Dinh Tuyen Va Cac Giao Thuc Dinh Tuyen-Libre

C
bn v nh tuyn v cc giao thc nh tuyn
I. nh tuyn
1.
Khi nim
Routing: l qu trnh la chn cc ng i trn mt mng my tnh gi d
liu qua . nh tuyn ch ra hng v ng i tt nht (best path) t ngun
ti ch ca cc gi tin (packet) thng qua cc nt trung gian l cc b nh tuyn

(router).
Routing Protocol (giao thc nh tuyn): l mt tp hp cc qui tc m t mt

giao thc lp 3 s gi cp nht cho nhau v cc mng hin c. Nu c nhiu ng
i n mt mng cng tn ti, giao thc nh tuyn cng s xc nh ng i tt

nht c dng. Khi cc thit b c chung mt hiu bit v mng , cc thit b s
bt u chuyn tip cc gi tin trn ng i tt nht.
C 3 bc c bn lin quan trong qu trnh xy dng, duy tr v s dng bng nh

tuyn:
Cc giao thc nh tuyn gi cc thng tin cp nht v Routers hoc v mng

bn trong AS (vng t tr)
Bng nh tuyn c cp nht t cc giao thc nh tuyn v cung cp cc

thng tin theo yu cu.
Qu trnh chuyn gi xc nh ng i no cn la chon t bng nh tuyn

chuyn gi tin i.
Routed Protocol: n s dng cc bng routing table m Routing Protocol xy

dng m bo vic truyn d liu qua mng mt cch ng tin cy.
Vng t tr (Autonomous System AS): Internet c chia thnh cc vng nh

hn gi l cc vng t tr. AS bao gm tp hp cc mng con c kt ni vi nhau
bi Router. Mt h thng AS thng thng thuc quyn s hu ca mt cng ty
hay ca mt nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) v cc AS c kt ni vi nhau.
Nh qun l phi ng k vi c quan qun tr mng trn Internet (Inter NIC)

ly c mt s nhn dng AS cho ring mnh. Bn trong mi AS, nh qun l c
quyn quyt nh loi Router cng nh giao thc cho h thng nh tuyn ca
mnh.

Nguyn Th Xun Ly, B mn Mng v Truyn thng, Khoa CNTT, i hc Bch khoa Nng
Page 1
C bn v nh tuyn v cc giao thc nh tuyn
Bng nh tuyn (routing table): mt Router phi xem xt bng nh tuyn ca

mnh trc khi chuyn gi tin n a ch xa. Bng ny cha cc thng tin v
mng ch m Router cn bit truyn gi tin mt cch chnh xc. Thng tin c
th bao gm cc a ch mng, mng con, cc h thng c lp. Trong bng nh
tuyn c th bao gm mt tuyn mc nh, c biu din bng a ch 0.0.0.0

0.0.0.0.
Bng nh tuyn ca mi giao thc nh tuyn l khc nhau, nhng c th bao gm

nhng thng tin sau:
a ch ch ca mng, mng con hoc h thng.

a ch IP ca Router chng k tip phi n.
Giao tip vt l phi s dng i n Router k tip.

Mt n mng ca a ch ch.
Khong cch n ch (VD: s lng chng n ch).
Thi gian (tnh theo giy) t khi Router cp nht ln cui.
Khong cch qun tr (Administrative Distance)

Administrative Distance (AD) c s dng nh gi tin cy ca
thng tin nh tuyn m Router nhn t router hng xm. AD l mt s nguyn
nhn gi tr t 0 n 255 (0: tng ng vi tin cy cao nht; 255: khng c lu

lng i qua tuyn ny hay tuyn ny khng c s dng vn chuyn thng
tin ca ngi s dng). Thng tin nh tuyn c nh gi da vo AD, AD cng
thp th tuyn cng tin cy. iu ny cng ng trong trng hp Router c

ci t t 2 giao thc nh tuyn tr ln th giao thc nh tuyn no c AD nh
hn s c Router s dng.
Metric: l gi tr ca tuyn ng c th ca mt giao thc nh tuyn no .

Nu c nhiu hn mt tuyn ng n ch c cng mt gi tr AD th tuyn no
c Metric tt hn s c a vo Routing Table. Nu chng c cng AD v Metric

th ty tng Routing Protocol c th m s lng tuyn ng c a vo
Routing table l khc nhau. Cc giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau s dng cc Metric
khc nhau. V d RIP xc nh tuyn ng tt nht l mt tuyn ng c s
lng router phi nhy qua l t nht. EIGRP xc nh tuyn ng tt nht da
trn s kt hp bng thng v tng tr ca tuyn ng (ngm nh).

Page 2
Giao thc nh tuyn
AD
Metric
Outgoing Interface
Tnh
Next-hop
EIGRP
90
Bng thng, tr, tin cy, ti, n v
OSPF
110
Cost = 105/Bng thng (kbps)
(Cng trn router)
(a ch IP ca cng trn
router hng xm)
ng
RIP
120
truyn ln nht
Hop-Count (m s router phi nhy

qua n ch)
Bng I.1 AD v Metric ca 1 s giao thc
S hi t mng (convergence): mt c tnh cc k quan trng i vi cc giao

thc nh tuyn l cc thng tin nh tuyn trong cc bng nh tuyn ca tt
c cc Router trong mng phi cng chnh xc.
S hi t l tuyn trnh a tt c cc bng nh tuyn ca cc router vo mt
trng thi ng nht v chnh xc
Thi gian hi t: l thi gian cn thit chia s thng tin qua mng v cho
tt c cc Router tnh ton tuyn ng tt nht ca n
Cn bng ti (Load balancing)

Mc ch ca Load balancing l s dng bng thng ca mng mt cch
hiu qu hn, v c th s dng lm tuyn d phng trong khi tuyn ng chnh

b ngt. Nu mt giao thc tm thy nhiu tuyn c chi ph bng nhau, n s t
ng phn chia lu lng mng gia cc tuyn ny. C ch chuyn mch c

dng bn trong Router (process switching hay fast switching) xc nh qu trnh
cn bng ti no s c thc thi, round-robin hay session. Cn bng ti theo kiu

round-robin s c dng khi c ch process switching c dng trong Router.
Nguyn tc nh tuyn: cc giao thc nh tuyn phi t nhng yu cu ng

thi sau:
Khm ph ng mt cu trc lin kt mng (topology)

Xy dng cc tuyn tt nht
Page 3
Kim sot tm tt thng tin v cc mng bn ngoi, c th s dng cc Metric

khc nhau trong mng cc b.
Phn ng nhanh vi s thay i topology v cp nht cc tuyn tt nht.

Phi c chu k lm vic hiu qu
Cc thnh phn nh tuyn (Components of Routing Data):

Routing table: l mt bng cha cc tuyn ng n cc mng m ngi
qun tr cu hnh. Cc bng ny to ra bng tay theo mun ca ngi qun

tr hay bng cch thay i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc router khc.

Router#show ip route
Cu lnh xem routing table:
Trc khi tuyn ng c a vo bng nh tuyn, Router phi hc v
Xy dng bng nh tuyn (Populating the Routing Table):
nhng tuyn ng . C 2 cch hc tuyn ng: Tnh (Statically

defining a route) v ng (Dynamically learning a route).
Qu trnh x l a gi tin n ch (Reaching the Destination)
Sau khi Router nhn gi tin, th Router s g b phn header lp 2 tm a
ch ch thuc lp 3. Sau khi c xong a ch ch lp 3 n tm kim trong

Routing Table cho mng cha a ch ch. Gi s mng c trong Routing
table, Router s xc nh a ch ca router hng xm (router chia s chung

kt ni). Sau gi tin s c y ra b m ca cng truyn i tng ng,
Router s khm ph loi ng gi lp 2 no c s dng gia trn kt ni
gia 2 router. Gi tin c ng gi xung lp 2 v a xung mi trng
truyn dn di dng bit v c truyn i bng tn hiu in, quang hoc
sng in t. Qu trnh s tip tc cho ti khi gi tin c a n ch th

2.
thi.
Cc kiu nh tuyn
C hai loi nh tuyn: nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng.
a)
nh tuyn tnh (static route):
Cc bc cu hnh nh tuyn tnh:
Nh qun tr cu hnh con ng tnh
Router s a con ng vo trong bng nh tuyn
Con ng nh tuyn tnh s c a vo s dng
Page 4
u im:
Khi dng nh tuyn tnh l gip tit kim ti nguyn mng.

Nhc im:
Ngi qun tr phi chu trch nhim cp nht cho tng dng nh tuyn ti
tt c cc router nu c mt thay i trong mng.
Cc tuyn ng tnh khng th t ng thm vo mi khi c thay i xy ra

do cc mng s khng hi t cho n khi no router c cu hnh li.
Ph hp vi mng nh, rt kh trin khai trn mng ln.

Mt vi tnh hung phi dng nh tuyn tnh:
Cc ng truyn c bng thng thp.
Ngi qun tr mng cn kim sot cc kt ni.
Kt ni dng nh tuyn tnh l d phng cho ng kt ni dng cc giao

thc nh tuyn ng.
ch c mt ng duy nht i ra mng bn ngoi. Tnh hung ny gi l mng

stub.
Router c t ti nguyn v khng th chy mt giao thc nh tuyn ng.
Ngi qun tr mng cn kim soat bng nh tuyn v cho php cc giao thc
nh tuyn classful v classless.
C php:
Router(config)#ip route {destination network} {subnet mask}
{next-hop | outgoing interface} [administrative distance]
Ghi ch: Tham s trong {} l bt buc, trong [] l ty chn
Destination network: a ch mng ch
Subnet-mask: l mt n mng con ca mng ch
Next-hop: a ch IP ca cng trn router k tip m gi tin s i n

Outgoing interface: cng ca router m gi tin s i ra
Defaut route: c s dng gi cc gi tin n cc mng ch khng c trong
bng nh tuyn v thng c s dng trn cc mng stub.

