National Memorial is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore, a

granite batholithformation in the Black Hills in Keystone, South Dakota, United States. Sculpted
by Gutzon Borglum and his son, Lincoln Borglum, Mount Rushmore features 60-foot (18 m)
sculptures of the heads of four United States presidents: George Washington (17321799), Thomas
Jefferson (17431826), Theodore Roosevelt (18581919), and Abraham Lincoln (18091865).[2] The
entire memorial covers 1,278.45 acres (2.00 sq mi; 5.17 km2)[3] and is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above
sea level.[4]
South Dakota historian Doane Robinson is credited with conceiving the idea of carving the
likenesses of famous people into the Black Hills region of South Dakota in order to promote tourism
in the region. Robinson's initial idea was to sculpt the Needles; however, Gutzon Borglum rejected
the Needles site because of the poor quality of the granite and strong opposition from Native
American groups. They settled on the Mount Rushmore location, which also has the advantage of
facing southeast for maximum sun exposure. Robinson wanted it to feature western heroes
like Lewis and Clark, Red Cloud,[5] and Buffalo Bill Cody,[6] but Borglum decided the sculpture should
have a more national focus and chose the four presidents whose likenesses would be carved into
the mountain. After securing federal funding through the enthusiastic sponsorship of "Mount
Rushmore's great political patron", U.S. Senator Peter Norbeck,[7] construction on the memorial
began in 1927, and the presidents' faces were completed between 1934 and 1939. Upon Gutzon
Borglum's death in March 1941, his son Lincoln Borglum took over construction. Although the initial
concept called for each president to be depicted from head to waist, lack of funding forced
construction to end in late October 1941.[8]
Mount Rushmore has become an iconic symbol of the United States, and has appeared in works of
fiction, and has been discussed or depicted in other popular works. It attracts over two million people
annually.[1]
Contents
[hide]

1History

2Ecology

3Geography
o

3.1Geology

3.2Soils

3.3Climate

4Tourism

5Conservation

6Controversy

7In popular culture

8Legacy and commemoration

9See also

10References

11External links

History[edit]

Mount Rushmore before construction, circa 1905.

Black Hills and Badlands

Sculpture

Mount Rushmore

Crazy Horse

Geologic formations

Badlands

Needles

Devils Tower

Bear Butte

Spearfish Canyon
Mountains

Black Elk Peak, formerly Harney Peak

Caves

Wind Cave

Jewel Cave

Parks, forests, and grassland

Wind Cave

Custer State Park

Black Hills National Forest

Black Elk Wilderness

Buffalo Gap National Grassland

Lakes

Sylvan

Pactola

A model at the site depicting Mount Rushmore's intended final design

See also: Construction of Mount Rushmore

Originally known to the Lakota Sioux as "The Six Grandfathers",[9] the mountain was renamed
after Charles E. Rushmore, a prominent New York lawyer, during an expedition in 1885.[10] At first, the
project of carving Rushmore was undertaken to increase tourism in the Black Hills region of South
Dakota. After long negotiations involving a Congressionaldelegation and President Calvin Coolidge,

the project received Congressional approval. The carving started in 1927, and ended in 1941 with no
fatalities.[11]
As Six Grandfathers, the mountain was part of the route that Lakota leader Black Elk took in a
spiritual journey that culminated at Black Elk Peak. Following a series of military campaignsfrom
1876 to 1878, the United States asserted control over the area, a claim that is still disputed on the
basis of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie (see section "Controversy" below). Among American
settlers, the peak was known variously as Cougar Mountain, Sugarloaf Mountain, Slaughterhouse
Mountain, and Keystone Cliffs. It was named Mount Rushmore during a prospecting expedition by
Charles Rushmore, David Swanzey (husband of Carrie Ingalls), and Bill Challis.[12]
Historian Doane Robinson conceived the idea for Mount Rushmore in 1923 to promote tourism in
South Dakota. In 1924, Robinson persuaded sculptor Gutzon Borglum to travel to the Black Hills
region to ensure the carving could be accomplished. Borglum had been involved in sculpting
the Confederate Memorial Carving, a massive bas-relief memorial to Confederate leaders on Stone
Mountain in Georgia, but was in disagreement with the officials there.[13]

