,

3x y = 5,
2x 2y = 10,

(1)
(2)

. (, ,
), (x0 , y0 ). (x0 , y0 )
, (1) (2). (x0 , y0 )
(1) (2).
(1) (2) ( ;)
, , ,

3 1
2 2

x
y

5
10

(3)

(a)
x = b,

(4)

.
b
, .
,
x
, (a),
, ,
b.
( (a) ,
.)
.
: , , Cramer, Gauss
LU.
. ,
( (3)
) ( (3)
).

2 2,

a11 x1 + a12 x2 = b1
a21 x1 + a22 x2 = b2 ,

(5)

(a)
x = b

a11 a12
a21 a22
1

x1
x2

b1
b2

(6)

1.
.
.
, , ..., , .
, ,
. .., (5)

x1 = (b1 a12 x2 )/a11 ,

a21 (b1 a12 x2 )/a11 + a22 x2 = b2 .

(7)

x2 ,
x1 .
2.

(a)
x = b (a), (a)1 .
(a) , , ,
(det(a) 6= 0).
(a)
x = b (a)1 (a)
x = (a)1b x = (a)1b.
(8)

b .
(a) , .
, .

(a)
b,
.
3. Cramer

Cramer ,
.
, (6).
(a) (6), det(a) 6= 0. x1

a
x1 |(a)| = x1 11
a21

a12
a22

x a

1 11
=

x1 a21

a12
a22

(9)

, (8)
. x2 2
(5),

x a +x a

2 12
x1 |(a)| = 1 11
x1 a21 + x2 a22

a12
a22

1
=

b2

a12
a22

|(a1 )|

,
= |(a1 )| x1 =

|(a)|

(10)

 (a1 ) (a)
x1 (a11 a21 ) (b1 b2 ).
x2 , x2 = |(a2 )| / |(a)| .
, n n

xi =

|(ai )|
,
|(a)|

i = 1, 2, ..., n,

(11)

(ai ) (a)
xi .
(ai ) Cramer (11)
Cramer.
: . (8),
(3) (11) :

(a)
x = b
det(a) 6= 0. (a)1 ,
x
= (a)1b.
det(a) = 0, ..

(a) =

3 1
6 2

- ( )
- ,

b.

b: (i) ,
(ii) , .., ,
bT = (5, 10).
(i) (a) 3xy =
0 6x 2y = 0. x y y = 3x,

x =

x
3x

(ii) (
bT = (5, 10)) xT = (x, 3x 5).
, (i) (ii), Cramer
. , det(a) = 0
Cramer .
Cramer
, , , .
,
, :
3

- det(a) 6= 0 .
- det(a) = 0 Cramer .
- det(a) = 0 Cramer .
, (a)
x = 0, ,
, ,
:
- det(a) 6= 0 , , . x
= 0.
- det(a) = 0 .
(i) , (ii)

.
4. Gauss
Gauss ,
. ( ):
,
, .
,
, ...
, .
,
3 3.

x 2y + z = 4
xyz = 2
2x + 4y z = 21.

(12)

(-1) 2 (-2)
3 ( x 2 3
). 1

x 2y + z = 4
+y 2z = 2
+8y 3z = 29.
1

(13)

Cramer
, .

 2 (-8) 3.

x 2y + z = 4
+y 2z = 2
13z = 13.

(14)

, (
). . z = 1, y 2(1) = 2 y =
4, x 2(4) + (1) = 4 x = 3.
(12)-(14)
, : ,
, . (12)-(14) :

1 2
1
4
1 2
1
4
1 2
1
4

2 0
1 2 2 0
1 2 2
1 1 1
.
2
4 1 21
0
8 3 29
0
0 13 13

(15)

, , , . ..
x1 .

.
5. LU

.

, (l) ( lower triangular), , (u)
( upper triangular):
(a) = (l)(u).
(16)
.., (6),

a11 a12
a21 a22

1 0
l21 1

u11 u12
0 u22

(17)

( (l) ).
(l) (u) (17)
(a).
(a)
x = b, , (l)(u)
x = b. y = (u)
x

(l)
y = b,

(u)
x = y,

(18)

, ,
.
5