C php:
Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 { next-hop ip | outgoing interface}
Page 5
Backup route: trong 1 s trng hp c th th tuyn tnh c s dng nh 1

tuyn d phng.
V d: Gi s rng trn router chy ng thi giao thc nh tuyn ng v tnh,
trong tuyn ng c bng thng 1Mbps cn tuyn tnh ch c bng thng

256kbps. R rng vi AD = 0/1 th tuyn tnh s c u tin. Tuy nhin ta li
khng mun vy v bng thng ca tuyn tnh thp hn nhiu so vi tuyn ng.
Do , ta cn cu hnh tuyn ng l tuyn chnh cn tuyn tnh lm tuyn d
phng. iu ny c thc hin bng cch thm ty chn AD vo cu lnh cu

hnh tnh sao cho AD ca tuyn tnh ln hn AD tuyn ng, chng hn:
Router(config)# ip route 19.7.88.0 255.255.255.0 s0/0/0 130
Lab I.1: Cu hnh nh tuyn tnh c bn

Hnh I.1 S mng Lab 1
Yu cu:
S dng Cisco Packet Tracer xy dng mng nh s trn
i.
t tn cho cc router v gn a ch IP cho cc cng tng ng vi s mng
ii.
RouterC S0/0/0 ng vai tr DCE do phi s dng cu lnh clock rate
iii.
iv.

cho
trn cng ny
Cu hnh nh tuyn tnh cho cc router s dng cng ra vo ca lu lng

mng l outgoing interface hoc next hop
T cc Router, ta phi ping c tt c a ch trong mng

Page 6
Cc bc thc hin:
Bc 1: Thc hin yu cu (i), (ii) v (iii) nh sau:

Router A
Router> enable
RouterA(config-if)# no shut down
Router# configure terminal
RouterA(config-if)# interface f0/0
Router(confg)# hostname RouterA
RouterA(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.2
RouterA(config)# no ip domain-lookup
255.255.255.0
RouterA(config)# interface s0/0/0
RouterA(config-if)# no shut down
RouterA(config-if)# ip address 10.0.3.2
Router(config-if)# end
255.255.255.0
Router# write memory
Router B
Router C
Router> enable
Router> enable
Router(config)# hostname RouterB
Router (config) # hostname RouterC
RouterB(config)# no ip domain-lookup
RouterC(config) # no ip domain-lookup
RouterB(config)# interface f0/0
RouterC(config) # interface s0/0/0
RouterB(config-if)# ip address 10.0.2.1
RouterC(config-if)# ip address 10.0.3.1
255.255.255.0
255.255.255.0
RouterB(config-if)# no shut down
RouterC(config-if) # clock rate 64000
RouterB(config-if)# exit
RouterC(config-if) # no shut down
RouterB(config)# ip route 10.0.3.0
RouterC(config-if) #exit
255.255.255.0 f0/0
RouterC(config)# ip route 10.0.2.0
RouterB(config)# end
255.255.255.0 10.0.3.2
RouterB# write memory
RouterC(config)# end
RouterC# write memory

Kim tra li cu hnh dng lnh show running-config v show ip interface brief
m bo cu hnh ng, gii quyt s c nu cn.

Page 7
Bc 2: Kim tra bng nh tuyn dng lnh show ip route. Yu cu tt c mng
con phi c hin th (2 mng con).

V d:
Bc 3: Thc hin yu cu (iv)

V d:
b)
nh tuyn ng (Dynamic Routing): Giao thc nh tuyn ng khng ch

thc hin chc nng t tm ng v cp nht bng nh tuyn, n cn c th
xc nh tuyn ng i tt nht thay th khi tuyn ng i tt nht khng
th s dng c. Kh nng thch ng nhanh vi s thay i mng l li th
r rt nht ca giao thc nh tuyn ng so vi giao thc nh tuyn tnh.
u im:
Nhc im:
n gin trong vic cu hnh
T ng tm ra nhng tuyn ng thay th khi mng thay i.

Yu cu x l ca CPU ca Router cao hn so vi static route
Tiu tn mt phn bng thng trn mng xy dng bng nh tuyn.
Tt c cc giao thc nh tuyn ng c xy dng da trn gii thut.
Mt cch tng quan gii thut l mt tin trnh (procedure) nhm gii quyt mt
vn no .

Page 8
Mt gii thut nh tuyn ti thiu phi x l c nhng tin trnh sau:

Tin trnh chuyn thng tin nh tuyn cho cc router khc.
Tin trnh nhn thng tin nh tuyn t cc router khc.
Tin trnh xc nh tuyn ng tt nht da trn nhng thng tin nhn c

t cc router khc.
Tin trnh Router c th phn ng vi s thay i ca h thng mng.
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
OSPF
IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
EIGRP (Enhanced IRGP)
(Open Shortest Path First)
IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) BGP
(Border Gateway Protocol)
Bng I.2 Cc giao thc nh tuyn ng

II. Cc thut ton tm ng i
1.
Distance- vector routing: c chia lm hai phn distance v vector.
Distance chnh l metric ti ch, vector l hng ti ch n c
Cc giao thc Distance-vector cp nht bng nh tuyn ca mnh bng
xc nh bng next-hop ca tuyn ng.
cch thng xuyn gi update theo chu k di dng qung b (broadcast). Thng
ip Broadcast bao gm ton b bng nh tuyn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn
Distance-vector c mt vn chung l hin tng Routing-Loop (thng tin
nh tuyn khng thng nht gia cc router). Routing-loop xy ra do cc Router
khng c cp nht (update) ngay lp tc m phi theo chu k dn ti vic xy

dng bng nh tuyn khng ng. Hin tng Routing-Loop pht sinh lu
lng mng v ch gy lng ph bng thng v khin mng chm hi t.
Cc phng php trnh Loop:
Split Horizon: Khi router nhn c cp nht nh tuyn ca mt mng t

pha cng no th n khng gi ngc li cp nht cho mng y v pha cng
m n nhn c na.
Routing Poisoning: bt u hot ng khi Router nhn thy mt mng ni
ti b down. N s qung b ti tt c cc Router ln cn n rng mng

khng th ti c.
Page 9
Poison reverse: Khi router lng ging nhn c bn tin cp nht v mt

mng con b s c c metric = 16 (infinity metric), n cng phi ngay lp tc
hi p cho lng ging mt bn tin cp nht v mng con y cng vi metric =

16.
Triggered updates: vic pht ra cc bn tin Route poisoning v Poison
reverse phi c thc hin ngay lp tc m khng cn ch ti hn nh k

gi cp nht nh tuyn c gi l hot ng triggered update.
Hold-down timer: sau khi nhn c mt poisoned route, router s khi

ng b nh thi holddown timer cho route ny. Trc khi b timer ny
ht hn, khng tin tng bt k thng tin nh tuyn no v route b s c ny,
ngoi tr thng tin n t chnh lng ging cp nht cho mnh route ny
u tin. Gi tr ngm nh ca holddown timer l 180s.
RIP for IP
Novells IPX RIP
Xerox Networking System RIP

IGRP
DECs DNA Phase IV Apple TalkRouting Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP)

Bng II.1 Cc giao thc nh tuyn Distance Vector
c im chung ca Distance vector:

Cp nht nh k: c ngha rng c ht mt chu k thi gian no th thng
tin cp nht s c truyn i. Khong chu k ny c th l 10 giy vi Apple
TalkRTMP, 30 giy vi RIP v 90 giy vi IGRP.
Neighbor: trong cch nhn ca mt Router, neighbor c ngha l nhng Router
chia s chung nhng kt ni. Mt giao thc Distance vector gi bn thng tin
cp nht ti cc Router neighbor v da vo chng chuyn thng tin cp
nht ti nhng Router neighbor ca chng.
Cp nht ton b bng nh tuyn: hu ht cc giao thc distance vector s

dng c ch rt n gin l ni cho neighbor ca n tt c nhng g n bit
bng cch qung b ton b bng nh tuyn.
u im:
D cu hnh.
Router t tn CPU v b nh.

Page 10
Nhc im:
H thng Metric n gin nn vic xc nh ng i tt nht cha chnh xc.

Chim nhiu bng thng khi cp nht do phi gi ton b bng nh tuyn
2.
Do cc Router hi t chm dn n vic sai lch trong bng nh tuyn.

Link State Routing (nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt)
Trong nh tuyn Distance vector, cc router ch bit c next-hop
gi gi tin i ti ch. i vi Link-State Routing mi router xc nh c chnh

xc topology ca mng. V vy router s quyt nh chuyn gi tin ti ch theo
ng no l tt hn. Qu trnh xy dng topology trn mi router c bt u

bng cch gi gi tin hello n cc router hng xm ca n nhm thit lp mi
quan h. Sau mi router trong mng s bo co trng thi ca n, cc kt ni

trc tip v trng thi ca mi kt ni . Router no nhn c thng tin ny s
kt hp vi kin thc m n bit hnh thnh nn kin thc mi v topology.
Qu trnh ny c lp li cho n tt c cc router trong mng u c ci nhn
ging nhau v topology.

Vi nh tuyn Distance-vector th cc router s gi ton b bng nh
tuyn ca mnh cho cc router hng xm. Trong khi vi nh tuyn Link State
th cc router ch gi thng tin v s thay i xy ra trong mng hay mt bn tin

duy tr trng thi vi kch thc nh gn nu nh mng khng c s thay i theo
nhng chu k nht nh.
u im:
C th thch nghi vi a s h thng mng, cho php ngi thit k c th thit

k mng linh hot, phn ng nhanh vi tnh hung xy ra
m bo c cc bng thng cho cc ng mng
t tn bng thng
Nhc im:
Tn nhiu b nh v CPU ca Router khi chy thut ton tm ng ngn nht

Kh cu hnh
Hot ng ca Link-State routing protocol c th chia lm 4 bc:

Cc Router tm neighbors ca mnh t cc Router ni trc tip.
Sau khi tm c neighbor xong Router gi cc LSA (xc thc trng thi lin
kt) ti neighbor ca n.
Page 11
Tt c cc Router lu LSA trong database ca n. iu c ngha u c mt

ci nhn ging nhau v topology.
Mi Router s dng thut ton Dijktra tnh ton ng i tt nht a

vo Routing Table.
Quyt nh tuyn ng no s c lu vo trong Routing Table. AD v
Metric l hai nhn t quyt nh tuyn ng no s c lu vo trong Routing

Table. Nhn t u tin xt n l AD, nu c nhiu tuyn ng ti ch th tuyn
ng no c AD nh hn s c a vo Routing Table, nu cc tuyn ng

c cng AD th nhn t th hai xt n l cc Metric.
Open Shortest Path Frist (OSPF) for IP

DECs
IS-IS for CLNS v IP

NLSP
Bng II.2 Cc giao thc nh tuyn Link State
III. Giao thc nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

1.
nh ngha: RIP l giao thc nh tuyn distance-vector in hnh, n u n gi

ton b Routing Table ra tt c cc Cc cng ang hot ng theo chu k 30 giy.
RIP ch s dng Metric l hop-count tnh ra tuyn ng tt nht ti remote
2.
network.
c im chnh ca RIP
RIP l mt giao thc distance vector in hnh. Mi router s gi ton b
bng nh tuyn ca n cho router lng ging theo nh k 30s/ln. Thng

tin ny li tip tc c lng ging lan truyn tip cho cc lng ging khc
v c th lan truyn ra mi router trn ton mng. Kiu trao i thng tin
nh th cn c gi l lan truyn theo tin n. ( y, ta c th hiu

router lng ging l router kt ni trc tip vi router ang xt).
Metric trong RIP c tnh theo hop count s node lp 3 (router) phi i
qua trn ng i n ch. Vi RIP, gi tr metric ti a l 15, gi tr

metric = 16 c gi l infinity metric (metric v hn), c ngha l mt
mng ch c php cch ngun tin 15 router l ti a, nu n cch ngun
tin t 16 router tr ln, n khng th nhn c ngun tin ny v c

ngun tin xem l khng th i n c
RIP chy trn nn UDP port 520.
Page 12
Cch hot ng ca RIP c th dn n loop nn mt s quy tc chng loop
v mt s timer c a ra. Cc quy tc v cc timer ny c th lm gim

tc hi t ca RIP
Administrative distance (AD) l 120
C 2 phin bn: RIPv1, RIPv2 trong RIPv2 l mt giao thc h tr nh
tuyn khng phn lp (classless routing) cn RIPv1 li l mt giao thc

