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B mn CNKT t
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C th hnh dung s mt cn bng bnh xe nh sau: bnh xe t trn trc dng cng sn
nh hai bi. Do c s mt cn bng nn khi quay bnh xe quanh trc xut hin lc ly tm
lm cho tm trc b cong, mt phng bnh xe b o. V s thay i v tr ca phn khng
cn bng theo gc quay bnh xe nn trc quay bnh xe b ngoy trn, to nn s rung ngang
bnh xe rt ln ng thi dn n thay i ng knh bnh xe theo chu k quay ca chng.
S mt cn bng dn ti bin dng trc bnh xe tng, dn p cc khe h theo chiu tc
dng ca lc qun tnh ly tm gy nn o mt phng quay ca lp nh hnh 6.1.
S cn bng lp c c bit quan tm trn t con kha cnh iu khin v an ton
giao thng trn ng.
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3. R lng cc lin kt
Cc lin kt ca khu vc bnh xe gm: lin kt bnh xe vi moay , lin kt bnh xe
vi khung, h hng cc lin kt c th chia thnh hai dng: do b t ni lng, b mn cc
mi ghp.
Lin kt bnh xe vi moay thng do c bnh xe b lng, bi bnh xe b mn. Hu
qu ca n l bnh xe khi chuyn ng b o, lc, km theo ting n. Nu bnh xe cu
dn hng th lm tng r vnh li, vic iu khin bnh xe dn hng khng chnh xc.
Ngoi ra ting n cn chu nh hng ca r ca bc v trc tr ng.
Lin kt cm bnh xe vi khung gm cc lin kt ca: tr ng vi trc bnh xe dn
hng, cc khp cu (rtuyl) trong h thng treo ng lp. Khi cc lin kt b h hng s
dn ti: sai lch v tr b tr bnh xe, c bit trn bnh xe dn hng, gy nn mi mn lp
nhanh, ng thi lm pht sinh ting n v rung khu vc gm sn xe, khi xe chuyn ng
trn ng xu.
Cc biu hin chnh trong qu trnh chn on c th da vo pht hin h hng:
Cc rn nt bn ngoi.
Hin tng mi mn lp.
S thay i kch thc hnh hc.
Xc nh s cn bng bnh xe.
n v s rung ng ton xe.
S r lng cc kt cu lin kt
6.1.2. Phng php chn on cm bnh xe
1. Xc nh p sut bnh xe
Xc nh p sut kh nn trong lp l iu kin c s xc nh tt c cc nhim v
chn on tip sau thuc cc vn xc nh trng thi k thut: gim chn, b phn n
hi, trong h thng treo, h thng li, h thng phanh, h thng truyn lc.
p sut kh trong lp cng lin quan nhiu n cc tnh cht tng qut chuyn ng ca
t, chng hn nh: tnh nng ng lc hc, tnh iu khin, kh nng dn hng, m
du, bn chung ca xe.
Gi tr p sut chun:
B mn CNKT t
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6PRtng ng
8PRtng ng
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c bit cn quan st k cc tn tht c chiu su ln, cc vt nhn cng bng kim loi
cm vo lp trong khi bnh xe ln, m cha gy thng, cn sa cha hoc thay th ngay.
Mt s dng h hng trnh by trn hnh
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B mn CNKT t
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B mn CNKT t
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6. Xc nh s mt cn bng bnh xe
a. Bng cm nhn trc quan
- Thng qua hin tng mi mn cc b b mt lp theo chu vi.
- Khi xe chuyn ng vi tc cao (khong trn 50km/h) c th xc nh mt cn
bng ny nh cm nhn trc quan v s rung ny bnh xe trn nn ng cc bnh xe
khng dn hng (cu sau). Trn cc bnh xe dn hng, ngoi hin tng rung ny bnh
xe cn km theo s rung lc bnh xe dn hng v vnh li, do hin tng hiu ng m
men con quay. Nu s mt cn bng khng ln th cc hin tng ny ch xy ra mt vng
tc nht nh.
b. Bng thit b kim tra trc tip trn xe
Vic kim tra mt cn bng c th thc hin i vi cc bnh xe tho ra khi xe v
a ln b quay kim tra cn bng tnh cn bng ng. Trong chn on thng s dng
phng php kim tra trc tip trn xe.
