VIETNAMESE BASIC COURSE VOLUME ONE GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION and LESSONS 1 - 10 ELEANOR H. JORDEN, CHARLES R. SHEEHAN, NGUYEN-HY-QUANG & ASSOCIATES FOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE WASHINGTON, D.C. 1967 DEPARTMENT OF STATEFOREIGN SERVICE INSTITUTE BASIC COURSE SERIES Edited by LLOYD B. SWIFT For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Ofice Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $2.75 ii‘TABLE OF CONTENTS Prefacessseeseeeeeeeees Fee eee eee eae) PART ONE: GUIDE 10 PRONUNCIATION Introauction.....- ax Initiel Consonants. . a VOWS. seeeeseeee xt Tones... : xvit Initial Conconants (continued). xxv Tone Sequence Drills....+++ xaxlt Final Consonants: Nasal... x Vouels (continued) nh xii Final Consonante: Stops....sssesee cee Sleuth Final Consonants: Goarticulated Nasals and Stopa..s.ssssssseeseee XLV Ris To yeep agodcsonoondopeeddodoeonsdo6 peneereneman IYI) Supplementary Tone Sequence Drills. CID “ak PART TWO: LESSONS 1 THROUGH 10 Introduction... + eacerea sees Uxtih Procedures. ssssssserssssceeseeees Hl oxdav Tapes... Seeman fel lnvil Special Symbols....isieeeeeeeesseseeeeees Sie Lavi LESSON 1 BASIC DIALOQUE. +. ssseseesseeeeeeese 4 Notes on the Basie Dialogue 2 Grammar NOtessssseseeseeeeeseeeserenee 3 I ACTION VERBALS: ai and gi. 3 IT cling 'toot 3 DRILLS... 4 SUPPLEMENT. «0. 9 EXEROISES....00. n LESSON 2 BASIC DIALOGUE........006+ 12 Hotes on the Basie Dialogue. ut Grammar Notes...sseeze0000+ eee T COPULAY “Jassie este paceman IE STATIVE VERBALS: 0050 15 LIT Questions: (—kndng with Stative Verbals....... 15 IV Questions: ph&i khéng. 5 16 V Modification of Nominais....... 7 DRILLS..sseeeeeeeee Pea Ww SUPPLEMEND. oe tein eenseeee 34 EXERCISES... odo 38 LESSON 3 BASIC DIALOGUE. . peel nS.) Notes on the Basie Dialogue 5 ise Grannar Notes. 5 a I Nationa, aL IE Action Verbal + Time Word......... 42 TIT mdi 'just!.......... seeeee 42 DRILLS aero eee eee een 42 SUPPLEMENE. IT st EXERCISES. «0.04 5 59LESSON 4 BASIC DIALOGUE. ... Notes on the Basic Dialogue. Grammar Notes. . : I More about ai tot II kndng Questions. TIT chta and rt, Iv ‘Telling Time. 5 V Mme Expressions + Verbal... VI Negative of Verbais. viz DRILLS. «+ ++e e+ SUPPLEMENT... EXERCISES. .. LESSON 5 BASIC DIALOGUE. : ge Notes on the Basie Dialogue... 24 Grammar NOtes...s.seeeeeeeeees 95 I More on Telling Time. 95 IT Commands and Requests eee 96 TIT Ghpe esse sesteeereeees 36 Iv nbn ttnereforet, sot 36 DRILLS. ee a 7 SUPPLEMENT. «000. ccccecceceeeeeeeeees 15 EXERCISES... a a9 LESSON 6 BASIC DIALOGUE. aan Notes on the Basie Dialogue. lou Grannar Notes. 125 I muén 125 Ir @joh. 125 TIT yi and bing NINE 123 Tv Sentence Particles : 126 VE Tine iipressions: aft gid dia. 129 DLE. eee entor 130 SUPPLEMENT. - ene 15? - EXERCISES... 0.00.00 = 161 . LESSON 7 BASIC DIALOGUE 164 Notes on the Basie Dia 166 Grammar Notes....+ +++. 166 I Counters. een 166 i of a 168 TEI Wore on Numbers: “iim and_chye. 168 IV Nominal + gi ~ Nominal + nko... 470 V Indefinites.... a a7 Comparison of Puo Ite we ave 197 200 viLESSON 8 BASIC DIALOGUE...... Wotes on the Basic Dislogue. Gramnar Notes. I Nore About cling and rite. IT cho tgivel. III Nore About Numbers: ngan and Abbreviated Numbers... DATES eee nee eee eee etc eeet eae et eere SUPPLEMENT. . EXERCISES. LESSON 9 BASIC DIALOGUE.......-.. Notes on the Basic Dialogue. Granmar Notes... I a6 and ally Following Nominals..sscccssccssseseoee II Wave [you] ever ——?". TIL Verbal Modifiers of Wominale.....ss. IV Verbal + chit Y Inpersonal Verbas sss... : WE Intorrosstive Words Weibel VII Superlative Degree. : vrtT thi... DRILLS. SUPPLENENT EXERCISES. 101.7 LESSON 10 BASIC DIALOGUE. : Notes on the Basic Dialogue Grammar Notes . To gilmeeseeeeeeeeee EI duye khong?. III thém or lai. IV Rpproximate Numbers DRILLS. +. +ee eee vetoes [SUP EL RisarT Semen eet ene ee eee eee nen sane eereen een EXERCISES... +. 2-04 GLOSSARE Eee este eee reer Teeter PICTURE PLATES. vitPART GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION INTRODUCTION ‘The purpose of the Guide to Pronunciation 1s to familiarize a student with the pronunciation of Southern Vietnamese to the point where he can recognize and reproduce with facility all its commonly occurring sounds and sequences of sounds, ‘The method underlying the presentation involves listening, contrasting, recognizing, and imitating, The material has been presented as simply as possible, always with the beginning student, rather than the professional Linguist, in mind. While some technical phonetic descriptions are included for those who understand them, they can be ignored by the student with Limited Linguistic background. This guide should be used tn conjunctton with the accompanying tape recordings. To try to learn Vietnamese pronunciation by reading the text without reference to the recordings would be as useless as trying to learn to play the plano by reading musie without ever touching a keyboard. The student's abliity to use this guide effectively will be determined largely by his willingness to follow the specific instructions provided at each step, He must also be careful never to move ahead until he has thoroughly mastered what has already been introduced, by going over each section as many times as he requires. A word of caution: While this gutde uses conventional Vietnamese spelling, it aims primarily at teaching a student how