3.
nh tuyn phn lp (classful routing)
Cc gi tr v thi gian (RIP timer)
Routing update timer: l khong thi gian trao i nh k thng tin nh

tuyn ca Router ra tt c cc cng ang hot ng. Thng tin nh tuyn
y l ton b Routing Table, gi tr thi gian l 30 giy.
Route khng hp l timer: l khong thi gian tri qua xc nh mt

tuyn l khng hp l. N c bt u nu ht thi gian hold-down timer
m khng nhn c cp nht, sau khong thi gian route khng hp l
timer n s gi mt bn tin cp nht ti tt c cc Cc cng ang hot ng
tuyn ng l khng hp l.
Holddown-timer: gi tr ny c s dng khi thng tin v tuyn ny b

thay i, ngay khi thng tin mi c nhn, Router t tuyn ng vo
trng thi hold-down. iu ny c ngha l Router khng gi qung b cng
nh khng nhn qung b v tuyn ng trong khong thi gian
holdown-timer ny. Sau khong thi gian ny Router mi nhn v gi

thng tin v tuyn ng . Tc dng v gi tr ny l lm gim thng tin
sai m Router hc c. Gi tr mc nh l 180 giy.
Router flush timer: l khong thi gian c tnh t khi truyn trng
thi khng hp l n khi tuyn b xa khi bng nh tuyn. Gi tr Route
khng hp l timer phi nh hn gi tr Route flush timer v Router cn

thng bo n neighbor ca n v trng thi khng hp l ca tuyn
4.
trc khi local routing c update.
Hot ng ca RIP:

Router RIP s gi bng nh tuyn cp nht thng tin sau khong thi
gian trung bnh l 30 giy (update timer), a ch ch ca thng tin cp nht ny

l l 255.255.255.255 (all-hosts broadcast).
Page 13
Trong vng 180 giy m khng nhn c thng tin cp nht th hop count
ca tuyn s mang gi tr l 16, mc d tuyn ny l khng th n c nhng

n vn c dng chuyn tip gi.
Router s khng nhn bt c cp nht mi ca tuyn ny trong khong thi

gian 180 giy (holddown timer).
Khong thi gian Router phi ch trc khi xa tuyn khi bng nh tuyn
5.
l 240 giy (flush timer/garbage collection timer).
RIP phin bn 1 (RIPv1): l giao thc nh tuyn theo Distance-vector, s dng

hop-count (m s router phi i qua n ch) lm Metric nhm xc nh
hng v khong cch cho mt lin kt bt k trong mng. Qung b ton b bng
nh tuyn ca n cho cc Router lng ging theo chu k 30 giy.

RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn phn lp (classful routing). Khi RIP Router
nhn thng tin v mt mng no t mt cng, trong thng tin nh tuyn khng
c thng tin v mt n mng con (subnet mask) i km do router s ly subnet

mask ca cng p dng cho a ch mng m n nhn c t cng ny. Nu
subnet mask ny khng ph hp th n s ly subnet mask mc nh theo lp a
ch p dng cho a ch mng m n nhn c.
a ch lp A c subnet mask mc nh l: 255.0.0.0 (/8)
a ch lp B c subnet mask mc nh l: 255.255.0.0 (/16)

6.
a ch lp C c subnet mask mc nh l: 255.255.255.0 (/24)
RIP phin bn 2 (RIPv2)

H tr nh tuyn khng phn lp (Classless Routing) do mt n mng con
(subnet mask) c gi km trong thng tin nh tuyn. Vi cc giao thc nh
tuyn Classless, cc mng con khc nhau trong cng mt mng c th c subnet
mask khc nhau, iu ny c gi l Mt n mng con c di bin i (VLSM
Variable-Length Subnet Masking).

Page 14
7.
im khc nhau gia RIPv1 v RIPv2
RIPv1
RIPv2
Giao thc nh tuyn
Phn lp (Classful)
Khng phn lp
Khng
Khng
Qung b (Broadcast)
Nhm (Multicast)
RFC 1058
RFCs 1721, 1722
H tr VLSM
Gi km mt n mng con trong
thng tin nh tuyn
Kiu a ch khi gi cp nht
255.255.255.255
c m t trong
H tr tm tt cc tuyn bng tay Khng

H tr xc thc
Khng
(Classless)
224.0.0.9
and 2453
C
C
Bng III.1 RIPv1 vs. RIPv2

8.
Kch hot RIP

RIP c kch hot bng bng cu lnh sau: Router(config)# router rip
i vi RIPv2 cn c thm cu lnh sau y:
Router(config-router)# version 2
Khai bo cc mng con cn qung b cng nh cho php cc cng c gi v

nhn RIP bng cu lnh:
Router(config-router)#network {network address}
9.
Kim tra hot ng ca RIP

Router# show ip protocol
Router# show ip route
Router# debug ip rip quan st RIP cp nht bng cch gi v nhn trn Router
Router# no debug ip rip hoc Router#undebug all tt ch debug.
Router# show protocols xem cc giao thc no c cu hnh trn cng

Page 15
10.
Lab 2: Cu hnh RIP c bn
Hnh III.1 S mng Lab 2

Yu cu:
S dng Cisco Packet Tracer xy dng mng nh s trn
i. t tn cho cc router v gn a ch IP cho cc cng theo s cho
ii. Ch Cancun S0/0/0 v Acapulco S0/0/0 l DCE nn cn c cu lnh clock

rate
iii. S dng RIPv2 nh tuyn gia cc mng con (xem li phn 8 trn)
iv. Cc router u ping c tt c cc a ch trong mng v ngc li
Cc bc thc hin:
Bc 1: Thc hin yu cu (i), (ii), (iii) nh sau:

Cancun Router
Router> enable
Router(config)# hostname Cancun
Cancun(config)# interface f0/0
Cancun(config-if)# no shutdown
Cancun(config-if)# ip address 172.16.10.1
255.255.255.0
Cancun(config-if)# interface s0/0/0
Cancun(config-if)# no shutdown
Cancun(config-if)# clock rate 64000
Cancun(config-if)# ip address 172.16.20.1

255.255.255.252
Cancun(config-if)# exit
Cancun(config)# router rip
Cancun(config-router)# version 2
Cancun(config-router)# network
172.16.0.0
Cancun(config-router)# no auto-summary
Cancun(config-router)# end
Cancun# write memory
Page 16

Acapulco Router
Router> enable
Router(config)# hostname Acapulco
Acapulco(config)# interface f0/0
Acapulco(config-if)# no shutdown
Acapulco(config-if)# ip address 172.16.30.1
255.255.255.0
Acapulco(config-if)# interface s0/0/1
Acapulco(config-if)# ip address 172.16.20. 2
255.255.255.252
Acapulco(config-if)# interface s0/0/0
Acapulco(config-if)# clock rate 64000
Acapulco(config-if)# ip address 172.16.40.1
255.255.255.252

Acapulco(config-if)# exit
Acapulco(config)# router rip
Acapulco(config-router)# version 2
Acapulco(config-router)# network
172.16.0.0
Acapulco(config-router)# no autosummary
Acapulco(config-router)# end
Acapulco# write memory
Mazatlan Router
Router> enable
Router(config)# hostname Mazatlan
Mazatlan(config)# interface f0/0
Mazatlan(config-if)# no shutdown
Mazatlan(config-if)# ip address
172.16.50.1 255.255.255.0
Mazatlan(config-if)# interface s0/0/1
Mazatlan(config-if)# no shutdown
Mazatlan(config-if)# ip address
172.16.40.2 255.255.255.252

Mazatlan(config-if)# exit
Mazatlan(config)# router rip
Mazatlan(config-router)# version 2
Mazatlan(config-router)# network
172.16.0.0
Mazatlan(config-router)# no autosummary
Mazatlan(config-router)# end
Mazatlan# write memory
Kim tra li cu hnh dng lnh show running-config v show ip
interface brief m bo cu hnh ng, gii quyt s c nu cn.

Page 17
Bc 2: Kim tra bng nh tuyn dng lnh show ip route. Yu cu tt c mng

con phi c hin th (5 mng con).
V d:
Bc 3:
V d:
Thc hin yu cu (iv)

IV. Giao thc nh tuyn EIGRP
1.
Gii thiu v EIGRP
Page 18
EIGRP l giao thc nh tuyn lai gia Distance vector v Link-state, tn
dng v pht huy nhng u im ca 2 k thut nh tuyn trn. EIGRP l giao

thc c quyn ca Cisco, c a vo nm 1994, c pht trin t giao thc
IGRP nhm khc phc cc nhc im ca RIP/IGRP. EIGRP l mt giao thc nh
tuyn lin min khng phn lp (CIDR-Classless Interdomain Routing) v cho

php ngi thit k mng ti u khng gian a ch bng VLSM.

c bit EIGRP cn c th thay th cho giao thc Novell Routing
Information Prorotocol (Novell RIP) v Apple Takl Routing Table Maintenance

Protocol (RTMP) phc v tt cho c 2 mng IPX v Apple Talk.

