apR0%6 Ting quan vb TOPIP va Giao thie HTTP notes.viphat.work Bay [a bai tp v8 nha cua Khéa Linux Network Administrators Dé hiéu cau tric va hoat déng cia Web Server (Quan trong va can thiét déi voi mot Web Developer nhu minh) thi viée nam cdc kién thie nn tang lién quan nhu Giao there lién mang TCP/IP, TCP, UDP, Giao thire HTTP, Khac nhau gitta HTTP 0.9, 1.0, 1.1 va 2.0, Web Socket... |8 rat hifu ich. Di nhién, trong khuén khé mét bai viét thi minh cting khéng di sdu vao ting phan, ma chi dimg lai & mtfc téng quan dé cé khai niém vé nhiing thanh phan trén. TCP/IP va cdc ting cua né néu muén hiéu r6, hiéu can ké thi can cé nhiéu kién thie rat sdu v8 Mang may tinh va mdi tang trong dé xting dang cd mét khéa hoc. Tim hiéu téng quan vé TCP/IP 86 giao thtfc TCP/IP (Internet Protocol Suite) la b6 giao thifc ma Internet va c4c mang may tinh dang si dung va chay trén dé. N6 gdm 2 giao thifc chinh Ia TCP (Transmission Control Protocol - Giao thie digu khién giao van) va IP (Internet Protocol - Giao thifc lién mang). B6 giao thifc TCP/IP dug coi la mét tap hgp cc tang. Méi tang gidi quyét mét tap cdc van a lien quan dén vig truy8n tai dir ligu, va cung cp cho cc giao thtic tng cp trén mét dich vu duge dinh nghia ré rang diya trén viéc str dung cc dich vu clia cc tang thap hon. Hay néi cdch khdc, cdc ting trén gin véi nguéi ding hon va lam viéc véi dir ligu trivu tong hon, ching dia vao céc tng cap du6i dé bign déi dif ligu thanh cdc dang ma cudi cing cé thé truyén di mot cach vat ly 4 tang cia TCP/IP «Tang trng dung - Application Layer «Tang giao van - Transport Layer * Tang mang - Internet Layer «Tang lign kat - Link Layer Mé hinh 4 tang cla TCP / IP va 7 tang cila mé hinh OS! (Mét giao thttc lién mang dai cii va bi thay thé béi TCP/IP) prices vighatworkong usrve-epipva tip 18yaRR0%6 Ting quan vb TOPIP va Giao thie HTTP een ewes Frotocel Suite ERI tse Feeraton ||] Aetcaton | [ae ation | laa [rene fons Sen Layer Network M6 hinh van chuyén dérligu qua giao thtfc TCP/IP Data Transmission over the Internet through TCP/IP Computer A Computer B PVE PVT eae Dieu ase Deu ade ie tt uae Teac cg _ a Ethernet, Fiber, Satelite, wireless etc. e@ = ian een - 7 ee ae So luge vé nhiém vu cua mai ting ipnoes.viphatworkong-auar-ve-lep-iparitp 28apR0%6 Ting quan vb TOPIP va Giao thie HTTP ‘Application Layor Consists of applications/programs and processes that use the network Transport laver Provides end-to-end data delivery services Networkiinternet layer Defines the datagram and handles the routing of data Physical/Data = ‘access layer Consists of routines for accessing physical medias Network connections Stack connections Doc thém Bai viét Hanh trinh cia mt géi tin Application Layer Tang cao nhat trong cau truc phan |ép cua TCP/IP. Tang nay bao gdm tat ca cac chung trinh ting dung str dung cac dich vu sn c6 théng qua mét ching giao thie TCP/IP nhu DHCP, DNS, HTTP, FTP, Telnet, SMTP, ... Ching sé tuong tac voi tang van chuyén dé truyén hoac nhan dé liéu. Transport Layer Gbr 2 dai biéu chinh la giao thisc TCP va giao thee UDP ma minh gidi thigu tiép day. ipnoes.viphatworkong-auar-ve-lep-iparitpswR20%6 ‘Téng qui vb TOPIP va Gia the HTTP Tang mang IP (IPv4, IPv6) Tang lién kat Ethernet, Wifi, Token Ring, PPP, Frame Relay... TCP va UDP TCP va UDP thuéc ting giao van (Transport Layer) cia TCP/IP, Trong dé TCP la giao thitc dinh hung két néi va UDP (User Datagram Protocol) la giao thtfc phi két néi. TCP tao ra cdc két néi gira 2 may cn trao di diff liéu (Tao ra mot “dung dng” riéng) ma qua a6 cc géi tin dugc bao dam chuyén téi noi nhan mét cach dang tin cay va dung thy tu. Nguyén tac hoat déng: TCP tai may nguén phan chia cdc byte dif liéu cn truyén di thanh cac doan (Segment) 6 kich thuéc thich hop. Sau 46, TCP chuyén cdc géi tin nay qua giao thisc IP dé guri nd qua mot lién mang én TCP & may dich. TCP nguan kiémn tra dé khdng cé mat géi tin nao bi that lac bang cach gan cho méi géi tin mét s6 thy tu (Sequence Number). Khi TCP dich nhn dugc, ho gti v TCP ngudn mdt théng bao da nhan (Acknowledgement) cho cac géi tin 4 nhn thanh cong, Mét dong ho tai TCP nguén sé bao time-out néu khéng nhan dugc tin bao nhan trong khoan thdi gian bang mét RRT (Round Trip Time), va di ligu (@ugc coi nhu that lac) sé duge gui lai. TCP dich sé kiém tra checksum xem cé byte nao bi héng trong qua trinh van chuyén hay khéng, gid tri checksum nay dugc tinh ton cho mdi géi dé liéu tai noi guri trudc khi nd duge guri va dugc kiém tra tai noi nhan. UDP dug ding dé giri nhiing dir ligu ngan (goi la Datagram) tdi nhiing may khdc, UDP khdng cung cp dé tin cay va thi ty truyén nhan nhu TCP lam. Cac goi dif ligu c6 thé dén khéng dung thir tu hoac bi mat ma khéng cé théng bao. Tuy nhién, UDP nhanh va hiéu qua hon di véi cdc muc tiéu nhu kich thuéc nhé va yéu cau khat khe vé thai gian. Do ban chat khéng trang thai cua né nén nd hitu dung d6i véi viéc tra Idi cdc truy van nhé véi sé Iuong lén ngudi yéu cu. (Hen chi ma Graylog lai str dung UDP dé truyén tai cdc ban ghi Log tir Server Web dén Server Graylog va Tai sao UDP kém tin cay hon TCP nhung van tn tai va duge str dung,). Uu diém cua TCP so vai UDP: # Truy€n dif ligu khéng 161 (Do c6 co ché sifa [61 / truyén lai). # Truy€n cdc géi di’ ligu theo duing ther tu. * Truy€n lai céc géi dir ligu mat trén dudng truyén. * Loai bé cc géi di ligu tring lap. * Co ché han ché téc nghén dudng truyén Danh sch cdc céng TCP, UDP mac dinh cia mat sé trng dung mang ipnoes.viphatworkong-auar-ve-lep-iparitp aapR0%6 Ting quan vb TOPIP va Giao thie HTTP List of TCP and UDP Port Numbers HTTP - 80 FTP - 20, 21 SSH - 22 Telnet - 23 SMTPS - 465 POP3s - 995 ... IP - Internet Protocol Xem thém tai bai viét Tim hiéu vé IP Trong Ipv4, Cé 3 dai dia chT str dung trong Mang riéng (va nhGing dia chi cén lai duge sir dung cho mang cong cng - Internet) 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 172.16.0,0-172.31.255.255 192.168.0,0-192.168.255.255 ==Mé rong: Tim higu ky hon IPv6== HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol (Giao thtfc truyén siéu van ban) Giao thie nay ndm trong tang Application Layer, dugc sl dung dé truyén ndi dung trang Web tu Web Server dén trinh duyét Web 6 Client, La giao thitc Client/Server diing cho Internet - World Wide Web, HTTP thudc tang ting dung ctia bé giao thtfc TCP/IP (Cac giao thirc nén tang cho Internet). Co ché hoat déng chinh cua HTTP la Request-Response: Web Client sé gifi Request dén Web Server, Web Server xi ly va tra vé Response cho Web Client. Lich sir: Phién ban hoan chinh dau tién cua HTTP la HTTP 0.9 (Ra doi nam 1991), Tiép theo la HTTP 1.0 (Gidi thiéu chinh thie nam 1996), HTTP 1.1 (1997) va mdi day nhat la HTTP 2.0. Cac phién ban sau ra dai nham thay thé phién ban trudc, ké thira nhGing chic nang cét Idi cua phién ban truéc nhung c6 nhigu cdi tién va bé sung. Hién nay thi HTTP 2.0 chua dug dung phé bién do con kha méi va do cdc doanh nghiép Web cling phan nao ngai chuyén déi. Do vay, HTTP 1.1 van 1a giao thirc HTTP phd. bién nhdt. HTTP 1.0 van con dugc sir dung nhiéu trong hé théng Proxy va mét sé ting dung cil (wget). ==(Dé tim hiéu vi sao HTTP 1.0 van con dugc dung nhiéu trong cac hé théng Proxy thi ta phai nam HTTP 1.0 va HTTP 1.1 cache dif liéu nhu thé nao2)== Request Method phé dung clia HTTP: © GET * HEAD © POST © PUT © DELETE ipnoes.viphatworkong-auar-ve-lep-iparitp 38apR0%6 Ting quan vb TOPIP va Giao thie HTTP © TRACE © OPTIONS © CONNECT * PATCH Ngoai Method, URI (Bia chi dinh danh ctla tai nguyén), HTTP Version thi trong Request Header c} mét sé truréng théng dung sau: * Accept: loai ndi dung cé thé nhan dugc tir théng digp response. Vi du: text/plain, text/html. * Accept-Encoding: cc kiéu nén duge chap nhan. Vi du: gzip, deflate, xz, exi... * Connection: tiy chon diéu khign cho két ndi hién thai. Vi du: keep-alive, Upgrad: * Cookie: théng tin HTTP Cookie tu server. * User-Agent: théng tin vé user agent ca nguti ding. Doc thém: List of HTTP Headers Phan biét GET va POST Hai phuong thir dugc str dung nhiéu nhat trong HTTP request la GET va POST Véi GET, cau truy van sé dug dinh kém vao duéng dan cua HTTP request. Vi du: /? username="abc"&password="def" Mét sé dac diém cla phuong thie GET: * GET request cé thé dug cached, bookmark va Iutu trong lich si cua trinh duyét. * GET request bi gidi han vé chigu dai, do chigu dai cia URL [a ¢6 han. «GET request khéng nén ding véi dif ligu quan trong, chi dung dé nhan dit liéu. Nguc lai, véi POST thi cdu truy van sé dugc gtri trong ph’in message body cia HTTP request, mot 86 dac diém cia POST nhu: * POST khéng thé cached, bookmark hay luu trong lich sir trinh duyét. © POST khéng bi gidi han vé dé dai. Request Header Value (Request-Line) GET / HTTP/1.1 Host vwwrstdiown User-Agent Mozila/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; WOWE4; n:3600) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/360 ‘Accept text/html application/himl+xml application/xmlyg=09,*/%;q- 08 \Accept-Language OSenq-0.3 ‘Accept-Enceding geip, deflate Cookie _g2=GAI.2.529740874,1426574792: PHPSESSID =0e6) iZebOff46hejl7FOKfm:2; _gat=1; ci session=2%3, Connection keep-alive ipnoes.viphatworkong-auar-ve-lep-iparitpapR0%6 Ting quan vb TOPIP va Giao thie HTTP Response Code Response Code chi ra trang thai cia mét Repsonse khi phan héi mét request tir Web Client - Thanh céng hay that bai, cé 151 hay khong? Léi cua ai? Response Header Value (Gtotus-Line) HITP/1.1 304 Not Medified Date “Tue, 17 Mar 2015 14:15:52 GMT ‘Sewer Apache/2 Connection Keep-Alive Keep-Alive fimeout=1, max=100 Etag "bele-2275-5115173dte40" Vay Accept-Encoding)User-Agent * 1x - Informational «2x - Success (200 - OK, 202 - Accepted, 204 - No Content) * 3x - Redirection (301 Moved Permanently: tai nguyén da dugc chuyén hoan toan téi dia chi Location trong HTTP response. 303 See other: tai nguyén da duge chuyén tam thai téi dia chi Location trong HTTP response. 304 Not Modified: tai nguyén khéng thay déi tir ln cudi client request, nén client co thé str dung da luu trong cache.) «4x - Client Error (400 - Bad Request, 401 - Unauthorized, 403 - Forbidden, 404 - Not Found, 405 - Method Not Allowed, 408 - Request Timeout, 429 - Too many requests) * Sx - Server Error (500 - Internal Server Error, 503 - Service Unavailable, 504 - Gateway Timeout, 509 - Bandwidth Limit Exceed) Tham khao chi tiét ting ma HTTP Status Code - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of HTTP_status_codes Dac diém cua HTTP « Stateless Protocol - Phi trang thai ld mét giao thifc giao tip ma méi request duge xem ld mat phién giao dich 8c lap (nghia [a né khéng uu gidr bat ky th6ng tin nao lién quan dén cac request truéc dé cing nhu cac phién lam vigc truréc) So s4nh HTTP 1.0 va HTTP 1.1 Su khac biét cia HTTP 2.0 Mé r6ng: Tim hiéu vé HTTPS va SSL Mé réng: Tim hiéu ky hon vé HTTP 2.0 - Tuong lai cua Web Duong Vi Phat ipnoes.viphatworkong-auar-ve-lep-iparitp 18yapn0%6 Ting quan vb TOPIP va Giao tte HTTP notes.viphat.work is maintained by Duong Vi Phat. 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