to pronounce ~ not how to read - Vietnamese. Accordingly, all drills should be practiced first with the book closed, Those students who are also interested in @eveloping a reading sill can use the guide to practice reading in addition to - but not in place of ~ pronunciation practice. AFTER mastering the pronunciation, such students can use the Familiarization Drilis and Mimiory Drills for reading practice: by reading each 1ten in these drills BEFORE ib occurs on the tape, their reading can be confirmed (or corrected) by the tape. This guide should be used not only as an introduction to pronunctation but also for remedial purposes later, Students having pronunciation difficulties should review appropriate drills repeatedly until the dirrt- culties are cleared up. ixInitial Consonants gtands for a sound z approximately like: | Phonetic description: tm in tmant Voiced, bilabial nasal | 'pht in tphotot Voiceless, labio-dental fricative & tot in sunt Voiceloss, apico-alveclar * fricative tnt in Mow! Voiced, apico-alveclar nasal ‘Lt in "linet Voiced, apico-alveclar lateral tyt in tyet! Voiced, high front, or g-(before 4) unréunded senivowel a tat in thog! Votceless, glottal tricative Vowels stands for a sound Chart 2, |The symbol: somewhat like Phonetic descriptio a-y2 ‘4 in Machine! High; front, unroundea 2A, Pamiliarization Drill (A Familiarization Drill is e listening drill, During this kind of drill the student is required to listen only, On the tape, the signal for listening is a short beep.) 2? mi ily i pht i al ion toni i at Xqhese descriptions are general, ‘There is often some variation piepending on environment, Always imitate exactly what you hear, 2 But the combination g+ i bef stands for a sound Lfke,the y=" in tyet!. ee ee pol = moana ‘alternates Bilote, that if. Vietnamese vowel would otherwise occur initially in a syllable, it 1s regularly preceded by a glottal stop. xt2B. Mimiery Drill (Mimiery Drills require repetition, The student repeats what he has heard, in the space provided, The signal for repetition 1s a long beep.) mi mim phi phi. phi xi xh xt ni nt oak ly dy oly di aka. ni hit stands Tore wou] chart 3. | The symbol: sonewhat like: Phonetic deseriptio te! in "ate? upper-mid, front, unrounded vowel 3A, Familiarization Drill 6 one e 18 8 phe 8 a8 a x8 a ne 6 né 38. Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ (In all Discrimination Drills, the student hears a pair of utterances, If doth members of the pair sound the same, he is to say "Same". If the two members of the pair sound different, he is to say "Different". A confirmation (or correction) of his answer is given on the tape. The signal for Discrimination Drills and all other answering drills is two short beeps.) 3C, Mimicry Drill mg 8m Phe ph8 phe ne n8 ond 108 ag a8 né hh 3D. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ (in Recognition Drills, the student is required to recognize a given sound (or sequence of sounds] whenever he hears it, Tne sound to be recognized is announced at the beginning of the drill, when the student hears an utterance containing the designated sound, he repeats the utterance in the space provided; nis recognition 18 confirmed by the striking of a gong. ANY UPPERANGE WEIGH DOS NOP CONTAIN THE DsSTGuATED SOUND SHOULD NOT 4s REPZATHD; following such utterances the gong will not sound. The signal for Recognition Drills is two short beeps.) xit3B. Mimiery Drill pai ph phé phi mine ng ni ni n8 né oni jy 18 18 oly ni 8 ne hh xi x8 x8 xt ai as a8 at stands Toro ounT Chart ke | the symbol: somewhat like: | Phonetic description: @ fet in ‘keg! | Lower-mid, front, I | canrounded vowed UA. Paniliarizetion Drill e me e le e phe 2 de e xe e he ene 4B, Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ Ye. Mindery Drdl2 me memo phe phe phe xe xe xe le le le de de de ne hehe UD, Recognition Drill /on Tepe/ Us. Mindery Drill phi ph@ phe nie mB né one ont le iy 18 ni h8 he x8 xe xt ai a8 de Stands Tor a sou chart 5, |The symbol: somevhat like: Phonetic deseription: 4 tant in tab! Low, front, unrounded | | vowel | 1 5A. Familierization Drill ama a la a pha a gia a xa a he a ona ALLSB. Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ 5c. ¥ micry Drill. SD. Recognition Drill /on fery Drill pha pha xa xa pana la la gia gia gia he haha. Tape/ phé phe pha xe xa x8 18 la le ha = h6 he a8 gia de née ona mond. chart 6. | The sys atands Tor a sound newhat 1ike: Phonetic description: xiv tawt in "saw! Lower-mid, back, rounded vowel 6A. Faniliarization Drill o000 mo ° le pho 2 ao xo © ho no 6B. Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ 6G. Nimiery Drill 6D. Recognition Drill /on ba. Kiniery Drill pho pho pho lo lo lo ao dodo ho no ho Tape/ de gia do la lo je xa xe x0 ha ho he ma me mo pho pha phestands Tor 6 sound chart 76 symbol: sonewhat like: Phonetic description: Yo! in tobey? Upper-nid, back rounded vowel 7A. Familferszation Drill 6 m8 6 1 8 pas 8 48 6 x6 8 he 8 n8 78. Discrimination Drill /Cn Tape/ 70. Kimiery Drill m8 nd pho ph pho x8 X88 nd nd nd 16-188 4 ad ad ns 8h 7D. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 78. Nandery Drill ae) 6 mo pho pb6 phé pho xo x8 x8 xo no né Beno lo 18 18 lo wo 48 a8 do hone 8 ho stands Tor a sound [omar 8. | the symbol: t like: Phonetic description: u a tthru! High, back, rounded vowel 8a. Pamiliarization Drill u wou u a du a aoe Mindery Deil2 mo mum pha = phu pha xu pao AU la lu lu gu du du hu hu hustands Tora sound Chart 9. | The synbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description: fut in ‘sugar! High, back, unrounded ‘vowel 9A. Famtliarization Drill woomt uo Mo phit wood 4 ont Moh wont 9B. Discrimination Dril /on Tape/ 90. Mimicry Drill mt mt_omt pat pint. phut not oxt mt mt to lv ht au au at mt tht 9D. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 9B. Mimtery Drill mi mt om phi pit phu xi oot xu niomt nw ly it lu aio au du hint hu stands Tor a sound hart 10. | The symbol: somewhat like: Phonetic description: e ‘ut in ‘mg! Mid, back, unrounded vowel, 0A» Famtliarization Drill o o o o no pho xe no 10B, Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ xvi lo gio10¢, Mimicry Dril2 oo o¢e mm mo pho pho pho xO xoxo nd ond nd lo lg le gio glo gio ho ho ho 10D, Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 10K, Mimiery Drill mt ond mo phu phe pho HL XS x0. nu nd no lu lg lo eu gig do hu ho ho Tones Vietnamese is a tone language. ‘This mans that the musical piteh (and pitch contour) of a word is a meanirgful part of its pronunciation, Many paire of words are distinguished only by their tones: ‘they are identical except for their tones but are entirely different words. xvid‘The following graph represents the comparative pitch levels and contours of the five tones of Southern Vietnamese. ‘The tones in the graph are numbered for convenience of description, The Vietnanese do not normally refer to the tones by numbers. Tone Diacritic Description (2) Level? none idddle pitch and level contour, This tone is slishtly higher in pitch than the middle range of the average inglish speaker, |_ (2) Wigh-Rising | hve Starts on a slightly higher piten than (1) and rises sharply. Tals tone is comparatively loud and has a squeaky quality in the (3) Mid-Rising (3) or (#) [starts lower than (1), falls slightly, and rises above (1) but not-as high as (2). ‘This tone gains in loudness as it rises. Hength is algo a feature, (i) Low-Paitang | (0) Starts lower than (1), falls to @ Lower piten and Level3 off. This tone is algo character its relaxed quality. zed by (5) Low-Rising w Tais tone starts approxinately where (4) ends, falls, and then rises acruptly one of its distinctive features is Jan acconpanying ti sheness in the throat (glottal stricture). The format of the tone drills is the same as for Vowel Drills. while doing these drills, the student mst pay very careful attention to the pitch level, contour, and length of the utterance. The length of the vowel sound may var} dependiug on the tone. Tall words drilled so far have deen level-tone words. 21y! stands fer any vowel symbol. xvittTones (1), (2): Tones (1),(2): Tones (2),(2): Tones (1),(2): Tones (1),(2): Tones (1),(3)+ Tones (1),(3): Tones (1),(3)2 Tones (1) ,(3): A. Familiarization Drill (2) pho xem gig tt al phy phy (2) prs xed Ee ge18 ht Ea B. Discrimination Drill /on Tepe/ C. Recognition Drill /On Tape/ D. Mimiery Drill phd phé phe phd no ng ng no mo mg m™ omg xe x8 xe xe 1618 le ie E, Expansion Drill. (im Bxpansion Drills, the student repeats the word given as a cue, and adda a word differing from the first Sn'its tone only; which tone the second word ia to have 43 indicated by a model atthe beginning of the drill, A confirmation [or correction] of the student's utterance follows the pause for participation.) In this particular drill, if the cue is a Tone (1) word, the student's response ig a repetition of that word'plus the corresponding word with Tone (2); if the cue is a Tone (2) word, the student's response is a repetition of that word plus the corresponding word with Tone (1), Thus: Nodel: cue with Tone (2): phO| Student Response: phO phd or = 7 cue with Tone (2): phd | student Response: phd _pné que: phO | Student Response; ph6 phd a ae it uooiy % BOT Ay Familiarization Drill (2) ne xa glo It né phu phi te a8 (3) mb xd 8 2b n§ pn pnt 18 a8 & B. Diserimination Drill /on Tape/ . Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ D, Mimtery Drill mom’ cae xa xa & ony gid gio xa phi b 8 nd nt nd 8 lk ne xixTones (1),(3)+ Sxpansion Drill. Hodel: Cue with Tone (1): mg [Student Response: | cue «th Tone (3): mf |student Response: _nd) cue: Student Response: me mond at at out phi phi phu 1s as 18 nt nl ong x8 xe xe Tones (2),(3): As Famtliarization Drill (2) mf phi gid x6 nd nd mo nd (3) my phi d& 1d nd xo md no Tones (2),(3): Be Diserimination Drill /on Tape/ Tones (2),(3): Ge Recognition Drill /on Tape/ tones (2),(3): Dy Mimtery Drill af ng nd ong nk ond Mook md mo xe ny rh gid Hoond md md md xd, Tones (2),(3): . Expansion Drill Model: cue with Tone (2): md [Student Response: mi cr a. fe Cue with Tone (3): md |Student Response: md cue: md Student Response: md md 1 wok gid gid gid ha ha hd mi nf ny x8 xs x6 no nd nd Tones (1),(4): As Familierization Drill (1) 1a nO né m phi pho ai lu io (4) 18 Bo n& mi phi phd git ik 18 ipenenber that di and gi are just two ways of spelling the sane syllable. Compare PhiT end ‘Til! in English. Given the spelling, the pronunciation is predictable, but given the pronunciation, the ‘traditional spelling is not predictable, xxTones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones (2, (de (2), (Ud (dy): (2),(y)e (2),u)e (2), (4): (2),)+ (2), (ude (2), B, Discrimination Drill /On Tape/ G. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ D, Mimiery Drill 1a ola phi phi lt 1% pho pho Expansion Drill Model: Cue with Tone (1): 2 ee 1a nd phi al lt pho le aa Student Response: la 1h cue with Tone (i,): 18 | Student Response: 18_1a cue: 1 Student Response: 1a 28 at el at no no hd phi phi phi nu ako = mom > . Familiarize tion Drill (2) nd gid 1d nd pha xd (i) md gk 13 mB ph 18 B. Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ ©. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ Ds Wimlery Drill aaa aid oid wood wb 1B phi phi 2. Expansion Drill pho. 18 phi 16 nd xf xh Model: Cue with Tone (2): 1d|student Response: 1428. cue with Tone (4): LAlstudent Aesponse: 18 1d cues 1d Student Response: 14 14 3 ar) pai phi phi eid gid 518 26 nono vB wb 16Tones (3),(h): Ae Famillarization Drill (3) nf 18 ph mb ak xd pad nb ad (4) mi 18 ha md ate xd pd nd 18 Tones (3),(h): Bs Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ Tones (3),(k): C. Recognition Drili /on Tape/ Tones (3),(4): De Mimiery Driaa bdo xa ok ood add 1818 mood nj mk x18 ah oli akong Tones (3),(4): #. Expansion Drill Model: ue with Tone (3): xf {Student Response: xi _xd or Cue with Tone (i): xa |Student Response: xa_ xd cue: xd [Student Response: xi 7» mond 1g 1818 1 ald nb nl ony ni nd na Tones (1),(5): As Familiarization Drill (1) gia 18 xa my 1€ me no nd du (5) 4g 28 xg my 1G me ng ng ay Tones (1),(5): Bs Diserimination Drill /on tape/ Tones (1),(5): G. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ Tones (1),(3): D. iimtery Dri22 ag sha 4g omg 1g 18 16 18 og ag oxa pha pha ng ng me ay 16Tones (1),(5): Ee Tones (2),(5): Ay Tones (2),(5): By Tones (2)4(5): oe Tones (2),(5)4 De Tones (2),(5): Be Tones (3),(5): As Tones (3),(S): Be Tones (3),(5)2 ce Expansion Drill. Hodel: ue with Tone (1): gia |Student Response: gia dg cue with Tone (5) que: dg. pha mg 18 1g Familiarization Drill (2) mf phi gid mé (5) mp phy ag ng Digerinination Drill /On student Response: dg nd 16 46 ng 19 18 Tape/ Recognition Drill /on Tape/ Miniery Drill gid ag om nd ng phy phil nf onj Expansion Drill Model: ue with Tone (2): or ue with Tone (5): cue: ag pai ng dy gia Fantlarizetion priii GG) wd 1d ne phd (5) mg 1g oh phy Diserimination Drill /un ag etd phy wf ly xt ay ng nj pha mg 18 18 aa Student Response: ag nb nf 1k 18 nQ@ mb ay ie ‘Tape/ tecognition Drill /on Zape/ 18 he phi ng lw gid ag [Student Response: dg gia. gia phe no 1¢ ng 18 mf | student Response: nf _mj mj | student Response: mj_af aid ne phy shy a9Tones (3),(5): Tones Tones Tones Tones Tones xxlv (3), (5) (4) (5): (4) (5) (la) (5) (4) (5) Ay) (SD D. Mimiery Drill zg Ae Be C De EB me ng 1 phi né Expansion Drill va ng 1a pn ng ng 1a ne wg le phi 26 1a nf Nodel: Cue with Tone (3): 14 [Student Response: 14 1g cue with Tone (5): 1g [Student Response: 1g 1a cues ng nQ phy né le vg Familiarization Drill (p) nS xd he phi (5) h@ xg phy ay 1p Student Response: nd my no 18 phy ph Bong lg oa mq ob ait 18 13 md phd Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ Recognition Drill /On Tape/ Mimiery Drill ng % at 1b ne Sxpansion Drill. Model: Cue with Tone (i) wb a a le nb lg my phe ng xd ak le phi phi hg xg qn xa [Student Response: xa__xg cae with Tone (5): xg |Student Response: xg_xa cuer ay no 1g he phy xa Student Response: dy dit nd hg de 18 be hg phy phi xa xeJal Consonants (continued) seands Tor as chart 12. | the symbol: sonowhet like Phonetic description: | To! in "oath froiced, bilabial, imploaea® stop 12k. Pamiliarization Drill ba ob va rr) vd bd oy [ee 128. Diserimination Drill /on tape/ 120, Recognition Drill /on Tepe/ 22D. Mimtery Drill ba vb ba 28 be bd vf bd >} bo stands for a sound chant 13. | The syabol: somewhat Like: Phonetic deseription: tv! in trevue!2 | Voiced, palatalized, lablo-dental frigative 13a. Familierization Drill Speaker (1) va va ve Speaker (2) va va vg 138. Discrimination Drill? /on vor some speakers of Southern Vietnameso, 3, in making an imploded stop, the larynx is pulled downward during the production of the stop, sound somewhat like the 'y- in yet. distinction between the sounds represented by a- creating a partial vacuum in the oral cavity. symbol y- stands for a For uch speakers, there is no (or gl+i}) and ve. Speaker (1) only. Note that Speaker (2) would pronounce all the pairs of this drill alike.130. 13D. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ imiory Drill Speaker (1) va ve va 6 So atands for a gound lonart 14s | the sysbol: somewhat Like Phonetic description: "er in ‘top Yosesless, unaspirated, dental stop LyA. Pamiliarization Drill a ti +8 ta +e & +8 tk 1B. Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ ue, Recognition Drill /on Tape/ LD. Mintery Drili ta ed 6 th +8 @ +6 ek stands Tor « sound chart 15. | the symbol: somewnat Like: Phonetic description: = tet in ‘top Voiceless, strongly | ‘aspirated, dental stop 15k, Familiarization Drill tha tnd tha, thu thé hd née tho thi ‘hg lgut the puff of breath that regularly follows the English sound does Pi gi not occur following the Vietnamese sound, 20he Vietnamese sound is followed by a stronger puff of breath. xxvi158. Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ 15¢. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 19D. Mimiery Drill tha thi tha tha thé thi the tho tht ng Stands for a sound chart 16. | The symbol: somewhat 1tke: Phonetic description: ¢ tat in taor Voiced, apico-alveolar, imploded stop t 16a. Familiarizstion Drill aa ab aa as a9 a at 16 BL, Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ 16 B2, Discrimination Drill /In Tape/ 16 G1. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 16 C2, Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 16D. Mimicry Drill aa a ad aé ag ab stands Tor a sound yhart 17. | The symbol: somewhat Like: Phonetic deseriptions feat in ‘chop Voieeless, slightly attricated, unaspirated, lamino-alvedlar stop 3, See Footnoter, Paze 15. 2uut the puff of breath that regularly follows the unglish sound does not occur following the Vietnamese sound,17Ae Familiarization Drill cha chy cha cho cha ohh che ond ent ong ent 173. Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ 176. Recognition Drill /on Tepe/ 17D. Mimicry Drill cha chy cha, cho cha, ent ond ond ent chy end stands for a sound somewhat like: chart 18, | The symbol: Phonetic description: Tir! in ‘trotl, pronounced with the curled-back tip of ‘the tongue touching the roof of the athe tr- 18a, Familiarization Drill tra tr tra, tro tra tra, tre tre 18B, Discrimination Drill /On Tape/ 18C, Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 18D. Mimiery Drill tra tr tra, tro tre tra, tre tre *Do NOT SUBSTITUTE AN ENGLISH 'TR-' FOR THE sxwh Voiceless apico-alveolar, slightly affricated, retroflex stop VIETNAMESE SOUNDIenact 19. [ me symon: stands Tor a sound somewhat Like: Phonetic description: | he ‘al in tmenut Voiced, lanino-alveclar nasal 194, Familiarization Drill nha nho nha nd nah nh phe nh rho 19B, Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ 19¢, Recognition Drill /on 19D, Mimiery Drill e/ nha | onhd nha. nhd nhl nho hg hut ano chart 20. | The symbol: atands for a sound somewhat Like: Thonetic deser: ton: ‘gt inteugar'? Voiceless, apicc-alveclar, retroflex spirant 204, Familiarization Drill 3a 8g 38 38 af 3d | 2 | Ok 208. Discrimination Drill /on Tape 200. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 200. i gut in making the tongue. miery Drill sa | 8g | 88 x | 8 so | ot etnamese sound, curl back the tip of thesans ra ao nant 21. | me symo1: soncuhat Tike! Phonetic description: vet in trea? Yoleed, apico-iyectany | Sontinusseor rep | J Aas Paniliarization Dri ra rd ré ro Hi 21B, Discrimination Drill /On Tape/ 226, Recognition Dritt fon Tepe/ 21D, Mimicry Drill lonart 22. v6 ‘stands for a sound The symbol sovewhat like: 22h. tot in teatt? Volceless, unaspirated, dorso-velar stop Pamiliarization Drill of <8 Pa eg Ki ot o Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ Recognition Drill /on tape/ Mindery Drill, ea oe ek oa a oo F ot gut the puff of breath that regularly follows the inglish sound does not occur following the Vietnamese sound.Jonnet 23. The symbol: Stands fop a sound somewhat Like: Phone tis deserip tion: he Yoh! in German Voleoleas, dorso-velar tach! spirant 2344 Faniliarization Drill end | wnt | nf | iow no | 238, Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ 23. aecognition Drill /on Tape/ 23D, Miniery Drill wend, | khd kht und wnt wen. kre stands Tor a sound ‘The symbol: somewhat Lik netic descriptios gt in ‘gun'® Voiced, dorso-velar spirant Lt 4 aba. ea ane wa a hi aij. Discrimination Drill /On Tape/ 2c. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 24D. Niindery Drill ga sn ‘try to whistle in the k- position instead of with the lipst stle in cal cords at the same tine. position and vibr rood,| Stange Tor a son soutewhat Like 254. Familiarization Drill Phonetic deacriptios tngt in tsinger!® Yoleed, dorso-veler nasal ree | net rahe | ned rans. | nah ght 258. Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 25D, Mintery Oriaa nga nghe ght nent Tone Sequence Drills ton “Ber, MES, Pointy al) Gritis, except vowel Faniliariza— tion “Drills, ‘have included only actual” Vietnamese words, Out so- quences of more than one word have usually not’ been” meaningful phrases. Lach word in all sequences so far has been given its eitation pronunciation (i.e, pronounced as if it were occurring by itself). Compare the pronunciation in tnglish of the isclated words tral’, and use, with the pronunciation of the phrase "small house’. The nation and atross of tho phrase ta not a combination of the intonation and stress of the two words as spoken in isolation, this applies only to those speakers of snglish, who distinguish between the medial sounds of ‘singer’ and finger, with the latter containing the medial sound of ‘singer’ + ‘g-. rodThe following drills are designed to acquaint the student with what happens to Vietnamese tone sequences when they occur in phrases, The student should listen very carefully during the Familiariaation Drills for the "phrase music". It 1s not exactly the same as a combination of tone contours as they Cecur in isolation, The tone sequence will be announced by number before each drill. From this section on, all. sequences will be meaningful phrases and will be pronounced as such. Two-tone Sequences: (1)(Q): Ae Familiarization Drill 6 dk ai ga ai thi ai vo ai re phi-co Qa): Mimtery Drill. (Repeat phrases of preceding drill.) (yas Pamiliartzation Drill ve a6 thooky 6 Phi ba md kns ad tho ad ba bs (1)(2): By Diserimination Drill /on Tape/ G. Mimfery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.) (2)(1): A. Familiarization Drill 36 ba \ nd at ma ra | (2)Q): Diserimination Drill /on Tape/ (2)Q): 6. Himiery DpAld (Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.) (2)(2): Ay Pamiliarization Drill