Trong cc ga ra sa cha c nhiu loi thit b o v cn bng bnh xe. Nguyn l
chung ca thit b o cn bng da trn vic o dao ng trc khi c s mt cn bng cc
bnh xe. Cc dng c o ny u m nhn chc nng o, kim tra trc v sau khi b khi
lng cn bng v gi chung l thit b cn bng bnh xe.
c. Thit b kim tra cn bng bnh xe khi tho ra khi bnh xe
Vic xc nh mt cn bng tt nht l tho ri ra khi xe, khi bnh xe khng chu
nh hng ca cc lc t con ln. Tc quay ca bnh xe c th t ln nht khong
120km/h, to iu kin pht hin v tin hnh lp thm i trng b li trng lng gy nn
mt cn bng
Cn ch : bnh xe gm lp (c hay khng c sm) phi ng b vi cc loi vnh
tng ng, do nh sn xut quy nh.
6.2. CHN ON H THNG TRUYN LC
6.2.1. Chn on ly hp
S dn ng ly hp:
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Hnh 6.7. S li hp dn ng c kh
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p trung gian; 21-a ch ng; 22-a b ng sau; 24-a trung gian; ,25-a b ng trc.
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B mn CNKT t
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Loi t
UAZ
Hnh trnh t do ca
bn p ly hp (mm)
28 38
3550
GAZ 66
3037
IFA-W50L
3035
KAZAZ
612
515
B mn CNKT t
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dn ng thu lc ca Nht)
Hnh 6.10b v hnh 6.10c trnh by cch iu chnh hnh trnh t do bng cch vn ai
c iu chnh hoc ng ren 5. cc cp bo dng cao ngi ta cn iu chnh ng
phng ca cc u n m ( khng ng phng bng 0,1 mm) hoc iu chnh bu lng
hn ch s dch chuyn ca a p trung gian v pha a p chnh (loi hai a ma st)...
6.2.2. Chn on hp s
1. Nhim v v cu to chung hp s
Thay i t s truyn v m men xon t ng c xung bnh xe ca t ph hp vi
sc cn chuyn ng ca t. Cn phi thay i s khi ti thay i. Thay i chiu chuyn
ng ca t. Dn ng cc b phn cng tc khc i vi xe chuyn dng.
Hp s bao gm nhng cm chi tit chnh:
Cc bnh rng
C cu gi s
B ng tc
Trc hp s
V v np hp s, cc bi.
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Hnh 6.11. Hp s
1-khp nh ly hp. 2-trc dn ng. 3-np vng bi trc dn ng. 4-hp ly hp. 5-b ng tc ca s truyn
IV v V. 6-np trn ca hp s. 7-l xo vi bi nh v. 8-bnh rng ca s truyn V trc b dn. 10-b ng
tc ca s truyn II v III. 11-bnh rng ca s truyn II trc b dn. 12-bnh rng ca s truyn I v s li
trc b dn. 13-v hp s. 14-np vng bi trc b dn. 15-mt bch bt cht trc cacdan. 16-trc b dn.
17-np vng bi ca trc trung gian. 18-trc trung gian.19-bnh rng ca s truyn II trc trung gian, 20-b
gom ca bm du nhn. 21-bnh rng ca s truyn III trc trung gian. 22-bnh rng ca s truyn V trc
trung gian. 23-bnh rng dn ng trch cng sut. 24-bnh rng chng rung. 25-bm du nhn. 26-trc
ca khi bnh rng s li. 27-khi bnh rng s li.
2. Cc h hng ca hp s
a. Sang s kh, vo s nng
Do thanh trt cong, mn, khp cu mn, b ng tc mn nhiu (rnh cn ma st b
mn khuyt, hc hm b mn nhiu). Rng ng tc mn, cng cua mn, bi trc s cp
mn gy s trc. Cc khp dn ng trung gian cn s b r, cong.
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b. T ng nhy s
Bi, hc hm mt tc dng (do mn nhiu), l xo b yu hoc gy. R dc trc th cp.
c. C ting va p mnh
Bnh rng b mn, bi mn, du bi trn thiu, khng ng loi. Khi vo s c ting
va p do hc hm ng tc mn qu gii hn lm mt tc dng ca ng tc. Bc bnh
rng lng khng b mn gy ting rt.
d. Du b r r
Giong m cc te hp s b lit hng, cc pht chn du b mn, h.
3. Kim tra v bo dng
- Dng ng nghe (nghe ting g) kim tra mn bnh rng, bi, dng tay lc kim
tra mn then hoa hay lng cc bu lng mi ghp lp mt bch cc ng.
- Kim tra mc du v thay du: mc du phi m bo ngang l du, nu t s
khng m bo bi trn, lm tng hao mn chi tit, nng cc chi tit, nng du, nu nhiu
qu d chy du v sc cn thu lc tng.