EIGRP l mt la chn l tng cho cc mng ln, a giao thc c xy
dng da trn Cisco Router.

u im:
D cu hnh.
Hi t nhanh c th dng cho cc mng c tnh m rng cao
Tit kim ti nguyn mng khi trao i thng tin

S dng a ch Multicast lin lc
Kh nng s dng hiu qu bng thng.
H tr VLSM v vn mng khng lin tc
Cc giao thc nhm Classless c thit k khc phc cc hn ch ca
nh tuyn Classful, trong bao gm cc c im sau:

Khng gian a ch c s dng hiu qu
H tr VLSM v CIDR
2.
Cc tuyn c th c summary
nh ngha ca Prefix/CIDR

Prefix routing l mt cng c cho php router c th dng mt phn a ch
IPv4 (32-bit) nhn dng mt h thng mng. Cng c ny cho php tm gn

li cc a ch trong bng nh tuyn. Kt qu l h thng ny c qung b
ra ngoi bng mt a ch mng duy nht. Vic tm tt cc a ch s to ra cc
a ch classless v lin quan n vn nh tuyn gia cc min trn lin

3.
mng (Classless InterDomain Routing).
Cc thut ng ca EIGRP
THUT NG
NH NGHA
Page 19
Neighbor
Neighbor table
Route table
Topology table
Hello
Update

Query
Reply
ACK
Hold time
Mt Router ang chy EIGRP v kt ni trc tip
Mt danh sch ca cc Router bao gm:

a ch IP
Cc cng ca Router i ra ngoi
Hold time
SRTT v thi gian update
Cha cc thng tin ch ra Router lng ging thm vo bng
c bao lu
Bng ny c xy dng t cc thng tin nhn c t cc gi
tin hello
Bng nh tuyn, bng ny cha danh sch cc mng hin c v
ng i tt nht v cc mng ny. Mt route EIGRP s c a
vo bng nh tuyn khi route loi feasible successor c ch ra.
Mt bng cha tt c cc ng i c qung b bi cc Router

lng ging. y l danh sch tt c cc Router d phng, route tt
nht, gi tr AD v cc cng ca Router. Gii thut DUAL s tnh ton
trn bng topology ny xc nh successor xy dng mt
bng nh tuyn.
Mt thng ip c dng duy tr bng cc Router lng ging.
Cc gi hello ny c gi nh k v c gi theo kiu khng tin
cy.
Mt gi EIGRP cha cc thng tin thay i v mng. Cc gi ny

c gi theo c ch tin cy. N c gi ch khi c mt thay i
nh hng n Router.
Khi mt lng ging xut hin
Khi mt lng ging i t trng thi active sang passive
Khi c mt s thay i trong tnh ton Metric cho mt a ch
mng ch
c gi t Router khi Router mt i mt ng i v mt mng

no . Nu khng c ng i d phng (feasible successor),
Router s gi ra cc gi tin truy vn (query) hi v ng i d
phng. Khi ny Router s chuyn sang trng thi active. Khi cc gi
tin truy vn ca EIGRP c gi ra theo kiu tin cy.
L mt tr li cho gi tin Query. Nu Router khng c thng tin no
trong gi Reply, Router s gi gi Query n tt c cc Router lng
ging. Mt unicast s c gi li.
Bn cht l mt gi tin hello nhng khng c d liu bn trong.
Gi tr c thit lp trong gi hello. Thi gian Hold time ny s

xc nh Router s i mt khong thi gian bao lu trc khi cng
b mng l b down. Thng tin ny c trong bng neighbor.
Page 20
Smooth Round Khong thi gian Router phi i sau khi gi mt gi tin nhn
Trip
c ACK. Thng tin ny c gi trong bng neighbor v c
Time(SRTT)
dng tnh khong thi gian RTO.
Retransmission RTO s xc nh khong thi gian m Router phi ch trc khi

Time Out(RTO) truyn li mt gi tin.
Reliable
Transport
Protocol (RTP)
Diffusing
Update
Algorithm
(DUAL)
Advertise
Distance (AD)
Feasible
distance(FD)
Feasible
condition (FC)
Feasible
successor (FS)
Successor
y l c ch dng xc nh cc yu cu m mt gi tin c
phn phi theo th t.
Mt gii thut c thc hin trn bng topology gip mng hi

t. Gii thut ny da trn vic Router pht hin nhng thay i
trong 1 khong thi gian nht nh. V gii thut c tnh ton
ng thi nn m bo khng b lp nh tuyn.
Chi ph ng i n mng xa t Router lng ging.
ng i tt nht n mng.
Trng thi ny xut hin khi mt lng ging bo co mt gi tr

AD<FD
Khi Router lng ging bo v gi tr AD thp hn gi tr FD ca

Router. FS l Router k tip trong trng thi FC.
Router k tip truyn gi tr FC. Successor c la chn t cc gi
r FS v n c gi tr thp nht n mng xa.
Stuck in Active Trng thi t c khi Router gi ra cc gi tin v ch ACK.

(SIA)
Router vn trng thi active cho n khi no tt c cc ACK c
nhn v. Nu cc ACK khng tr v sau mt khong thi gian no
, Router s duy tr trng thi SIA cho Router .
Query scoping

Active
Passive
Active route
Passive route
Thit k mng gii hn phm vi truy cp ca cc gi query. Phm

vi ny s ch ra gi tin query c th i n u. iu ny l cn thit
ngn nga SIA.
Trng thi ca route khi c mt thay i v mng nhng sau khi
trim tra bng topo, khng c FS no c tm thy.Route s c
gn gi tr active v Router s truy vn cc Router lng ging cho
nhng route d phng.
Mt ng i ang trong trng thi passive, nu ng i b mt,

Router s kim tra bng topology tm ra FS. Nu c mt FS, route
s c t trong bng nh tuyn. Nu khng, Router s truy vn
cc Router lng ging v a route vo trng thi active.
L Router mt quyn successor v khng c feasible successor thay

th, khi Router phi tm cc route khc i n ch.
L Router c mt successor ng i n ch
Page 21

Bng IV.1 Cc thut ng ca EIGRP
4.
Metric
EIGRP v IGRP c cng cch tnh Metric, tuy nhin:
EIGRP metric = (IGRP metric)*256
do IGRP c trng Metric l 24 bit trong khi EIGRP c trng Metric l 32 bit.
Cng thc:
EIGRP metric = [K1 * bandwidth + (K2 * bandwidth) / (256 - load) + K3 *

delay] * [K5 / (reliability + K4)]
Trong :
K1, K2, K3, K4, K5 l nhng hng s.
BW = 107/ Bng thng nh nht trn tuyn ng (kbps).
Delay = Tng cc gi tr tr trn bng nh tuyn /10 (ms).
Load: ti trn cng giao tip, mang gi tr 1-255 (255: 100% lu lng d
liu; 1: khng c d liu).
Reliability: tin cy ca cng giao tip, mang gi tr 1-255 (1: kt ni khng

tin cy; 255: 100% kt ni tin cy)
Mc nh: K1=K3=1; K2=K4=K5=0. Khi :
EIGRP Metric = (BW + Delay)*256
Mi trng
Bng thng
Delay
Ethernet
10.000 Kbps
1000 microseconds
1.000.000 Kbps
10 microseconds
Fast Ethernet
Gigabit Ethernet
FDDI
Token Ring(16M)
T1
100.000 Kbps
100.000 Kbps
16.000 Kbps
1544 Kbps
100 microseconds
100 microseconds
630 microseconds
20.000 microseconds
Bng IV.2 tr v bng thng trn cc mi trng truyn

5.
Thit lp quan h lng ging trong EIGRP
EIGRP cn phi thit lp quan h lng ging trc khi gi cp nht thng tin
nh tuyn bng cch trao i gi tin hello qua a ch multicast 224.0.0.10 sau
Page 22
khong thi gian 5 giy (hay 60 giy i vi kt ni bng thng thp hn T1). Thi
gian hold time l thi gian ti a m Router phi ch trc khi khi ng li quan
h lng ging nu khng nhn c gi tin hello, thi gian ny gp 3 ln thi gian
hello time (15 giy hay 180 giy i vi kt ni c bng thng thp hn T1)
xem quan h lng ging vi c php: Router#show ip eigrp neighbor

K hiu
H
Address
Interface
Hold
Update
SRTT
(Smooth
Round Trip
Time)
RTO
(Round Trip
Timeout)
Q Count
(Queue
Count)
Sequence
Number
Gii thch
Danh sch cc quan h lng ging m Router thit lp c
a ch IP ca Router EIGRP lng ging
Cng nhn thng tin ca Router EIGRP lng ging
Thi gian holddown-timer, nu mang gi tr 0 s xa b quan

h lng ging.
Thi gian k t khi lng ging c thm vo bng

Thi gian trung bnh m bo gi v nhn gi tin EIGRP.
Thi gian Router phi ch truyn li gi tin nu Router

khng nhn c gi tin.
S lng gi tin EIGRP ch gi n Router EIGRP lng

ging. Nu gi tr Qcount > 0, mng c hiu nghn.
S tun t ca gi tin EIGRP update/request/reply cui cng

nhn c t Router EIGRP lng ging. RTP s theo di ch s
ny m bo rng cc gi tin t lng ging nhn ng th
t.
Bng IV.3 Thut ng trong bng lng ging

6.
To bng Topology
Sau khi cc Router thit lp mi quan h vi cc Router lng ging n c
th to ra mt c s d liu ca cc feasible successor. Cc Router lng ging v
Page 23
cc ng i tt nht c gi trong bng topology ny. iu cn ch l bng
topology cha ng i ca tt cc route trong mt h thng mng ch khng ch

l cc Router c ng i tt nht v route d phng. Cc tuyn ng khc c
gi l cc kh nng. Bng topology trong EIGRP s qun l vic chn la route
thm vo bng nh tuyn ca Router. Bng topology bao gm cc thng tin sau:
Mt route no l trng thi active hay passive
Cp nht c gi n Router lng ging hay khng
Mt gi tin truy vn gi v Router lng ging. Nu c thng tin trong ct

ny ca bng, c mt route ang c nh du nh active
Nu mt gi tin c gi i, mt ct khc trong bng s theo di l c

bt c mt tr li no t Router lng ging
Cc mng xa
a ch mng v gi tr subnet ca cc mng

Gi tr Metric ca cc mng xa, gi l FD
Gi tr Metric ca cc mng xa c qung b bi Router c kt ni

trc tip, gi tr ny cn gi l AD
Gi tr next-hop
Cng i ra ca cc Router c dng n Router next-hop.

Tuyn ng tt nht c ch ra dng hop-count
Bng topology c xy dng t cc gi tin cp nht gia cc Router lng
ging v c tr li bi cc truy vn t Router. Cc gi tin tr li c gi bi

cc truy vn t Router. Cc gi tin tr li c gi ra nhm p ng vi cc gi
tin truy vn. Gii thut DUAL s dng thng tin t cc gi tin truy vn v gi tr
li.

C hai loi gi tin cp nht ny c gi i mt cch tin cy (c ACK) dng
module RTP trong giao thc EIGRP ca Cisco. Nu mt Router khng nghe mt
ACK trong mt khong thi gian cho trc, n s truyn li gi tin nh mt dng
unicast. Nu khng nhn c gi tin tr li sau 16 ln c gng, Router s nh

du Router lng ging l cht. Mi ln mt Router gi ra mt gi tin, RTP s
tng ch s th t ln 1. Router phi nghe tr li t tt c cc Router trc khi n
gi cc gi tin k tip. Thi gian xy dng bng topology cng ngn nu nh

Router khng phi truyn cc gi tin unicast.
Page 24
7.
Duy tr bng topology
Hnh IV.1: Duy tr bng topology

C 3 nguyn nhn lm cho bng topology phi c tnh ton li:
Router nhn c mt thay i khi c mt mng mi. Mng mi ny c th

l mng xa hoc mt cng kt ni trc tip ca Router c up ln.
Router thay i gi tr successor trong bng topology v bng nh tuyn
trong cc tnh hung nh bng topology nhn c mt tr li hoc mt
truy vn t cc Router lng ging. Hoc trong mt tnh hung khc l c

mt cu hnh lm thay i cost ca kt ni.
Router nhn c mt thay i t Router lng ging khi mt mng khng
cn tn ti. Cc thay i ny c th l bng topology nhn c t mt truy
vn, mt gi tin tr li hoc mt cp nht ch ra rng mng xa ang b
down. Mt tnh hung khc l Router lng ging khng nhn c gi hello
trong khong thi gian hold-time. Hoc mt mng l mt kt ni trc tip
8.
nhng b down.
Tm mt ng i d phng v mt mng xa

