Ortiz 1

In 1989 the median income of nonwhites was about less than half of what was received by
whites. While the trend for nonwhites increases overtime, in 2007 the median income begins to
slowly decline. In 2013 the median income for nonwhites was about sixty percent of what was
made from whites.

Ortiz 2

Of blacks who enroll in a four year-college only roughly twenty percent graduate in four years
versus the closely forty seven percent of white who graduate. Of blacks who enroll in a six yearcollege only about fifty percent graduate compared to the closely seventy percent of whites who
graduate. While the percentage for hispanics who graduate in the four, five, or six year-college is
higher than blacks, its percentages are still lower than whites. Those who are in the lower class
typically take longer to graduate than others in the more upper classes.

Ortiz 3

An experiment conducted for National Bureau of Economic Research. The conclusion from this
experiment was that those who sent out resumes with African American sounding names did
have a harder time getting callbacks compared to White names. Also found in this experiment
applicants with African American names find it hard to fight discrimination in callbacks by
improving their observable skills or credentials.

Ortiz 4

New-entrant women start with a black-white wage gap of 3.7 percent in 1979 and end at 10.8
percent in 2015. On the other hand, more experienced black women start at a 1.5 percent
disadvantage and rise to a 12.6 percent disadvantage in 2015. Similar to new-entrant men, the
progress among new-entrant women between 1996 and 2000 reversed much of the damage of the
1980s, but since 2000 those gains have been erased.

Ortiz 5

The new-entrant wage gap starts at 11.2 percent in 1979 and rises to an 18.7 percent
disadvantage in 2015. On the other hand, more experienced black men start with a larger
disadvantage of 19.5 percent and end in 2015 with a 23.5 percent disadvantage. The graph also
shows that the early 1980s expansion of mens black-white wage gaps occurred largely among
new entrants, a finding that is consistent with the idea that younger, less-experienced workers are
most sensitive to macroeconomic and structural change.