Khi chy xe n s km qui nh hoc kim tra t xut thy cht lng du khng m
bo ta phi tin thay du bi trn:
Thay du bi trn theo cc bc:
- Khi xe va hot ng v (du hp s ang nng), nu xe khng hot ng ta phi kch
cu ch ng, n my, vo s mt lt cho du nng sau tt my, x ht du c trong
hp s ra khay ng.
- du ra hoc du ho vo hp s.
- N my, ci s 1 cho hp s lm vic vi pht lm sch cn bn, du bn, keo cn
sau x ht du ra ra.
C th cho du long vo ra sch, n my ci s 1 vi pht, sau x du long ra.
- du bi trn hp s ng m hiu, chng loi y ngang l du, hoc ng vch
qui nh.
+ i vi truyn ng cc ng: ta bm m vo cc bi kim, bi trung gian (nu c),
vo rnh then hoa, sit cht cc mt bch...
+ Khi bo dng cc cp cao ngi ta tho ri hp s kim tra mn, cong, gy, rn
nt...cc chi tit.
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Gc dong = -50 50
chm A-B 0 6mm
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5. Dn ng li
Dn ng li l phn lin kt
t c cu ti cc bnh xe dn
hng.
Trn h thng treo ph
thuc thng dng c
cu bn khu: dm cu,
hai n bn v n
ngang. Thng thy kt
cu ny trn t ti,
t but v cc loi t
> 100
25 100
18
< 25
27
36
t khch <=12 ch
t ti <=1500 kG
t khch
t ti
>12 ch
>1500 kG
B mn CNKT t
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10
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Trn hnh cc gc quay bnh xe dn hng v hai pha t, n khc nhau, nhng cc gi
tr c hai bn bnh xe phi bng nhau.
Gc quay bnh xe ln nht ca t v hai bn phi bng nhau v m bo tiu chun
quy nh.
Khi nh li v hai pha cc gc quay bnh xe khng bng nhau c th do:
- Tr ng hay rtuyl mn.
- C cu li b mn gy kt.
- n ngang dn ng li b sai lch.
- c hn ch quay bnh xe b hng .
d. Kim tra qua ting n
t ng yn trn nn phng, lc mnh vnh li theo hai chiu nhm to xung i
chiu nghe ting n pht ra trong h thng, xc nh v tr b va p, tm hiu nguyn nhn.
c bit cn kim tra r dc ca trc li v cc lin kt vi bung li, bng cch lc
mnh dc vnh li theo phng dc trc li.
e. Chn on khi th trn ng
+ Cho xe chy trn mt ng rng, tc thp, ln lt nh li ht v pha tri, sau
v pha phi, to nn chuyn ng rch rc, theo di s hot ng ca xe, lc nh li,
kh nng quay vng tc thp c th xc nh h hng ca h thng li theo ton b gc
quay.
+ Tin hnh kim tra tc cao, khong 50% vn tc ln nht ca t, nhng gii
hn gc quay vnh li t 300 n 500.
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; 13-thang o gc lch
Khi kim tra , phi quay bnh xe i 1 gc, xc nh c gc quay ngi ta thm
hp o gc, dng c gm hai a gim ma st bnh xe khi quay 7 v 8. Thn hp o 1,
bng khc vch 2, kim ch 3 lin vi cht quay 4 v khung ca thanh ta 5, hnh 6.24
Thao tc kim tra:
- Kch cu trc, tng cp a di bnh xe dn hng (hai a quay mt li tip xc
vi nhau), h kch.
- Quay v lng bnh xe v tr i thng, nn bng phng.
- t cc hp o gc, lp gi ca kim 3 v khung thanh t 5 vo cht 4 lp thanh t 5 st
vo lp bnh xe.
- Lp ng h bt nc vo bu lng bt lp, quay mt ng h ln trn, iu chnh ng
h bt nc nm trong mt phng nm ngang v thanh o 7 song song vi mt phng
quay bnh xe.
B mn CNKT t
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4
3
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v tr hai cht t 4 trn lp, quan st kim ch ca thc khc vch (khong cch B). y xe
tin v pha trc (gi v lng xe vn chuyn ng thng) sao cho du phn chuyn v
pha sau v u dy xch 3 chm t, o khong cch gia hai im nh du phn (khong
cch A)
chm = A-Bmm. Ta o nhiu ln v ly gi tr trung bnh nh gi . Vi xe
con = (1,53,5)mm, xe ti = (1,5 5)mm.