Khi mt ng i v mt mng no b mt, EIGRP s tm cc tuyn
ng d phng. Qu trnh ny l mt trong nhng u im chnh ca EIGRP.
Phng thc m EIGRP dng tm ng i d phng th rt nhanh v rt

ng tin cy.
Page 25
Hnh IV.2: Tm cc tuyn ng i d phng

Cc s kin sau y khi Router G b down:
Router D gi lung d liu v Router G.
Khi Router D s tm trong bng topology. Bng ny c tt c cc mng v

ng i v mng ny xc nh xem c tuyn ng d phng no
khng. Ngha l Router D ang tm kim mt FS.
Mt FS s c xc nh. Bng topo s c mt AD v mt FD cho tt c cc
route hoc cc successor. Thng tin ny bao gm gi tr Metric qua route

s c la chn.
Router D s thm cc ng i d phng v Router X thng qua Router H.
Cc ng i d phng ny s c tm thy trong bng topology m khng
b chuyn sang ch active bi v gi tr AD vn nh hn gi tr FD. Gi tr

AD l 5, gi tr FD l 15.
Router cn phi gi cc cp nht n cc Router lng ging ca n bi v

gi tr ca AD thay i.
Nu Router khng c mt gi tr FS, n s t route vo trng thi active

khi n ang truy vn cc Router v cc ng i d phng.
Sau khi tm kim trong bng topology, n c mt ng i FS l tm thy,
Router s tr li li bng ng i d phng. ng i d phng s c

thm vo bng topology.
Bng nh tuyn s c cp nht.
Page 26
Route s t vo trng thi passive khi Router chuyn sang trng thi
forwarding bnh thng cho n khi c mt thay i k tip trong mng.
Nu mt Router lng ging c truy vn v khng c ng i d

phng hoc FS, n s t route vo trng thi active v truy vn nhng
Router lng ging ca n.
Nu khng c bt c mt tr li no tm thy, cc gi tin s tip tc truyn

cho n khi no n n ranh gii ca mng hoc ca AS.
Khi Router gi mt gi tin truy vn, n s lu trong bng topology. C ch
ny m bo cc gi tin tr li nhn c trong khong thi gian cho php. Nu

mt Router khng nhn c mt gi tr li, Router lng ging s b xa khi bng
lng ging. Tt c cc mng hin c cha trong bng topology cho lng ging
s c gi truy vn. Thnh thong, v cc kt ni l chm do bng thng thp,
nn cc vn mi c th xy ra. c bit l khi mt Router khng nhn c cc

tr li t tt c cc truy vn ang c gi ra. Trng thi ny c gi l SIA. Cc
Router lng ging khng c tr li s b xa ra khi bng neighbor v gii thut

DUAL s gi s rng c mt gi reply nhn c vi gi tr l v hn.
9.
The Diffusing Update Algorithm
EIGRP s dng gii thut DUAL qung co cc route n cc lng ging
v chn ng i ti ch.
Hnh IV.3: Gii thut DUAL

Mt s khi nim dng trong gii thut ny:
Khi nim
nh ngha
Page 27
Feasible distance
(FD)
L Metric nh nht i n ch theo mt tuyn

xc nh.
Feasibility condition L iu kin yu cu RD < FD nhm m bo

(FC)
hnh thnh cc ng i khng b loop khi xy
EIGRP successor
dng bng topology.
L Router EIGRP lng ging tha mn iu kin FC

v c Metric nh nht i n ch. Successor c
dng nh l next-hop chuyn tip gi tin i n

Feasible successor
mng ch.
L Router EIGRP lng ging tha mn iu kin FC

nhng khng c chn l Successor nn thng
dng nh cc tuyn d phng.
Bng IV.4 M t khi nim trong DUAL

Hnh IV.4: Tnh ton gii thut DUAL

Page 28

Hnh VI.5: Tnh ton bng nh tuyn

RouterB c chn l successor v RouterB c FD nh nht (metric = 121)
Network 7 khi xut pht t A. chn feasible successor, RouterA kim tra RD
ca cc Router EIGRP lng ging H v D (RD ca H v D ln lt l 30 v 140) c
nh hn FD ca successor hay khng (FD = 121). Router H c chn feasible

successor v c RD = 30 nh hn FD = 121 ca successor. Router D khng l
successor hay feasible successor v c RD = 140 > 121 v do khng tha mn
iu kin FC.
10.
EIGRP Reliable Transport Protocol: c 5 loi gi tin EIGRP chia lm 2 loi:

tin cy (Update, Query, Reply) v khng tin cy (Hello, Acknowledgement).
Hello: gi tin Hello dng thit lp quan h lng ging trn ng truyn.
Acknowledgment: gi tin Acknowledgment c dng bo hiu nhm m
bo phn phi tin cy cc gi tin EIGRP.Tt c cc gi tin EIGRP c gi

n a ch multicast nhm EIGRP l 224.0.0.10. V c nhiu thit b nhn
nn cn mt giao thc m bo phn phi tin cy cc gi tin EIGRP l

giao thc RTP (Reliable Transport Protocol). Khi gi tin reliable EIGRP
c gi n router EIGRP lng ging, Router gi mong mun c hi

p m bo gi tin ny c nhn.
Update: gi tin Update cha cc cp nht nh tuyn EIGRP v gi n

EIGRP Router lng ging.
Page 29
Query: cc gi tin Query c gi n Router EIGRP lng ging khi route

khng sn sng v Router cn bit trng thi ca route t hi t nhanh.
Reply: cc gi tin Reply cha trng thi cc route c gi p li cc

11.
Query.
EIGRP h tr mng khng lin tc v VLSM
Hnh IV.6: EIGRP h tr mng khng lin tc v VLSM

RouterB kt ni vi mng 192.168.8.128/25 mun qung co n RouterA
qua mng 10.1.1.0/24. Mc nh, EIGRP l giao thc nh tuyn dng Classful;
RouterB s tin hnh tm tt (autosummarize) mng ny v a ch lp mng mc
nh. Do , RouterB s qung co mng 192.168.8.0 /24 n RouterA. Do ,

m bo EIGRP h tr mng khng lin tc, ngi qun tr mng cn phi cu
hnh:
RouterB (config-router)# no auto-summary

Khi RouterB s qung co mng 192.168.8.128/25 n RouterA v gii
quyt c vn mng khng lin tc.

12.
Tm tt Route trong EIGRP (summarization)

C 2 loi Route trong EIGRP l tm tt t ng v bng phng php th cng.
Tm tt t ng: c dng mc nh EIGRP, khi EIGRP mang c tnh

tng t nh RIP v IGRP. Ngha l khi gi cp nht nh tuyn th Router
s t ng tm tt route v a ch mng chnh lp A, B hay C.
Hnh IV.7: Qu trnh summarization ca EIGRP
hnh trn, Router R1 gi cp nht v mng 132.168.1.0 n R2 thng qua
lp mng trung gian l 192.168.2.0. R1 s t ng tm tt route ny v ranh

Page 30
gii mng lp B l 132.168.0.0 v gi n R2. S c s xut hin trong trng

hp mng khng lin tc.
Tm tt bng phng php th cng: l ta cu hnh tm tt trn cc cng

giao tip ca Router bng lnh:
Router(config-if)# ip summary-address eigrp {AS number} {network

address} {subnet mask}
C th thc hin tm tt route trn tt c cc loi cng giao tip trn Router
(cn OSPF th ch tm tt cc loi Router bin ARB v ASBR), khi Router ngay
lp tc s to ra route v null 0 vi gi tr AD bng 5 nhm ngn chn vng lp xy
ra.

R1(config)# interface S0
R1(config-if)# ip address 192.168.11.1 255.255.255.252
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
R1(config-if)# ip summary-address eigrp 1 192.168.8.0 255.255.252.0
Hnh VI.8: Cu hnh tm tt route
v d trn, R1 tm tt a ch 192.168.8.0/24, 192.168.9.0/24,
192.168.10.0/24 thnh 192.168.8.0/22. Vic thc hin tc v ny trong EIGRP

nhm gim kch thc bng nh tuyn v s ln cp nht gip d dng nng cp
khi m rng mng EIGRP.
im khc bit v summarization gia EIGRP v OSPF l ch:

OSPF ch thc hin tm tt cc vng bin.
EIGRP c th hc hin tm tt trn bt c Router no trong mng. Quyt
nh v tr no s c tm tt route l ty thuc vo cch thit k. Mc
nh s t ng tm tt ranh gii cc a ch lp mng khc nhau. Cc

lnh dng ch Router hay cu hnh trn cng giao tip.
Page 31
13.
Tin tnh truy vn ca EIGRP
EIGRP s tin hnh tm cc ng b mt kt ni t c thi gian hi
t cao nht. Tin trnh ny gi l tin trnh truy vn (Query process). Khi ,
cc gi tin truy vn s c gi i khi b mt kt ni. Lc ny Router c xem
l ang trng thi active. Cc gi tin truy vn c gi n tt c cc Router

EIGRP lng ging ngoi tr Router lm successor. Nu cc Router lng ging
khng c thng tin v tuyn b mt th cc gi tin truy vn tip tc c gi
n cc Router lng ging khc cho n khi ht AS. Khi gi tin truy vn c
gi i, Router phi ch hi p t Router lng ging trc khi Router thc
hin tnh ton chn successor. Nu trong khong thi gian 3 pht m Router
lng ging khng hi p li, Router c gi l stuck in active (SIA), v Router

14.
s tin hnh thit lp li quan h lng ging.
Tuyn ng mc nh trong EIGRP
EIGRP cng s dng lnh ip default-network qung b tuyn mc nh
ging nh IGRP. Lnh ny ch nh a ch ca major network v nh du

15.
tuyn ng l mc nh.
Cn bng ti trong EIGRP

EIGRP t ng cn bng ti qua nhng ng c cng gi tr cost. Ta c th
cu hnh cn bng ti qua nhng ng c cost khng bng nhau bng cch s
dng lnh variance nh trong IGRP:
C php:
Router (config-router)# variance var
Trong var l t s t 1-128, mc nh l 1 (equal-cost). Nu var >1, th ta
s ly var nhn vi Metric ca ng c cost nh nht to thnh s a. Nu
nhng ng no c Metric nh hn s a th nhng ng c cn

bng ti. Lung d liu c gi ra mi lin kt s t l vi Metric cho ng
i .
Page 32

Hnh VI.9: Cn bng ti trn EIRGP

Mt ng n mng A c 4 ng t F v ng c Metric tt nht l 10.
Gi s ta cu hnh variance l 2 th s a s l 2*10=20, vy nhng ng no t F
n mng A c Metric<20 s c cn bng ti: FDBA(15), FCBA(15),

FCGA(10), v c cn bng theo t l 1:1:2.
Li ch ca cn bng ti l tng kh nng linh ng, s dng hiu qu ng
truyn.
16.
Thit k mng EIGRP