Construction of the Mount Rushmore monument

The original plan was to perform the carvings in granite pillars known as the Needles. However,
Borglum realized that the eroded Needles were too thin to support sculpting. He chose Mount
Rushmore, a grander location, partly because it faced southeast and enjoyed maximum exposure to
the sun. Borglum said upon seeing Mount Rushmore, "America will march along that
skyline."[14]Congress authorized the Mount Rushmore National Memorial Commission on March 3,
1925.[14] President Coolidge insisted that, along with Washington, two Republicans and one
Democrat be portrayed.[15]
Between October 4, 1927, and October 31, 1941, Gutzon Borglum and 400 workers [16] sculpted the
colossal 60 foot (18 m) high carvings of U.S. presidents George Washington, Thomas
Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, and Abraham Lincoln to represent the first 130 years of American
history. These presidents were selected by Borglum because of their role in preserving the Republic
and expanding its territory.[14][17] The carving of Mount Rushmore involved the use of dynamite,
followed by the process of "honeycombing", a process where workers drill holes close together,
allowing small pieces to be removed by hand.[18] In total, about 450,000 short tons (410,000 t) of rock
were blasted off the mountainside.[19] The image of Thomas Jefferson was originally intended to
appear in the area at Washington's right, but after the work there was begun, the rock was found to

be unsuitable, so the work on the Jefferson figure was dynamited, and a new figure was sculpted to
Washington's left.[14]
In 1933, the National Park Service took Mount Rushmore under its jurisdiction. Julian Spotts helped
with the project by improving its infrastructure. For example, he had the tram upgraded so it could
reach the top of Mount Rushmore for the ease of workers. By July 4, 1934, Washington's face had
been completed and was dedicated. The face of Thomas Jefferson was dedicated in 1936, and the
face of Abraham Lincoln was dedicated on September 17, 1937. In 1937, a bill was introduced in
Congress to add the head of civil-rights leader Susan B. Anthony, but a rider was passed on an
appropriations bill requiring federal funds be used to finish only those heads that had already been
started at that time.[20] In 1939, the face of Theodore Roosevelt was dedicated.
The Sculptor's Studio a display of unique plaster models and tools related to the sculpting was
built in 1939 under the direction of Borglum. Borglum died from an embolism in March 1941. His
son, Lincoln Borglum, continued the project. Originally, it was planned that the figures would be
carved from head to waist,[21] but insufficient funding forced the carving to end. Borglum had also
planned a massive panel in the shape of the Louisiana Purchase commemorating in eight-foot-tall
gilded letters the Declaration of Independence, U.S. Constitution, Louisiana Purchase, and seven
other territorial acquisitions from Alaska to Texas to the Panama Canal Zone.[17] In total, the entire
project cost US$989,992.32.[22] Unusually for a project of such size, no workers died during the
carving.[23]

Side view of George Washingtonfrom rocky terrain at Mount Rushmore

Entrance to the site

On October 15, 1966, Mount Rushmore was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. A
500-word essay giving the history of the United States by Nebraska student William Andrew Burkett
was selected as the college-age group winner in a 1934 competition, and that essay was placed on
the Entablature on a bronze plate in 1973.[20][24] In 1991, President George H. W. Bush officially
dedicated Mount Rushmore.[25]
In a canyon behind the carved faces is a chamber, cut only 70 feet (21 m) into the rock, containing a
vault with sixteen porcelain enamel panels. The panels include the text of the Declaration of
Independence and the Constitution, biographies of the four presidents and Borglum, and the history
of the U.S. The chamber was created as the entrance-way to a planned "Hall of Records"; the vault
was installed in 1998.[26]

Ten years of redevelopment work culminated with the completion of extensive visitor facilities and
sidewalks in 1998, such as a Visitor Center, the Lincoln Borglum Museum, and the Presidential Trail.
Maintenance of the memorial requires mountain climbers to monitor and seal cracks annually. Due
to budget constraints, the memorial is not regularly cleaned to remove lichens. However, on July 8,
2005, Alfred Krcher GmbH, a German manufacturer of pressure washing and steam cleaning
machines, conducted a free cleanup operation which lasted several weeks, using pressurized water
at over 200 F (93 C).[27]

Ecology[edit]

The Black Hills opposite Mount Rushmore.