Nu chm khng ng qui nh phi tin hnh iu chnh li bng cch ni cc bu
lng hm u n ko ngang, dng cl ng thay i chiu di n ko ngang iu
chnh chm, hnh 6.20 . iu chnh xong vn bu lng hm li.
c. Chn on trn b o trt ngang bnh xe tnh v ng
Khi bnh xe t nghing trn b mt ng s to nn lc ngang tc dng ln ng.
Gi tr lc ngang ty thuc vo kt cu xe v c cho bi nh sn xut. Vic t nghing
bnh xe ph thuc vo cc thng s kt cu ca n dn ng li, gc nghing trc bnh xe
v h thng treo. Thng s ny nh hng rt ln n kh nng quay vng, n nh chuyn
ng thng, lc t trn vnh li, v vy vic xc nh lc ngang l mt thng s chn on
quan trng.
Thit b o lc ngang c tn gi l thit b o trt ngang tnh bnh xe. Thit b o
trt ngang tnh c hai loi chnh: mt bn trt v hai bn trt.
S nguyn l ca thit b mt bn trt m t trn hnh.
Thit b bao gm: bn trt ngang t bnh xe, bn trt c th di chuyn trn cc con
ln trn, nhng bi gi li nh gi im ta mm bin dng bng l xo cn bng. Lc ngang
B mn CNKT t
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Thit b o trt ngang bnh xe tnh ch thch hp cho vic chn on khi t cn
mi, mn cc khu khp khc cn nh. Nu mn h thng cu dn hng ln, cc loi
thit b ny cho s liu o khng chnh xc (khng phn nh ng trng thi ca gc t
bnh xe).
Thit b o trt ngang bnh xe ng dng thm b gy rung in kh nn hay thy
lc to nn lc ng theo phng trt ngang c tnh cht chu k, nhm m bo nhy
ca thit b.
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Thit b o gc t bnh
xe bng nh sng laser (hay
hng ngoi) cho php xc
nh cc thng s kt cu gc
t bnh xe chnh xc hn.
Thit b bao gm:
- Cc gi o lp ti bnh
xe bng cc c cu nh v
chc chn trn vnh bnh xe.
Mt phng thng ng ca gi
bnh xe. Trn gi c lp b ngun pht sng bng n neon laser helium. Chm tia sng
c pht ra thng qua h thng quang hc nh hng truyn nh sng.
Pha trn u xe c t my gm: c cu thu nhn chm nh sng pht ra t cc gi o
t ti bnh xe trc v sau, c cu xc nh v tr chm tia sng laser, cc b chuyn i
digital nhm s ha cc s liu v v tr, mn hnh ch th, bn phm giao tip, my in kt
qu, cc b nh ng, cc b lu tr d liu.
Nguyn l o c thc hin nh sau:
Chm sng t gi o cc bnh sau chuyn dc thn xe v gi o bnh trc v
chuyn v t my u xe.
Chm sng t gi o bnh xe trc v chuyn v t my u xe.
Cc chm tia pht ra t cc gi tr o c ghi v lu tr trn my bao gm v tr
tng i ca cc bnh xe vi khung v xe. Cc s liu ny hin th trn mn
hnh, khi trong b lu tr c sn s liu ca xe, mn hnh c th cho php so
snh d liu v hin th mc ph hp vi s liu chun tin nh gi kt
qu.
Thc hin o tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
t xe ln b nng thch hp, lp cc mm gia bnh xe v b nng, nu l
bnh xe dn hng phi lp mm xoay.
Nhn mnh u xe v ui xe h thng nm v v tr xc nh.
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Vic kim tra v iu chnh khe h chiu trc ca vng bi tin hnh nh sau: x ht du
nhn trong cacte c cu li, tch khp ni gia trc vt c cu li v trc tay li, khp ni
gia n quay ng v b tr lc thu lc.
Dng tay lc n quay ng, kim tra khe h trong cc vng bi trc vt. Nu thy c
khe h, phi tho bulng, tho np di ca cacte c cu li 1 v rt m iu chnh ra, hnh
6.25.
trc vt con ln
1-Np. 2-Cc te c cu li.
3-m iu chnh
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tra hnh6.29 (a). Nu khe h vt qu qui nh, hy khc phc bng cch vn cc nt c ren
ca khp ni tng ng hnh 6.29 (b). Mun vy, phi tho cht ch nt ra, vn nt vo
n ht c ri li ni nt ra n khi mt u ca nt trng vi mt l lp cht ch.
