nhit, ngung thanh nude 20°C & cdc dp suat khdc nhau thi cing thai ra nhieét lugng tuong tng. - Ciing edin lau ¥ 18 khi chuyén pha, soi va ngung thi hé sO tod nhiét doi Tuu rat lon, nhidt do lai khong thay déi, nhigt lugng trao d6i nhiéu. Do vay trong he thong ep nhiet rat hay sit dung qué trinh soi vA ngung.Chuong If QUA TRINH CHAY VA THIET Bl BUONG LUA Nhu da ndi dén & chuong 1, thiét bj sinh hoi c6 hai nhigm vu chinh: nhiém vu thit nhat 1 chuyén hod nang cha nhién hiéu thinh nhiét nang mot each cd hisu qua nhat, We 1a Gn hanh qué tinh dét chdy nhién licu mot cich uiét dé, dé 1a noi dung chinh cia chuong hai nay. Nhi¢m vu chinh thit hai 1a wuyén nig t sin pham chéy cho mdi chat vGi hi¢u qua cao nhat dé bign moi chat tir thé léng & nhier do binh thiding thanh nude néng, nude s6i, hoi bao hod hoa hoi qué nhiét thea man nhu cau cha hé titn ding, dé sé 1a d6i tugng nghién ctu ctra chuong ba. 2.4 CO 86 LY THUYET CUA QUA TRINH CHAY TRONG BUONG LUA 2.1.1 Cac giai doan cia qua trinh dét chay nhién ligu trong budng Ira TU khi dita vio budng lira dén khi dét chy hét nhién ign da trai qua mot qué trinh thay déi vé vat ly va hod hoe rat phie tap xen ké lin nhau, ni chung cé thé chia thanh may giai doan chinh nhy sau: Déi V6i nhién ligu rin, qué trinh chéy gdm 4 giai doan: © Giai doan sity néng va siy khd ohign ligu. «© Giai doan thoat chat bd va tao ede. © Giai doan chay chat bie va ce. * — Giai doan tao (ro xi. 52Oi voi nhign ligu Ing khong 6 giai doan tao ce va aod. Voi nbién ligu Khi chi c6 giai doan say néng va chiy. Cfe giai doan vita qué tinh chay khong phai uén hanh wan ty, téch big ma thudng tidn hiinh edi dau nhau, xen ké ahau. Thdi gion tiéh hinh cfc giai doan dai hay ngdn phu thuge vao nhidu yeu 16 nhv dac tinh cua nhién ligu, edu tao cla budng lita va phuong phép van hinh. Dudi day sé khio sat ty mi hon timg giai doan cla qué rinh chdy. 2.1.2 Qua trinh say néng va say kh nhién ligu Khi nhien ligu duge dua vao budng lta dang van hanh, lap tte nhan duoc nhiét tir khong khi néng, tir sin phim chay, tir 1ép than dang chdy, ti vach tong ctla budng Ia v.v... Phuong thie truyén nhi¢t tir khong khi néng 18 doi Luu, tir san phim chéy 18 doi Luu va bac xa, tis 6p than dang chay 1a din nhiét va bie xa, th vach budng lua cing LA bie xa vey... Khi nhan due nhiét, nhign ligu duge sdy néng va sdy kh6. Nhigt do cia nhién ligu tang cin, lugng 4m trong nhién lig cling nhan duge nhiét, nhiét dO tang dan va boc hoi vi cugng d6 manh dan. Khi nhiét d@ ten déa khodng 100°C thi dm boc hoi manh ligt, cho dén khi bée hau het m bé mat thi nhict do tiép iuc tang va bude sang giai doan thoat chat bie. Nhién ligu 06 nhigt &@ ban dau cing thfp, dd dm cang cao thi nhigt lung can dé sdy cing nhidu, thot gian sdy cing dai, lvong khong khi odin cing nhigu. Nhung cain imu ¥ Hid giai