EIGRP c thit k hot ng trong mt mng rt ln. Tuy nhin EIGRP
vn ging OSPF, n i hi nhiu yu t thit k. Cc yu cu mi thng xuyn

yu cu nhiu bng thng v cc ti nguyn khc t mng.
Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng m rng ca EIGRP l:
Tng s thng tin c gi gia cc Router lng ging

Tng s Router gi cc routing update
Cc RouterCch xa nhau bao nhiu
Tng s cc ng i thay th n mt mng ch
Mt mng EIGRP thit k km c th dn n kt qu sau:

Router b SIA
Mng b nghn do delay, cc thng tin nh tuyn b mt, cc tuyn b mt

hay phi truyn li
Router b ht b nh
CPU b qu ti

Cc kt ni tr nn km tin cy
Page 33
Cc gii php cho vn m rng EIGRP:
a ch mng c cp pht lin tc c th thc hin c qu trnh tm

tt.
Mng nn c thit k theo tng lp cho php qu trnh

summarization.
Cc thit b phi ti nguyn.
Phi bng thng trn cc kt ni WAN.
Cu hnh EIGRP ph hp trn cc kt ni WAN. Mc nh EIGRP dng 50%

bng thng ca ng truyn cho cc lu lng d liu. Gi tr mc nh
ny c th thay i c.
17.
Nn dng cc c ch lc tuyn.
Lab 3 Cu hnh EIGRP c bn
Hnh IV.10 Lab 3 Cu hnh EIRGP c bn

Yu cu:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
S dng Cisco Packet Tracer xy dng mng nh s cho,

c th ly 1 Router gi lp Corporate Network
t tn, gn a ch IP cho router v cng tng ng nh trong s
Ch : cng Houston S0/1 l DCE nn cn c clock rate trn cng ny
S dng giao thc nh tuyn ng EIGRP trn AS 69
Tuyn ngm nh (nh tuyn tnh) c dng chuyn tip lu lng

gia AS 69 v Corporate Network v c a ch mng 6.9.6.0/24
Cc router u ping c tt c a ch trong mng v ngc li
Page 34
Cc bc thc hin
Bc 1:
Thc hin yu cu (i), (ii), (iii) v (iv)

Austin
Austin(config)# router eigrp 69

Austin(confi -router)# network 172.16.0.0
Austin(config-router)# no auto-summary
Austin(config-router)# end
Austin# write memory
Router> enable
Router(config)# hostname Austin
Austin(config)# interface f0/1
Austin(config-if)# no shutdown
Austin(config-if)# ip address 172.16.10.1
255.255.255.0
Austin(config-if)# exit
Austin(config)# interface s0/1
Austin(config-if)# no shutdown
Austin(config-if)# ip address 172.16.20.1
255.255.255.0
Austin(config-if)# exit
Gi s rng Houston S0/0 v Corporate Network S0/1 ln lt ly cc a
ch l 6.9.6.9/24 v 6.9.6.10/24 (suy ra t a ch mng 6.9.6.0/24), khi kt

hp vi cc a ch cho trc trong s mng ta c th cu hnh nh sau
Houston
Router> enable
Router(config)# hostname Houston
Houston(config)# interface f0/1
Houston(config-if)# no shutdown
Houston(config-if)# ip address 172.16.30.1
255.255.255.0
Houston(config-if)# exit
Houston(config)# interface s0/1
Houston(config-if)# clock rate 64000
255.255.255.0
Houston(config)# interface s0/0

255.255.255.0
Houston(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0
6.9.6.10
Houston(config)# router eigrp 69
Houston(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0
Houston(config-router)# no auto-summary
Houston(config-router)# redistribute static
Houston(config-router)# end
Houston# write memory
Corporate Network
Router> enable
Router(config)# hostname Corp
Corp(config)# interface s0/1
Corp(config-if)# no shutdown
Corp(config-if)# ip address 6.9.6.10 255.255.255.0
Corp(config-if)# exit
Corp(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 6.9.6.9

Austin(config)# end
Austin# write memory
Kim tra li cu hnh dng lnh show running-config v show ip interface brief
m bo cu hnh ng, gii quyt s c nu cn.
Page 35

Bc 2: Kim tra bng nh tuyn bng cu lnh show ip route, m bo tt
c cc mng con u c hin th trong bng nh tuyn (4 mng con).
V d:
Bc 3: Thc hin bc (v)

V d:
Page 36
Lnh
Show ip eigrp neighbors

Show ip protocol
Gii thch
Xem thng tin chi tit v cc neighbor.
Lnh ny hin th cc thng s v trng thi hot ng

hin ti ca cc giao thc nh tuyn. Thng tin hin
th: giao thc nh tuyn s dng, thi gian, cc giao

thc c redistribute, v mng m giao thc qung
Show ip eigrp interfaces
Hin th tt c cc thng tin giao tip ca RouterChy

EIGRP. Cu lnh ny dng xem nhanh EIGRP
Show ip eigrp topology
c cu hnh trn interface no, thuc AS no.
Xem thng tin chi tit v nhng ng c gi trong

bng topology ca Router, cc network v nhng
ng n mng , next hop
Show ip eirgp topology all Xem thng tin chi tit v nhng ng v nhng ng
Show ip eigrp traffic
d phng trong bng topo.
Debug eigrp packet
nhn t qu trnh EIGRP.
Xem thng tin v cc lu lng d liu c gi v

Xem thng tin v nhng packet eigrp c gi v
nhn. Lnh ny cn thit trong phn tch cc bn tin

Debug eigrp neighbors
Debug eigrp route

Debug ip eigrp summary
gia cc Router lng ging.
Xem cc gi tin hello c gi v nhn gia Router v

nhng neighbor ca n
Xem nhng thay i v bng nh tuyn
Xem thng tin tm tt v cc qu trnh ca EIGRP,
gm: neighbor, distance, filtering, v redistribution

Page 37

Bng IV.5 Cc lnh hin th hot ng ca EIGRP
V. Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF

1. Khi nim
OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn m ng dng k thut link-state thng c
trin khai trn h thng mng phc tp. OSPF t xy dng c ch m bo tin
cy ch khng s dng cc giao thc nh TCP m bo tin cy. OSPF l giao
thc nh tuyn classless nn h tr VLSM v mng khng lin tc. OSPF s dng
a ch multicast 224.0.0.5 v 224.0.0.6 (DR v DBR Router) gi thng ip
Hello v Update. OSPF cn h tr kh nng chng thc khng m ha/m ha
(MD5). N cng c th d tm nhanh chng s thay i ca topology (cng nh li

ca cc cng) v tnh ton li nhng tuyn ng mi sau chu k hi t. Cng
ging nh cc giao thc nhm link-state, mi Router OSPF duy tr c s d liu

m t ton b cc thng tin trong khu vc (Area) ca mnh. C s d liu ny c
gi l c s d liu trng thi kt ni (link-state) v phi l mt c s d liu thng
nht.
2. Lch s pht trin ca OSPF
Bt u nghin cu v pht trin t 1987 nhm thay th RIP. OSPF c
m t trong RFC ca IETF.
Nm ra i
Phin bn
Ghi ch
1991
2 (RFC 1247)
c ng dng rng ri
1989
1999
1 (RFC 1131)
3 (RFC 2740)
Th nghim v khng c ng dng rng ri

H tr IPv6
Bng V.1 Tm tt lch s OSPF
3. Thut ton SPF
OSPF s dng thut ton Dijkstra xy dng bng nh tuyn. y l gii
thut xy dng cc ng i ngn nht i n ch. Thng ip qung co LSA

mang thng tin ca Router v trng thi ca cc Router ln cn. Da trn cc thng
tin hc c khi trao i cc thng ip LSA, OSPF s xy dng cu trc lin kt
hnh hc trn ton mng (topology). Mi Router chy mt thut ton ging nhau
thc s v chy song song. T c s d liu nu trn, mi Router s t xy

dng mt ng i ngn nht ti cc im cn li v bn thn n l mt nt gc
Page 38
(root) ca cy ny. Trong trng hp cc tuyn chi ph nh nhau n mt mng

ch th lu lng s phn phi u gia cc tuyn ng ny (cn bng ti load
balancing.
Hnh V.1 Tm tt hot ng ca OSPF
Khi Router nhn c cc gi LSA, n s t xy dng c s d liu v trng

thi kt ni v dng tht ton Dijktras Shortest Path First (SPF) to ra
cy SPF. Khi nhn thng tin thay i th cc router s tnh li SPF.
4. u im ca OSPF
Tc hi t nhanh
H tr VLSM
p dng cho cc mng ln
Hiu qu hn trong vic chng Routing loop
ng i linh hot hn.
H tr xc thc (Authenticate)
5. So snh OSPF vi giao thc nh tuyn theo Distance Vector

OSPF
Distance Vector
Router nh tuyn theo trng thi lin kt c mt c s y Router ch bit next-hop

v cu trc h thng mng. Chng ch thc hin trao i gi gi tin n ch.
thng tin v trng thi lin kt lc khi ng v khi h
thng mng c s thay i.
Page 39
Khng qung b bng nh tuyn theo nh k
Qung b bng nh tuyn

theo nh k.
S dng t bng thng hn cho hot ng duy tr bng nh Tn nhiu bng thng.
tuyn
OSPF ph hp vi cc mng ln, c kh nng m rng, RIP ph hp vi cc mng

ng i tt nht ca OSPF l da trn tc ca ng nh v ng tt nht i vi
truyn, ng truyn c tc cng cao th ch ph OSPF RIP l con ng c s hop t
cng thp.
nht. RIP khng h quan tm
n bng thng ng
truyn khi quyt nh chn

OSPF chn ng tt nht t cy SPF.
ng i.
RIPcng nh cc giao thc
nh tuyn theo Distance

vector u s dng thut
Tn nhiu b nh v nng lc x l ca Router.

m bo khng b nh tuyn lp
ton chn ng i n gin.

t tn b nh v nng lc x
l ca Router.
Vn c th b nh tuyn lp
OSPF sau khi hi t vo lc khi ng, khi c thay i RIP phi mt t nht vi pht
th vic hi t s rt nhanh v ch c thng tin v s thay i mi c th hi t c v mi

ny c pht ra cho mi Router trong vng.
Router ch trao i bng nh

tuyn vi cc Router lng
ging kt ni trc tip vi

mnh m thi.
OSPF h tr VLSM nn n c xem l mt giao thc nh RIPv1 khng h tr VLSM

tuyn khng phn lp.
Khng gii hn v kch thc mng
nhng RIPv2 th c
Gii hn v kch thc mng.
Page 40
OSPF s dng khi nim v phn vng. Mt mng OSPF c RIP s dng cu trc mng
th chia cc Router thnh nhiu nhm. Bng cch ny OSPF ngang hng. Thng tin nh
c th gii hn lu thng trong tng vng nn thay i tuyn c truyn ln lt

trong vng ny khng nh hng n hot ng ca cc cho mi Router trong cng
vng khc. Cu trc phn lp nh vy cho php h thng mt h thng RIP.
mng c kh nng m rng mt cch hiu qu.
Bng V.2 OSPF vs. Distance Vector
6. Cc loi gi tin trong OSPF
Tn
Chc nng
Hello
Gi tin Hello dng pht hin trao i thng tin ca
Database Description
cc Router cn k.
Gi tin dng chn la Router no s c quyn
Link State Request
trao i thng tin trc (master/slave).
Link State Update
trnh trao i cc gi tin DBD.
Gi tin ny dng ch nh loi LSA dng trong tin