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Hnh 6. 41. Kim tra (a) v khc phc (b) khe h trong cc khp ni dn
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150kG/cm2, pha sau l van kha ng du cung cp cho van phn phi. Dng c ny c
lp ni tip trn ng du ra c cu li.
+ Sau khi lp dng c vo
ng du, cho ng c lm
vic, ch cho h thng nng ln
ti nhit n nh (sau 15 n
30 giy).
+ Tin hnh x ht khng
kh trong h thng thy lc bng
cch: nh tay li v hai pha, ti
cc v tr tn cng dng vnh li
v gi ti ch khong 23 pht.
+ ng c lm vic vi ch khng ti, m ht van kha ca dng c o chuyn
dng du lu thng. Xc nh p sut lm vic ca h thng trn ng h (p1) tng ng
khi t t chy thng.
+ ng c lm vic vi s vng quay trung bnh, ng ht van kha ca dng c
kha kn ng du. Xc nh p sut lm vic ca bm khng ti trn ng h (p2).
+ M hon ton van kha, ng c lm vic ch khng ti, quay vnh li n v tr
tn cng, gi vnh li v xc nh p sut trn ng h, p sut phi quay v tr s p2.
V d trn t HINO FF cc gi tr o kim nh sau:
p1 = 500,5kG/cm2 ( 800 vng/pht)
p2 = 122130kG/cm2 ( 2000 vng/pht)
p3 = 122kG/cm2 ( 800 vng/pht)
Nh vic kim tra nh trn c th xc nh cht lng bm, van iu p v lu lng,
van phn phi xi lanh lc.
b4. Xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh quan st phn b ng
Xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh quan st phn b ng c th thc hin bng
cc phng php sau:
+ Cho u xe ln cc b kiu mm xoay c ghi . Dng vnh li ln lt nh ht v
hai pha, xc nh cht lng h thng thy lc nh quan st s chuyn ng ca phn b
ng:
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n ngoi ECE N0 51
n dB (A)
Loi xe*
n dB(A)
khng qua
khng qu
M1- t con
80
M1- t con
80
M2- t but n 5 tn
82
81
M3- t but hn 5 tn
82
82
t byt
82
M2, M3 t but c ng c
85
>147kW
Cc loi byt
84
80
N2 t ti c ti <3,5 tn
81
N2, N3 t ti c ti <12 tn
86
N3 t ti c ti >12 tn ng c
88
>147kW
- Cc thng s n cho php ca ECE (N0 41; N0 51)-1984 cho cc loi t khc
nhau, khi th trn ng tt 80 km/h cho trong bng .
- Cc thng s n cho php ca Vit Nam TCVN 5948:1999 khi th trn ng tt
50 km/h cho trong bng.
Bng. Cc thng s n ngoi cho php ca Vit Nam 1999.
n ngoi TCVN 5948:1999
Loi xe
n dB (A) khng qu
M1 t con
7477
7679
7883
7784
N2, N3 t ti c ti <12 tn
7883
N3 t ti c ti >12 tn ng c >147kW
7784
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Du bin cht sau mt thi gian s dng. Thng thng du trong gim chn
c pha thm ph gia c bit tng tui th khi lm vic nhit v p sut
thay i. Gi c nht trong khong thi gian di. Khi c nc hay tp cht
ha hc ln vo d lm du bin cht. Cc tnh cht c l thay i lm cho tc
dng ca gim chn mt i, c khi lm b kt gim chn.
Kt van gim chn c th xy ra hai dng: lun m hoc lun ng. Nu cc
van kt m th lc cn gim chn b gim nh. Nu van gim chn b kt ng th
lc cn gim chn khng c iu chnh, lm tng lc cn gim chn. S kt
van gim chn ch xy ra khi du thiu hay b bn, pht bao kn b h. Cc biu
hin ca h hng ny ph thuc vo cc trng thi kt ca van hnh trnh tr
hay van lm vic hnh trnh nn, van gim ti
Thiu du, ht du u xut pht t cc h hng ca pht bao kn. Khi thiu du
hay ht du gim chn vn cn kh nng dch chuyn th nhit pht sinh trn v
rt ln, tuy nhin khi cng ca gim chn thay i, lm xu chc nng ca
n. C nhiu trng hp ht du c th gy kt gim chn, cong trc.
Do qu ti trong lm vic, cn piston gim chn b cong, gy kt hon ton gim
chn.
Nt cao su ch lin kt c th pht hin thng qua quan st cc u lin kt. khi b
v nt t chy trn ng xu gy nn va chm manh, km theo ting n.