doan nay can khong khf chi voi tu céch [A de nhan say, chit khong phai !a cung cdp Oxy cho qua trinh chdy. 2.1.3 Giai doan thoat chat béc va tao cée Nhién ligu da sy kho, néu tigp tue nhan nit thi niet do ting Jon, chat bée thoat ra dan va e6 thé bit diiu chay. M&i logi nhién liga bat dau thodi chat boc & nhiet dé) khite nhau, than nau bat du & nhiét do 130 dn 170°C, thar. dé bat ddu 210 dén 260°C, than gay va antraxit bat dau & 380 dén 400°C hode cao aon. Trong qué tinh dét néng nhién ligu, nhiéu hop chat cacbua hydro bi nhigt phan thinh nhimg nguyén td don gidn cacbon va hydro. Nhiing hyp chat hiu co adm nhiéu hydro thing dé thodt chat boc, dé phan huf va dé chéy nhung nhiét tir cde chat bode thudng khong cao va chéy voi ngon Tia khong sng. Khé nhiét phan nhat [a matan (CH); phai trén 600°C métan méi phan huy; nhung lai cho nhimg chat didm cau ran rat khé chéy goi 1a "mudi than"hoie "mé héng”. Nhtnethin nhiéu at "mudi than" néng di tao thanh ngon lite séng va tang kha nang truyén nhigt bie xa cha ngon lita. 2.1.4 Giai_ doan chay Chay 1a qué trinh phan tng hoa hoe giita Oxy va eée thanh phan chay duge cs tod nhiéu nhiét va 4nh sing. Tée do chay phy thude vao nhiét do va néng d6 chai chay due. & mot nhigt do ahst dinh, we a9 chay Phu thude vio néng do chat chay due trong hén hep nhién ligu va khong khi, Néng d6 thap, toc dQ chay cham; néng do Cao, 16e JQ chiy mhanh. Con & mét néag, dd nhét dinh, we do chay phu thude rét S nhi@t dQ bat lta thép nat, vao khodng 250°C, than dé vi thank phiin chat boc V" > 20% khodng 300 dén 350°C: than gay, anizaxit, than coc bat lita khodng 650 dén 800"C; ditt madat khoang 500 dén 600°C, khf tt cao khong 700 dén 800°C. Sau khi bit lira, t6c dg chéy cing manh ligt, tuy néng dé chat chéy gidm din; d6 1a do nhigt do buéng lita tang cao. Cho dén khi chay hét khodng 80 den 90% chat chay duge thi phan ting méi gidm din we d0. Ta khio sét ti mi hen giai doan chay chat boc, tie 18 cde chat khf chay duge nhu hydro, oxyt cacbon, v.v.. va Biai doan chay cdc. a. Phd ting chdy day chuyén cita chét khi: Trong giai doan sdy va thoat chat bc, nhiing chat khi chay duoc nh H,, CO, WXe< 8p Oxy ong khOng khf da cé phan ting Oxy hod, 108 mhigt nhumg bay dau 0 cdn thip, 1c d phan tng cham, nhiét phat ra chera di dot néng dé toa T4 anh sng. Nhigt do tang dan, khi nhi¢t d6 tng cao, phan (mg chay tang nhanh hon rat ohiéu, gdp hing tam hang ngan lén so véi cée phin img hos hoc thong thudng. D6 khOng chi 18 do anh hung ciia nhist dé cao ma chi yu 1a phan img chay day chuyén nhd cé nhing trung tam boat tinh nhu cdc nguyen tir ty do HO hodc gdc OH v.v..va trong qué tinh chay day chuyén lai ¢6 thé tao ra nhidu tung tam hoat tinh mdi nia, Dé lam thi du ta hay Khio sét phin img chdy day chuyén hai chat khf chii yeu wong chat béc 14 H, va CO. Phan tmg chéy day chuyén cla Hy, c6 thé winh bay nhw sau: khi phan tr Hy gap trung tam hoat tinh © ta cd: 5420 COWeH, CHO OnsH, & (TH, +0 COH+H, CHO) 7 OHFH, wok : SS H+O, H+O, O+H, N x O+H, NOH ‘ t . \el ee eee \ SO+H, Thr phan ting day chuyén tren, e6 thé tach dé viet ra cde phn tng sau: 3H, +0, +O 2H,0+2H4+0 (2-la) Ta cing 6 thé tach theo mot chu k} khde duge phn ung: 3H, +0, +OH > 2,0 +21 + OF (2-1b) hoac: 3H, +O, +H +2H,0+3H «2-le) Nhu vay, nho mot trung tam hoat tinh, howe O, hodc H ho’e OH 44 g6p phan chay Hy va sau mot chu ky chéy lai sinh ra 3 irung tam hoat tinh méi cing véi san phém cudi cting 1a H,O. Ta thdy 1A sin phém chéy H, cust chng vin 1a H,O, nhigt lugng tod ra cling khong nhiéu hon nhung tde dQ ch4y tang ahanh hon rét nhigu va tao them nhiéu tung tim hoat tinh méi, cng the diy qué trinh chy nhank hon. Phin ting chdy day chuyén cla CO 66 thé viét nhut sau: 4 co, co exety4 i0,. O+n,4H | 40, TO Seen EN OH+CO-H | tO.0 ‘Ta phan (mg day chuyén tren, o6 thé tach dé viet ra phan mg sau: 2C0 +0, + OH +H, > 200, +2H+0H (22) Ta eding thaly, chdéy CO cn6i cling van cho ra sin phdm 1a CO,, van duce lugng ahiét nhy thé, ahung lai tao thém duge 3 trung tam hoat tinh mdi, thie diy qué tinh chy manh ligt hon. wn aChi y them rang, cé nhimg phin img phan huy, nhan nhie: cing c6 thé fo thinh nhimg trung tam hoat tinh mdi, thc day qué tinh chay niu: 4053 H, +OH Do vay khi than chay, phun mot it nude hoa hoi nude vae sé lim cho qué tinh chdy miinh iict hon do cé thém trung tam hoat tinh, tay nbién nhiét Iveng Khong nhimg khong ting, ma sé giém khi phun nude vi isn nhiet lung dé nude hoa hoi. b. Qua trinh chdy cia chit rdn: Khi cue nbien gu dita vao budng Ita dang van hinh, xung quanh os khong khi, sin phdm chéy, wing ld 66 nhiéi do cao, sé nhan nhiét, Ivong &m bbe hoi din va chal bée eting thodt ra. Hoi nude va chat be thodt ra bao boc lay hat nhién Ligu, agan céch su tig xe giita Oxy cling tung tam hoat tinh véi bé mat than ede, Nhung 16: nbd sur khuéch tan cila hoi nude va chat boe tt mat Ahi thank ghia than ra ngodi va su khuéch tin set or % ca Oxy va vung tam hoat tinh tir . ngodi véo trong, Uép xde duge vii we oa bé mgt than (go thanh phin img % ue chéy. San phim chdy méi tao m ln? thinh cing ngan edch su tigp xtc |S giita Gxy vi bé mat, nhumg rdi = s cling nbd hitn tugng khuéeh tin 2 ‘Le ca hai phfa nen qué inh chéy c6 thé tiép mc. Vi mét mat c6 cdc & Is phin tng chéy tao thinh sin | & pharm chay, mat khdée oO sur } t t khudéch tn theo xu thé déng déu . hod néng d> cée chét khi, nen Aéing ke hinh thinh sy phan b6 c& chat khi xung quanh bé mat hat than Hinh 2-1. Su phan bé ec chat khi nhu sau; xung quanh hat than. Khf CO: & sét mat nhien ligu ¢6 néng dO lén nhit, cing ra xa chng pidm din CO tao thanh duge, vi mal cde ¢6 nhist. dé cao, gap Oxy déng thdi c6 hai phan tng tao thanh CO va CO, nhu sau: C420, 9 CO+Q, (2-day 56va C+0, 9CO,+Q (2-4b) T¥ le CO va CO, tao thinh phy thude vio nhigt d, 6 khodng 1200°C ching xp xi mhau, nhict do cang cao ty 1¢ CO cang Ldn. Mat khay khi C & tren mat cde nhidt do cag, thicu Oxy, gap CO, sé cd phan ving hodin nguyén thu nhict: CO, #C > 2C0-Q, (2-4) Ngoai ra, nu c6 hoi nude hoae nude tiép xte véi mat cde nhist do cao thi hoi nude sé 1am ede "khf hod" theo phan ting: C+H,0 + CO +H Q-5) ang xa mat cde ndng do CO cing pidm, mor» dn do phin ting chay CO khi gap O, theo phin ¢ Ia do su khuéch t4n, mat Co+l0, > CO, +Q; (2-6) # Khi CO, nhwrtrén dii noi, khi mat ede bi Oxy phan Ging sé tao thinhCO, cing CO, mat khic khi CO khuéch tén ra ngoti, gip xy cing sé chéy, lao thanh COs, nén & cach b mat cOc mOt khoiing ndo d6, ndng do dat gid ur} Lon nha COM, sau d6 do khudch tén néng do CO; gi xudng. ¢ Khi Q,. Trong ddng khong kh # cach xa mat céic cd néng dd O, 1én nhat, s khuéch tan din vao mat cdc. Tren dudng khuéch tén gap CO sé tién hanh phan ing chay nhur di neu tren, néng dO gi dan khi tigp xtic voi mat c6e, sé phn ting voi C dé tao thanh CO va CO, nén ébé mat c6c gid tri cha nGéng do O, 1 nhd nhs. Nhu vay dé nhién ligu co thé chay triet dé, cdn o6 cde didu kien sau: - Nhi&t 46 di cao, nhiét 46 cing cao qué trinh chdy cdng tt. 3 khong khi thita thich hep, qua nhé, khéng dil 6xy, qua 1én, lam cho nhist do gidm xudng. = Thdi gian luu lai trong buéng la cia nhign ligu di Tuy nhién céc digu kign ttn khong phai c6 tac dung riéng ré ma c6 anh budng [in nhau rat nhiéu. Néu nhiét do Wrong budng Ita thép thi phan dng chdy cham, doi hoi thoi gian luu jai trong buéng Ita dai thi hat nhién ligu mdi kip chdy het true khi ra Khoi budng lita, Néw mbiet do trong bung lira cing cao, phéin ting cang nhanh thi thoi gian lint lai trong buding Ira khong cén dai cing c6 thé chy hodn todn duye. Hon nfia khi phan ‘mg, chay didn ra clang nbanh, nhiéi lugng toa ra cang nhiéu, ahiet dO lai cing cao th) dd: héi thdi gian Luu Lai trong budng lita lai cang ngdn. 57He 86 khong Khi thita c6 anh huémg 14t lon dén qud tina chay, vi nd ¢é anh huding ral lem dn niigt a6 trong budng ita. Nhi¢t dO budng lita khong chi phy thuge vac sé lugng va chat Iveng nhién li¢u dua vio ma edn phy thud rat nhidu vio luemg khong khi va khd nang tip xic gita khong khi v6i nhign ligu. Néu khong khi dua vao vita dil, te he sv khong khf thita a = 1, 9, bI/kg bea hop déng thoi hén hyp tot thi nbiét lwgng tod ra (mg vi 1 kg hén hop nhién ligu va khong khf 13 16n nhat (hinh 2-2). Néu thigu khong khi, tic IA a <1 tht phin tng chdy khong g hoan toln, nhiét lugng » tod ra 1a it hon. Neu a. > 1 ti hén hop long, t we bw TE Jugng nhién ligu trong | &g hdn hop it, nén nhiét lugng phat ra it, nhiét dd trong budng Ita . thip, chay cham va dé Hinh 2-2. Quan ha gitia nhigt lugng tod ra véi hé so chdy khong hodn (oan. khéng khi thera. Viee chon hé s6 kh6ng khi thita thich hgp thiréng dua theo kinh nghiém va thuc nghiem, wy theo loai nhién ligu, ech dét cing nbu hinh dang va kich thude budng Ita. Khong khf e6 thé dua vao cing mot hic véi mhién ligu hoge di qua 6p ohién Ii fugng khOng khf nay thudng goi 1a gi6 cdp mt, cling cé thé dua riéng thém sau dé chay kiét nhien Hieu, cai thign qué trinh chay luong khong khf nay thuong goi_ IA giG ep hai. Ti le gis edfp mot va cap hai cling phu thude vao tinh chat cia nhién liu va céch dot. HE 36 khéng khithda Caing can nhic Tui Ja déi khi ¢6 thé cho thém hoi nude hoc nuée vio budng lita lam cho t6c d6 chy tang lén, cudng do chay tang lén, dé [8 ho te a6 lam coc “khi hod” cing nhu phan tmg phan huy tao thanh trung tam hoat tinh, nhung nhiét lugng thi khong nhing khong duge tang ien ma sé gitim xudng néu ding nude dé paun. 582.1.5 Giai_doan tao tre xi Sau qué trinh chiy, nhong chat rin khong chay duryc sé tao thanh tro x. Tro 1a rin khong chéy duce nhung kh6ng, bi néng chay cOn xi chinh 1a tro néng chay to thanh. Trong qué tnnh chéy, duéi téc dong cla nbigt, céc thinh phan cita nhién Ligu st thay ddi nhiéu vé tinh chat vat 1¥ cling nh hod hoc. Trude tién cdc tinh thé nude ngdm trong mot sé chat nhu thach cao (CaSQ,. 2H;0) hode Al,O;. 2Si0,. 2H,0 sé boc hoi J nhiét d6 khodng SOU'C. Néu nhi¢i do ti¢p tue nang cao, mot sO mudi khodng phan huy thanh c&c oxyt va CO, tu do thodt ra ngoai, thi du nhu: G nhiet do khoang 500°C, cé phan tng phan huy : MgCO, > Mg0+CO, 7 (2-Ta) @ nhigt d khoang 800 dén 950°C, 06 cdc phin img: FeCO, > FeO + CO, T (2-7) CaCO, > Cad + CO, T (2-7c) Néu nhict do tiép tuc nang cao, cdc thinh phan cila (10 Hn lugt néng chay, dé chily nha 1a cAc kim loai kiém va cdc hop chat cha chiing (K,O, Na,O néng chay & 800 dén 1000’C) va céc chlorua. Sulfua sé (FeS,), trong mdi urudng hoan nguyén 06 thé néng chay & nhigt do 800 dén 900 + 1070°C, cdn Uong moi udm oxy hod thi sé chuyén thinh Fe,0, vv... Khi mét sé thanh phdn nong chay, hod thanh thé idng, cé thé hoa tan mot sé thanh phén kh4c vGn khé chay, tao thinh nhimg chit cling tinh cé nhiét do néng chay thép hon. Thi dy néu trong tro ¢6 nhiéu thinh phan oxyt silic ur do (SiO,) thi dé cling véi cdc chat FeO, FeS, CaO, MgO, v.v... go thanh chat cing tinh dé néng chay va dé hod lan duge chat ALO, vGn rat khé néng chay. Do vay néu trong tro 66 nhiéu thanh phan SiQ, thi to d6 dé néng chay, néu ft SiO, thi to dé khé néng chay. Tuy theo tinh chat va céc nhier dQ bith dang, nhiet do mém va nhiét dQ néng chay cia tro, ta cé thé chon Phuong phap thai tro xi thich hgp: 6 thé thai tro 6 nhiét do khong qué 850°C, cé thé thai xi khé G nhiét dO cao hon hoae thai xi long & nhiet do cao hon nhiét do néng chay cua tro. 59