zné a8 has ond ab ob 08 (2a: a. (2) (2)s Tape/ mhery Drill, (Repeat phrases of Dri A, above.) wootxxxiv MB): (2) (3) MG): (3): (3)Q): a: (2003)5 (2G): (2)(3) (302) (32): (30(2): (IG): GG): G)(3): Ae > Familiarization Drill ai ngh che end 16 0b Discrimination Drill /on Mimlery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill Familierization Drill tra cho sé ai Diserinination Drill /on Mimiery Drili (Repeat phrases of Drill Fanilisrization Drill eh ad ad 38 Discrimination Drill /On Mimiery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill FanSlfari zation brill ent ad ad Ks Diserininaticn Drill /in HMmiery Dri (epost phrases of Drill Familiarization Drill, vd ad adaad Discrimination Drill /on Mingery Drill (Repeat phrases of Dril2 Tepe/ Ay above.) si-gia ré tre epe/ A, above.) Tape/ Ay above.) Tape/ A, above.) Tape/ Ay above.)(de Q)(): Be QQ): Ge QQ): Ae (QQ): Be QA): ce (20(yde (Qu): Be (2V(h)e (NC): Ae (hd (2 (y(2ds Fanillerization Dril2 va alo xe a a Discrimination Drill /on tape/ Mimiery Dril1 (Repeat phrases of Drill A, avove.) Familiarizetion Drill, ba 3a ta ma o& phé nha ga. ba Nga Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ Nimtery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill A, above.) Pamiliarization Drili a oS ma Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ Mimiory Drala (Repeat pnrases of Drill A, avoves) Pamiliarization Drill nhé ad oad ba ad Discrimination Drill /un Tape/ micry Drill (Repeat phrases cf Drill a, above.)roxy (3) (ds (3) (a) G(s (ude (4) (3) (4) 3) (Qa): (4) (ad (4) (Ads (2) (5) Q)(5)s Q)(5)s (S)(Q)5 > Pantliapizat ion Drill ond gid 3 nba Discrimination Drill /on Mimiery Drill. (Repeat phrases of Drill Familiapizetion Drill. a ré ga ré Discrimination Drill /On Mimtery Drill. (Repeat phrases of Drill Femiliarization Drill tniegid enka vB nha Discrimination Drill /on niery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill Familiarization Drill ai chy cha mg ba oh} Discrimination Drill /on Mimiery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill Familiarization Drill ag dt ag xa bj mt bj at Tape/ A, above.) tape/ A, above.) Tape/ Ay above.) Tape/ Ay above.)(SQ): (5)(2)5 (2G) (2) (5) (2) (5) (ade (2) (C2) (35): G5): (3)(5)5 (5) 3)s (IG): (5) (3) Be Be Discrimination Dri11 /on Mimgery Deal. (Repeat phrases of Drill Fanilierization Drill né le gad ony Discrimination Drill fin Miniery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill PardLarization prii amd | ag 06 | ae | Discrimination Drill /on Miniery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill Faniligrizatton Drill thd-mg chd 19 and mg Diserimination Drill /on Miniery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill on Drill oj v8 geal Pamilianiz Discrimination Drill /on Mimiery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill Tape/ A, above.) Bape/ A, above.) ag end ag thé Tepe/ A, avove.) Zape/ A, above.) ‘Tape/ Ay above.) xxxxxxvitt (QS): (uy (5) Oy (SIs (5) (4) (5) (ty) (SV) (5) CS(S)s CS) AY : e > > ¥eni1ierization Drill ba oh} phi he Discrimination Drill /on Nimtery Dril1 (Repeat phrases of Drill Familiarization Drill trp vi bj aa Diserinination Drill /on Minkery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill Pamillapization Drill. oy we ty sy Diserimination Drill /on Mimiery Drill (Repeat phrases of Drill Tape/ A, ainve.) Tape/ A, above.) Tape/ A, above.)Three-tone Sequences: A, Faniliarization Drill (2)Q)(Q): anda xa 00 Nga ad (2)(1)(2)s ad v8 ad 06 thanky (2)Q)(5)s dd xa 3g (2)(2)(2)2 ad pad ad (2) (3)(5) (23): (2)(5)Q): ghd dy nw (35) Q): th bg met (uy (apa): ba at pad (W)Q)(3)e ad xa xh (4) (2)(5): ba ad cbge (4) (2)(3) 8 ad 2S (4)(5)Q)2 hb eh} a (S)Q)(3): chp ah tr (511) (5) vg di chy (5)(2) (3): eng ad end B. Miniery Drill (Repeat the phrases of the preceding drill.) xxixFinal Consonants: Nasals Chart 27- The symbol: atands for a sound somewhat Like: Phonetic Description 2 tm! int Jam! Voiced,uneleased, bilabial nasal; preceding vowel short 27. Faniliarization Drill tint on kén tam 27 al. Mimtery Dein (Repeat words of preceding drill.) 27 82. Wimtery Drill: Tone Sequences em nnd on ad lam gi e8 lim gh ai adm ton a6 v8 tdm giv a8 1am gi ch} en r stand fora sound chart 28. | the symbole: soriewhat Like: Phonette Description nl nt in ‘ten Voiced, unreleased, apico- ah | [ta te teene ; pe alvdolan nastly folnoying Pes aes kink in alnh i fan anh yah ranh Tan alternate spelling for the pronunciaticn repre. r ne spelling combination he ecubination =, én 4 does not apply vorna tes ented Ly Ein is ith in26 Bl. Miniery Drill (Repeat words of preceding drill.) 28 82, Mimiery Dril: Tone Sequences dén adm bj bjnh gia-dinn bon xe ad kinh-té BQ Kinh-76 onfn gi? xin anh ai anh em “———Yatand for a sound chart 29. | The symbols: somewhat like: Phonetic Description (tol Teving vowel | other than 2 ore?) Voiced, unreleased, dorso- = ‘ngt in ‘song! velar nasal; preceding short 2 (tolTowing vowel _ | ‘other than 1-,8-> 29A, Familiarization Drill hing | en aang | aén tning | on én adn ngan son 29 Bl, Nimiery Drill (Kepeat the words of preceding drill.) 29 2, iiuicry Drill: Tone Sequences ba nigin Lim on ong-Ldn ailmg at ban ad ai chy-Ldn on enh odm on 08 ban a ré cdm on ba Ygut the 2 of -ign and -yén is also pronounced -ng. xtVowels (continued) chart 30, | The symbol: atanda fora sound somewhat like: Phonetic Deseription ko taht in "bah! shortened on tal in tsofat P=low, front on central,® unrounded, short vowel 30A, Familiarszation Drill 30B. Disarimination Drill ain | alng nin | an mang lin théng | dn tréng | odn Jon tape/ 30C. Recognition Drill /on Tape/ 30 Dl, Mimiery Drill (Repeat the words of 30 D2. Nimiery Drill: Tone Drill A, above.) Sequences ba nin in con by ofa ro Ue of 1m ai in a3 re ldm a} off 1dm né di an lchart 31, | The symbol: stands for @ sound somewhat Like: Phonetic Description = (vefore -ng op 03) tal in tsofa! Lower-mid, central, unrounded, short vowel SLA, Familiarization Drill Ymnis vowel is never fii aang van cin ngan ben Lin én tan nal in a syllable, 21,0, Front before velar consonants and central before others. Buetore -m, Gand & coincide, Like ¥, @ never occurs as a syllable final. xi3B, Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ 31S. Recognition Drill /On Tape/ BL ODL, Mimiery peta. (Repent words of Drill A, above.) 31 D2, Mimicry Drill: ‘Tone Sequences lan-cgn nan-hgnh Lém van van nén efn-engn ‘hAin-hgenh_ ai ba 18n bgn ad v6 vgn aS can=thgn Final Consonants: Stops SEERIS TOF a -3OUne lcnart,_32. | The symbol: sonewhat Like: Phonetic Description 2 tpt in ‘stop! Yoiceloss, bilabial, Unreleased stopj preceding vowel short 324. Paniliart zation Drill jp? chep vép sep dep site sap agp ap2 32 Bl, Miniery Drala (wepeat words of preceding drill.) 32 82, ‘Mimiery Drill: Tone sequences an at Phép aha bap ai xe agp idp tdn 6 dgp idm thing enep 3 rnip aén agp Lin an alternate spelling for the promineiation represented 2, Before -p, a9 before -m, &- and coinetde. Littstand Tor @ sound Jcnurt 33. | the aymbole: approxinately Like: | Phonetic Description = 7 Voiceless, dental, -u(follgwing i- } "tt dn that! unreleased stops or 83) preceding vowel’ short 33a. Famiiarization Drill don fe Son age ofen | onde ngen | tee 33 Bl. Mimiery Drill (Repeat words of Preceding 4rill.) 33 82. Mimiery Drill: Tone Sequences séch ad sdch of ngt 1dn sich ad rb sich rb séen a8 16a SHIRE Tor a wound (relTowing vowel || Voiceless, dorso-velar other than 9~, rand cae heb te tees unreleased. stops y rs ake preceding vouel” short -t (foiTowing vowed ther then i 7 34a. Faniliarization Drill ode nét ange | ongt bic vet chye tht tegt 3h BL. Kintery DrtLL (Repeat words of preceding drill.) 34 82. Kintery Drill: Tone Sequences lgtevgt nad née tat oa the comoination 1b 1s pronounced xiv ai phe tat thiFinal Conaonants: Goarticulated Nasals and Stops The symbol stand for a sound somewhat like: Phonetic Deseription: jo ~ag|fellowing 0° \ ‘ng! in taong? Volced, dorao-volar, get or w ana Unreleased nasal ‘with 7 t tat in oun! coarticulated bilab ‘B (following 6- pronounced nasal, oxaas) simul taneously 35h. Fantlinrization Drill yong xong ending ong kong néng eling aing 358. Diserinination Drill /on Tepe/ 350, Recognition Drill /On Tape/ 35 DL, Himtery Drilt (Repeat words of Drill A, above.) 35 D2, Wimtery Drill: Tone Sequences dng Long od inéng vin 488 Ong i khong lenBng ai ang wang At iendng «8 an xonig va cing di The symbols: stand for a sound somewhat like: Phonetic Deseription -t( rote! on as) ee] and tol in tstop! pronounced Sng ondunced as If spelled VoLecless elar, ware py with, conrticulated vilaoial stop xly36A, Familiarization Drill toe age ange not phit 368, Discrimination Drill /On Tape/ 36C. Recognition Drill /on tape/ 36 DL. iimiery Drill (Repeat words of Drill A, above.) 36 D2, Nimicry Drill: Tone sequences xvi mgt onit age sch nge xong vin prt chdt age hge onic tet Ldn nee 615 nge & Phép vot ma rbDiphthongs A diphthong is a combination of different vowel sounds occurring within a single syllable. or example, the english word "let! is usually pronounced with a single vowel sound, but the word ‘late! contains @ diphthong which starts with approximately the sane vowel as “let? but is followed by a glide to the high, front ti! position, wituia the same syllable, Some of the single Vietnamese vowel symbols already introduced sonetines represent diphthongs. For example, the synool -4 in final position in Vietnamese often nepresenta a diphthong - one which Derina with the +i vowel as described and glides te @ slightly higher position, hug, not all Vietnamese éiphthonga are indicated in the Spelling system, owever, certain spelling combinations regularly represent diphthongs and guch dipathones contrast meaningfully with Simple vowels, ‘This section treats auch combina tion Diphthongs: Group I A vowel symbol followed by -i ~ -y stunds for a diphthong which besina with the firet vowel sound symbolized, followed by a glide to the vowel position regularly indicated by i’~ y, Special spellings: (1) Following u, the spelling -1 but not -y occurs in this group of diphthongs, (2) the spelling u61 representa the same diphthong as the spelling ule (3) The spelling woi represents the same diphthong as the spelling wi As Familiarization Drill hat aay tdi bai trod vat oat eh ae tal nds, subi phai cok euéa® gay? | gids rds? ty nif ng? thay Ue Diserimination Drill /on Tape/ ©. Reecyattion Dritt /tn Tape/ ASee Special ypelling (2) above. 