Cc h hng ca gim chn k trn c th pht hin thng qua cm nhn v m du
chuyn ng, nhit v ngoi gim chn, s chy du hay o trn b kim tra h thng
treo.
4. Bnh xe
Bnh xe c th c coi l mt phn trong h thng treo, cc thay i chnh trong s
dng l: p sut lp, mn, mt cn bng
5. Thanh n nh
H hng ca thanh n nh ch yu l: nt cc gi ta cao su, gim cng, h hng
cc n lin kt. Hu qu ca cc h hng ny cng tng t nh ca b phn n hi,
nhng xy ra khi t b nghing hay chy trn ng c sng ghnh.
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th phanh chn khi phanh chn c s c. Phanh tay dng gi nguyn v tr xe trn ng
bng cng nh trn dc nghing theo thit k ban u.
- Lc iu khin khng qu ln v iu khin nh nhng, d dng k c iu khin bng
chn hoc bng tay.
- Hnh trnh bn p phanh hoc tay phanh phi thch hp v nm trong phm vi iu
khin c th ca ngi s dng.
- H thng phanh cn c nhy cao, hiu qu phanh khng thay i nhiu gia cc ln
phanh. chm tc dng phi nh v c th lm vic nhanh chng to hiu qu phanh t
ngay sau khi va mi thi phanh.
- Khi phanh lc phanh pht sinh ra gia cc bnh xe cng mt cu phi bng nhau, Nu
c sai lch th phi nh trong phm vi cho php. Khi th phanh trn ng phi ng qu
o mong mun theo iu khin.
- Cc h thng iu khin c tr lc phanh, khi b h hng tr lc, h thng phanh vn
c iu khin v c tc dng ln t.
- m bo tin cy s dng ca t trong c h thng v cc chi tit trong h thng,
nht l cc chi tit bao kn bng vt liu cao su, nha tng hp.
- Cc c cu phanh phi thot nhit tt, khng truyn nhit ra cc khu vc lm nh
hng ti s lm vic ca cc c cu xung quanh (lp xe, moay ) phi d dng iu
chnh, thay th cc chi tit h hng.
c2. Mt s tiu chun c bn trong kim tra
Cc quc gia khc nhau u c tiu chun ring cho ph hp vi mc pht trin kinh
t, chnh v vy cc tiu chun s dng u khng ging nhau. Tiu chun c bn trong
kim tra hiu qu phanh cho trong bng 6.1 ca ECE R13 Chu u, v ca TCVN 69192001 Vit Nam trong trng hp lp rp, xut xng t.
+ Khi phanh xe trn ng qu o chuyn ng ca t khng lch qu 80 so vi
phng chuyn ng thng v khng b lch bn 3,50m.
+ Tiu chun kim tra cht lng phanh chn dng trong kim nh lu hnh ca Vit
Nam do b GTVT ban hnh trong bn 6.2. Tiu chun ngnh 224-2000.
Cng trong tiu chun ny yu cu cho phanh tay: khi phanh tay (phanh dng xe) xe
c dng trn dc ( dc 20%), hay lc phanh trn bnh xe kim tra trn b th khng
nh hn 16% trng lng t.
B mn CNKT t
59
ECE-R13
Trng lng ln
t con
M1
Tc ban u (v)
80
t ch hng
t c tng trng lng
T but
M2
M3
60
3,5Tn
>3,5tn,12T
>12Tn
N1
n N2
N3
80
60
60
60
km/h
v2
0,1v
150
v2
0,15v
130
v2
(*)
0,15v
130
phanh
Qung ng phanh m
50,7
5,8
5,0
5,0
500
700
700
0,36s
0,54s
0,54s
36,7
36,7
61,2
36,7
36,7
bnh m/s2
Lc bn p max N
Thi gian chm tc
dng max s
Tc ban u phanh
80
60
60
70
50
40
(v) km/h
Phanh tay
0,1v
2v 2
150
2v 2
130
0,15v
0,15v
2v 2
(*)
115
phanh
Qung ng phanh m
93,3
64,4
2,9
2,5
64,4
95,7
54,0
38,3
2,2
bnh m/s2
Lc tay ko max N
400
600
600
Ch thch: (*)-Cng thc tnh ton gn ng qung ng phanh ly bng n,v tnh bng
km/h
Tiu chun ngnh 22-TTN 224-2000
t ch ngi
22-TCN 224:2000
Trng lng ln nht
t con
t ch hng
t ti
t but
8,0Tn
>8,0Tn
8,0Tn
>8,0Tn
30
30
30
30
30
Qung ng phanh m
7,2
9,5
11,0
9,5
11,0
Gia tc chm dn ln
5,8
5,0
4,2
Tc ban u phanh
(v)km/h
5,0
nht m/s2
B mn CNKT t
60
sinh ra. Thng thng trong s dng do m t moay , du t xi lanh bnh xe, nc t bn
ngoi xm nhp vo, b mt m phanh, tang trng chai cng lm mt ma st trong c cu
phanh. S mt ma st xy ra khng ng thi trn cc c cu phanh nn s lm gim hiu
qu phanh v gy lch hng chuyn ng ca t khi phanh. Trng hp ny hnh trnh
bn p phanh khng tng, nhng lc trn bn p d c tng cng khng lm tng ng k
m men sinh ra.