Gi tin ny dng gi cc gi tin LSA n Router cn
Link State Acknowledge
k yu cu gi tin ny khi nhn thng ip Request.
Gi tin ny dng bo hiu nhn gi tin Update.
Bng V.3 M t cc gi tin OSPF
Page 41

Bng V.4 Ni dung ca 1 gi tin OSPF

7. Cc loi thng ip LSU hoc LSAs (Link State Advertisements)
Loi
1
LSU/LSAs
Router
Chc nng
M t trng thi, chi ph ca kt ni n Router hng
Network
xm v IP Prefix ca cc kt ni dng im im.
Summary
mng.
M t s lng Router v subnet mask trn phn on
Network
M t ch n ngoi vng nhng cng min OSPF.
Summary ASBR
khc.
Thng tin tm tt ca mt vng s c gi n vng

M t thng tin ca ASBR (router ti bin kt ni vi h
t tr). Khng c s tm tt LSA Type 4 ny trong cng

5
External
mt vng.
M t cc tuyn ng i n cc ch ngoi min

OSPF (cc h t tr - Autonomous Systems)
Page 42
Group
Membership
M t quan h thnh vin nhm multicast OSPF
NSSA
(MOSPF).
Unused
Stubby Area
8-11
Opaque
M t cc tuyn ng n cc ch trong Not So

Khng s dng
c s dng tnh ton cc tuyn ng s dng

cho k thut qun l lu lng ca cng ngh MPLS
Bng V.5 M t chc nng cc gi tin OSPF

8. Metric ca OSPF:
OSPF s dng Metric l chi ph (cost). Cost ca ton tuyn c tnh theo
cch cng dn cost dc theo tuyn ng i ca gi tin. Cch tnh cost c IETF
c a ra trong RFC 2328.
=
10
(
10
Tuy nhin, ta c th thay i gi tr ca cost. Nu Router c nhiu ng
n ch bng nhau th Router s cn bng ti trn cc tuyn ng (mc nh

l 4 ng, ti a l 16 ng). Nhng tham s bt buc phi ging nhau i vi
cc Router chy OSPF trong mt Area l khong thi gian gi Hello/Dead, nh

danh vng (Area ID), mt khu xc thc (authentication password) v stub area
flag nu c.
Bng V.6 Chi ph i vi cc bng thng tiu biu

Page 43
9. Cc loi Router trong OSPF

Hnh V.2 Phn loi OSPF router
10. Chi tit v vng (Area) trong OSPF
OSPF h tr hai mc phn cp qua khi nim vng (area). Mi vng l mt
s 32 bit biu din dng IP (vng a.b.c.d) hay dng thp phn (vng x). Vng 0
l vng xng sng (backbone), do cc vng u phi kt ni trc tip vi vng
0 hay thng qua kt ni o (virtual link). OSPF c mt s loi vng sau: normal
area, stub area, totally stubby area, not-so-stubby area (NSSA) v totally NSSA.
Vng bnh thng (Nomal Area)
Mc nh, vng mang nhng c tnh sau:
Nhn cc thng tin tm tt (summary LSA) t cc vng khc.
Nhn cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external LSA).
Nhn cc thng tin mc nh t bn ngoi (external default LSA).

Hnh V.3 Phn loi vng OSPF

Stub Area
Page 44

Hnh V.4 Hot ng ca stub area
Vng Stub khng nhn cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external LSA). Vng Stub
nhn cc thng tin tm tt (Summary LSA) t cc vng khc v nhn cc thng

tin mc nh.
Totally Stubby Area
Hnh V.5 Hot ng ca Totally Stubby Area
Totally Stubby Area l vng b hn ch nht. Router trong loi vng ny
ch tin tng vo cc thng tin tm tt mc nh (default summary route) t
Page 45
ABR. Khng tn ti thng tin t bn ngoi ca OSPF (external route) hay thng
tin tm tt (summary) trong bng nh tuyn. y l mt m rng ca vng
stub nn mang y cc cc c tnh ca vng Stub.
Nhng c tnh ca vng Totally Stub:
Khng nhn cc thng tin tm tt (summary LSA).
Khng nhn cc thng tin t bn ngoi (external LSA).

Ch nhn cc thng tin v tuyn mc nh.
Khng to ra cc summary LSA.
Not So Stubby - Area:
Hnh V.6 Hot ng ca Totally NSSA
Totally Not-So-Stubby Area
Loi vng ny l mt m rng ca NSSA, nu vng 1 l totally NSSA th s
mang nhng c tnh sau:
Khng chp nhn external LSA.
Khng chp nhn cc thng tin tm tt summary LSA.
11. Cc loi mi trng OSPF:
C 3 kiu mng c nh ngha trong OSPF l a truy cp qung b
(Broadcast Multi-Access/BMA), a truy cp khng qung b (Non-Broadcast

Multi-Access/NBMA) v im im (Point-to-Point)
BMA
BMA s dng kin trc mng (cu trc lin kt hnh hc v cch thc truy cp
mng) tng t nh ETHERNET.
Page 46
Qu ti l hu qu xy ra vi BMA khi c nhiu router c kt ni thc hin
qu trnh thit lp mi quan h v trao i thng tin trng thi.
Gii php cho vn trn l bu ra mt router lm i din cho BMA. Router
c gi l Designated Router (DR). DR s thit lp mi quan h vi mi router

khc trong mng qung b. Cc router cn li s ch gi thng tin v trng thi lin
kt cho DR. Sau DR s gi thng tin ny cho mi router khc trong mng s
dng a ch multicast 224.0.0.5. R rng DR ng vai tr nh mt ngi pht
ngn chung. Vic bu ra DR rt c hiu qu nhng cng c mt nhc im. DR

tr thnh mt tm im nhy cm i vi s c. Do , cn mt Router th hai
c bu ra lm i din d phng Backup DR (BDR), Router ny s m
trch vai tr ca DR nu DR b s c. a ch multicast 224.0.0.6 c s dng

truyn thng gia cc DR v BDR.
La chn DR v BDR: qu trnh bu chn DR v BDR c tin hnh ngay sau

khi cng ca Router u tin c kt ni vo mng a truy cp v c cu
hnh giao thc OSPF. Qu trnh ny c th mt vi pht, sau khi tt cc Router
c bt, Router c ch s ID ln nht c th l DR.
Qu trnh la chn DR v BDR s theo qui tc sau:
DR: Router c ch s Priority ln nht.
BDR: Router c ch s Priority ln th hai.
Trong trng hp cc Router c ch s Priority bng nhau th Router no

c ch s ID (Router ID) cao nht lm DR.
Hnh V.7 Bu chn DR v BDR


Page 47
Trong hnh trn RouterC c chn lm DR v c u tin cao nht. RouterB
c chn lm BDR v c u tin cao th hai v c a ch ID cao hn RouterA.
Router ID: dng chn DR v BDR trong mng. Router ID n gin l a ch

IP, n l duy nht vi mi Router. N c chn nh sau:
Ngi qun tr mng cu hnh trc tip.
Nu khng c cu hnh, s chn a ch IP ln nht ca cng o (Loopback

interface)
Nu khng c Loopback interface, a ch IP ln nht ca cng vt l (ang

hot ng) s c chn lm Router ID.
Khi DR c chn, n s vn l DR cho n khi cc iu kin sau xy ra:

Router ID b li.
OSPF trn DR b li.
Cng (interface) trn DR b li.
Thay i DR v DBR:
Trong trng hp DR b li, BDR s lm DR v s c tin trnh la

chn chn ra Router mi lm BDR.
Khi Router c a ch IP ln nht tham gia vo mng th DR v BDR

vn khng thay i (khng chn li DR v BDR).

Hnh V.8 Trng hp 1 Khng bu li DR/BDR
Nu DR c ht li, tham gia vo mng th vn coi l Router Other

(Router thnh vin).
Page 48
Hnh V.9 Trng hp 2 Khng bu li DR/BDR

Khi BDR b li, mt tin trnh s la chn cc Router cn li tr DR

lm BDR (vi Router ID ln nht).
Hnh V.10 Bu li DBR

Page 49
Ch khi c DR v BDR b li, OSPF s tin hnh tnh ton la chn li

DR v BDR.
Hnh V.11 Bu li DR v BDR

Point-to-Point
Mi trng im n im l mi trng truyn dn c ng gi HDLC/PPP,
Frame Relay/ATM point-to-point subinterface. Khng c s bu chn DR/BDR

trong mi trng ny. Cc gi tin OSPF c gi i dng multicast.
Hnh V.12 Minh ha v mng Point to - Point

NBMA
Kt ni cc mng cha
hn 2 router nhng
khng c kh nng
qung b.
Hnh V.13 Minh ha v mng NBMA
Tng t nh BMA, NBMA cng bu DR/BDR gii quyt tnh trng qu ti
trong mng. NBMA c 5 ch lm vic l qung b, khng qung b, im a

im, im im khng qung b v im im.