Aerial NW direction view of Mount Rushmore National Memorial from a helicopter.

The flora and fauna of Mount Rushmore are similar to those of the rest of the Black Hills region of
South Dakota. Birds including the turkey vulture, bald eagle, hawk, and meadowlark fly around
Mount Rushmore, occasionally making nesting spots in the ledges of the mountain. Smaller birds,
including songbirds, nuthatches, and woodpeckers, inhabit the surrounding pine forests.[28]Terrestrial
mammals include the mouse, least chipmunk, red
squirrel, skunk, porcupine, raccoon, beaver, badger, coyote, bighorn sheep, bobcat, elk, mule
deer, yellow-bellied marmot, and American bison.[28][29] The striped chorus frog, western chorus frog,
and northern leopard frogalso inhabit the area,[30] along with several species of snake. Grizzly Bear
Brook and Starling Basin Brook, the two streams in the memorial, support fish such as the longnose
dace and the brook trout.[citation needed] Mountain goats are not indigenous to the region. Those living near
Mount Rushmore are descendents of a tribe that Canada gifted to Custer State Park in 1924, which
later escaped.[28][31][32]
At lower elevations, coniferous trees, mainly the ponderosa pine, surround most of the monument,
providing shade from the sun. Other trees include the bur oak, the Black Hills spruce, and
the cottonwood. Nine species of shrubs grow near Mount Rushmore. There is also a wide variety of
wildflowers, including especially the snapdragon, sunflower, and violet. Towards higher elevations,
plant life becomes sparser.[32] However, only approximately five percent of the plant species found in
the Black Hills are indigenous to the region.[33]

The area receives about 18 inches (460 mm) of precipitation on average per year, enough to support
abundant animal and plant life. Trees and other plants help to control surface runoff. Dikes, seeps,
and springs help to dam up water that is flowing downhill, providing watering spots for animals. In
addition, stones like sandstone and limestone help to hold groundwater, creating aquifers.[34]
A study of the fire scars present in tree ring samples indicates that forest fires occur in the
ponderosa forests surrounding Mount Rushmore around every 27 years. Large fires are not
common. Most events have been ground fires that serve to clear forest debris. [35] The area is
a climax community. Recent[when?] pine beetle infestations have threatened the forest.[29]

Geography[edit]
Geology[edit]

Mount Rushmore, showing the full size of the mountain and the scree of rocks from the sculpting and
construction.

Mount Rushmore is largely composed of granite. The memorial is carved on the northwest margin of
the Black Elk Peak granite batholithin the Black Hills of South Dakota, so the geologic formations of
the heart of the Black Hills region are also evident at Mount Rushmore. The
batholith magma intruded into the pre-existing mica schist rocks during the Proterozoic, 1.6 billion
years ago.[36] Coarse grained pegmatite dikes are associated with the granite intrusion of Black Elk
Peak and are visibly lighter in color, thus explaining the light-colored streaks on the foreheads of the
presidents.
The Black Hills granites were exposed to erosion during the Neoproterozoic, but were later buried
by sandstone and other sediments during the Cambrian. Remaining buried throughout
the Paleozoic, they were re-exposed again during the Laramide orogeny around 70 million years
ago.[36] The Black Hills area was uplifted as an elongated geologic dome.[37] Subsequent erosion
stripped the granite of the overlying sediments and the softer adjacent schist. Some schist does
remain and can be seen as the darker material just below the sculpture of Washington.
The tallest mountain in the region is Black Elk Peak (7,242 ft or 2,207 m). Borglum selected Mount
Rushmore as the site for several reasons. The rock of the mountain is composed of smooth, finegrained granite. The durable granite erodes only 1 inch (25 mm) every 10,000 years, thus was more
than sturdy enough to support the sculpture and its long-term exposure. [14] The mountain's height of
5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level[4] made it suitable, and because it faces the southeast, the
workers also had the advantage of sunlight for most of the day.

Soils[edit]
The Mount Rushmore area is underlain by brown to dark grayish brown, well drained alfisol soils of
very gravelly loam (Mocmount) to silt loam (Buska) texture. [38]

Climate[edit]

Mount Rushmore has a humid continental climate (Dwb in the Koeppen climate classification). It is
inside a USDA Plant Hardiness Zone of 5a, meaning certain plant life in the area can withstand a low
temperature of no less than 20 F (29 C).[39]
The two wettest months of the year are May and June. Orographic lift causes brief but strong
afternoon thunderstorms during the summer.[40]

[hide]Climate data for Mount Rushmore National Memorial, 1981-2011 norma

Month

Record high F (C)

Average high F (C)

Daily mean F (C)

Average low F (C)

Record low F (C)

Average precipitation inches (mm)

Average snowfall inches (cm)

Average precipitation days ( 0.01)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

68

68

78

85

93

99

100

99

(20)

(20)

(26)

(29)

(34)

(37)

(38)

(37)

36.3

36.7

43.2

50.7

60.7

71.0

79.1

78.1

(2.4)

(2.6)

(6.2)

(10.4)

(15.9)

(21.7)

(26.2)

(25.6)

27.5

27.8

33.9

41.4

51.1

61.1

69.0

67.9

(2.5)

(2.3)

(1.1)

(5.2)

(10.6)

(16.2)

(20.6)

(19.9)

18.7

19.0

24.6

32.0

41.6

51.3

58.9

57.7

(7.4)

(7.2)

(4.1)

(0)

(5.3)

(10.7)

(14.9)

(14.3)

38

29

12

14

27

35

33

(39)

(34)

(24)

(17)

(10)

(3)

(2)

(1)

0.38

0.70

1.19

2.23

4.22

3.41

2.90

1.99

(9.7)

(17.8)

(30.2)

(56.6)

(107.2)

(86.6)

(73.7)

(50.5)

5.8

7.9

10.4

10.8

1.2

0.1

0.0

0.0

(14.7)

(20.1)

(26.4)

(27.4)

(3)

(0.3)

(0)

(0)

4.3

4.7

6.3

8.2

11.9

12.6

11.4

9.3

Average snowy days ( 0.1)

3.9

3.8

3.9

3.1

0.6

Source #1: [41]

Source #2: [42]

Tourism[edit]
This section needs
expansion. You can help
by adding to it. (January 2014)

Historical visitor count[1]

Year

Visitors

1941

393,000

1950

740,499

1960

1,067,000

1970

1,965,700

1980

1,284,888

1990

1,671,673

0.0

0.0

0.0

2000

1,868,876

2010

2,331,237

Tourism is South Dakota's second-largest industry, and Mount Rushmore is the state's top tourist
attraction.[43] In 2012, 2,185,447 people visited the park.[1]In the 1950s and 1960s, Siouxan
Benjamin Black Elk was the "Fifth Face of Mount Rushmore", posing for photographs with thousands
of tourists. He became one of the most photographed people in the world. [44]

Conservation[edit]

Laser scan data showing Abraham Lincoln.

The ongoing conservation of the site is overseen by the US National Park Service.[45] Physical efforts
to conserve the monument have included replacement of the sealant applied originally by Gutzon
Borglum, which had proved ineffective at providing water resistance (components include linseed oil,
granite dust and white lead). A modern silicone replacement was used, disguised with granite dust.
In 1998, electronic monitoring devices were installed to track movement in the topology of the
sculpture to an accuracy of 3 mm. The site has been subsequently digitally recorded using a
terrestrial laser scanning methodology in 2009 as part of the international Scottish Ten project,
providing a record of unprecedented resolution and accuracy to inform the conservation of the site.
This data was made accessible online to be freely used by the wider community to aid further
interpretation and public access.[46]

Controversy[edit]
The United States seized the area from the Lakota tribe after the Great Sioux War of 1876.
The Treaty of Fort Laramie from 1868 had previously granted the Black Hills to the Lakota in
perpetuity. Members of the American Indian Movement led an occupation of the monument in 1971,
naming it "Mount Crazy Horse". Among the participants were young activists, grandparents, children
and Lakota holy man John Fire Lame Deer, who planted a prayer staff atop the mountain. Lame
Deer said the staff formed a symbolic shroudover the presidents' faces "which shall remain dirty until
the treaties concerning the Black Hills are fulfilled." [47]
In 2004, the first Native American superintendent of the park, Gerard Baker, was appointed. Baker
has stated that he will open up more "avenues of interpretation", and that the four presidents are
"only one avenue and only one focus."[48]
The Crazy Horse Memorial is being constructed elsewhere in the Black Hills to commemorate the
famous Native American leader as a response to Mount Rushmore. It is intended to be larger than
Mount Rushmore and has the support of Lakota chiefs; the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation has

rejected offers of federal funds. However, this memorial is likewise the subject of controversy, even
within the Native American community.[49]

In popular culture[edit]

Roger Thornhill (Cary Grant) and Eve Kendall (Eva Marie Saint) dangle precariously from the sculpture of
George Washington in the 1959 film North by Northwest

Mount Rushmore commemorative stamp of 1952

Main article: Mount Rushmore in popular culture

Because of its fame as a monument, Mount Rushmore has been depicted in multiple places in
popular culture. It is often depicted as a cover for a secret location; shown with faces removed or
modified (as in Superman II), or added; or parodied. The memorial was also famously used as the
location of the climactic chase scene in Alfred Hitchcock's 1959 movie North by Northwest.
Mount Rushmore is portrayed as the site of Cibola, a mythical city of gold, in the 2007 film National
Treasure: Book of Secrets.

Legacy and commemoration[edit]

On August 11, 1952, the U.S. Post Office issued the Mount Rushmore Memorial commemorative
stamp on the 25th anniversary of the dedication of the Mt. Rushmore National Memorial in the Black
Hills of South Dakota.[50] On January 2, 1974, a 26-cents airmail stamp depicting the monument was
also issued.[51]

See also[edit]

List of colossal sculpture in situ

South Dakota portal

References[edit]
Notes
1.

^ Jump up to:a b c d "Park Statistics". National Park Service. Retrieved January 4, 2014.

2.

Jump up^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. December 6, 2005.60 SD Web Traveler, Inc.
Retrieved April 7, 2006.

3.

Jump up^ McGeveran, William A. Jr. et al. (2004). The World Almanac and Book of Facts
2004. New York: World Almanac Education Group, Inc. ISBN 0-88687-910-8.

4.

^ Jump up to:a b Mount Rushmore, South Dakota (November 1, 2004). Peakbagger.com.

Retrieved March 13, 2006.

5.

Jump up^ '!, episode 5x08 "Mount Rushmore", May 10, 2007

6.

Jump up^ "Making Mount Rushmore | Mount Rushmore". Oh, Ranger!. Retrieved October
31,2012.

7.

Jump up^ "Biography:Senator Peter Norbeck". American Experience: Mount Rushmore.

PBS. Retrieved July 20, 2013.

8.

Jump up^ "Mount Rushmore". American Experience TV's Most Watched History Series.
PBS. Retrieved 18 April 2015.

9.

Jump up^ "Untold Stories Discussion Guide: Baker and Mount Rushmore" (PDF). The
National Parks: America's Best Idea. PBS. p. 2. Mount Rushmore a rocky outcropping the Lakota
had called 'The Six Grandfathers,' named for the earth, the sky, and the four directions

10.

Jump up^ Belanger, Ian A.; Kennedy, Sally; Allison; McMeen, Melissa; Arnold, John (April 21,
2002). "Mt. Rushmore presidents on the rocks". Archived from the original on May 14, 2006.
Retrieved January 11, 2016.

11.

Jump up^ "Mount Rushmore National Memorial Frequently Asked Questions". National Park
Service. Retrieved December 2, 2009.

12.
13.

14.
15.

16.

Jump up^ Keystone Area Historical Society Keystone Characters. Retrieved October 3, 2006.
Jump up^ "People & Events: The Carving of Stone Mountain". American Experience. PBS.
Retrieved March 17, 2010.
^ Jump up to:a b c d e Carving History (October 2, 2004). National Park Service.
Jump up^ Fite, Gilbert C. Mount Rushmore (May 2003). ISBN 0-9646798-5-X, the standard
scholarly study.
Jump up^ "Carving History". National Park Service. Retrieved February 22, 2013.

17.

^ Jump up to:a b Albert Boime, "Patriarchy Fixed in Stone: Gutzon Borglum's 'Mount
Rushmore'," American Art, Vol. 5, No. 1/2. (Winter Spring, 1991), pp. 14267.

18.

Jump up^ "Honeycombing process explained from". nps.gov. June 14, 2004. Archived
from the original on August 1, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2010.

19.
20.

Jump up^ "Geology Fieldnotes". nps.gov. January 4, 2005. Retrieved October 22, 2010.
^ Jump up to:a b American Experience "Timeline: Mount Rushmore" (2002). Retrieved March
20, 2006.

21.
22.

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Jump up^ Mount Rushmore National Memorial. Tourism in South Dakota. Laura R. Ahmann.
Retrieved March 19, 2006.

23.

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24.

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25.

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National Memorial in South Dakota". The American Presidency Project. July 3, 1991.
Retrieved November 1, 2012.

26.

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Service. June 14, 2004. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2007.

27.

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Retrieved March 17, 2010.

28.

^ Jump up to:a b c "Enjoy Wildlife......Safely." (PDF). National Park Service. National Park
Service. Retrieved January 4, 2014.

29.

^ Jump up to:a b Freeman, Mary. "Mount Rushmore, South Dakota for Tourists". USA Today.
Tysons Corner, VA: Gannett Company. Retrieved January 3, 2014.

30.

Jump up^ "Amphibians". National Park Service. National Park Service. Retrieved January
4,2014.

31.

Jump up^ "Nature & Science- Animals". NPS. November 26, 2006. Retrieved March
17, 2010.

32.

^ Jump up to:a b "Mount Rushmore- Flora and Fauna". American Park Network. 2001.
Archived from the original on December 12, 2007. Retrieved January 11, 2016.

33.

Jump up^ "Nature & Science Plants". NPS. December 6, 2006. Retrieved March 17, 2010.

34.

Jump up^ Nature & Science- Groundwater. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.

35.

Jump up^ Nature & Science- Forests. National Park Service. Retrieved April 1, 2006.

36.

^ Jump up to:a b Geologic Activity. National Park Service.

37.

Jump up^ Irvin, James R. Great Plains Gallery (2001). Retrieved March 16, 2006.

38.

Jump up^ http://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/gmap/

39.

Jump up^ "USDA Hardiness Zone Finder". The National Gardening Association. National
Gardening Association. Retrieved January 3, 2014.

40.

Jump up^ "Weather History". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. June
23, 2004. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved January 27, 2013.

41.

Jump up^ "Monthly Averages for Mount Rushmore Natl Memorial, SD". The Weather
Channel. Retrieved January 3, 2014.

42.

Jump up^ "NOWData NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration. Retrieved January 3, 2014.

43.

Jump up^ "Popular South Dakota Attractions >>South Dakota". southdakota.com.

Retrieved March 21, 2015.

44.

Jump up^ Kilen Ode, Jeanne (1984). South Dakota History. 14. South Dakota Historical
SocietyPress.

45.

Jump up^ "Caring For A Monumental Sculpture" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved July
8,2013.

46.

Jump up^ "Mount Rushmore National Memorial". CyArk. Retrieved July 8, 2013.

47.

Jump up^ Matthew Glass, "Producing Patriotic Inspiration at Mount Rushmore," Journal of
the American Academy of Religion, Vol. 62, No. 2. (Summer, 1994), pp. 265283.

48.

Jump up^ David Melmer (December 13, 2004). "Historic changes for Mount
Rushmore". Indiancountrytoday. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved March
17,2010.

49.

Jump up^ Lame Deer, John (Fire) and Richard Erdoes. Lame Deer Seeker of Visions. Simon
and Schuster, New York, New York, 1972. Paperback ISBN 0-671-55392-5

50.

Jump up^ "3c Mt. Rushmore single". Smithsonian National Postal Museum. Retrieved July
1,2014.

51.

Jump up^ Scotts United States Stamp catalogue, 1982. Scott's Publishing Company.
1981. ISBN 0-89487-042-