Nu b mt ma st b nc xm nhp th c th sau mt s ln phanh nht nh, m men
phanh sinh ra s phc hi li trng thi ban u.
c. B kt c cu phanh
C cu phanh cn thit phi to cho bnh xe ln trn khi khng phanh. Trong mt s
trng hp c cu phanh b b kt do: bong tm ma st gc phanh, h hng cc c cu hi
v, do iu chnh khng ng, vt l ri vo khng gian lm vic S b kt c cu phanh
cn c th xy ra trn c cu phanh c phanh tay v phanh chn lm vic chung trong cng
mt c cu phanh.
S b kt c cu phanh s gy mi mn khng theo qui lut, ph hng cc chi tit c
cu, ng thi lm mt kh nng chuyn ng ca t tc cao. S b phanh khi khng
phanh lm tng ma st khng cn thit, nung nng cc b mt ma st trong c cu phanh, do
vy h s ma st gim v gim hiu qu phanh khi cn phanh. Khi c hin tng ny c th
pht hin thng qua s ln trn ca t hay kch bnh xe quay trn, qua ting chm pht ra
trong c cu
2. Dn ng iu khin phanh
a. i vi dn ng iu khin thy lc
Khu vc xi lanh chnh:
- Thiu du phanh.
- Du phanh ln nc.
- R r du phanh ra ngoi, r r du phanh qua cc jong, pht bao kn bn trong.
- Du phanh b bn, nhiu cn lm gim kh nng cp du hay tc l cp du t bung
cha du ti xi lanh chnh.
- Sai lch v tr cc piston du do iu chnh khng ng hay do cc s c khc.
- Nt hay hng cc van du.
B mn CNKT t
62
B mn CNKT t
64
B mn CNKT t
65
f. Mc du gim
Xi lanh chnh b chy du, xi lanh bnh xe b chy du.
6.5.3. Kim tra, iu chnh h thng phanh
1. Xc nh hiu qu phanh
a. o qung ng phanh trn ng
Chn on ng phng di, mt ng kh c h s bm cao, khng c chng ngi
vt. Ti 1/3 qung ng cm cc ch th im bt u t chn ln bn p phanh.
Cho t khng ti gia tc n tc qui nh (v), duy tr tc ny cho n v tr cc
tiu phanh. Ti v tr cc tiu ct ly hp, t chn ln bn p phanh v phanh ngt. Khi
phanh, gi yn v tr bn p phanh, vnh li trng thi i thng. Ch cho t dng li.
o khong cch t cc tiu n v tr t dng, khong cch ny l qung ng
phanh. So snh vi ch tiu nh gi.
Phng php ny kh thun li, khng i hi nhiu thit b, nhng nhc im l
chnh xc khng cao, qu trnh o ph thuc vo mt ng v trng thi p phanh, d gy
nguy him khi th trn ng.
b. o gia tc chm dn, thi gian phanh trn ng
Phng php ny tng t nh trn, nhng cn c dng c o gia tc vi chnh xc
0,1m/s2 v xc nh bng gi tr gia tc phanh ln nht trn dng c o. o gia tc chm
dn ln nht l phng php cho chnh xc tt, c th dng nh gi cht lng h thng
phanh, v dng c o nh gn (gn trn knh t).
Vic tin hnh o thi gian phanh cn ng h o thi gian theo kiu bm giy vi
chnh xc 1/10 giy. Thi im bt u bm giy l lc t chn ln bn p phanh, thi
im kt thc l lc t dng hn.
c. o lc phanh hoc mmen phanh trn b th
Dng c bn ca thit b o hiu qu phanh thng qua vic o lc phanh bnh xe
bng b th con ln.
B th phanh bao gm ba phn chnh: b o, t iu khin v ng h ch th.
B mn CNKT t
66
B mn CNKT t
68
B mn CNKT t
69
B mn CNKT t
70
Phanh chn
A
Ting tch
70100
36
1030
Van kha
34
HINO FF
Phanh tay
194204
KAMAZ
2030
100130
HUYNDAI
1216
CROWN
16
125135
810
MAZDA
36
5070
47
TOYOTA 4WD
36
6070
57
B mn CNKT t
73
Khe h pha di
i vi phanh du
(0,2 0,25)mm
0,12mm
i vi phanh hi
(0,4 0,5)mm
0,2mm
Nu khe h ny khng ng qui nh hoc khc nhau cc bnh xe ta phi tin hnh
iu chnh bng cch xoay cam lch tm 11 v cht lch tm 12, hnh 6.50
X kh trong xi lanh bnh xe, lm ln lc cho cc bnh xe, hnh 6.52
- Mt ngi di, dng on ng cao su mt u cm vo nt x du, mt u cm
vo bnh cha.
- Mt ngi ngi trn ca bin p phanh, nh phanh. p- nh nhiu ln n khi cng
chn phanh v gi nguyn.
- Ngi ngi di ni c x kh 1/2 3/4 vng s thy du v bt kh chy ra bnh
cha. n khi thy ch c du chy ra th vn cht c x, ngi ngi trn nh chn phanh.
b. C cu phanh a
Trn t con dng phanh a c gn thm ming kim loi bo ht m phanh, khi mn
ti gii hn phi thay, ming kim loi ny s c st vi a phanh te tia la v pht ting va
chm bo hiu. Ting va chm c st ny c th nhn bit c khi phanh hay quay khi kch
nng bnh xe.
c. C cu phanh kh nn
C cu phanh guc, cam quay c bu phanh tch nng v t ng iu chnh khe h m
phanh tang trng.
C cu phanh loi ny dng ph bin trn xe but, xe ti hin i, khi kim tra cht
lng cn phi tin hnh cho ng c n my ti p sut kh nn lm vic, m van phanh
tay, ri mi xc nh kh nng ln trn ca bnh xe.
iu chnh khe h pha di gia m phanh v tang trng
B mn CNKT t
75
iu chnh khe h pha trn gia m phanh v tang trng hnh 6.40 v hnh 6.41
- Xoay trc vt 2, ren vt 3 quay, lm vnh rng 4 quay, lm cho trc cam lp then hoa
vi then pha trong ca vnh rng quay lm cam 5 xoay i mt gc, hoc y hai guc
phanh i ra (gim khe h) hoc lm hai guc st vo (tng khe h).
B mn CNKT t
76
nn
lch tm.
B mn CNKT t
78
p sut ra cu sau
15kG/cm2(213psi)
15kG/cm2(213psi)
80kG/cm2(1138psi
39kG/cm2(555psi)
B mn CNKT t
79
B mn CNKT t
80
B mn CNKT t
81
B mn CNKT t
82
Hnh 6.58. Phng php nh gi cht lng h thng iu khin ti van phn phi
B mn CNKT t
83
Hnh 6.59. Phng php nh gi cht lng h thng iu khin ti xi lanh kh nn v thy lc
B mn CNKT t
84
Hnh 6.61. Kim tra p sut trn bnh tch nng ca ABS
B mn CNKT t
85
Tm m bo hng
Hnh 6.62. c m
Tm m bo hng:
- M hp u dy ni E1 vi Tc, rt PIN ra khi hp ni dy,
- Ch mt lt, xc nh h hng qua n ABS.
- c m h hng v tra s tay sa cha, so m tm h hng.
c m:
- M bo hng gm hai s u ch s th t li, hai s sau ch s m li, mi li bo
3 ln, sau chuyn sang li khc, li nng bo trc li nh bo sau.
- M bo bnh thng l n nhy lin tc.
Xa m:
- Bt kha in v ON, ni E1 vi Tc.
- p phanh v gi chng 3 giy.
- Kim tra li trng thi bo m v m bnh thng.
B mn CNKT t
86
H thng ABS l h thng quan trng do khng th lm theo kinh nghim, cn thit
c ti liu hng dn chi tit v kim tra trc ht l trng thi bnh in.
B mn CNKT t
87
B mn CNKT t
88
THAM KHO
B mn CNKT t
89
B mn CNKT t
90
B mn CNKT t
91
B mn CNKT t
92
B mn CNKT t
93
B mn CNKT t
94