25ee special spelling (3) above. Pthere is an alternate pronunciation 2f -ay whic: with the regular pronunelation of -Ay, alvitDl. Mimiory Drila (Repeat words of Drill a, above) D2, Mimicry Drill: Tone sequences dp padi 126i thily xe mit 3 aay ehid nha t6i di eng gut MF Oi md at ends 8 204 mid 06 midi @i8 ends a6 vf ai at +64 phi ai ai 9s sot od dh nghy mai 1di ny bay ba ay trdi ofy 3 Diphthongs: Group IT Im diphthongs of Group II, the initial vowel sound is followed by @ glide to a mid-central, unrounded vows! position (approxinately the position of the 'a! of 'sofa'). The following are common spelling combinations for Group II diphthongs. In each case, the initial vowel quality of the diphthong is that regalarly indicated by tho fret Vowel symbol. tee oot us + -62 as oa ues 0? te 4 8 is(or y=) + 83 A. Familiarization Drill. kia | mua mea wong ( wong | vide tia | 1a vita mun | tinting | vigt nghia | roe nie exdn | audng | chide thia | bia ita xubng | tridng | vige aia | aye aye cuge | auge | aténg {wage | auge 3B, Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ Recognition Drill /on Tape/ Himiery Drill (Repeat words of Drill A, above.) Not in the combination giva. For soe Chart 1. unless followed by -L Biot in the cou followed oy a vowel, See Special Spellings, Page 37. 8. See Footnote 1, Page 30 and 33. xviD2. Wimiery Drill: ‘Tone Sequences kta ide ai vige-tam nghfa 13 ding kia kde cha giét cay vit end vigestan cudn aden ad viee ont éng a4 chia cubn sdeh sendng a4 auge truding nge ai ma ab ted taba audng L8-Lgt duge ‘cndng Sng nie tra uhBng duige chive xe net mua a na G18 nia e064 chua at Diphthongs: Group A vowel symbol followed by -0 or -u? stands for a diphthong which begins with the first vowel sound indicated and is followed by 3 Aigh-paek,, rounded vowe] position (approximately the position of thew of ‘flu ). Special spellings: (1) The spelling -igu is pronounced as if spelled ~iu, (2) The spelling wou represents the same diphthong as the spelling Wu. A. Familiarization Drill. nhigu?| theo kéu lau law } hu tnigu?] néo néa véo séu | ote nigu2 | nbo abu vo vila elu nnigu2| mo | 18a chao ony | cya rigu? | mgo | ga | ago agu rugu3 B. Discrimination Drill /on Tape/ C, Recognition Drill /on Tape/ Dl. Mimiery Drill (Repeat words of Drill a, above.) ANot in the combination gio or yiu. For gi- followed by a vowel, see Chart 1, 2see Special spelling (1) above. 3see Special spelling (2) above. xivixD2. Nimicry Drill: Tone Sequences ai ada chlo ba sao 1a HBL nko bao nhigu nhiéa ngudi 44 theo tgi sao ai k6u ad theo £64 toi niga cO ai dau gu 0d sao 1au vy ba at au nhigu ngudi pau Diphth gsi Group IV: On-3lide Diphthongs and Labinlized Consonants In diphthongs of Groups I, II, and III, the principal syllabic vowel is followed by a glide to another position (i.e. an off-glide). Vietnamese also contains diphthongs in which the principal syllabic vowel is pregeded by a glide (1.e, an on-glide), In one group of such diphthongs, the-giide is from the Aizh-front, unroinded vowel position (approxinately the fi" of 'machine* position) afd has a 'y~' like quality. In Vietnamese spelling, this kind of onzglide is represented by initial d- or gi-, and has already been drilled.> * In other oneglide diphthongs ~ designated as Group IV dtphthongs ~ the glide fs, trom tho high-bacz, rounded vowel position (approxinately tne ‘u' of ‘flu’ position) and has a 'w-' like quality. A consonant immediately preceding such a diphthong is lebiaiized, t.e, 1t is pronounced vith hecompanying 1ip-rounding. The labialization is regular and automatic. A jroup IV diphthong may ocour at the beginning of a syllable. It Ss indiented in the spelling system by an initial wor o- or hu~ or ho- followed Hmediately by a vowel symbol of the group listed below, The following spelling combinations represent a labialized consonant + an oneglide diphthong: a- | (consonant must follow) (consonant must follow) (consonant must follow) {0 -0- ad \z L { nef gp, the spectal syubol for a lavialized k-, 4s always followed by nu-,iAiscating the glide of an on-clide aiphtndng. However, in. the speach of sore Southern Vietnamese, gu~ stands for the Lablalized *see Chart 1, Pago 1.on-glide only, with no dorso-velar closure (i.e. k- quality). For such speakers, initial u-, hu-, and gu-, followed by @ vowel symbol, represent the sane sound. A Vietnamese vowel may be both preceded by an on-glide and followed by an off-glide} “For example, the conmonly occurring Vietnamese nae, spelled Nguyfn, is pronounced: ng~ (labialized) + gneglide + vow i+ off=giide (Group II diphthond) + -n (pronounced tng"). Certain spelling combinations may cause difficulty for the begining student. For example, lua indicates a 1- followed by a @iphthong of Group II (i.e, vowol u- + off-glide to 'a! of ‘sofa! position), whereas loa indicates a labialized 1 + on-glide Vowel. Similarly, tal indicates a $-+ a diphthong of Sroup T (i.e. vowel u + off-glide to high-front 1 position), whereas tuy indicates a labialized t- * on-glide + i -"y vowel. ‘Here, as always, the student should first listen carefully to the tapes, and after mastering the promineiation, learn to associate spelling with sound. Al. Familiarization Drill tray | Hud godt sly tea Khuya ayy re. nguyén hug noin | cnuygn ngyy | tein | tuydt hujnh thodng, xoe ofnh hoe soat knde thugt a2, Familiarization Drill Speaker (1): qua qugo quay quay Speaker (2): qua qugoqudy quay B, Discrimination Drill /On Tape ©, Recognition Drill /on Tape DL. Mimiery Drfl1 (Repeat words of Drill Al,above.) D2, Mintery Drilt (Repeat words of nisi 42, above.) combinations beginning with a Group IV diphthong are drilled in this section, regardless of the kind of off-qlide that follows the principal syllabie vowel. aL