Page 50
Ch lm vic
Cu trc lin kt
a ch
Thi gian
Thit lp
nh ngha
OSPF
trong NBMA
mng con
gi Hello
mi quan h
bi RFC hoc
(giy)
hng xm
Cisco
T ng,
Cisco
Ngi qun tr
RFC

Qung b
Li hoc li
Nh nhau
10
Khng qung b Li hoc li
Nh nhau
30
tng phn
tng phn
im a im
im a im
khng qung b
im im
Li tng phn
hoc sao
Li tng phn
hoc sao
Nh nhau
Nh nhau
30
cu hnh,
bu DR/BDR
T ng,
RFC
khng bu
DR/BDR
Ngi qun tr
Cisco
cu hnh,
khng bu
Li tng phn Khc nhau

hoc sao, s dng
cng
30
bu DR/BDR
logic
(subinterface)
trn tng
10
cng logic
DR/BDR
T ng,
Cisco
khng bu
DR/BDR
Bng V.7 Tm tt cc ch lm vic ca NBMA
12. Chi tit v thit lp quan h hng xm (Adjacency)
OSPF thit lp quan h Adjacency gia cc Router lng ging nhm mc
ch trao i thng tin nh tuyn. Trong mi trng qung b, khng phi Router
no cng c kh nng thit lp quan h Adjacency vi tt c cc router khc. Gi
tin Hello chu trch nhim thit lp v duy tr mi lin h ny.
Hnh V.14 Thit lp v duy tr mi quan h bng gi tin Hello

Page 51
Qu trnh trong hnh V.14 c m t nh sau:
u tin Router OSPF s gi gi tin Hello n a ch multicast 224.0.0.5.
Gi tin ny s nh k gi n tt c cc cng giao tip c h tr OSPF vi
khong thi gian ty thuc vo tng loi cng giao tip. Trong mi trng
broadcast nh Ethernet hay dng Point-to-Point, thi gian l 10 giy. Trong
mi trng non-broadcast nh Frame Relay hay ATM, khong thi gian ny
l 30 giy.
Gi tin Hello s nh k gi i n tt c cc cng giao tip ca Router c chy
OSPF. Khi Router pht hin thy c Router lng ging nh vo gi tin Hello
nhn c, truyn thng hai chiu c thit lp. Trong mi trng
broadcast v NBMA, gi tin Hello cn c s dng chn ra cc Router ch

nh DR/BDR.
Sau khi thit lp truyn thng hai chiu, s thit lp quan h lin k
adjacency, vic ra quyt nh thit lp quan h adjacency da vo trng thi
ca Router lng ging v cng ngh mng dng kt ni hai Router. Nu kiu
network l broadcast hay non-broadcast, quan h adjacency s c thit lp
gia cc Router lng ging. thit lp quan h adjacency, u tin Router s
tin hnh ng b ha c s d liu bng cch gi gi tin DBD m t c s d
liu cho nhau. Tin trnh ny gi l tin trnh trao i c s d liu. Khi hai
Router s thit lp quan h master/slave. Mi gi tin m t c s d liu c
gi i bi master s cha s tun t nh du gi tin. Router slave s bo nhn

gi tin ny bng cch gi gi tin cha s thun t ny hi p.
Router trng thi sau khi thit lp quan h lin k adjacency: Down State,
Attemp State, Init State, 2-way State, Exstart State, Exchange State, Loading
State, Full State.
Cc trng thi c m t vn tt trong bng V.8 di y:
Page 52
Trng thi
Down State
Attemp State
Gii thch
Router khng nhn c cc thng tin v Router k cn.
Trng thi ny ch tn ti trong mng NBMA. trng thi ny,
Router s khng nhn c thng tin t cc Router hng xm

nhng vn n lc to mi quan h vi chng bng cch gi cc
Init State
2-way State
gi tin Hello theo nh k n chng.
Tin trnh gi gi tin Hello mt chiu.
Khi thit lp quan h hai chiu, Router s t trng thi 2-way
State. Khi , s bt u thit lp quan h lin k, cc Router ch

Exstart State
Exchange State
nh DR/BDR s c chn.
Trng thi ny l s bt u tin trnh ng b ha c s d liu.

Master v slave c chn trong trng thi ny.
trng thi ny, Router m t trng thi c s d liu trng thi
lin kt thng qua gi tin DBD (Database Descriptor). Mi gi tin
DBD c nh s th t phn bit. Ti mi thi im ch

cho php gi i mt gi tin DBD. Gi tin request cng c gi
Loading State
Full State
i yu cu cp nht cc gi tin LSA.
trng thi ny, gi tin LS Request c gi i yu cu trng

thi mi nht ca LSA
Sau khi nhn gi tin LS Update, c s d liu ca hai Router

ng b ha v Router s chuyn sang trng thi Full.
Cc trng thi 2 way v Exstart c minh ha bi Hnh V.15 v V.16 di y:
Page 53

Hnh V.15 M t hot ng ca trng thi 2 - way

Hnh V.16 M t hot ng ca trng thi Exstart

13. Lab 4 Cu hnh OSPF c bn

Hnh V.17 S mng Lab 4
Page 54
Yu cu:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
S dng Cisco Packet Tracer xy dng mng nh s cho
t tn, gn a ch IP cho cc router v cc cng tng ng
Ch : cc cng Austin S0/0 v Houston S0/0 ng vai tr DCE nn cn
c cu lnh clock rate trn cc cng ny
Kch hot OSPF nh tuyn gia cc mng con
Cc router phi ping c tt c cc a ch trong mng v ngc li
Cu hnh:
Bc 1:
Thc hin yu cu (i), (ii) v (iii)

Austin Router
Router>enable
Router#configure terminal
Router(config)#hostname Austin
Austin(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0
Austin(config-if)#ip address
172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0
Austin(config-if)#no shutdown
Austin(config-if)#interface serial 0/0
Austin(config-if)#ip address
172.16.20.1 255.255.255.252
Austin(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Austin(config-if)#no shutdown
Austin(config-if)#exit
Austin(config)#router ospf 1
Austin(config-router)#network
172.16.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Austin(config-router)#network
172.16.20.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
Austin(config-router)#end
Austin#write memory
Moves to privileged mode.
Moves to global configuration mode.

Sets the host name.
Moves to interface configuration

mode.
Assigns an IP address and netmask.
Enables the interface.
Moves to interface configuration

mode.
DCE cable plugged in this side.
Returns to global configuration mode.

Starts OSPF process 1.
Any interface with an address of

172.16.10.x/24 is to be put into area 0.
Returns to privileged mode.
Saves the configuration to NVRAM.
Page 55

Houston Router
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname Houston
Houston(config)#interface fastethernet
0/0
Houston(config-if)#ip address
172.16.30.1 255.255.255.0
Houston(config-if)#no shutdown
Houston(config-if)#interface serial0/0
172.16.40.1 255.255.255.252
Houston(config-if)#clock rate 64000
Houston(config)#interface serial 0/1
172.16.20.2 255.255.255.252
Houston(config-if)#exit
Houston(config)#router ospf 1
Houston(config-router)#network
172.16.20.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
172.16.30.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
172.16.40.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
Houston(config-router)#end
Houston#write memory


Sets the host name.
Moves to interface configuration mode.


DCE cable plugged in this side.





Page 56
Router>enable
Router(config)#hostname Galveston
Galveston(config)#interface fastethernet
0/0
Galveston(config-if)#ip address
172.16.50.1 255.255.255.0
Galveston(config-if)#no shutdown
Galveston(config-if)#interface serial 0/1
Galveston(config-if)#ip address
172.16.40.2 255.255.255.252
Galveston(config-if)#no shutdown
Galveston(config-if)#exit
Galveston(config)#router ospf 1
Galveston(config-router)#network
172.16.40.0 0.0.0.3 area 0
Galveston(config-router)#network
172.16.50.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
Galveston(config-router)#end
Galveston#write memory


Sets the host name.




Kim tra li cu hnh dng lnh show running-config v show ip interface
brief m bo cu hnh ng, gii quyt s c nu cn.

Page 57
Bc 2:
Kim tra bng nh tuyn bng cu lnh show ip route, m bo
tt c cc mng con u c hin th trong bng nh tuyn (5 mng con).

V d:
Bc 3:
V d:
Thc hin yu cu (iv)
Page 58

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C

bn v nh tuyn v cc giao thc nh tuyn

ti ch ca cc gi tin (packet) thng qua cc nt trung gian l cc b nh tuyn

Routing Protocol (giao thc nh tuyn): l mt tp hp cc qui tc m t mt

i n mt mng cng tn ti, giao thc nh tuyn cng s xc nh ng i tt

C 3 bc c bn lin quan trong qu trnh xy dng, duy tr v s dng bng nh

Cc giao thc nh tuyn gi cc thng tin cp nht v Routers hoc v mng

Bng nh tuyn c cp nht t cc giao thc nh tuyn v cung cp cc

Qu trnh chuyn gi xc nh ng i no cn la chon t bng nh tuyn

Routed Protocol: n s dng cc bng routing table m Routing Protocol xy

Vng t tr (Autonomous System AS): Internet c chia thnh cc vng nh

hay ca mt nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) v cc AS c kt ni vi nhau.

Nh qun l phi ng k vi c quan qun tr mng trn Internet (Inter NIC)

C bn v nh tuyn v cc giao thc nh tuyn

Bng nh tuyn (routing table): mt Router phi xem xt bng nh tuyn ca

tuyn c th bao gm mt tuyn mc nh, c biu din bng a ch 0.0.0.0

Bng nh tuyn ca mi giao thc nh tuyn l khc nhau, nhng c th bao gm

a ch ch ca mng, mng con hoc h thng.

Giao tip vt l phi s dng i n Router k tip.

Khong cch n ch (VD: s lng chng n ch).

Thi gian (tnh theo giy) t khi Router cp nht ln cui.

Khong cch qun tr (Administrative Distance)

Administrative Distance (AD) c s dng nh gi tin cy ca

thng tin nh tuyn m Router nhn t router hng xm. AD l mt s nguyn

nhn gi tr t 0 n 255 (0: tng ng vi tin cy cao nht; 255: khng c lu

thp th tuyn cng tin cy. iu ny cng ng trong trng hp Router c

Metric: l gi tr ca tuyn ng c th ca mt giao thc nh tuyn no .

c Metric tt hn s c a vo Routing Table. Nu chng c cng AD v Metric

C bn v nh tuyn v cc giao thc nh tuyn

Giao thc nh tuyn

Bng thng, tr, tin cy, ti, n v

Cost = 105/Bng thng (kbps)

(Cng trn router)

Hop-Count (m s router phi nhy

Bng I.1 AD v Metric ca 1 s giao thc

S hi t mng (convergence): mt c tnh cc k quan trng i vi cc giao

S hi t l tuyn trnh a tt c cc bng nh tuyn ca cc router vo mt

trng thi ng nht v chnh xc

tt c cc Router tnh ton tuyn ng tt nht ca n

Cn bng ti (Load balancing)

Mc ch ca Load balancing l s dng bng thng ca mng mt cch

hiu qu hn, v c th s dng lm tuyn d phng trong khi tuyn ng chnh

ng phn chia lu lng mng gia cc tuyn ny. C ch chuyn mch c

cn bng ti no s c thc thi, round-robin hay session. Cn bng ti theo kiu

Nguyn tc nh tuyn: cc giao thc nh tuyn phi t nhng yu cu ng

Khm ph ng mt cu trc lin kt mng (topology)

C bn v nh tuyn v cc giao thc nh tuyn

Kim sot tm tt thng tin v cc mng bn ngoi, c th s dng cc Metric

Phn ng nhanh vi s thay i topology v cp nht cc tuyn tt nht.

Cc thnh phn nh tuyn (Components of Routing Data):

tr hay bng cch thay i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc router khc.

Cu lnh xem routing table:

Trc khi tuyn ng c a vo bng nh tuyn, Router phi hc v

Xy dng bng nh tuyn (Populating the Routing Table):

nhng tuyn ng . C 2 cch hc tuyn ng: Tnh (Statically

Qu trnh x l a gi tin n ch (Reaching the Destination)

Sau khi Router nhn gi tin, th Router s g b phn header lp 2 tm a

ch ch thuc lp 3. Sau khi c xong a ch ch lp 3 n tm kim trong

table, Router s xc nh a ch ca router hng xm (router chia s chung

truyn dn di dng bit v c truyn i bng tn hiu in, quang hoc

sng in t. Qu trnh s tip tc cho ti khi gi tin c a n ch th

nh tuyn tnh (static route):

Cc bc cu hnh nh tuyn tnh: