TIU CHUN QUC GIA

TCVN 9355:2012
GIA C NN T YU BNG BC THM THOT NC
Ground improvement by pretabricated vertical drain (PVD)
Li ni u
TCVN 9355:2012 c chuyn i t TCXD 245:2000 theo quy nh ti khon 1 iu 69 ca
Lut Tiu chun v Quy chun k thut v im a khon 1 iu 7 Ngh nh s 127/2007/N-CP
ngy 01/8/2007 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Tiu chun v Quy
chun k thut.
TCVN 9355:2012 do Vin Khoa hc Cng ngh Xy dng - B Xy dng bin son, B Xy
dng ngh, Tng cc Tiu chun o lng Cht lng thm nh, B Khoa hc v Cng ngh
cng b.
GIA C NN T YU BNG BC THM THOT NC
Ground improvement by pretabricated vertical drain (PVD)
1 Phm vi p dng
Tiu chun ny quy nh nhng nguyn tc c bn v kho st, thit k, thi cng v nghim thu
vic gia c nn t yu bng bc thm thot nc;
CH THCH: Cc ch dn k thut c th do cc nh thu t vn v thi cng thc hin.
2 Tiu chun vin dn
Cc ti liu vin dn sau l cn thit cho vic p dng tiu chun ny. i vi cc ti liu vin
dn ghi nm cng b th p dng phin bn c nu. i vi cc ti liu vin dn khng ghi
nm cng b th p dng phin bn mi nht, bao gm c cc sa i, b sung (nu c).
TCVN 4200:2012, t xy dng - Phng php xc nh tnh nn ln trong phng th nghim.
3 Thut ng v nh ngha
Trong tiu chun ny c s dng cc thut ng, nh ngha sau:
3.1
Bc thm (Prefabricated)
Vt thot nc ch to sn gm li bng polypropylene, c tit din dng bng hoc trn, bn
ngoi c bc v lc bng vi a k thut khng dt to thnh t cc si gn kt bng bin
php c hc, ha hc hoc gia nhit.
3.2
Bc thm dng bng (Band prefabricated)
Bc thm dng bng thng c chiu rng 100 mm, dy t 2 mm n 10 mm li c dng mng,
dng bn hoc li cho v cun thnh cun c tng chiu di hng trm mt.
3.3
Bc thm dng trn (Rolled prefabricated)
Li bc thm trn l ng c g, thn c l, ng knh ngoi ca li 50 mm, ng knh trong 45
mm, c kh nng chng bp, chng lo ha, chu c va p v lc ko.
3.4
Gia ti nn trc (Compression load)

Bin php tc dng p lc tm thi ln nn t yu to ln trc khi xy dng cng trnh;

kt hp vi gii php thot nc s tng nhanh qu trnh p thot nc l rng, tng nhanh tc
c kt ca t yu, lm cho nn c ln trc, ln n nh.
3.5
Vi a k thut (Geotechnical tabric)
Vi sn xut t polymer tng hp, si lin tc, khng dt, dt v kt hp c bn cao v thm
nc tt. Vi a k thut khng dt ch yu dng ngn cch gia lp bn yu vi lp m ct
trn u bc thm. Vi dt v vi kt hp thng c dng tng cng kh nng chng
trt cho khi p. Vi a k thut cn dng cu to tng lc ngc.
3.6
t yu (Ground)
t phi x l, gia c mi c th dng lm nn cho mng cng trnh. Cc loi t yu thng gp
l bn, t loi st (st, st pha, ct pha) trng thi do nho. Nhng loi t ny thng c
st ln (IL > 1), c h s rng ln (e > 1), c gc ma st trong nh ( < 10), c lc dnh theo kt
qu ct nhanh khng thot nc C < 15 kPa, c lc dnh theo kt qu ct cnh ti hin trng
Cu < 35 kPa, c sc chng mi xuyn tnh qc < 0,1 MPa, c ch s xuyn tiu chun SPT l N < 5.
4 Quy nh chung
4.1 Bc thm thot nc c dng gia c nn t yu cho cc loi cng trnh sau:
- Xy dng nn ng trn t yu c yu cu tng nhanh tc c kt v tng nhanh cng
ca t yu m bo n nh nn p v hn ch ln trc khi lm kt cu o ng;
- Tn nn trn t yu lm mt bng cha vt liu, xy dng cc kho cha mt tng,
xy dng cc cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip loi nh c ti trng phn b trn din rng
(sau khi nn ln n n nh).
4.2 Vic gia ti trc (n tr s bng hoc ln hn cng ti trng cng trnh tc dng ln
nn) c khuyn ngh p dng trong mi trng hp kh thi.
4.3 Khi s dng bc thm phi ch :
- S ph v kt cu t khi thi cng. S ph hng kt cu ny lm tng tng ln v lm gim
sc khng ct ca t;
- Phm vi chiu su thc s c hiu qu ca bc thm;
- Gi tr ti trng nn trc vic thot nc l rng v c kt t c hiu qu.
5 Yu cu thit k
5.1 Nhng ti liu cn thit thit k
5.1.1 H s thit k s b (hay thit k tin kh thi) ca cng trnh.
5.1.2 H s kho st cng trnh
(Ch cc ch tiu c l quan trng ca t nn nh: lc dnh C, gc ma st trong , sc khng
ct khng thot nc Cu bng th nghim ct cnh hin trng hoc th nghim nn ba trc, h
s thm k, h s c kt Cv, h s nn ln a, mun tng bin dng E0).
5.1.3 Ti liu iu tra v vt liu a phng nh: ngun cung cp ct ht trung, ct ht th, vt
liu gia ti, bc thm v vi a k thut.
5.1.4 Thi gian v tin thi cng cng trnh.
5.2 Thit k cu to chung
Nguyn tc thit k cu to x l nn t yu bng bc thm th hin Hnh 1:

CH DN:
1) Phn p gia ti nn trc
2) Nn p
3) m ct
4) Bc thm
5) Nn t yu
6) Vi a k thut
7) Mc o ln
8) Thit b o p lc nc l rng
Hnh 1- Cu to x l nn t yu
5.3 Yu cu k thut ca bc thm
Bc thm phi t cc ch tiu c l sau:
- Cng chu ko (cp ht chiu rng bc thm) khng di 1,6 kN;
- gin di (cp ht chiu rng bc thm) ln hn 20 %;
- Kh nng thot nc di p lc 10 kPa vi gradient thy lc I = 0,5 t 80 x 10 -6 m/s n 140
x 10-6 m/s;
- Kh nng thot nc di p lc 400 kPa vi gradient thy lc I = 0,5 t 60 x 10 -6 m/s n 80
x 10-6 m/s.
5.4 Yu cu k thut ca vi a k thut
Vi a k thut phi c cc ch tiu c l sau:
- Cng chu ko khng di 1,0 kN;
- gin di < 65 %;
- Kh nng chng xuyn thng t 1 500 N n 5 000 N;
- Kch thc l vi 090 < 0,15 mm;
- H s thm ca vi: 1,4 x 10-4 m/s.

5.5 Thit k m ct trn u bc thm

5.5.1 Chiu dy tng m ct ti thiu l 50 cm v phi c bin php m bo thot nc ngang
trong ton b qu trnh x l nn, chu c ti trng ca xe my thi cng cm bc thm, cm
c bc thm qua tng m ct d dng v thot nc tt.
CH THCH: C th dng bc thm thot nc ngang thay cho m ct.
5.5.2 Ct lm tng m ct phi l ct th hoc ct trung, t cc yu cu sau:
- T l c ht ln hn 0,5 mm phi chim trn 50 %;
- T l c ht nh hn 0,14 mm khng qu 10 %;
- H s thm ca ct khng nh hn 10-4 m/s;
- Hm lng hu c khng qu 5 %.
5.5.3 m nn ca lp m ct phi tha mn hai iu kin:
- My thi cng di chuyn v lm vic n nh;
- Ph hp cht K yu cu trong kt cu nn p.
5.5.4 Trong phm vi chiu cao tng m ct v dc theo chu vi (bin) tng m ct phi c tng
lc ngc thit k bng si theo cp phi chn lc hoc s dng vi a k thut.
5.5.5 S dng vi a k thut
- Khi nn l t yu trng thi do nho, c kh nng lm nhim bn lp m ct trc tip bn
trn u bc thm th dng vi a k thut ngn cch lp t yu v lp m ct.
- S dng vi a k thut tng kh nng chng trt ca khi p khi cn thit;
- S dng vi a k thut lm kt cu tng lc ngc.
CH THCH: Khi lp t yu khng lm nhim bn tng m ct thot nc trn u bc thm
th khng cn dng vi a k thut.
5.6 Tnh ton b tr bc thm
5.6.1 Nn t c cm bc thm di tc dng ca ti trng s c kt theo s bi ton i
xng trc. p lc nc l rng v c kt U bin i theo thi gian t ty thuc khong cch
bc thm L v cc tnh cht c l ca t (chiu dy h, h s c kt C vz, Cvh). Bi ton ny c th
gii quyt bng my tnh vi phn mm chuyn dng, hoc c th tnh bng tay (xem Ph lc A,
Ph lc B).
5.6.2 Tnh ton b tr bc thm phi xut pht t yu cu i vi mc c kt cn t c
hoc tc ln d bo cn li trc khi xy dng cng trnh. Trng hp chung mc c kt
phi t c ti thiu U = 90 %. i vi ng cp cao c th p dng yu cu v tc ln
d bo cn li l di 2 cm/nm. i vi cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip th c kt yu
cu l U > 90 %.
5.6.3 Tnh ton mt bc thm theo nguyn tc th dn vi cc c li cm bc thm khc nhau.
khng lm xo ng t qu ln, khong cch gia cc bc thm quy nh ti thiu l 1,30 m.
m bo hiu qu lm vic ca mng li bc thm, khong cch gia cc bc thm khng
qu 2,20 m. Khi xc nh khong cch bc thm phi ch n iu kin a cht cng trnh c
th bc thm lm vic c hiu qu tt nht.
5.6.4 Tnh ton khong cch bc thm c th tham kho Ph lc A.
5.6.5 Quy nh v b tr bc thm nh sau:
- Phi b tr bc thm phn b u trn mt bng ca cng trnh c iu kin a cht cng trnh
nh nhau.
- i vi cng trnh dn dng v cng nghip bc thm c b tr ngay di mng cng trnh
v ra ngoi mp cng trnh mt khong bng 0,2 b rng y mng.
- i vi cng trnh ng th phi b tr bc thm n chn mi dc ca nn p.

- B tr mng li bc thm c th theo hnh tam gic u hoc theo hnh vung.
5.6.6 Chiu di ca bc thm phi b tr ht chiu su tng chu nn H a ca nn t di tc
dng ca ti trng cng trnh. Chiu su tng chu nn kt thc im c z trong khong 0,1 vz
n 0,2 vz, trong z l ng sut nn do ti trng cng trnh gy ra ti su z v vz l ng
sut nn do ti trng cc lp t bn trn gy nn trng thi t nhin. Gi tr c th ca H a do
thit k tnh ton c th cho tng loi cng trnh.
5.6.7 Khi xc nh chiu di cm bc thm phi ng thi xt n cc trng hp sau:
- Nu chiu su tng chu nn Ha nh hn chiu dy tng t yu th bc thm ch cn cm ht
chiu su tng chu nn;
- Chiu di bc thm c th gii hn su c ng sut do ti trng cng trnh gy ra cn
bng vi p lc tin c kt ca t z = pz (xc nh p lc tin c kt pz theo TCVN 4200:2012);
- Khi lp t yu qu dy, b rng cng trnh qu ln cn ch chiu su thc s hiu qu ca
bc thm;
- Trong trng hp bn di Ha c tng ct cha nc c p th khng cm bc thm vo tng
ct .
5.7 D bo ln
5.7.1 bo m vic d bo ln gn vi thc t cn phi c s liu u vo (ti trng cng
trnh, tnh cht t nn v thi gian cht ti) chnh xc. Phi ht sc ch tin cy ca cc th
nghim v s la chn cc ch tiu tnh ton v c l t.
5.7.2 Sai s cho php ca ln d bo khng qu 10 % i vi nh v 25 % i vi ng.
5.7.3 Vic tnh ton ln d bo c th tham kho Ph lc B.
5.8 Thit k cc loi quan trc
5.7.1 Khi s dng bc thm phi c h thng quan trc kim tra cc d bo thit k v iu
chnh b sung khi cn thit.
5.8.2 Thit b o ln c nguyn l cu to nh Hnh 2.
- mc o ln phi t trn lp vi a k thut ngn cch gia nn t yu v m ct. Trng
hp khng c lp vi a k thut th ny t gia lp m ct;
- Chiu di ca ng nha c cha ng thp phi cao hn mt nn t p khong 20 cm;
- S lng v v tr t mc o ln do ngi thit k quy nh sao cho c th bit c ln ca
ton b din tch nn p.
5.8.3 o chuyn v ngang
- Mc quan trc chuyn v ngang c b tr trung bnh 10 m trn mt trc ngang trong iu kin
a cht phc tp. Trong iu kin thng thng th b tr su mc (mi bn ba mc). C li gia
cc mc l 5 m v 10 m. Mc th nht cch chn mi dc nn p 2 m. Mc quan trc chuyn v
ngang lm bng g tit din (10 x 10) cm u c inh m. Mc c ng su vo tng t ti
thiu l 1 m v cao ln mt t t 2 m n 3 m;
- Mc chun t my quan trc phi b tr t nht hai im cho mt cng trnh v phi t ngoi
phm vi nh hng ca qu trnh ln v chuyn v.
Kch thc tnh bng xentimt

CH DN:
1) Np y
2) ng thp c ren ni d = 20 mm
3) ng nha bo v d = 100 mm
4) Tm y b tng ct thp
Hnh 2 - Thit b o ln
5.8.4 o p lc nc l rng
Thit b o p lc nc l rng c lp t trong nn t yu c bc thm ti thiu ba su
khc nhau (trn u lp t yu di m ct, gia lp t yu v cui lp t yu hoc cui
chiu su cm bc thm). Trn mi cng trnh b tr t hai n ba trc ngang, mi trc ngang b
tr ba v tr o, sau thu v trm quan trc trung tm.
Thit b o p lc nc l rng nn chn la thch hp cho tng d n (kh p, dy rung).
Ngoi ra, cn phi b tr quan trc mc nc ngm (trong h khoan) v mt v tr o p lc nc
l rng ngoi vng chu nh hng c kt so snh.
Quy trnh o ln, quan trc chuyn v ngang v o p lc nc l rng do thit k quy nh.
5.9 Tnh ton gia ti nn trc
5.9.1 Tng ti trng gia ti nn trc ln hn hoc bng 1,2 ln tng ti trng thit k ca cng
trnh. Gi tr ny do t vn thit k quy nh.
5.9.2 Vt liu gia ti nn trc c th bng t loi st, t loi ct hoc bng ti trng cng trnh
(nu cng trnh l nh).
5.9.3 Khi nn t khng n nh, phi p theo tng giai on. Ti trng ca tng giai on p
phi bo m nn lun trong iu kin n nh, c th tnh gn ng theo phng php xut pht
t cng thc xc nh ti trng gii hn ca lp t yu nh ton sau y (Hnh 3):

Hnh 3 - S h s chu ti Nc ca nn p c chiu rng B trn nn t yu c chiu dy H y

- Trng hp

B
1,49
Hy

- Tnh theo cng thc

- Trng hp

B
>1,49 th thay + 2 bng Nc theo ton (Hnh 3)
Hy

trong :
Hdi l chiu dy lp t th i, tnh bng mt (m);
B l b rng y nn p, tnh bng mt (m);
Hy l chiu dy lp t yu, tnh bng mt (m);
Y l khi lng th tch t p, tnh bng kilniutn trn mt khi (kN/m);
Cui l sc khng ct khng thot nc ca lp t yu, tnh bng kilpascan (kPa);
F l h s an ton (trong qu trnh p c th ly F trong khong 1,05 n 1,1).

5.9.4 Cng lp t yu c gia tng sau c kt tnh theo cng thc:

trong :
Pi l ng sut nn do ti trng p t gy nn lp th i;
I l c kt t c thi im tnh ton;
l gc ma st trong cc lp t yu.
5.9.5 Thi gian lu ti ca ton b ti trng gia ti phi m bo cho qu trnh c kt hon thnh,
nn t ln n n nh. Ngha l ch c d ti khi nn t yu c gia c bng bc thm t
c c kt yu cu.
5.10 Kim tra n nh nn t yu khi gia ti
5.10.1 Khi trong nn cn gia c c mt lp t tt, mng ( 2 m) nm bn trn th phi bo m
ti trng t trn mt lp t tt phi ln ph v c bn kt cu ca lp t ny v
gy nn ln theo d bo.
5.10.2 p lc do lp gia ti gy nn khng vt qu sc chu ti gii hn ca t nn m
bo cho nn ln trong gii hn quy nh ng vi thit k m khng ph hoi nn t cn gia c.
5.10.3 Trong qu trnh p nn v p gia ti trc, cn phi m bo cho phn p cao H d lun
lun c n nh (khng b trt tri). nh gi mc n nh, ngoi vic da vo cch
quan trc ln v chuyn v ngang, cn phi kim ton theo cc phng php phn tch n nh
mi p (chng trnh thng mi, tnh tay c in).
GHI CH: Phn p cao Hd c xem l n nh nu h s n nh K jmin 1,2 (theo
phng php phn mnh c in) hoc Kjmin 1,4 (theo phng php Bishop).
5.10.4 Tnh ton kim tra n nh trt ca nn c th tham kho Ph lc C.
5.10.5 Khi c nguy c nn t yu km n nh, c kh nng b ln tri hoc b trt, th phi p
phn p m bo cho nn p cao khng b mt n nh.
5.11 Tnh ton b ln
5.11.1 Cn c vo ln n nh sau khi d ti v cao thit k ca cng trnh tnh ton
khi lng t p b ln.
5.11.2 t b ln phi c m cht ng quy trnh v m bo cht theo yu cu thit k
cng trnh.
5.12 Quy nh v h s thit k
5.12.1 H s kho st a cht cng trnh:
- Bn thuyt minh v cng tc kho st.
- Nhng tr a cht v mt ct a cht.
- Kt qu th nghim cc ch tiu c l t.
5.12.2 Bn thuyt minh thit k
- Nhng cn c thit k;
- Nhng phng n so snh;
- Thuyt minh thit k x l nn km theo tt c cc ti liu tnh ton;
- Tng hp khi lng cng trnh;
- cng quan trc ln o chuyn v ngang v o p lc nc l rng;
- Thit k t chc thi cng v hng dn k thut thi cng.

5.12.3 Nhng bn v chnh

- Bn a hnh t l 1:500 n 1:200 trn c v tr cc cng trnh cn x l nn;
- Bnh b tr bc thm c t l ty theo tng loi cng trnh: i vi ng, dng t l 1:1 000;
i vi nh, dng t l 1:500 n 1:200;
- Trc dc b tr bc thm c t l ngang bng t l bnh v t l dc bng 1/5 t l ngang;
- Mt ct ngang i din nn ng (nu l ng) hoc mt ct ngang mng v nn c gia
c (nu l nh);
- Cc bn v b tr quan trc ln, o chuyn v ngang v o p lc nc l rng.
5.12.4 H s d ton cng trnh
5.12.5 Cc chng ch th nghim bc thm v vi a k thut, li vi a k thut (nu c).
5.12.6 Nhng ch dn v vic khai thc vt liu xy dng cho cng trnh (v tr cc m, khi lng
v cht lng vt liu).
6 Thi cng gia c nn t yu bng bc thm
6.1 Thi cng m ct trn u bc thm
6.1.1 Phi thi cng tng m ct trc khi thi cng cm bc thm. Tng m ct ny thng lm
bng ct th hoc ct trung v c chiu dy t 0,5 m n 0,6 m.
6.1.2 Vic thi cng tng m ct phi tun theo cc quy nh v quy trnh p nn (mi lp t 25
cm n 30 cm). cht m nn ca m ct phi tha mn hai iu kin:
- My thi cng di chuyn v lm vic n nh;
- Ph hp cht K theo thit k.
6.1.3 Pha trn tng m ct phi c lp ct ht trung ph kn bc thm vi chiu dy ti thiu
l 25 cm (khng p trc tip t loi st trn u bc thm).
6.1.4 Tng lc ngc pha thm ra ngoi mi dc ca tng m ct phi c thi cng sau khi
thi cng cm bc thm v trc khi p gia ti (tc l trc khi cho nc t bc thm qua tng
m ct ra ngoi).
6.1.5 Lp ph bo v tng m ct pha mi dc nn p (nu c) c thi cng trc khi bt
u d ti.
CH THCH: Trng hp trn mt gp lp t tt, my cm bc thm hot ng c th c th
lm lp m ct sau khi cm xong bc thm.
6.2 Thi cng cm bc thm
6.2.1 Thit b cm bc thm c cc c trng k thut sau:
- Trc tm lp bc thm c tit din 60 mm x 120 mm, dc trc c vch chia n xentimt
theo di chiu su cm bc thm v phi c qu di thng xuyn kim tra thng ng khi
cm bc thm vo lng t;
- My phi c lc ln cm bc thm n su thit k.
6.2.2 Thit k trc s di chuyn lm vic ca my cm bc thm trn mt bng ca m ct
theo nguyn tc:
- Khi di chuyn, my khng c ln nhng u bc thm thi cng.
- Hnh trnh di chuyn my l t nht.
6.2.3 Trc khi thi cng chnh thc, n v thi cng phi t chc thi cng th im trn mt phm
vi my di chuyn hai ln n ba ln khi thc hin cc thao tc cm bc thm.
- Vic thi cng phi c s chng kin ca t vn gim st v trong qu trnh th im phi c s
theo di kim tra. Kim tra mi thao tc thi cng v mc chnh xc ca vic cm bc thm (
thng ng, ng v tr v bo m su);

- Thi cng th im t yu cu th mi c thi cng chnh thc.

6.2.4 Trnh t thi cng cm bc thm nh sau:
- nh v tt c cc im s phi cm bc thm bng my o c thng thng theo hng dc v
ngang ng vi thit k, nh du v tr nh v, cng vic ny cn lm cho tng ca my;
- a my cm bc thm vo v tr theo ng hnh trnh vch trc. Xc nh vch xut pht
trn trc tm tnh chiu di thm bc c cm vo t, kim tra thng ng ca trc tm
bng dy di hoc bng thit b con lc t trn gi my p;
- Lp bc thm vo trc tm v iu khin my a u trc tm n v tr cm bc thm;
- Gn u neo vo u bc thm vi chiu di bc thm c gp li ti thiu l 30 cm v c
ghim bng ghim thp. Cc u neo phi c kch thc ph hp vi bc thm. Kch thc ca
u neo thng l 85 mm x 150 mm bng tn dy 0,5 mm;
- Cm trc tm c lp bc thm n su thit k vi tc u trong pham vi t 0,2 m/s
n 0,6 m/s. Sau khi cm bc thm xong, ko trc tm ln (lc ny u neo s gi bc thm li
trong lng t). Khi trc tm c ko ln ht, dng ko ct t bc thm, cn li 20 cm u
bc thm nh ln trn lp m ct v qu trnh bt u li t u i vi mt v tr cm bc thm
tip theo.
6.2.5 Khi thi cng gp nhng iu bt thng th phi bo co xin kin t vn gii quyt.
6.2.6 Phi v s v ghi chp chi tit mi ln cm bc thm v v tr, chiu su, thi im thi
cng v cc s c xy ra trong qu trnh thi cng.
6.2.7 Sau khi cm bc thm xong phi dn dp sch cc mnh vn bc thm ri vi trn mt
bng tin hnh p lp ct ph kn u bc thm (nh 6.1.3).
6.3 p vt liu gia ti v d ti
6.3.1 p gia ti tun theo cc ch dn trong thit k v vt liu p, v thi gian v v ti trng
ca tng giai on.
6.3.2 Thng xuyn quan st xem c nc thot ra ngoi khng. Cn c bin php to ng
thot thun tin cho nc l rng t nn t yu c p thot ln ri chy ra ngoi phm vi nn
p. Nu cn (c kin ca gim st vin t vn) c th to h tp trung nc v dng bm ht
i. Trng hp tht cn thit v iu kin k thut cho php, c th dng phng php ht chn
khng ht thot nc tht nhanh.
6.3.3 Phi t mc o v tin hnh quan trc ln, o chuyn v ngang v o p lc nc l rng
theo quy trnh ca thit k quy nh.
6.3.4 Khi ht thi gian gia ti, ln ca nn p tng ng vi ln tnh ton thit k, t vn
gim st thit k cho php d ti. Cng tc d ti phi tin hnh theo tng lp (trnh d cc b
gy mt n nh nn p). Khi d ti n cao thit k, phi dn sch cc vt liu khng ph
hp.
7 Kim tra v nghim thu cng trnh
7.1 Kim tra, nghim thu cht lng bc thm
- Bc thm phi m bo yu cu v cht lng ghi trong 5.3;
- Mi l hng phi c chng ch xut xng v kim tra cht lng km theo. Khi lng kim
tra trung bnh 10 000 m th nghim mt mu hoc khi thay i l hng nhp;
- Phi ghi li chiu di mi cun bc thm v quan st bng mt thng xem bc c b gy li
khng.
7.2 Kim tra nghim thu cht lng m ct
- m ct phi bo m cht lng ghi 5.5.
- i vi vt liu ct lm m c 500 m phi th nghim kim tra cc ch tiu ghi 5.5.2 mt ln.
- cht ca m ct c kim tra theo quy nh.

- Chiu dy ca m ct khng c nh hn chiu dy thit k.

7.3 Kim tra nghim thu cht lng thi cng bc thm
7.3.1 My cm bc thm phi nng lc lm vic theo yu cu ca thit k
7.3.2 Kim tra kch thc cc u neo, ghim thp v cc thao tc th dng c ghim thp (mi ca
my kim tra mt ln).
7.3.3 Trong qu trnh thi cng bc thm, i vi mi ln cm bc thm u phi kim tra cc ni
dung sau:
- V tr cm bc thm khng c sai vi thit k qu 15 cm;
- Bc thm phi cm thng ng, khng c lch qu 5 cm so vi chiu thng ng;
- Chiu di bc thm khng c sai vi chiu di thit k qu 1 %;
- u bc thm nh ln mt m ct ti thiu l 20 cm, ti a l 25 cm;
7.3.4 Thi cng xong bc thm phi c bin bn v bn v hon cng theo quy nh.
7.4 Kim tra nghim thu cht lng thi cng vi a k thut
- Vi a k thut phi t cc thng s ghi 5.4;
- L hng nhp phi c chng ch xut xng v cht lng km theo. Khi lng kim tra trung
bnh 10 000 m th nghim mt mu hoc khi thay i l hng nhp;
- Vi a k thut phi ri ng v tr thit k, thi cng cn thn, khng c lm rch lm thng.
7.5 Kim tra nghim thu cc thit b quan trc
- Cc thit b quan trc nh mc chun, mc dn, mc o ln, mc o chuyn v ngang, thit b
o p lc nc l rng phi bo m ng cht lng quy nh;
- Nhng ti liu kt qu quan trc phi thc hin ng theo yu cu thit k.
7.6 nh gi hiu qu gia c nn t yu bng bc thm
- Cn c vo ln thc t nh gi hiu qu s dng bc thm. Nu ln thc t gn
ng vi ln thit k tnh ton th vic s dng bc thm l ng, c hiu qu v ngc li;
- Cn c vo chuyn v ngang v hin tng nn tri t ra xung quanh (tc l vn n nh
ca nn) nh gi vic p gia ti l ph hp hay khng. Nu t b nn tri hoc b trt th
phi c gii php x l kp thi;
- Cn c vo lng nc c p thot ra v p lc nc l rng gim i nh gi hiu qu
ca vic gia ti. Nu lng p thot nc l rng cng nhiu th vic s dng bc thm cng c
hiu qu.
7.7 Cn thit phi kim tra nh gi hiu qu mt cch ton din vic gia c nn bng bc thm
thot nc sau cc giai on thi cng v cui cng l sau khi d ti nn trc c s liu chnh
thc thit k nn mng cng trnh.
T vn thit k quy nh cc th nghim kim tra t nn sau khi gia c (c th khoan ly mu
th nghim, tin hnh th nghim xuyn hoc ct cnh ti hin trng kim tra).
7.8 Vic nghim thu cng trnh gia c nn t yu bng bc thm thot nc phi c thc
hin theo quy nh trong tiu chun qun l cht lng cng trnh xy dng hin hnh.
Ph lc A
(Tham kho)
Tnh ton khong cch bc thm
A.1 Cn c vo thi gian cn thit t (tnh bng phn trm ca nm) t cng c kt yu
cu u (%) (thng ly u = 90 % hay U = 0,9) xc nh ng knh nh hng ca bc thm D

(tnh bng mt). T xc nh c khong cch gia cc bc thm L (tnh bng mt) theo
cng thc sau:

trong :
= 0,5 1,0 Cv l h s c kt thm, tnh bng mt vung trn nm (m/nm);
l h s ph thuc n = D/dw xc nh theo biu Hnh A.1;
n l trng lng ca nc t nhin ly bng 9,81 kN/m;
P l ti trng cng trnh hay ti trng nn trc, tnh bng kilpascan (kPa).

Hnh A.1- Biu xc nh h s

GHI CH: T cng thc (A1) tnh ra D v t tnh ra L (khong cch cc bc thm). H s do
ngi thit k la chn bng cch th dn quan h n = D/d w sao cho c c kt U tt nht vi
thi gian c kt t ngn nht.
(dw l ng knh tng ng ca bc thm dw = 2(a+b)/n; a, b l kch thc bc thm).
A.2 B tr bc thm theo s hnh vung hay hnh tam gic
+ Vi s hnh vung: D = 1,13L (Hnh A2)
+ Vi s hnh tam gic: D = 1,05L (Hnh A3)
Nh vy khong cch gia cc bc thm s l:

Ph lc B
(Tham kho)
D bo ln nn t yu
B.1 Tnh ln c kt Sc (khi nn cha c bc thm)
B.1.1 ln c kt Sc ca nn t c tnh theo phng php tng cc lp phn t vi cng
thc sau:

trong :
hi l chiu dy lp t tnh ln th i (hi 2m);
eio l h s rng ca lp t th i trng thi t nhin ban u (khi cha p nn ln trn);
cic l ch s nn ln hay dc ca on ng cong nn ln (biu din di dng e ~ log)
trong phm vi i > ipz ca lp t th i;
cir l ch s nn ln hi phc khi d ti, hay dc ca on ng cong nn ln trong phm vi
p lc tin c kt ca lp t th i (ipz);
ivz l p lc do trng lng bn thn ca cc lp t t nhin nm trn lp t th i;
iz l p lc do cng trnh gy nn.
CH THCH 1: Cc tr s Cc, Cr v pz xc nh theo TCVN 4200:2012.
CH THCH 2: z nu l p lc do ti trng p gy nn, th c xc nh theo ton
Osterberg.
CH THCH 3: Nu iz < ipz - ivz th dng cng thc(ll.1) ch c s hng ban u v thay C c bng
Cr, tc l:

B.1.2 Chiu su vng t yu b ln di tc dng ca ti trng p hoc ti trng cng trnh do

t vn quyt nh. C th xc nh nh sau:
- i vi nh v cng trnh su chu nn cc hn H a ht thc khi z 0,1 vz;
- i vi ng, Ha kt thc sau khi c z 0,15 vz hoc z 0,2 vz.
B.2 D tnh ln tng cng S v ln tc thi Si
B.2.1 ln tng cng c d tnh theo quan h kinh nghim nh sau:
S = mSc

(B.3)

trong :
m l h s k n s ph hng kt cu t khi thi cng bc thm v s dch chuyn ngang ca
nn t yu.
Vi m trong khong t 1,1 n 1,4, nu c cc bin php hn ch nn t yu b y tri ngang
di ti trng p (bng cch p phn p hoc dng vi a k thut) th dng tr s m = 1,1.
Ngoi ra, t nn cng yu v chiu cao p cng cao th dng tr s m cng ln.
B.2.2 ln tc thi d tnh nh sau:
St = (m - 1)Sc

(B.4)

m c ngha v xc nh nh trong cng thc (B.3)

B.3 D bo ln c kt theo thi gian ca nn t khi dng bc thm
B.3.1 c kt U t c sau thi gian t k t lc p xong c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
U = 1 - (1 - Uv)(1 - Uh)

(B.5)

trong :
Uv l c kt theo phng thng ng
Uh l c kt theo phng ngang
B.3.2 Xc nh c kt thng ng Uv
c kt Uv ph thuc nhn t thi gian Tv. Tv c xc nh nh sau:

trong :
Cthv l h s c kt trung bnh theo phng thng ng ca cc lp t yu trong phm vi chiu
su chu nn cc hn Ha.

trong :
hi l chiu dy cc lp t yu nm trong phm vi vng chu nn H a.

Cvi l h s c kt thng ng ca lp t yu th i, xc nh theo TCVN 4200:2012, tng

ng vi p lc trung bnh

d ivz d iz
m lp t yu i phi chu ng trong qu trnh c kt.
2

H l chiu su thot nc c kt theo phng php thng ng. Nu ch c mt mt thot nc

pha trn th H = Ha, cn nu c hai mt thot nc c trn v di (di c lp ct hoc thu
knh ct) th H = 1/2 Ha.
Tr s ca c kt thng ng Uv c th xc nh theo Bng B.1 di y:
Bng B.1 c kt Uv t c ty thuc nhn t thi gian Tv
Tv

0,004

0,008

0,012

0,020

0,028

0,036

0,048

Uv

0,080

0,104

0,125

0,160

0,189

0,214

0,247

Tv

0,060

0,072

0,100

0,125

0,167

0,200

0,250

Uv

0,276

0,303

0,357

0,399

0,461

0,504

0,562

Tv

0,300

0,350

0,400

0,500

0,600

0,800

1,000

Uv

0,631

0,650

0,698

0,764

0,816

0,887

0,931

Tv

2,000

Uv

0,994

CH THCH: Nu Cv tnh bng xentimt vung trn giy (cm2/s) th hi v H tnh bng xentimt
(cm) v t tnh bng giy (s)
B.3.3 Xc nh c kt theo phng ngang Uh

trong , cc s hng c xc nh nh sau:

a) Th l nhn t thi gian theo phng ngang

trong :
D l ng knh nh hng ca bc thm;
Nu b tr bc thm theo kiu vung, D = 1,131;
Nu b tr bc thm theo kiu tam gic, D = 1,051;
L l khong cch gia cc tim bc thm;
Ch l h s c kt theo phng ngang, giai on lp d n kh thi, c th dng:

b) F(n)- nhn t xt n nh hng ca khong cch bc thm

y:

dw l ng knh tng ng ca bc thm, theo Ph lc A xc nh theo cng thc:

(a, b tng ng l chiu dy v chiu rng ca bc thm).

V dw thng nh, do n thng ln v n2 >> 1, nn c th xc nh F(n) theo cng thc n
gin nh sau:

c) Fs l nhn t xt n nh hng xo ng t nn khi ng bc thm:

trong :
kn l h s thm ca t theo phng ngang khi cha ng bc thm;
ks l h s thm ca t theo phng ngang sau khi ng bc thm;
(trong trng hp thc t thng p dng

k n k n cn

25 )
ks k v cv

Ds l ng knh tng ng ca vng t b xo ng xung quanh bc thm. Trong thc t

thng dng ds/dw = 2 3;
d) Fr l nhn t xt n sc cn ca bc thm

trong :
H l chiu di tnh ton ca bc thm (m). Nu ch c mt mt thot nc pha trn th H bng
chiu su ng bc thm, nu c hai mt thot nc (c trn v di) th ly H bng mt na
chiu su ng bc thm;
qw l kh nng thot nc ca bc thm tng ng vi gradient thy lc bng mt, ly theo
chng ch xut xng ca bc thm, tnh bng m/s.
Thc t tnh ton cho php ly:

kn
= 0,000 010,001 m-2 i vi t yu loi st hoc st;
qw
kn
= 0,0010,01 m-2 i vi t than bn;
qw

kn
=0,010,1 m-2 i vi bn gc ct.
qw
B.3.4 ln c kt ca nn p trn t yu c gia c bng bc thm sau thi gian t c
xc nh nh sau:
St = Sc . U

(B.15)

trong :
Sc l ln ca nn t yu khi cha c bc thm, xc nh theo (B.1)
U l c kt ca nn t yu sau khi c gia c bng bc thm, xc nh theo cng thc
(B.5).
Phn ln c kt cn li sau thi gian t s l:

Ph lc C
(Tham kho)
Tnh ton kim tra n nh nn t p trn t yu
C.1 Cc phng php tnh ton
C th dng mt trong hai phng php sau y kim tra n nh nn t p trn t yu:
- Phng php phn mnh c in
- Phng php Bishop
C.1.1 Phng php phn mnh c in
Phng php phn mnh c in c tnh theo s Hnh C.1 v h s n nh K j ng vi
mt mt trt trn c tm Oj c xc nh theo cng thc (C.1)

CH DN:
1) Nn p

2) Lp 1
3) Lp 2 (t yu)
4) Cung trt trn
5) Mnh i
Hnh C.1 - S phn mnh vi mt trt trn

trong Hnh C.1 v cng thc (C.1):

Lp 1: c th bao gm tng m ct mng, trn c lp vi a k thut hoc c th gp mt
tng t mng khng yu lm;
Lp 2: lp t yu c chiu dy ln;
li l chiu di cung trt trong phm vi mnh i;
n l tng s mnh trt trong phm vi khi trt;
i l gc gia php tuyn ca cung li vi phng ca lc qi
Rj l bn knh ng cong ca cung trt;
Ci v i l lc dnh v gc ma st trong ca lp t cha cung trt l i ca mnh trt th i;
q l ti trng ca cng trnh quy i;
F l lc gi (chng trt) do vi a k thut to ra.
C.1.2 S dng vi a k thut tng cng mc n nh ca nn t p trn t yu
a) Khi b tr vi a k thut gia lp t yu v nn p (Hnh C.2) th ma st gia t p v
mt trn ca vi a k thut s to ra mt lc gi khi trt F ( b qua ma st gia t yu v
mt di ca vi)
v nh mc n nh ca nn p trn t yu c tng ln.

CH DN:
1 - Vi a k thut
2 - Cung trt nguy him nht
I - Vng hot ng (khi trt)

II - Vng b ng (c vi a k thut chng trt)

F - Lc ko tc dng ln vi a k thut
Y - cnh tay n ca lc F so vi tm trt nguy him nht
Hnh C.2 - Tnh trt k n tc dng ca vi a k thut
m bo tc dng chng trt ca vi a k thut phi tha mn iu kin sau:

trong :
F l Lc ko m vi a k thut phi chu;
Fcp l lc ko cho php ca vi rng 1 m, tnh bng tn trn mt (T/m).
b) Lc ko cho php ca vi a k thut Fcp c xc nh theo cc iu kin sau:
* iu kin bn ca vi a k thut

trong :
Fmax l lc ko t ca vi kh 1m, tnh bng tn trn mt (T/m)
k l h s an ton v lc ma st cho php i vi lp vi ri trc tip trn t yu.
* iu kin v lc ma st cho php i vi lp vi ri trc tip trn t yu

trong :
l1, l2 l chiu di vi trong phm vi vng hot ng v vng b ng (Hnh C.2);
d l khi lng th tch ca t p;
hi l chiu cao khi t p trn vi thay i t 0 n h (Hnh C.2);
f l h s ma st gia t p v vi cho php dng tnh ton

trong :
l gc ma st trong ca t p ;
k l h s d tr v ma st, ly bng 0,66.
C.1.3 Phng php Bishop
Tnh ton theo phng php Bishop th h s n nh K j ng vi mt mt trt trn trung tm Oj
(Hnh C.1) c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

CH THCH:
- Cc k hiu trong cng thc (C.7) v (C.8) c ngha nh trong cc cng thc (C.1) trn Hnh
C.1;
- Phng php Bishop v c bn cng ging nh phng php phn mnh c in. Ch c khc
l h s mi li ph thuc vo h s kj cho nn phi tinh lp, ng dn nh vic s dng cc
chng trnh my tnh;
- Nu khng s dng my tnh, th c th m tm mt trt nguy him nht bng cch cho v tr
tm Oj ca chng thay i trong vng tm trt nguy him nht nh th hin trn Hnh C.3.
Nu nn p bng ct (lc dnh c = 0) th giao im gia mt trt nguy him vi b rng nn
ng c th thay i trn c phm vi AB, cn nu p bng t dinh th giao im ny thng
ln cn im A.

CH DN:
1) Nn p
2) t yu
3) Vng tm trt nguy him
Hnh C.3 - S xc nh tm trt nguy him
MC LC
1 Phm vi p dng
2 Tiu chun vin dn
3 Thut ng v nh ngha
4 Quy nh chung
5 Thit k
6 Thi cng gia c nn t yu bng bc thm

7 Kim tra v nghim thu cng trnh

Ph lc A (Tham kho) Tnh ton khong cch bc thm
Ph lc B (Tham kho) D bo ln nn t yu
Ph lc C (Tham kho) Tnh ton kim tra n nh nn p trn t yu